Aplus Essentials Exam Cram

A+ Essentials 220-801 Cram Notes
1. PC Hardware
1.1 Configure and apply BIOS settings
1.2 Differentiate between motherboard omponents! their purposes! and properties
1." Compare and ontrast #$% types and features
1.& Install and onfigure e'pansion ards
1.( Install and onfigure storage de)ies and use appropriate media
1.* Differentiate among )arious CP+ types and features and selet the appropriate ooling method
1., Compare and ontrast )arious onnetion interfaes and e'plain their purpose
1.- Install an appropriate power supply based on a gi)en senario
1.. /)aluate and selet appropriate omponents for a ustom onfiguration! to meet ustomer
speifiations or needs
1.10 1i)en a senario! e)aluate types and features of display de)ies
1.11 Identify onnetor types and assoiated ables
1.12 Install and onfigure )arious peripheral de)ies
2. 2etwor3ing
2.1 Identify types of networ3 ables and onnetors
2.2 Categori4e harateristis of onnetors and abling
2." /'plain properties and harateristis of 5CP6IP
2.& /'plain ommon 5CP and +DP ports! protools! and their purpose
2.( Compare and ontrast wireless networ3ing standards and enryption types
2.* Install! onfigure! and deploy a SOHO wireless6wired router using appropriate settings
2., Compare and ontrast Internet onnetion types and features
2.- Identify )arious types of networ3s
2.. Compare and ontrast networ3 de)ies! their funtions! and features
2.10 1i)en a senario! use appropriate networ3ing tools
". 7aptops
".1 Install and onfigure laptop hardware and omponents
$8 /ssentials /'am Sim $8 Pratial /'am Sim 2etwor38 /'am Sim Seurity8 /'am Sim Ser)er8 /'am Sim
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".2 Compare and ontrast the omponents within the display of a laptop
"." Compare and ontrast laptop features
&. Printers
&.1 /'plain the differenes between the )arious printer types and summari4e the assoiated imaging
proess
&.2 1i)en a senario! install! and onfigure printers
&." 1i)en a senario! perform printer maintenane
(. Operational Proedures
(.1 1i)en a senario! use appropriate safety proedures
(.2 /'plain en)ironmental impats and the purpose of en)ironmental ontrols
(." 1i)en a senario! demonstrate proper ommuniation and professionalism
(.& /'plain the fundamentals of dealing with prohibited ontent6ati)ity
*. $nne'ure
*.1 %S DOS
*.2 :indows .(
*." :indows 2000
*.& :indows ;P
*.( :indows <ista
*.* $ero Interfae
1. PC Hardware
1.1 Configure and apply !"# settings$
1.1.1
=ou may find the BIOS )ersion on a :indows omputer by running msinfo"2 ommand at the ommand
prompt. It will bring up the following window>
As %an &e seen in t'e a&o(e s%reens'ot) !"# info is gi(en under #ystem #ummary.
BIOS has a Setup utility stored in the BIOS flash memory. 5he onfigured data is pro)ided with onte't?
sensiti)e Help and is stored in the system@s battery?ba3ed C%OS #$%. 5o get into the BIOS on your
:indows omputer you need to press A2 Bust after you turn on the omputer.
$ typial BIOS snap shot is shown below>
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1. 5he following are some of the things that you an do with BIOS settings>
aC Change the Boot Order D =ou may onfigure the omputer to boot from CD#O%! Harddis3! or
+SB dri)e.
bC Create a BIOS Password D 5his feature is useful to pre)ent un?authori4ed aess to BIOS
onfiguration menu.
C Change the Date and 5ime
dC Change Aloppy Dri)e! Hard Dri)e! or CD6D<D6BD Dri)e Settings.
eC <iew $mount of %emory Installed
fC /nable or Disable the Eui3 Power On Self 5est FPOS5C
gC /nable or Disable the CP+ Internal Cahe
hC /nable or Disable the Cahing of BIOS
iC Change CP+ Settings
BC Change %emory Settings
3C Change System <oltages
lC /nable or Disable #$ID
mC /nable or Disable Onboard +SB
nC /nable or Disable Onboard I///1".&
oC /nable or Disable Onboard $udio
pC /nable or Disable Onboard Aloppy Controller
GC /nable or Disable Onboard Serial6Parallel Ports
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rC /nable or Disable $CPI
sC Change the Power Button Auntion
tC Change Power?on Settings
uC Change Aan Speed Settings
2. 5he omputer power?on self?test FPOS5C tests the omputer to ma3e sure it meets the neessary
system reGuirements and that all hardware is wor3ing properly before starting the remainder of the boot
proess. 5he auses for an error message li3e> H257D# is %issing! Press any 3ey to restartI! may be
due to any of the following reasons>
a. Computer is booting from a non?bootable soure.
b. Computer hard dis3 dri)e is not properly setup in BIOS.
. Corrupt 257D# and6or 25D/5/C5.CO% file.
d. $ttempting to upgrade from a :indows .(! .-! or %/ omputer that is using A$5"2.
e. Corrupt boot setor 6 master boot reord.
f. 7oose or Aaulty ID/6/ID/ hard dis3 dri)e able.
1.2 *ifferentiate &etween mot'er&oard %omponents) t'eir purposes) and properties
$5; F$d)aned 5ehnology /'tendedC is a full si4e board measuring 12J wide by ..*J deep. $5; has *?pin
mini 3eyboard onnetor. $lso! it has double row single power supply onnetor pro)iding 86?(<! 86?12<! and
8"."<.
%iro$5; is a small motherboard si4e of ..*J ' ..*J. Compared to full si4e $5;! miro$5; ha)e smaller
number of I6O slots. Aor e'ample! full $5; an ha)e ( PCI slots! whereas %iro$5; an ha)e up to "6& PCI
stots only. 5he hief ad)antages o)er $5; is redued si4e! and power reGuirements.
Components
A typical Micro ATX motherboard with constituent components is given below:
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+i%roA,- mot'er&oard
1. PS62 mouse port FgreenC. 5his port is for a PS62 mouse.
2. PS62 3eyboard port FpurpleC. 5his port is for a PS62 3eyboard.
". S6PDIA Outport> It stands for Sony6Phillips Digital Interfae! and is an interfae to transmit digital audio.
&. HD%I onnetor> Stands for JHigh?Definition %ultimedia Interfae.J HD%I is a digital interfae for
transmitting audio and )ideo data in a single able. It is supported by most HD5<s and related omponents!
suh as D<D and Blu?ray players! able bo'es! and )ideo game systems.
(. D<I FDigital <isual InterfaeC onnetor> It is used to send digital information from a omputer to a digital
display! suh as a flat?panel 7CD monitor.
*. <1$ onnetor F<ideo 1raphis $rrayC ><1$ ables arry an analog signal as opposed to a digital signal
Fones and 4eroesC. +sing higher freGuenies! itIs possible to reah a relati)ely high range of )ideo resolutions.
Howe)er! )ideo Guality diretly responds to able Guality! and doubly so on higher resolutions. Due to this! the
Guality of a <1$ image an )ariate notable aross different ma3es of ables.
,.Airewire header FI/// 1".&C> $ serial bus used to e'hange digital and audio data with high performane
abilities.
-. eS$5$ F/'ternal Serial $d)aned 5ehnology $ttahmentC> It is an e'ternal interfae for S$5$ tehnologies.
It ompetes with Aire:ire &00 and uni)ersal serial bus F+SBC 2.0 to pro)ide fast data transfer speeds for
e'ternal storage de)ies.
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.. +SB F+ni)ersal Serial BusC Port> 5here are usually a ouple of these ports loated on eah motherboard used
for onneting pen dri)es and e'ternal hard dri)es! li3e Ipods or %p" players.
10. #K?&( F#egistered Ka3 &(C> It is ommonly used for an /thernet or serial onnetion with an - position -
ondutor F-P-CC Ba3.
11. $udio ports>
a. 7ine In port Flight blueC. 5his port onnets a tape! CD! D<D player or other audio soures.
b. 7ine Out port FlimeC. 5his port onnets a headphone or a spea3er. In &?hannel! *?hannel! and -?
hannel mode! the funtion of this port beomes Aront Spea3er Out.
. %irophone port Fpin3C. 5his port onnets a mirophone.
d. Side Spea3er Out port FgrayC. 5his port onnets to the side spea3ers in an -?hannel audio
onfiguration.
e. #ear Spea3er Out port Fbla3C. 5his port onnets to the rear spea3ers on a &?hannel! *?hannel! or
-?hannel audio onfiguration.
f. Center6Subwoofer port Fyellow orangeC. 5his port onnets the enter6subwoofer spea3ers.
12. PCI /'press '1* graphis interfae offers inreased bandwidth and salability o)er the pre)ious $1P-;
generation. PCI /'press '1* allows up to & 1B6s of pea3 bandwidth per diretion! and up to - 1B6s onurrent
bandwidth.
1". PCI /'press '& graphis interfae allows up to -00 %B6s of pea3 bandwidth per diretion.
1&. PCI FPeripheral Component InteronnetC Slot> Supports peripherals li3e sound ards! D<D deoders! and
graphi aelerators with "2 bits at ""%h4 apabilities. 5here are usually anywhere from 1 to * PCI slots
a)ailable on the motherboard.
1(. Printer Header> It is parallel port used to onnet sanners and printers.
1*. CO% FCommuniationC Port> 5he port designed to onnet your mouse and modem.
1,. ID/ Connetor> #esponsible for onneting the ID/ ord used for hard dis3s! CD dri)es! and D<D dri)es.
1-. CP+ slot> 5o install the CP+! Bust slide it straight down into the slot. Speial nothes in the slot ma3e it
impossible to install them inorretly. So remember if it does not go easily! it is probably not orret. Be sure to
plug in the CP+ fan@s power.
1.. S$5$ Controller> %otherboard will typially ha)e S$5$ ontroller for onneting S$5$ enabled de)ies
suh as Hard dis3s.
20. Power supply plug in:
The Power supply, as its name implies, provides the necessary electrical power to mae the pc operate.
the power supply taes standard !!0"# A$ power and converts into %&"!2"#olt, %&"'"#olt, and (.("#olt
)$ power.
The power supply connector has 20"pins, and the connector can go in only one direction.
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1. 1i)en below are important bus types and their harateristis>
us ,ype *ata &us
widt'
#peed andwidt' Comments
IS$ 1*?bit -."%H4 1(..%BPS +se Bumpers to onfigure
/IS$ "2?bit -."%H4 "1.-%BPS Ba3ward ompatible with IS$! uses
software6 Bumpers for onfiguration
</S$ or
<7 bus
"2?bit ""%H4 12,.2%BPS Ba3ward ompatible with IS$ ards
PCI "2?bit ""%H4 12,.2%BPS Supports Plug and Play
*&?bit PCI *&?bit **%H4 (0-.*%BPS Supports Plug and Play
PC%CI$ "2?bit ""%H4 ? +sed in laptops! also 3now as PC ard
$1P "2?bit Speed of
Proessor
? +sed in )ideo ards
2. Common Buses and their %a' Bandwidth
Common uses +a. andwidt'
PCI 1"2 %B6s
$1P -; 2!100 %B6s
PCI /'press 1' 2(0 L(00MN %B6s
PCI /'press 2' (00 L1000MN %B6s
PCI /'press &' 1000 L2000MN %B6s
PCI /'press -' 2000 L&000MN %B6s
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PCI /'press 1*' &000 L-000MN %B6s
PCI /'press "2' -000 L1*000MN %B6s
ID/ F$5$100C 100 %B6s
ID/ F$5$1""C 1"" %B6s
S$5$ 1(0 %B6s
1igabit /thernet 12( %B6s
I///1".&BLAirewireM 100 %B6s
nort'&ridge
5he northbridge typially handles ommuniations among the CP+! in some ases #$%! and PCI /'press For
$1PC )ideo ards! and the southbridge. 2orthbridge is diretly onneted to $1P )ideo! thus pro)iding higher
transfer rates.
sout'&ridge
5he southbridge is one of the two hips in the ore logi hipset on a personal omputer FPCC motherboard! the
other being the northbridge. 5he southbridge typially implements the slower apabilities of the motherboard in
a northbridge6southbridge hipset omputer arhiteture. $ southbridge hipset handles all of a omputer@s I6O
funtions! suh as +SB! audio! serial! the system BIOS! the IS$ bus! the interrupt ontroller and the ID/
hannels.
1./ Compare and %ontrast 0A+ types and features
1. 5here are basially two important types of #$% FShort for #andom $ess %emoryC>
a. S#$% ? Stati #$% being e'pensi)e! primarily used for Cahe memory. D#$%! being
heaper! is used for main memory. S#$% is widely used for 7e)el 1! 7e)el 2 or 7e)el " ahe
memory. 7e)el 1 ahe is internal to the proessor! and le)el 2 and le)el " ahes are e'ternal to
the proessor! it resides on the motherboard.
b. D#$%> Dynami #$% holds its data if it is ontinuously aessed by speial logi alled a
refresh iruit. If the memory is not refreshed regularly! then the D#$% will lose its ontents.
5his refreshing ation is why the memory is alled dynami.
$ll PCs use D#$% for their main system memory! instead of S#$%! e)en though D#$%s are
slower than S#$%s and reGuire the o)erhead of the refresh iruitry. 5he reason that D#$%s
are used is that they are muh heaper and ta3e up muh less spae.
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2. #$% is muh faster than #O% is! due to the nature of how it stores information. Aor this reason!
#$% is often used to shadow the BIOS #O% to impro)e performane when e'euting BIOS ode.
P#O% FProgrammable #O%C is also a )ersion of #O% and is slower ompared to #$%.
". 5he omputer main memory usually onsists of some type of D#$%. 5ypes of D#$% Pa3ages and
D#$% %emory are e'plained below>
a. 1*- pin DI%% FSD#$%C> It an run at muh higher lo3 speeds than on)entional memory.
SD#$% atually synhroni4es itself with the CP+@s bus and is apable of running at 1"" %H4
and twie as fast /DO D#$% .
b. 1-& pin DI%% FDD#?SD#$%C> It supports data transfers on both edges of eah lo3 yle!
effeti)ely doubling the memory hip@s data throughput. DD#?SD#$% is also alled SD#$%
II. DD# stands for Double Data #ate.
. 2&0 DI%% FDD#2?SD#$%C> It supports higher speeds than it@s predeessor DD#
SD#$%.DD#2 SD#$% is a double data rate synhronous dynami random?aess memory
interfae. It supersedes the original DD# SD#$% speifiation and has itself been superseded
by DD#" SD#$%. DD#2 is neither forward nor ba3ward ompatible with either DD# or
DD#".
d. 2&0 DI%% FDD#"?SD#$%C> It supports speeds faster than DD#2 SD#$%. DD#"
SD#$%! an abbre)iation for double data rate type three synhronous dynami random aess
memory! is a modern 3ind of dynami random aess memory FD#$%C with a high bandwidth
interfae! and has been in use sine 200,. DD#" SD#$% is neither forward nor ba3ward
ompatible with any earlier type of random aess memory F#$%C due to different signaling
)oltages! timings! and other fators
&. PC ratings and orresponding DD# bandwidth are gi)en below>
DD#2** O PC2100
DD#""" O PC2,00
DD#&00 O PC"200
DD#2?&00 O PC2?"200
DD#2?("" O PC2?&200
DD#2?**, O PC2?("00
DD#2?-00 O PC2?*&00
DD#"?-00 O PC"?*&00
DD#"?10** O PC"?-(00
DD#"?1""" O PC"?10*00
DD#"?1*00 O PC"?12-00
D#&00 memory is also referred to as PC"200 memory. &00%H4 DD#2 memory would be listed
as PC2?"200! and so on.
(. 5he first " otets of a %$C address pro)ide the manufaturer of the 2IC F2etwor3 Interfae CardC.
Aor e'ample! onsider the %$C address gi)en below>
00?22?,(?,*?D,?.1
00?22?,( will uniGuely identify the manufaturer of the 2IC! whih in this ase turns out to be
Bel3in International In.
Howe)er! please note that identifying the manufaturer is only half a Bob! and you may need to
try different dri)ers from that manufaturer to troubleshoot the problem
*. Dual?hannel?enabled memory ontrollers in a PC system arhiteture utili4e two *&?bit data
hannels. Dual hannel should not be onfused with double data rate FDD#C! in whih data e'hange
happens twie per D#$% lo3. 5he two tehnologies are independent of eah other and many
motherboards use both! by using DD# memory in a dual?hannel onfiguration. Dual?hannel
arhiteture reGuires a dual?hannel?apable motherboard and two or more DD#! DD#2 SD#$%! or
DD#" SD#$% memory modules.
,. /rror?orreting ode memory F/CC memoryC
a. /CC is a type of omputer data storage that an detet and orret the more ommon 3inds of
internal data orruption.
b. /CC memory is used in most omputers where data orruption annot be tolerated under any
irumsta nes! suh as for sientifi or finanial omputing. /rror?Correting Code F/CCC
memory is often seen in high?end motherboards that pro)ide important ser)ies or software
funtions. +nli3e normal parity memory! /CC memory an find and fi' errors.
. /CC memory generally osts more! so you usually see motherboards designed for /CC
memory when there@s a speifi need. /CC memory maintains a memory system effeti)ely free
from single?bit errors> the data that is read from eah word is always the same as the data that
had been written to it! e)en if a single bit atually stored! or more in some ases! has been
flipped to the wrong state.
d. /CC memory is used where the data needs to be )ery aurate! and the memory is reGuired to
ha)e self orreting apability. It adds ost to the memory module and used in ser)er le)el
omputers where data auray is )ery important. Some non?/CC memory with parity support
allows errors to be deteted! but not orretedP otherwise errors that may our are not deteted.
1.1 !nstall and %onfigure e.pansion %ards.
In general! you will follow these steps to install an e'pansion ard in your PC>
a. If you@re not using a PnP?ompatible e'pansion ard or operating system! determine the
a)ailable system resoures FI#Es! I6O addresses! and so forthC. Configure the DIP swithes
or Bumpers on the ard! as neessary! to assign it a)ailable system resoures.
b. If you@re using a PnP?ompatible ard and operating system! the )endor might diret you to
run an installation utility before installing the de)ie. 5his installation program puts the
neessary dri)ers in a loation where :indows an find them when you@re done installing the
de)ie. If appropriate! run that setup program now.
. Shut down your PC! unplug it! remo)e peripheral ables! and open the ase.
d. 7oate an empty and a)ailable e'pansion slot of the orret type.
e. #emo)e the slot o)er for that slot. 5hese o)ers are generally either srewed in plae or
held by spring?lips.
f. If neessary! temporarily mo)e or remo)e wires or other e'pansion ards that are in the way
so that you an aess the slot.
g. If you need to onnet wire assemblies to the e'pansion board ? not to its ba3 slot o)er
plate! but to the board itself ? onnet that end of the wire assembly before installing the
ard. In this way! you an easily reah the onnetor and be sure you@re installing the wire
assembly in its orret orientation. Connet the other end after you ha)e installed the ard.
h. Begin inserting the end of the edge onnetor that@s farthest from the slot o)er. 5hen! gently
push the ard into plae in the slot. 5his will help you line up the onnetor orretly.
Inserting the ard at an angle li3e this is usually easier than pushing it straight into the slot.
i. Ai' the ard in plae with srews or lips! as appropriate to your ase design.
B. Connet any wiring assemblies! inluding those you temporarily remo)ed to install this ard.
Close the ase! onnet peripherals! and start the system.
3. Depending on your operating system! )ersion! and adapter ard tehnology! onfigure the
ard. If you@re using PnP?ompatible omponents! PnP will handle this for you.
l. If neessary! install reGuired dri)ers. If you ha)e to install dri)ers yourself! you will most
li3ely need to onfigure them to use same hardware resoures you onfigured the ard to use.
m. :hen you@re done! some de)ies and operating system )ersions will also reGuire you to
restart your omputer. 5his fully loads the dri)ers and onfigures the operating system to
support the new de)ie.
1.2 !nstall and %onfigure storage de(i%es and use appropriate media.
1. 5he speeds ahie)able by using different tehnologies is gi)en below>
+SB 1.1 D 1( %bps
Aire:ire F1".&aC D &00 %bps
+SB 2.0 D &-0 %bps
Aire:ire -00 F1".&bC D -00 %bps
S$5$ 1.( D 1.( 1bps
S$5$ ".0 D ".0 1bps
2. ID/ hard dis3s
a. $n ID/ hard dis3 an ha)e one Primary partition and one /'tended partition. $n /'tended
partition an be di)ided into one or more logial partitions. $fter partitioning the hard dis3! eah
partition needs to be formatted.
b. 5he Aile System Boot Setor is the first physial setor on any logial )olume.
. 5he first physial setor on any bootable hard dis3 ontains %aster Boot #eord! %B#.
d. 5he ommand ADISQ will destroy all the data on a partition or dri)e on to whih it is run.
e. 5he primary partition an be made bootable! by mar3ing partition as ati)e.
". Aloppy dri)e
a. $ floppy able will ha)e "& wires! and the wire with red stripe signifies wire going to pin
number 1 of the onnetor.
b. If the floppy able is re)ersed! the dri)e light will be ontinuously O2. 5ry re)ersing the
able.
. 5he floppy ribbon able is distinguished easily from that of an ID/ able by a small twist in
the able. 5he purpose of the twist is to differentiate between floppy dri)e $ and floppy dri)e B
d. 2ote that the floppy dis3 dri)e is not aessible only after some hanges to the BIOS set?up. It
is possible that the Aloppy dis3 is disabled during the hanges. 5herefore! he3 the BIOS
settings! before proeeding further.
Charateristis of a floppy dri)e>
1. 5he ribbon able onneting the floppy dri)e to the motherboard is "& wires wide.
2. 5here an be a ma'imum of two floppy dri)es in a PC
:hen you ha)e two hard dis3 dri)es! the following two ombinations are possible>
1. Install the dri)es one eah on primary and seondary ontrollers and designate both as
%asters.
2. Install both the dri)es on the primary ontroller and designate one as %aster and the
other as Sla)e.
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5he storage apaity of )arious types of floppy>
#i3e ,ype #torage
( 16&J DSHD 1.2%B
" 162J DSDD ,20QB
" 162J DSHD 1.&&%B
" 162J DS/D 2.--%B
&. CD?#
a. Stands for CD? #eordable. =ou an reord data onto a CD?# only one. CD?#: stands for
CD?#e:ritable! and as the name suggests! you an reord data any number of times onto a CD?
#: FsubBet to wear and tearC. CD?# is represented by two speeds F$'BC! the former is the write
speed and the latter is the read speed. 5he read speed is always higher than the write speed.
Some typial CD?# speeds are &;2&! -;"2! 1*;"2 et.
b. :hen reording a CD?# as a ba3?ground proess while wor3ing with another appliation in
the fore?ground.if the CD was improperly burned! and beame un?usable most ommon auses
of the problems is buffer under?run. If the soure de)ie is unable to 3eep the burner loaded with
data! it may lead to improperly burned CDs! and hene rendering the CD useless. Some CD
dri)es suh as Sanyo CD?#: ome with burn proof tehnology. If you intend to wor3 on the
omputer while the CD is written! use CD dri)es that ta3e are of buffer under?run.
(. D<D
a. $lso 3nown as Digital <ersatile Dis or Digital <ideo Dis! is an optial dis storage media
format. Its main uses are )ideo and data storage. D<Ds are of the same dimensions as ompat
diss FCDsC! but store more than si' times as muh data.
b. D<D omes in single layer FS7C or dual layer FD7C. 5hey are also distinguished as single
sided FSSC or double sided FDSC. 5here are four possible ombinations>
D<D?S F12 m! SS6S7C> &.", 1B apaity
D<D?. F12 m! SS6D7C> ,..( 1B apaity
D<D?10 F12 m! DS6S7C> -.,&1B apaity
D<D?1- F12 m! DS6D7C> 1(..01B apaity.
. Aurther! D<D?S stores about two hours of )ideo! where as D<D?1- an store up to eight hours
of )ideo.
d. Storage apaity of D<D> &.,1B Fsingle?layerC and -.(1B Fdual?layerC
e. %S DD/A#$1 utility is used to defragment the hard dis3! you an run %irosoft defragment
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utility by issuing a ommand JD/A#$1J.
*. Airewire
a. $ standard Aire:ire onnetion will support 100!200 and &00 %bps. 5he important features of
I///1".& Falso 3nown as Aire:ire &00C are>
1. 100 %bit6s! 200%bit6s! and &00%bit6s supported.
2. :or3s without ontrol! de)ies ommuniate peer?to?peer.
". Cable up to &.( m.
&. +p to *" de)ies supported.
(. Power supply to e'ternal de)ies is 1.2($612< Fma'.C.
*. 5he only omputer bus used in digital )ideo ameras
,. 5he I/// 1".&b speifiation supports data rates up to &00 %bit6s in half?duple' mode! and e)en
higher in full duple'. It an support optial onnetions up to 100 metres in length.
-. SCSI 5ypes
#C#! ,ype ,ransfer speed us
SCSI?1 (%BPS - bit bus
Aast :ide SCSI 20%BPS 1* bit bus
:ide +ltra SCSI &0%BPS 1* bit bus
+ltra2 SCSI &0%BPS - bit bus
:ide +ltra2 SCSI -0%BPS 1* bit bus
+ltra" SCSI or +ltra 1*0 1*0%BPS 1* bit bus
+ltra"20 "20 %BPS 1* bit bus
SCSI ID ? 0Obootable dri)e! ,Oontroller! 1?*Oany other de)ies
:ide?+ltra SCSI ? 1* de)ies! 0Obootable dri)e! 1(Oontroller
/ah de)ie in a SCSI hain need to ha)e uniGue ID. Aor a 1*?bit :ide SCSI! there are 1*
possible SCSI Ids! 0?1(. $ standard -?bit SCSI an support only - de)ies Finluding SCSI ardC!
the Ids allowed are 0?,.
SCSI bus termination> If the termination is not done! a SCSI de)ies on the bus will not funtion
properly. 5his is due to refletion of the signals at the end of the bus. 5o pre)ent this! both ends
of the SCSI bus need to be terminated. If one end of the SCSI bus is terminated! you may find
intermittent problems. 2e)er terminate the bus at a de)ie onneted in between.
.. +SB F+ni)ersal Serial BusC>
a. +SB supports up to 12, de)ies simultaneously.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 1(
b. +SB enables you to daisy hain up to 12, +SB de)ies. $ +SB hub is used for this purpose.
. +SB de)ies an be plugged in without turning on6off power. i.e! +SB de)ies are hot
swappable.
d. 5he important features of +SB 2.0 are gi)en below>
1. %bit6s 12%bit6s &-0%bit6s supported.
2. +SB ontroller is reGuired to ontrol the bus and data transfer.
". Cable up to ( m.
&. +p to 12, de)ies supported.
(. Power supply to e'ternal de)ies is (00 m$6(< Fma'C.
*.Aull ompatibility with +SB 1.1 de)ies.
e. 5o ahie)e proper +SB onneti)ity si' basi system elements must be present
1. Support from the BIOS
2. Support from the Operating System
". Physial +SB ports
&. $ +SB De)ie
(. 5he orret +SB able for the de)ie
*. Dri)ers either from the OS and6or the peripheral ma3er
f. +SB 2.0 has a raw data rate at &-0%bps! and it is rated &0 times faster than its predeessor
interfae! +SB 1.1! whih has 12%bps ma' speed.
+SB 5ype $ +SB 5ype B
+SB mini 5ype $ +SB mini 5ype B
10. eS$5$
a. /'ternal Serial $d)aned 5ehnology $ttahment or eS$5$ is an e'ternal interfae for S$5$
tehnologies. It is faster ompared to +SB 2.0 or P$5$ tehnologies! and suitable for ba3ing up
large amounts of data using e'ternal hard dri)e.
b. /)en though eS$5$ is part of the S$5$ interfae speifiations! it uses a )ery different
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 1*
physial onnetor from the internal S$5$ onnetors. 5he reason for this is to better shield the
high speed serial lines used to transfer the signals from /%I protetion. It also pro)ides a 2m
o)erall able length ompared to the 1m for internal ables. $s a result the! the two able types
an not be used interhangeably.
. eS$5$ is hot swappable. Other dri)es ID/! /ID/! $2D P$5$ does not support hot swap.

11. Blue?ray
a. Storage apaity of blue?ray> 2(1B Fsingle?layerC and (01B Fdual?layerC
b. Blue?ray dri)es are usually ompatible with CD6D<D dri)es! but not the other way round.
12. SSD FSolid State Dri)esC aess data stored in the dri)e using diret aess. Sine there are no
mehanial rotating omponents that are found in on)entional hard dri)es! the data aess would be
muh faster.
1.4 *ifferentiate among (arious CP5 types and features and sele%t t'e appropriate %ooling met'od
1. Proessor pa3age types>
a. -0--! -0-* proessors used &0 pin DIPs. -02-*!-0"-*! -0&-*! and some Pentium omputers
F*0%H4! **%H4C used P1$ FPin 1rid $rrayC.
b. Pentium hips F,( %H4 and abo)eC used SP1$ FStaggered P1$C. Pentium II CP+s use
atridge type mounting method! alled Jslot?1J.
CP+s and features>
Pro%essor #o%6et type 0egister *ata us Address us
-0-- DIP 1* bit - bit 20 bit
-02-* 77C6P1$6P7CC 1* bit 1* bit 2& bit
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 1,
-0"-*S; P1$ "2 bit 1* bit 2& bit
-0"-*D; P1$ "2 bit "2 bit "2 bit
-0&-*S; P1$ "2 bit "2 bit "2 bit
-0&-*D; P1$6SEAP "2 bit "2 bit "2 bit
Pentium So3et ( SP1$6 So3et , SP1$. *& bit *& bit "2 bit
Pentium Pro So3et - SP1$ *& bit *& bit "2 bit
Pentium II S/C Slot 1
Pentium III S/CC?2 6 PP1$ or AC?P1$
Pentium I< so3et &2"6so3et &,-6 so3et ,,( *& *& "* bitN
Pentium Dual Core So3et ,,( F71$,,(C *& *& *& bitN
Pentium Euad Core So3et ,,( F71$,,(C *& *& *& bitN
. "2?bit operating systems li3e :indows ;P an support only "2 bits of addressing spae! and
hene only &1B of memory an be used. By using *&?bit operating systems! 1* /'a bytes F/BC
of #$% an be used. "* bits of address spae an aess up to *&1B of memory.
d. CP+ models -0&-*S;! and abo)e ontain on board ahe memory.
Address us #i3e +a.imum 0A+
"2 bits &1B
"* bits *&1B
&0 bits 15B.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 1-
&& bits 1*5B
*& bits 1* /B F/'a BytesC
e. $ omputer may reboot beause of CP+ o)erheating. /nsure that you ha)e suffiient
)entilation for proper airflow! and that the CP+ fan is wor3ing.
2. Hyperthreading
a. It is an Intel in)ention for their proessor ores that allows the CP+ to present the Operating
System with two J)irtualJ CP+s! eah with its own set of resoures. 5his new tehnology
allows multiple proessing threads to run in parallel on a single hip. 5he Operating System and
assoiated hardware need to support hyper?threading for using this feature. Aor eah proessor
ore that is physially present! the operating system addresses two )irtual or logial ores! and
shares the wor3load between them when possible. 5he main funtion of hyper?threading is to
derease the number of dependent instrutions on the pipeline.
b. #eGuirements for the H5 enabled system>
Intel Pentium & proessor at ".0* 1H4 or higher
$n IntelR hipset that supports H5 5ehnology
System BIOS that supports H5 5ehnology and has it enabled
$n operating system that inludes optimi4ations for H5 5ehnology
. Only Operating Systems :indows ;P and abo)e support Hyper?threading.
". Bits and Bytes
1 QB O 102& bytes
1 %B O F102& ; 102&C bytes
O F102&; 1 QBC bytes
O 1!0&-!(,* bytes
1 1B O F102& ; 102& ; 102& Cbytes
O F102& ; 1 %BC bytes
O F102& ; 102& ; 1 QBC bytes
O 1!0,"!,&1!-2& bytes
QB stands for Qilobyte
%B stands for %egabyte
1B stands for 1igabyte
Byte is represented by JBJ as in %B
Bit is represented by JbJ as in 3bps
One byte is - bits
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 1.
5he Slot 1 pa3age replaes the So3et , and So3et - used by pre)ious Pentium proessors.
Slot 1 is a 2&2?ontat daughter ard slot that aepts a miroproessor pa3aged as a Single
/dge Contat FS/CC artridge. $ motherboard an ha)e one or two Slot 1s. %ore reently! Slot 2
pa3age has been de)eloped and used by reent proessors.
&. Aile system
a. A$5 >+nder A$5 file system! the ma'imum si4e of a luster is "2 QB and the ma'imum
number of lusters is *(("*. 5herefore! the ma'imum si4e of a partitions is the number of
lusters multiplied by the ma' si4e of the luster! whih is eGui)alent to 2 1B. #emember that 1
QB O 102& bytes.
b. 25AS> 2ew 5ehnology Aile System F25ASC is a file system that was introdued by
%irosoft to pro)ide superior features li3e enryption! ompression! and user permissions. 25AS
is the primary file system used in %irosoft@s :indows 25! :indows 2000! :indows ;P!
:indows 200"! :indows <ista! and :indows , operating systems.
. =ou an@t apply file le)el permissions on a A$5 file system. Only 25AS allows file
permissions. #emember that the 25AS file permissions are always in effet to all users and
proesses.
d. :indows .- and :indows .( O/% #elease 2 support A$5"2. 2ote that :indows 25 does
not support A$5"2. 25 supports only A$51* and 25AS. :indows 2000 supports A$51*! A$5"2!
and 25AS.
e. DOS standard A$51* support dri)es up to 2 1B. A$5"2 supports dri)es up to 25B
F5erabytesC.
(.Intel so3et
a. Popular Intel so3et types inlude 71$ 11(*6So3et H! 71$,,(! 71$ 11((611(*! rP1$
.--$! So3et 11! et. Popular $%D so3et types inlude 71$ .&0! So3et A%1! So3et $%"!
So3et 1"&! et.
b. So3et 71$,,( motherboards run Intel@s Celeron Fsingle?oreC! Pentium & Fsingle?oreC!
Pentium D Fdual?oreC and Core 2 Duo Fdual?oreC des3top proessors.
. 71$,,(> Intel Pentium &! Intel Pentium D! Intel Celeron! Intel Core 2 Duo! Intel Core 2
Euad! Intel ;eon
d. ,,(> Intel Pentium &! Intel Celeron
e. 11(*> > Intel Core i,! Intel Core i(! Intel Core i"! Intel ;eon! Intel Pentium! Intel Celeron
f. 1"**> Intel Core i, F.00 seriesC! Intel ;eon F"(''! "*''! ((''! (*'' seriesC
1.7 Compare and %ontrast (arious %onne%tion interfa%es and e.plain t'eir purpose.
1. Bluetooth is widely used for ommuniation between smart phones and other aessories or between
PD$s and information 3ios3s. 5he typial o)erage for Bluetooth de)ies is up to "0 feet. It an be used
for personal area networ3ing de)ies li3e 3eyboards and headphones
2. High?Definition %ultimedia Interfae FHD%IC onnetors are used to onnet ompatible digital
items FD<D players and onferene room proBetors! for e'ampleC.
". D<I differs from e)erything else in that it inludes both digital and analog signals at the same time!
whih ma3es it popular for 7CD and plasma 5<s. $ny 5< that has D<I D6I input should also ha)e a
seperate audio Ba3 ne't to the D<I so3et! probably a mini?Ba3
&. <1$ onnetions and ables are analog in nature
(. DisplayPort is a digital interfae standard produed by the <ideo /letronis Standards $ssoiation
F</S$C! used for audio and )ideo.
1.8 !nstall an appropriate power supply &ased on a gi(en s%enario.
1. DC )oltages ommonly found in a PC>
a. 8(! and 812 )olts are the DC )oltages ommonly found on PCs.-0"-* 6 &-* operate at 8()
b. Pentium and abo)e operate at 8".")
. Power supply wires ? yellowO812)! blueO?12)! redO8()! S whiteO?()
2. One good way of determining a bad power supply is that the fan will not rotate. $lso! the omputer
will not boot and the 7/D s indiating the power and dis3 ati)ity will be OAA.
". $5;12< 2.0 power supply pro)ides four different )oltages>
&. "."<olts! (<olts! 12<olts and ?12<olts. Pre)ious )ersions of $5;12< used to pro)ide ?(<! and it has
been disontinued in )ersion 2.'.
(. $5; style systems use two power onnetors! P- and P. to onnet to the motherboard. $5; systems
use only one P1 onnetor to onnet to the motherboard.
*. +ninterrupted Power Supply F+PSC
a. $n +PS is reGuired for any ritial and un?interrupted use of omputers. It has the following
benefits>
1. Pro)ide protetion against small surges
2. Ailters noise from entering the omputer
". Pro)ide power to the omputer during line power failure
&. 1i)e stable power to omputer! e)en when the line power is unstable.
b. 2ote that the +PS an gi)e un?interrupted power only for a fi'ed amount of time under a
gi)en load! in the absene of line )oltage
,. Some PCI /'press 1raphis ards reGuire e'tra power. High?end graphis ards will onsume from
,( watts up to 1(0 watts of power. 5he PCI /'press '1* onnetor an deli)er up to ,( watts. In order
to ahie)e ,(:! an $5;12< power supply with a 2'12 main power onnetor is reommended. 2(:?
,(: graphis ards are powered through the des3top board@s PCI /'press '1* onnetor. Aor additional
power reGuirement! a new onnetor on the graphis ard has been designed to supply up to 1(0 watts.
5his means an entirely new power supply will be reGuired for some new graphis ards.
-. :hen seleting a power supply! two issues beome important. =ou need to supply the total wattage
reGuired by all the de)ies and the motherboard of the PC! and you must ensure that it has the onnetor
types reGuired by your de)ies.
.. S$5$> 5he S$5$ power onnetor is 1( pins! with " pins designated for "." <! ( <! and 12 <! with
eah pin arrying 1.( amps. 5his results in a total draw of &..( watts 8 ,.( watts 8 1- watts! or about "0
watts.
10. $ %ole' onnetor is used to pro)ide power to dri)es of )arious types. It has four pins! two of
whih ha)e power! one 12 < and the other ( <. 5hese are standard for ID/ FP$5$C or older SCSI dri)es.
5he total power demands are from ( to 1( watts for ID/ and 10 to &0 watts for SCSI.
&6-?pin 12 <> :ith the introdution of the Pentium &! the motherboard reGuired more power.
Supplemental power onnetions were pro)ided to the motherboard in &?! *? Fdisussed later in this
setionC! or -?pin formats. 5hese were in addition to the 20?pin onnetor Fdisussed later in this
setionC that was already pro)ided.
11. 5here is a &?pin sGuare mini )ersion of the $5; onnetor! whih supplies 2 pins with 12 <! and an
-?pin )ersion Ftwo rowsC that has four 12 < leads. 5hese onnet to other items! li3e the proessor! or
other omponents! li3e a networ3 ard that may need power that e'eeds what an be pro)ided with the
$5; onnetion to the board.
12. PCIe *6-?pin> PCIe slots also draw more power and reGuire power in addition to the main 20?pin
onnetor Fdisussed ne'tC. 5hese additional onnetors an be * pins and may also ontain an
additional 2?pin onnetor on the side for ases where the onnetion reGuired is -?pin.
1". 20?pin> 5he main $5; onnetor! referened earlier! is a 20?pin onnetor. 5he four pins arrying
power are "." <! "." <! ( <! and ( <. 5his allows the motherboard to pull about 20 to "0 watts.
1&. 2&?pin> 5he 2&?pin $5; onnetor is simply the 20?pin onnetor disussed earlier along with the
e'tra &?pin onnetor on the side. 5his pro)ides the & pins arrying power as disussed earlier plus an
additional & pins with ( < standby! 12 <! 12 <! and "." <.
1.8 E(aluate and sele%t appropriate %omponents for a %ustom %onfiguration) to meet %ustomer
spe%ifi%ations or needs
1. "2?bit Operating systems Fespeially! wor3station Operating Systems suh as ;PC usually support
only up to &1B of memory due to address bus limitation. It is reommended to go for *&?bit operating
system if you want to use more than & 1B of memory.
2. S7I tehnology is designed for PCI /'press and not $1P. 5his new bus has superior bandwidth Ftwo
to four times $1P -;C! support for isohronous data transport! and the apability to dri)e multiple high?
speed graphis de)ies li3e running )ideo games.
". Computers used for graphi design! omputer?aided design FC$DC appliations! and omputer?aided
manufaturing FC$%C reGuire muh more horsepower than the standard PC. Speifially! they reGuire
multiple or more powerful proessors! more robust )ideo ards! and signifiantly more memory.
&. S$5$ hard dis3s may be used for building #$ID arrays.
(. Dynami dis3s are not supported in portable omputers and on e'ternal +SB de)ies. 5he primary
reason being that dynami dis3s are used for enabling #$ID onfiguration or ba3 onfiguration! whih
reGuires two or more dis3s to be present. +sually! portable omputers and +SB hard dis3 dri)es ome
with single hard dri)e.
*. #$ID 7e)el 10 reGuires a minimum of & dri)es to implement. #$ID 10 is implemented as a striped
array whose segments are #$ID 1 arrays. #$ID 10 has the same fault tolerane as #$ID le)el 1. If a
dis3 fails replae the failed dis3 and see if the #$ID builds up. Aor single dis3 failures! usually! #$ID
10 heals itself.
,. 5he hardware on the mahine must ha)e enough memory! hard dri)e spae! and proessor apability
to support the )irtuali4ation. =ou also need the software to ma3e )irtuali4ation possible.
-. Home Ser)er
a. $ home ser)er is a ser)er loated in a pri)ate residene pro)iding ser)ies to other de)ies
inside and6or outside the household through a home networ3 and6or the Internet. Suh ser)ies
may inlude file and6or printer ser)ing! )ideo6audio ser)ing! web ser)ing Fon the networ3 or
internetC! web ahing! aount authentiation and ba3up ser)ies.
b. :indows Home Ser)er is based on :indows Ser)er 200" #2 and is intended to be a solution
for homes with multiple onneted PCs to offer file sharing! automated ba3ups! print ser)er!
and remote aess.
. Important features of a Home Ser)er are gi)en below>
1. Centrali4ed ba3up> Ba3up indi)idual omputers at a entral loation.
2. Health monitoring ? %onitor health of indi)idual omputers
". Aile sharing ? /nables file sharing o)er the home networ3
&. Printer sharing ? /nables printer sharing o)er the networ3
(. #emote aess gateway ? $llows remote aess to any onneted PC on the networ3!
inluding the ser)er itself! o)er the Internet.
*. %edia streaming ? Can stream media to an ;bo' "*0 or other de)ies supporting
:indows %edia Connet.
,. Seleti)e data redundany ? 1uards against a single dri)e failure by dupliating
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 2"
seleted data aross multiple dri)es.
-. /'pandable storage ? Pro)ides a unified single and easily e'pandable storage spae!
remo)ing the need for dri)e letters.
.. Ser)er ba3up ? Ba3s up files whih are stored within shared folders on the ser)er to
an e'ternal hard dri)e.
d. :hen ombining )arious ser)ers into a single physial bo'! it is important to onsider the
ser)er hardware reGuirements! suh as CP+! %emory! Power Supply! /'pansion Slots! Hard
Dis3 Capaity! et.
.. Sti3yQeys is designed for people who ha)e diffiulty holding down two or more 3eys at a time.
:hen a shortut reGuires a 3ey ombination suh as Ctrl8P! Sti3yQeys allows you to press one 3ey at a
time instead of pressing them simultaneously.
10. Charater %ap> =ou an use Charater %ap to opy and paste speial haraters into your
douments! suh as the trademar3 symbol! speial mathematial haraters! or a harater from the
harater set of another language.
11. Pointer trails an help people who struggle to tra3 the mo)ement of the pointer on both modern
5A5 sreens and traditional @tube@ C#5 sreens.
12. $ sreen magnifier is software that interfaes with a omputer@s graphial output to present enlarged
sreen ontent.
1". :hen disussing thin and thi3 lients! you should understand that a thi3 lient is a PC that has all
the apabilities of a standard PC. It runs all appliations loally from its own hard dri)e. $ thin lient is
one that has minimal apabilities and runs the from a remote ser)er
1&. :a3e?On?7an reGuires a few settings as below>
a. $n $5; motherboard with an onboard! "?pin J:O7J onnetor and $5; power supply.
b. $ networ3 ard that an support :O7 with its able to the motherboard properly installed.
. In the BIOS Power %anagement! you must enable the 7$2 :a3eup option.
d. 5hen ta3e a loo3 at your networ3 ard settings! Fright li3 mouse on J%y ComputerJ ion on
your des3top! selet %anage ?T JDe)ie %anagerJC in JDe)ie %anagerJ open properties of
your J2etwor3 CardJ and selet JPower %anagementJ tab. =ou need to he3 appropriate bo'es
enabling the 2etwor3 Card to bring the omputer out of standby.
1.10 9i(en a s%enario) e(aluate types and features of display de(i%es
1. :hen you are installing a different S<1$ monitor! it is unli3ely that the new monitor has the same
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 2&
apabilities as the old one. $s a result! the image on the sreen may not be readable. In suh instanes!
hange the )ideo resolution to Standard <1$ before installing the new monitor. =ou an hange the
resolution appropriately after the image on the sreen is readable with the new monitor. It may also be
neessary to load appropriate de)ie dri)er! if you are installing a different display adapter.
2. If the 7CD sreen hanges olors! li3e turning green and then blue or red! it is li3ely that you ha)e a
able problem. Airst he3 the monitor able whether it is loose. 5hen try to twist the monitor and see if
there is any problem. If the problem ours! it may be neessary to replae the 7CD monitor able.
". =ou need more brightness when a proBetor is used in en)ironment where there is plenty of light in
the room. Higher lumens pro)ide more brightness! but more e'pensi)e.
1.11 !dentify %onne%tor types and asso%iated %a&les
1. High?Definition %ultimedia Interfae FHD%IC onnetors are used to onnet ompatible digital
items FD<D players and onferene room proBetors! for e'ampleC.HD%I theoretial able length limit
is 1* feet F( metersC.
2. If you want to reei)e 5< signals on the H5PC FHome 5heater PCC! you will need a 5< tuner ard.
5hese an be installed internally in a slot or they an be e'ternal units onneted with the +SB port.
5hey also an be analog! digital! or both Falthough broadast analog 5< has been disontinued in the
+nited States sine 200.C. If reording the 5< ontent is reGuired! the ard must also be a )ideo apture
ard.
". In ases where it is desired to wath one stream of ontent while reording another stream! a ard that
has two tuners in it must be used. 5hese are alled ombo tuners.
&. P$5$ FID/C?? Parallel ad)aned tehnology attahment Foriginally alled $5$ and sometimes 3nown
as ID/ or $5$PIC was the most dominant des3top omputer storage interfae from the late 1.-0s until
reently! when the S$5$ interfae too3 o)er. P$5$ hard dri)es are still being utili4ed today! espeially
in e'ternal hard dri)e bo'es! but they@re beoming rare. Some heaper high?end ser)er storage de)ies
ha)e also used P$5$. 7i3e SCSI! P$5$ has also gone through many re)isions. 5he most reent )ersion
of P$5$ is +D%$61"" whih supports a throughput of 1"" %B6s.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 2(
(. $lthough P$5$ supports two de)ies per onnetor in a master6sla)e onfiguration! the performane
penalty of sharing a P$5$ port is se)ere and not reommended if performane is important to the user.
5he &0?pin onnetor and abling is also e'tremely wide! whih is diffiult to use in a high?density
en)ironment and tends to blo3 proper airflow. 5he si4e of the onnetor also presents problems for
smaller 2.(J hard dri)es! whih reGuire a speial shrun3en onnetor.
*. S$5$ $nd /S$5$?? Serial ad)aned tehnology attahment is the offiial suessor to P$5$. So far!
there ha)e been two basi )ersions of S$5$! with S$5$?1(0 and S$5$?"00. 5he numbers 1(0 and "00
represent the number of %B6s that the interfaes support. S$5$ doesn@t ha)e any performane problems
due to able6port sharing! but that@s beause it doesn@t permit sharing at all.
eS$5$ Connetor
S$5$ Connetor
1.12 !nstall and %onfigure (arious perip'eral de(i%es
1. Qey boards ome with two types of onnetors. 5hey are>
a. DI2?(! DI2?( has ( pins and used with $5 style 3eyboards.
b. %ini DI2?*! also 3nown as PS62 onnetor! has around port with * pins! one of whih being a
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 2*
sGuare pin used for alignment.
2. $ +SB hard dis3 usually reGuires lot of power! and it is reommended to use additional +SB adapter
or e'ternal power soure to power the +SB hard dri)e. In this ase! beause the +SB hard dri)e is
wor3ing on other omputers! it is li3ely that the userIs +SB is unable to pro)ide suffiient power to the
dri)e. It happens primarily if the +SB port does not onform to the 2.0 standard. +pgrading the
omputer with +SB 2.0 ard will help him use the +SB hard dri)e.
". :hen installing a third party appliation! ensure that the following reommendations are fulfilled>
a. =ou ha)e administrati)e rights to the omputer
b. 1et latest :indows updates
. Disable any onfliting softwareP you an use %SCO2AI utility to troubleshoot the problem
in ;P! <ista! or :indows ,.
d. %a3e sure your folder names don@t ontain strange haraters
e. $dditionally! if you are installing unsigned software! you will be prompted whether you are
willing to go ahead with the installation. =ou must aept to the ris3s to omplete the
installation.
&. $fter installing a bar ode reader! you need to san in program odes to onfigure the reader
(. =ou an synhroni4e an iOS de)ie with home omputer using +SB or :i?Ai onneti)ity.
*. If the mehanial mouse pointer suddenly mo)ing with irregular mo)ement6sporadi mo)ement the
main reason is dirt. If dirt has entered the mouse! lean the dirt with IP$! or otton wetted in soap water.
2. Networ6ing
2.1 !dentify types of networ6 %a&les and %onne%tors
1. Shielded ables usually omprise of one or two insulated wires that are surrounded by an aluminum
%ylar foil or a wo)en braided shield. 5he foiled shield of the able ensures better signal transmission by
eliminating irregular power freGueny and e'ternal radio interferene. %ostly! power ables whih arry
high?)oltage of eletriity are shielded for greater protetion and better eletri transmission.
Shielded ables e'hibit better interferene reBetion harateristis ompared to unshielded ables.
2. 5he I/// 1".& interfae is a serial bus interfae standard for high?speed ommuniations freGuently
used by personal omputers! as well as in digital audio! and digital )ideo! 5he interfae is also 3nown by
the brand names of Aire:ire F$ppleC! i.7I2Q FSonyC! and 7yn' F5e'as InstrumentsC.
". $ punh down tool! also alled a punh down tool is used widely by networ3 tehniians. It is used
for inserting wire into insulation?displaement onnetors on punh down blo3s or path panels.
&. $ rimping tool is a tool designed to rimp or onnet a onnetor to the end of a able. Aor e'ample!
networ3 ables and phone ables are reated using a rimping tool to onnet the #K?&( and #K?11
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 2,
onnetors to the end of the able.
(. #1?* may be used for both analog and digital tele)ision transmission.
2.2 Categori3e %'ara%teristi%s of %onne%tors and %a&ling
1. Cat ( an go up to speeds of 100mbps! and it is not designed for meeting gigabit speeds. Cat (e Fe for
enhanedC an reah up to 1 gbps! but it is not ertified to be used at gigabit speeds. Cat * able is
designed to be used at 1gbps! and is reommended for this purpose. Cat *a and Cat , ables an go up
to 10gbps! but e'pensi)e.
2./ E.plain properties and %'ara%teristi%s of ,CP:!P
1. 5CP6IP
a. 5CP6IP is the medium of transport when your are aessing the Internet.
b. Some important 5CP6IP port numbers are as gi)en below>
1. A5P> 21! stands for Aile 5ransfer Protool is a lient ser)er protool =our :indows
mahine! running A5P lient an ommuniate with the +ni' Ser)er running A5P ser)er
daemon! and transfer files to and from your omputer.
2. 5elnet> 2"! stands for 5elnetting from a remote terminal to a 5elnet Ser)er
". S%5P> 2(! stands for Simple %ail 5ransfer Protool
&. H55P6:::> -0! stands for Hyper 5e't 5ransfer Protool
(. POP"> 110! stands for Post Offie Protool
*. H55PS> &&"! stands for H55P Seure
. 5CP6IP is the protool used when you are 5elnetting to a remote host. H55P is used for
aessing the :orld :ide :eb ser)ies.
d. Some of the important ommands useful in trouble shooting 5CP6IP networ3s are>
1. Iponfig> Displays 5CP6IP onfiguration )alues! inluding IP address! subnet mas3!
and default gateway. $)ailable options with iponfig ommand are gi)en below>
6U Display this help message
6all Display full onfiguration information.
6release #elease the IP)& address for the speified adapter.
6release* #elease the IP)* address for the speified adapter.
6renew #enew the IP)& address for the speified adapter.
6renew* #enew the IP)* address for the speified adapter.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 2-
6flushdns Purges the D2S #esol)er ahe.
6registerdns #efreshes all DHCP leases and re?registers D2S names
6displaydns Display the ontents of the D2S #esol)er Cahe.
6showlassid Displays all the dhp lass IDs allowed for adapter.
6setlassid %odifies the dhp lass id.
6showlassid* Displays all the IP)* DHCP lass IDs allowed for adapter
6setlassid* %odifies the IP)* DHCP lass id.
2. nsloo3up pro)ides the IP address of the remote omputer after Guerying the dns ser)er
for the IP onfig information.
". Ping> 5his ommand an be used to )erify whether the target ip address or host name
is present. =ou need to speify the target IP address or host name. =ou an ping the loop
ba3 address at 12,.0.0.1. $ response ensures that the 5CP6IP sta3 is installed properly
on your omputer.
&. #oute> Displays and manipulates route information.
(. 5raert> Determines the route pa3ets ta3e to reah the speified destination.
e. 5o see 5CP6IP onfiguration on a :indows .( 6 .- omputer! use :I2IPCA1. It will display
your IP address! subnet mas3! default gateway! hardware %$C address.
f. 5o see 5CP6IP onfiguration on an 25 mahine! use IPCO2AI1. It will also display the IP
onfiguration information on an 25 mahine. 5o get more details! use IPCO2AI16$77.
g. 5o )erify that lient omputer is onfigured properly with appropriate IP address! subnet mas3
! and default gateway use Iponfig6all ommand.
h. If indiator light on networ3 swith is blin3ing rapidly e)en when all other omputer nodes
are disonneted it is )ery li3ely that the swith port or the swith is bad.
2. S%5P is used to upload mail to the mail ser)er. POP" is used for downloading mail from a mail
ser)er to a lient mahine running POP" lient.
". Both PPP and S7IP an be used for dial up onnetions. Howe)er! S7IP an@t be used where the IP
address need to be assigned dynamially. 5he ad)antage of PPP is multi protool support! that it an
support 5CP6IP! IP;! $pple5al3 et. S7IP an support only 5CP6IP and IP addresses need to be
assigned manually.
&. :I2S ser)er resol)es the 2etBIOS names to IP addresses. $ :indows networ3 running 5CP6IP need
to be onfigured with :I2S For 7%HOS5S file on eah omputerC for 2etBIOS name resolution.
(. HOS5S file and D2S FDomain 2ame Ser)erC are used for resol)ing AED2s FAully Eualified Domain
2amesC to IP addresses.
*. 2etwor3ing utilities
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om 2.
a. 2B5S5$5> 5his utility displays urrent 2etBIOS o)er 5CP6IP onnetions! and display
2etBIOS name ahe.
b. 2/5S5$5> Displays protool statistis and urrent 5CP6IP onnetions sine the ser)er was
last booted.
. 5#$C/#5> +sed to determine whih route a pa3et ta3es to reah its destination from soure.
d. IPCO2AI1> +sed to display :indows IP onfiguration information.
e. 2S7OOQ+P> 5his utility enables users to interat with a D2S ser)er and display resoure
reords.
f. #O+5/> +sed to display and edit stati routing tables.
g. 2etsh is a ommand?line sripting utility that allows us to! either loally or remotely! display
or modify the networ3 onfiguration of a omputer. 2etsh also pro)ides a sripting feature that
allows us to run a group of ommands in bath mode against a speified omputer.
7. $ user an start a DHCP lient ser)ie by going to Control Panel or using %y Computer as below>
ontrol Panel ?T $dministrati)e 5ools ?T Ser)ies ?T DHCP lient Ser)ies ?T Start
%y Computer ?T %anage ?T Ser)ies and $ppliations ?T Ser)ies ?T DHCP lient Ser)ies ?T Start
-. $PIP$ stands for $utomati Pri)ate IP $ddressing. $ feature of %irosoft :indows! $PIP$ is a
DHCP failo)er mehanism. :ith $PIP$! DHCP lients an obtain IP addresses when DHCP ser)ers are
nonfuntional. $PIP$ e'ists in all popular )ersions of :indows e'ept :indows 25.
:hen a DHCP ser)er fails! $PIP$ alloates IP addresses in the pri)ate range 1*..2(&.0.1 to
1*..2(&.2((.2(&. Clients )erify their address is uniGue on the networ3 using $#P. :hen the DHCP
ser)er is again able to ser)ie reGuests! lients update their addresses automatially.
2.1 E.plain %ommon ,CP and 5*P ports) proto%ols) and t'eir purpose
1. 5he ISP pro)ides the information on the S%5P! and POP ser)er addresses. =ou need to feed this
information to the mail lient while onfiguring to send and reei)e e?mail.
2. 1i)en below are the basi ommands that are used with A5P>
1. get to opy one file from the remote mahine to the loal mahine
2. mget to opy multiple files from the remote mahine to the loal mahineP
". put to opy one file from the loal mahine to the remote mahine
&. mput to opy multiple files from the loal mahine to the remote mahineP
(. HpI is used to reGuest help or information about the A5P ommands! and ls is used to list
diretory ontents.
". #emote Des3top Protool F#DPC
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om "0
a. 5he minimum reGuirement for setting up #emote Des3top host running #DP F#emote
Des3top ProtoolC is :indows ;P Professional or later. 5he minimum reGuirements for the
Client omputer is :indows .' or abo)e. $ :indows ;P Home an at as lient but not as a
host. 2ote that the omputer that offers the loal resoures to a remote user is alled a host
omputer or simply the host. 5he omputer that onnets to the host omputer is alled a lient
omputer or simply! lient. 5he host omputer runs remote des3top F#DPC.
b. #DP ser)ers are built into :indows operating systemsP an #DP ser)er for 7inu' also e'ists.
By default! the ser)er listens on 5CP port ""-..
. #emote Des3top uses #emote Des3top Protool F#DPC! whih in turn uses port ""-.. By
onfiguring the router to forward traffi on port ""-. to the host omputer running #DP! one
should be able to aess the host remotely. If the host omputer is on a publily aessible IP
address! there is no need for port forwarding. #emote lient an aess the host diretly using
hostIs publi IP address. 5he port forwarding is usually onfigured on the router that
ommuniates with the e'ternal networ3 FInternetC
d. 5o enable #DP on :indows ;P Professional omputer #ight?li3 %y Computer! li3
Properties! and then li3 the #emote tab. 5urn on #emote Des3top by seleting the he3 bo'
$llow users to remotely onnet to this omputer. Designate users by li3ing the Selet #emote
+sers... button.
2.2 Compare and %ontrast wireless networ6ing standards and en%ryption types
1. :ireless 2etwor3ing
5he generi standard that defines wireless 7$2 tehnologies is -02.11. Speifially! the
following standards e'ist>
a. -02.11> applies to wireless 7$2s and pro)ides 1 or 2 %bps transmission in the 2.& 1H4 band.
b. -02.11a> an e'tension to -02.11 that applies to wireless 7$2s and pro)ides up to (& %bps in
the (1H4 band. 5his higher freGueny ompared to -02.11b shortens the range of -02.11a
networ3s. Beause -02.11a and -02.11b utili4e different freGuenies! the two tehnologies are
inompatible with eah other.
. -02.11b Finitially referred to as -02.11 or :i?AiC> an e'tension to -02.11 that applies to
wireless 7$2 and pro)ides up to 11 %bps transmission in the 2.& 1H4 band.
d. -02.11g> applies to wireless 7$2s and pro)ides 208 %bps in the 2.& 1H4 band.-02.11g is
ba3wards ompatible with -02.11b.
e. -02.11n support data rates of o)er 100 %bps. -02.11n also offers somewhat better range o)er
earlier :i?Ai standards due to its inreased signal intensity. -02.11n eGuipment will be ba3ward
ompatible with -02.11g gear.
2. 5he -02.11n high throughput FH5C standard defines three modes of operation> a legay Fnon?H5C
mode! a greenfield FH5?onlyC mode! and a mi'ed mode where H5 protetion mehanisms ensure that
transmissions an be deteted by both old -02.11a6g6b de)ies and new -02.11n de)ies.
". In mi'ed mode! H5 protetion reGuires that -02.11n de)ies send a legay preamble! followed by an
H5 preamble. 5he legay preamble lets -02.11a6b6g de)ies to a)oid transmitting o)er H5 frames sent
by -02.11n de)ies.
&. 5hese H5 protetion mehanisms signifiantly redue an -02.11n :7$2@s throughput! but they are
neessary to a)oid ollisions between older -02.11a6b6g de)ies and newer -02.11n de)ies. If you
3new that no legay de)ies were present! you ould onfigure your aess point F$PC to operate in
greenfield FH5?onlyC mode! eliminating this o)erhead.
(. Bluetooth Class " supports speeds up to 1m at 2.&1H4 F1m: power output ma'C
*. Bluetooth Class 2 supports speeds up to 10m at 2.&1H4 F2.(m: power output ma'C
,. Bluetooth Class 1 supports speeds up to 100m at 2.&1H4 F100m: power output ma'C
-.:P$! short for :i?Ai Proteted $ess! is a :i?Ai standard that was designed to impro)e upon the
seurity features of :/P F:ired /Gui)alent Pri)ayC. 5he tehnology is designed to wor3 with e'isting
:i?Ai produts that ha)e been enabled with :/P.
.. 5o seure the router from unauthori4ed aess you need to hange the default login6password on a
router soon after the router is installed. Seondly! ensure to set enryption suh as :P$2 so that only
authori4ed users will be able to aess the wireless networ3
10. :/P! short for :ireless /Gui)alent Protetion! is a seurity protool designed to pro)ide protetion
eGui)alent to wired 7$2s. :P$ is an impro)ed seurity protool ompared to :/P.
11. Infrared tehnology allows omputing de)ies to ommuniate )ia short?range wireless signals.
:ith infrared! omputers an transfer files and other digital data bidiretionally.
Infrared ommuniations span )ery short distanes. Plae two infrared de)ies within a few feet Fno
more than ( metersC of eah other when networ3ing them. +nli3e :i?Ai and Bluetooth tehnologies!
infrared networ3 signals annot penetrate walls or other obstrutions and wor3 only in the diret Jline of
sight.J
2.4 !nstall) %onfigure) and deploy a #"H" wireless:wired router using appropriate settings
1. SSID! short for ser)ie set identifier! a uniGue identifier attahed to the header of pa3ets sent o)er a
:7$2. 5he SSID differentiates one :7$2 from another! so all aess points and all de)ies
attempting to onnet to a speifi :7$2 must use the same SSID. :/P together with SSID! pro)ides
basi protetion for the wireless networ3.
2. 5o limit the number of omputers to a 3nown few! onfiguring %$C filtering is a )ery good option.
5his is onfigured on the wireless router and not on the lient omputers. $ny wireless networ3! SSID
needs to be onfigured on the wireless router. 2ote that if the router broadasts SSID! then the lients
will automatially learn about the wireless networ3. If the SSID broadast is disabled on the router! you
need to onfigure the lients with proper SSID Fsame as that of the router SSIDC.
". Aor loal administrators! only the built?in administrator aount an be used to perform a remote
install. Sine this aount is disabled by default! please use the Jnet user administrator 6ati)e>yesJ
ommand from the ommand onsole. 5his will enable this aount to install appliations remotely.
&. EoS stands for Guality of ser)ie. In SOHO en)ironment! EoS is normally set at router le)el. If you
want to enfore EoS poliies in your networ3! ma3e sure you use a router! whih is eGuipped with EoS
software.
(. $dding the port e'eption
a. Cli3 Start! li3 #un! type wsui.pl! and then li3 OQ.
b. In :indows Seurity Center! li3 :indows Airewall.
. Cli3 the /'eptions tab! and then li3 $dd Port to display the $dd a Port dialog bo'.
d. 5ype a desripti)e name for the port e'eption and the port number that your program uses!
and then selet either the 5CP or +DP protool.
e. Cli3 OQ to lose the $dd a Port dialog bo'.
*. 2$5 FShort fo r2etwor3 $ddress 5ranslationC is used to map internal IP addresses to e'ternal IP
addresses. 5ypiaaly! a router or a Airewall is used for this purpose.
,. 5urning OAA SSID is the easiest thing to do to pre)ent people outside of the premises from aessing
a wireless networ3. 2ote that for :P$ enryption! you need to onfigure it on the wireless router and
on all the wor3stations. 5o enable %$C filtering! you need to gather the %$C addresses of all lient
omputers! and feed it into the wireless router.
-. If you use a dis3 dri)e that was pre)iously onfigured as a dynami dri)e in another omputer! it may
show up as foreign dri)e. =ou need to import the foreign dri)e to show up in the dri)e manager as loal.
2.7 Compare and %ontrast !nternet %onne%tion types and features
1. ISD2>ISD2 B#I FBasi #ate InterfaeC will ha)e two B hannels! eah an arry data up to *&Qbps!
aggregating to 12- Qbps.
2. Infrared tehnology allows omputing de)ies to ommuniate )ia short?range wireless signals. :ith
infrared! omputers an transfer files and other digital data bidiretionally.
Infrared ommuniations span )ery short distanes. Plae two infrared de)ies within a few feet Fno
more than ( metersC of eah other when networ3ing them. +nli3e :i?Ai and Bluetooth tehnologies!
infrared networ3 signals annot penetrate walls or other obstrutions and wor3 only in the diret Jline of
sight.J
". $ DS7 model most ommonly uses normal telephone line F5wisted Pair or 5PC for onneting to the
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om ""
Internet.
&. $s the name implies! in asynhronous digital subsriber ser)ie F3nown as $SD7C! the download
speeds are muh greater than the upload speeds. 5his is done based on the usage trends of Internet. %ost
users tend to download muh more than what usually upload.
2.8 !dentify (arious types of networ6s
;AN <;o%al Area Networ6=$ $ 7$2 onnets networ3 de)ies o)er a relati)ely short distane. $ networ3ed
offie building! shool! or home usually ontains a single 7$2! though sometimes one building will ontain a
few small 7$2s Fperhaps one per roomC! and oasionally a 7$2 will span a group of nearby buildings. In
5CP6IP networ3ing! a 7$2 is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet. In addition to operating in
a limited spae! 7$2s are also typially owned! ontrolled! and managed by a single person or organi4ation.
5hey also tend to use ertain onneti)ity tehnologies! primarily /thernet and 5o3en #ing.
>AN <>ide Area Networ6= $ $s the term implies! a :$2 spans a large physial distane. 5he Internet is the
largest :$2! spanning the /arth. $ :$2 is a geographially?dispersed olletion of 7$2s. $ networ3 de)ie
alled a router onnets 7$2s to a :$2. In IP networ3ing! the router maintains both a 7$2 address and a :$2
address. $ :$2 differs from a 7$2 in se)eral important ways. %ost :$2s Fli3e the InternetC are not owned by
any one organi4ation but rather e'ist under olleti)e or distributed ownership and management. :$2s tend to
use tehnology li3e $5%! Arame #elay and ;.2( for onneti)ity o)er the longer distanes.
PAN <Personal Area Networ6= $ is a omputer networ3 organi4ed around an indi)idual person. Personal area
networ3s typially in)ol)e a mobile omputer! a ell phone and6or a handheld omputing de)ie suh as a PD$.
=ou an use these networ3s to transfer files inluding email and alendar appointments! digital photos and musi.
Personal area networ3s an be onstruted with ables or be wireless. +SB and Aire:ire tehnologies often lin3
together a wired P$2! while wireless P$2s typially use Bluetooth or sometimes infrared onnetions. Bluetooth
P$2s are also sometimes alled pionets. Personal area networ3s generally o)er a range of less than 10 meters
Fabout "0 feetC. P$2s an be )iewed as a speial type For subsetC of loal area networ3 F7$2C that supports one
person instead of a group.
+AN <+etropolitan Area Networ6=$ is a networ3 that interonnets users with omputer resoures in a
geographi area or region larger than that o)ered by e)en a large loal area networ3 F7$2C but smaller than the
area o)ered by a wide area networ3 F:$2C. 5he term is applied to the interonnetion of networ3s in a ity into
a single larger networ3 Fwhih may then also offer effiient onnetion to a wide area networ3C. It is also used to
mean the interonnetion of se)eral loal area networ3s by bridging them with ba3bone lines. 5he latter usage is
also sometimes referred to as a ampus networ3.
,opologies$
$ topology is physial and logial networ3 layout. Physial layout inlude atual layout of ables and other
networ3 de)ies where as 7ogial layout inlude the way in whih the networ3 appears to the de)ies that use it.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om "&
+es' $ In this topology eah omputer is onneted to e)ery other. 5his topology is rarely used.
$d)antages>
? It pro)ide multiple paths between two de)ies so if one path fails other an be used.
? 2etwor3 an be e'panded without distruption to urrent uses
Disad)antages
? It has high le)el of redundany
? wiring is )ery ompliated
? Cabling ost is )ery high
? Ainding fault in abling is )ery tri3y
0ing $ In this topology eah networ3 omputer and de)ie are onneted to eah other forming a large irle For
similar shapeC. /ah pa3et is sent around the ring until it reahes its final destination. 5ypially ADDI! SO2/5
or 5o3en #ing tehnology are used to implement a ring networ3.
$d)antages>
? $ny fault in able an be found easily.
? 5hese networ3s are omparati)ely easy to install.
Disad)antages>
? /'pansion will ause disruption in urrent networ3
? Single fault in able will disrupt entire networ3.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om "(
5# $ Bus networ3s use a ommon ba3bone to onnet all de)ies. $ single able! the ba3bone funtions as a
shared ommuniation medium that de)ies attah or tap into with an interfae onnetor. $ de)ie wanting to
ommuniate with another de)ie on the networ3 sends a broadast message onto the wire that all other de)ies
see! but only the intended reipient atually aepts and proesses the message.
$d)antages>
? /asy to implement
? 7ess able is used
? 2o speiali4ed networ3 eGuipment is needed.
Disad)antages
? Single fault in able will disrupt entire networ3.
? /'pansion will ause disruption in urrent networ3
? 5roubleshooting is diffiult.
#tar$ In Star topology! all the omponents of networ3 are onneted to the entral de)ie alled VhubW whih may
be a hub! a router or a swith. $ll the data on the star topology passes through the entral de)ie before reahing
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om "*
the intended destination. Hub ats as a Buntion to onnet different nodes present in Star 2etwor3! and at the
same time it manages and ontrols whole of the networ3. Depending on whih entral de)ie is used! VhubW an
at as repeater or signal booster. Central de)ie an also ommuniate with other hubs of different networ3.
+nshielded 5wisted Pair F+5PC /thernet able is used to onnet wor3stations to entral node.
$d)antages>
? 1i)es better performane ompared to B+S
? 2ew de)ies an be added easily.
? Centrali4ed management ma3es monitoring the networ3 is easier.
? Single node failure will not affet entire networ3.
Disad)antages
? If entral de)ie FHubC fails whole networ3 goes down.
? +se of entral de)ie inrease o)erall ost.
? Performane of networ3 depends on apaity of entral de)ie.
Hy&rid$ It is an integration of two or more different topologies to form a resultant topology. 5his ombination of
topologies is done aording to the reGuirement of the organi4ation.
Aor e'ample an offie an use a star topology in eah of its department and ring topology to onnet these
departments.
$d)antages>
? Aault detetion is easier.
? Si4e of the networ3 an be inreased easily without distruption to urrent networ3.
? It is )ery fle'ible as networ3 an be designed aording to reGuirements and a)ailable resoures.
Disad)antages
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om ",
? O)erall ost of networ3 is high as it reGuires lot of ables! many networ3 de)ies li3e H+B to onnet
)arious networ3s.
? Design beomes more and more omple' as number of networ3s inrease
2.8 Compare and %ontrast networ6 de(i%es) t'eir fun%tions) and features
1. %ost ommonly used networ3 de)ies are hubs! swithes For bridgesC! and routers.
a. #outer$ $ router for Internet sharing is normally onfigured using web browser. High?end
routers may pro)ide option for terminal onneti)ity! wherein you an onnet a terminal! and
issue ommands for onfiguring the router.
b. Hub> $ hub is basially a multi?port repeater. :hen it reei)es a pa3et! it repeats that pa3et
out eah port. 5his means that all omputers that are onneted to the hub reei)e the pa3et
whether it is intended for them or not. It@s then up to the omputer to ignore the pa3et if it@s not
addressed to it. 5his might not seem li3e a big deal! but imagine transferring a (0 %B file aross
a hub. /)ery omputer onneted to the hub gets sent that entire file Fin esseneC and has to
ignore it.
. Bridge> $ bridge is a 3ind of repeater! but it has some intelligene. It learns the layer 2 F%$CC
addresses of de)ies onneted to it. 5his means that the bridge is smart enough to 3now when
to forward pa3ets aross to the segments that it onnets. Bridges an be used to redue the si4e
of a ollision domain or to onnet networ3s of differing
media6topologies! suh as onneting an /thernet networ3 to a 5o3en #ing networ3.
d. Swith> $ swith is essentially a multi?port bridge. 5he swith learns the %$C addresses of
eah omputer onneted to eah of its ports. So! when a swith reei)es a pa3et! it only
forwards the pa3et out the port that is onneted to the destination %$C address. #emember
that a hub sends the pa3et out e)ery port! and you an see how muh more effiient this it.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om "-
2.10 9i(en a s%enario) use appropriate networ6ing tools
a= $n assortment of Phillips?head! flathead! and 5or' srewdri)ers! as well as )arying si4es of nut
dri)ers.
&= Se)eral types of small parts used on iruit boards! inluding )arious si4es of srews and nutsP
e'tra Bumpers Fthe tiny de)ies used to ma3e onnetions between the pins on ertain iruitryCP
srewsP and stand?offs! small washer?type parts made of a nononduting material! often nylon!
used to ensure that a motherboard does not ome in ontat with a omputer ase.
%= Se)eral si4es of slot o)ers! the metal bra3ets that o)er the openings FslotsC in the ba3 of a PC
for aommodating e'pansion ards. $ slot o)er ser)es to 3eep dust out when an e'pansion slot
is empty and helps ooling airflow.
d= $ parts grabber! also alled an e'tending e'trator. 5his pen?si4ed tool has a plunger at one end!
whih! when pressed! auses small! hoo3ed prongs to e'tend from the other end of the tool.
5hese are useful for retrie)ing dropped obBets! suh as Bumpers or srews! from inside a
omputer. Be )ery areful not to touh any iruitry when using one.
e= $n e'tension magnet! a long?handled tool with a magnet on the end. +se it li3e a parts grabber!
only it has a magnet that attrats small obBets that ontain iron. 5his is handy for pi3ing up
obBets that fall on the floor! but the potential dangers may not be worth the on)eniene. 2e)er
use an e'tension magnet near a omputer or any peripherals that ontain magneti storage
beause the magnet an damage data.
f= $ flashlight for illuminating dar3 plaes.
g= $ small ontainer for holding e'tra srews and other small parts Fa pill bottle wor3s wellC.

'= $n /SD wrist strap to use when wor3ing on any omponent e'ept the power supply! monitor!
and laser printers.
i= $n /SD mat pro)ides a stati harge with a path to ground and is designed for the des3top or
floor of a wor3spae. :hile this mat may not fit in your tool3it! it is something that should be
a)ailable at any PC tehniianIs wor3benh.
?= Aield replaeable units FA#+sC should be inluded in your hardware tool3it. $n A#+ is any
omponent that you an install into a system onsite. 5his inludes suh items as memory
modules! heat sin3s! C%OS batteries! )arious adapter ards! hard dri)es! optial dri)es!
3eyboards! mie! fans! $C adapters! spare ables and onnetors! power supplies! and e)en spare
motherboards. Of ourse! all of this depends on the sope of your Bob and how ost?effeti)e it is
to ha)e these items on hand.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om ".
6= $ multimeter is indispensable in determining power problems from a power outlet or from the
power supply. =ouIll use this handheld de)ie to measure the resistane! )oltage! and6or urrent
in omputer omponents using two probes Fone negati)e! one positi)eC that you touh to power
wires in the eGuipment you are testing.
l= $ power supply tester is a speiali4ed de)ie for testing a power supply unit! and is a bit safer to
use than a multimeter for this purpose. $ power supply tester omes with onnetors ompatible
with the output onnetors on a standard power supply! rather than with Bust the simple probes of
a multimeter. $n 7CD display or 7/Ds show the test results.
m= $ able tester will detet if a able an onnet properly end to end and determine if there is a
short. Se)eral types of able testers are a)ailable! suh as those for opper /thernet and phone
ables! fiber?opti able testers! and oa'ial able testers. $ toner probe is a able tester that
generates a tone on one end of a able and e)aluates the signal reei)ed on the other end.
n= $ loopba3 plug! a plug wired to send signals ba3 to a speifi port type Fserial! parallel! +SB!
et.C or de)ie! suh as an /thernet adapter! as a test of the de)ie. It reroutes the sending pins
from the port or de)ie to the reei)ing pins! thus allowing you to test the ability to send and
reei)e without onneting to an e'ternal de)ie or networ3.
o= $ digital amera will enable you to doument the ondition of a omputer before you begin
troubleshooting. One important way we use a digital amera is to doument the abling and
onnetionsXboth e'ternal and internalXbefore ma3ing any hanges! so that we an reonnet
all omponents orretly. $ amera is also handy for apturing low?le)el error messages that
annot be aptured otherwise.
p= :ire utters for utting )arious types of wires! but espeially for /thernet ables.
@= $ punh down tool is a hand tool with a srewdri)er?type handle and one or more speiali4ed
blades used for inserting )arious types of wire into appropriate wiring panels. 5he wiring may be
for eletrial power or networ3 abling.
r= $ rimper! also alled a rimp tool! resembles a pair of pliers! but is used to terminate a
multistranded able into a onnetor! lamping eah wire in plae in the onnetor so that the
wires line up with the wires in the onnetor.
s= $ able stripper is a ross between a pair of pliers and sissors and is designed to strip the
insulation from around the wires in a able.
t= $ POS5 ard is an adapter ard used to run a speial diagnosti test on a omputer as it powers
up. 5hese tests go beyond those performed by the omputerIs own BIOS?based testing that
ours as it starts up.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om &0
/. ;aptops
/.1 !nstall and %onfigure laptop 'ardware and %omponents
1. 2i3el Cadmium battery
a. 5he ni3el admium battery! 3nown as 2iCad ! used to be the most ommon type of laptop
battery. 2iCad batteries ould easily be ruined by being left on the harger after they had reahed
full harge! or by being reharged before they were ompletely dead. 5he latter problem! alled
the Jmemory effet!J meant that if you reharged your laptop battery before it had run
ompletely down! it would remember the point at whih you put it ba3 on the harger! and only
disharge that far the ne't time you used it.
b.2i3el Cadmium battery is not en)ironmentally friendly and not as effiient as 2i3el 6
%etalhydride or 7ithium Ion. 2i3el 6 %etal hydride! though en)ironmentally friendly! not as
effiient as 7ithium Ion. 7ithium Ion battery is en)ironmentally friendly and )ery effiient.
2. 2i3el metal hydride battery
a. 5he ni3el metal hydride F2i%HC laptop battery ould hold onsiderably more power than
2iCad! but they still had something of a memory effet! although to a lesser e'tent
". 7ithium ion battery
a. 7ithium ion F7i?IonC is the latest tehnology for laptop batteries.5hey are onsiderably lighter
and does not e'hibit memory effet. 5he 7i?Ion laptop battery lasts onsiderably longer than its
predeessors. If your laptop supports 7i?Ion battery! then it is a reommended hoie.
&. Passi)e matri' displays are most ommonly used and heaper than $ti)e matri' displays. $lso!
passi)e matri' displays onsume less power. Howe)er! the ad)antages of ati)e matri' display are that
they an handle faster sreen image transition! and display is learly )iewable! e)en from slant angles.
(. 7aptops most widely use PC%CI$ ards! also referred to as PC ards.
*. 2ormally! des3top proessors onsume higher power ompared to laptop proessors. 7aptop
proessors are optimi4ed for lesser power onsumption! so that the heat produed is also less. 5his is to
ta3e are of poor )entilation onditions in a laptop omputer.
,. :hile doing any hardware up gradation on a laptop Fsuh as adding more memory! etC! remember to
remo)e the battery in addition to unplugging of $C mains.
-. If the battery of a new laptop is gi)ing less output time when fully harges first he3 $C adapter.If
there is no problem with the $C adapter! the ne't best hoie would be to re?alibrate the battery.
.. /'pressCard is an interfae to allow peripheral de)ies to be onneted to a omputer! usually a
laptop omputer. Aormerly alled 2/:C$#D! the /'pressCard standard speifies the design of slots
built into the omputer and of ards whih an be inserted into /'pressCard slots. 5he ards ontain
eletroni iruitry and onnetors to whih e'ternal de)ies an be onneted. 5he /'pressCard
standard replaes the PC Card Falso 3nown as PC%CI$C standards.
10. PCI /'press FPeripheral Component Interonnet /'pressC! offiially abbre)iated as PCIe! is a high?
speed serial omputer e'pansion bus standard designed to replae the older PCI! PCI?;! and $1P bus
standards.
11. :hen installing SODI%% memory hip! one needs to turn off the laptop and unplug the power
supply to pre)ent any damage due to stati.
12. 5he seond #$% slot is typially loated under the 3eyboard of the laptop.
1". 5he upgradable omponents in a laptop inlude>
a. Proessor> It ould be upgraded to a higher speed! but it would be )ery e'pensi)e. =ou need to
he3 with the manufaturer whether they ha)e a faster ompatible proessor.
b. %emory> 5his is easily upgradable. But usually! laptops ome with at least 21B of memory.
2ote that "2?bit Operating Systems reogni4e only 21B and it@s not reommended to use higher
memory apaity unless you go for a *&?bit laptop.
. <ideo ard> It almost always not possible to upgrade a )ideo ard. Choose the laptop arefully
when buying! ta3ing in to onsideration your audio6)ideo reGuirements.
d. 2etwor3 ard> $gain! networ3 ard is not usually replaeable in a laptop.
Hard dis3> =es! you an upgrade the hard dis3 in a laptop with bigger apaity hard dis3. 5his is
relati)ely easy tas3.
1&. %anufaturer@s manual should be onsulted before attempting to disassemble a laptop for board
upgrade. +sually! the battery! hard dri)e! D<D dri)e! memory are among the first to be
disassembled.http>66www.insidemylaptop.om6disassemble?hp?pa)ilion?d)&?laptop6
1(. $lthough you an easily pull out a PC Card from the PC slot in your laptop! that@s not the best way
to treat your laptop@s hardware. Instead! follow these steps>
Cli3 the Safely #emo)e Hardware ion on the system tray! and then pull the PC Card out from its slot.
Some times! you ha)e to find a small button to the right of the ard. Pushing the button in a little ma3es
it pop out about a half?inh or so. 5hen press the button ba3 into the laptop to help push out the PC
Card.
1*. 5o onfigure any of the power options! you first ha)e to go to Start! then Control Panel! and then
li3 on Power Options. In the Power Options properties dialog! there are si' tabs> Power Shemes!
$larms! Power %eter! $d)aned! and Hibernate. In the $d)aned tab you will be able to onfigure the
ation that would ta3e plae when the laptop lid is losed.
1,. Aor aessing the Internet using stati IP addressing! you need to onfigure the IP address! subnet
mas3! default gateway Fif reGuired by the ISPC! and D2S ser)er information.
/.2 Compare and %ontrast t'e %omponents wit'in t'e display of a laptop
1. 5he in)erter board is responsible for on)erting low )oltage DC power to high )oltage $C! neessary
to light up the ba3light bulb. If the in)erter board is bad! the 7CD sreen Fba3light bulbC will not light
up when you turn on the laptop! but you still should be able to see a )ery dim image on the sreen.
2. %ost laptop omputers reGuire a funtion 3ey or software ommand to ati)ate6deati)ate the laptop
)ideo output signal. +sually! the ati)ation6deati)ation ommand ats as a toggle swith> repeat the
ommand to display the image on the internal laptop display! the e'ternal display FproBetorC or both
displays simultaneously. /'amples> $er> An8A(! Dell> An8A- will ati)ate6deati)ate laptop6e'ternal
display.
". Digital displays offer best Guality when operated at nati)e resolution.
&. $ dim sreen an be aused by four things>
a. 5he 7CD in)erter whih auses the 7CD panel to light up
b. 5he CCA7 fluro tube in the 7CD panel
. 5he motherboard supplying signal S )oltage to the in)erter
d. $ damaged )ideo able between the laptop and the sreen
e. $n 7CD?7/D display uses ba3light and not a CCA7 bulb. 5herefore! the problem is most
li3ey with ba3light failure.
(. %ost ommonly Fsay -0Y of the timeC it@s the in)erter! 10Y it@s the fl tube in the 7CD panel! and
10Y it@s the motherboard or the <1$ able.
*. Dead pi'el usually reGuires replaement of the 7CD sreen! and it is )ery e'pensi)e. If the laptop is
new! he3 with your manufaturer for warranty replaement.
,. 7aptop omputer sreens are eGuipped with a JAuntionJ 3ey as well as numerous hot 3eys for fast
adBustments of )arious features on the omputer! suh as inreasing or dereasing the brightness of the
laptop sreen. Dimming the sreen is desirable when wor3ing in diret sunlight or to reate a more
soothing display that@s easier on the eyes. 5he preise 3ey seGuene )aries on different laptop models!
but in)ol)es a ombination of the funtion and arrow 3eys.
a. Press the Auntion FJAnJC 3ey on the laptop 3eyboard and ontinue holding it down. 5his 3ey
is usually on the lower! left side of the 3eyboard.
b. Press and release the left arrow 3ey to dim the laptop sreen one inrement! or hold the 3ey to
dim the sreen as low as it will go. 5he arrow 3ey may also be printed with a sunburst ion.
$lternati)ely! on some laptops press one of the numbered A 3eys on the top row to dim the
sreen. 5he orret 3ey will usually be printed with a filled?in sunburst ion! while the A 3ey to
brighten the sreen will ha)e a hollow sunburst ion.
. Press the right arrow 3ey to brighten the sreen or use the numbered A 3ey at the top of the
sreen
-. Plasma display panels onsume most power beause of the inherent arhiteture of the Plasma panels.
On the other hand! O7/D displays! whih ha)e reently ome to mar3et! onsumes least power.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om &"
.. $ dis3 enlosure is essentially a speiali4ed hassis designed to hold and power dis3 dri)es while
pro)iding a mehanism to allow them to ommuniate to one or more separate omputers. Dri)e
enlosures pro)ide power to the dri)es therein and on)ert the data sent aross their nati)e data bus into
a format usable by an e'ternal onnetion on the omputer to whih it is onneted. 2ote that a S CSI
adaptor will not sol)e the problem as it would not supply the power and other signals that may be
neessary to proper funtioning of the hard dri)e.
/./ Compare and %ontrast laptop features
1. 7aptops! being mobile! usually partiipate on more than one networ3! and often use a stati IP address
at one loation and a dynamially assigned IP address at another. Aor e'ample! your omputer might use
dynami addressing FDHCPC at the offie but need to use a stati IP address when at home to onnet to
a broadband ISP. :indows ;P Professional sol)es this problem by allowing the user to onfigure the
omputer to first try DHCP! and then! if the attempt fails! to try alternate stati IP address settings.
2. 7aptops with wireless networ3ing apabilities usually pro)ide a shortut 3ey to enable and disable the
wireless radio. 5his feature is usually aessed by using a 3ey ombination of the funtion FAnC 3ey and
one of the A 3eys at the top of the 3eyboard.
". Sometimes this 3ey an also ati)ate and deati)ate the Bluetooth funtion of your omputer. If on a
lean install Bluetooth is not wor3ing instead of reinstalling the OS! it is always better to install the
orret dri)er for the de)ie. 1o to de)ie manager! and update the Bluetooth dri)er. :indows ;P SP2
supports Bluetooth and there is no need to update the Operating System to :indows ,.
&. 7aptop antenna is almost always loated in the display setion of the laptop. 5his is beause! the
sreen is lifted and pro)ides better propagation of rf wa)es! whih is a reGuirement for -02.11
speifiation. But the e'at loation within the laptop display be4el may hange from one laptop
manufaturer to another.
(. If any HotQey is not wor3ing as e'peted it is reommended to install the Hot3ey dri)ers from the
manufaturerIs website.
*. If a noteboo3 ellular ard was ati)ated by the ellular operator! but was not reogni4ed by the
Operating System then he3 if feature is supported in laptop BIOS. It is most li3ely that the ellular
ard is disabled in the BIOS. Please he3 the BIOS and enable the ard. 2ote that all noteboo3
omputers may not support this feature.
1. Printers
1.1 E.plain t'e differen%es &etween t'e (arious printer types and summari3e t'e asso%iated imaging
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om &&
pro%ess
1. 7aser printers
a. 5he following are the * steps in the /letroPhotographi F/PC print proess of 7aser Printer>
1. Cleaning> Cleaning the photosensiti)e drum inludes residual toner left on the drum
and remo)ing the eletrial harges left out on the drum. 5he physial leaning is done
with a rubber blade and the eletrial harge leaning is done with erasure lamps.
2. Charging> 5he ne't step in printing! is to harge the photo sensiti)e drum with high
negati)e harge! this is done with the help of a orona wire.
". :riting> $ laser Ftype "C sweeps the entire length of the drum! reating the stati image
of the matter to be printed. 5he plaes where the laser tra)el! the highly harges are
neutrali4ed. Other plaes of the drum! it remains highly negati)ely harged.
&. De)eloping> 2ow drum gets in lose pro'imity to the toner. Beause the toner is
negati)ely harged! it gets attrated to the areas where the drum is neutral. It will not be
attrated to the plaes where the drum is highly negati)ely harged. 5hus the image of
the page to be printed formed on the photosensiti)e drum.
(. 5ransferring> 2ow! the toner on the drum gets attrated toward the paper! by using
highly positi)e harges de)eloped on the surfae of the paper. 5he Jtransfer oronaJ is
used to generate highly positi)e harge on the paper surfae and to attrat the toner from
the drum. 5hus the image of the page to be printed formed on the paper. But still! the
toner is loose and an get easily smeared.
*. Ausing> In order to permanently bond the toner partiles to the paper! the paper is
passed through rollers. One of the rollers! the non sti3 roller is heated by a high intensity
lamp! generating the heat neessary to bond the toner to the surfae of the paper.
b. Problems assoiated with laser printers and probable auses>
1. Spe3led pages> 5he auses for this may be
a. 5he failure to lean the drum after printing properly! or
b. 5he drum might ha)e de)eloped srathes.
2. Blan3 pages> 5he auses for white pages may be
a. . 5he toner would ha)e dried out! replae the toner.
b. 5he transfer orona! that is responsible for transferring the toner to the drum might
ha)e failed.
. 5he High <oltage Power Supply FH<PSC failure will also result in white pages.
". 1hosted Images> 1hosting ours when pre)iously printed pages are printed again! though
muh lighter than the present image. 5he most li3ely ause is that the erasure lamp might not be
wor3ing properly! thus lea)ing some harges representing the earlier image left on the
photosensiti)e drum before new image is written. $lso he3 the leaning blade! whih is
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om &(
responsible for sraping the residual toner.
&. Smudged images> If the fusing fails! the toner will not bond with the paper. Che3 the halogen
lamp responsible for heating.
. 5ypially! a laser printer maintenane 3it onsists of fuser fi'ing assembly! pi3up rollers! transfer
roller! glo)es! and instrution manual.
2. Impat printers
a. Impat printers are apable of printing multipart forms! sine they an gi)e neessary impat
to print to multiple forms simultaneously.
b. /CP F/'tended Capability PortC has less ontrol o)erhead and best suited for transferring
large hun3s of data! suh as between the omputer and laser printer.
". In3Ket Printers
a. In3Ket Printers is the generi name gi)en for ontat less printing using in3. Arition feed is
most ommonly used with laser printers! and In3Bet printers. One needs to he3 the alibration
for the in3Bet printer if it is not printing properly. If it doesn@t help! then he3 the in3 artridge
if it reGuires replaement.
&. 5hermal printers
a. 5hermal printers reGuire a speial 3ind of paper! alled thermal paper. 5his paper is sensiti)e
to heat! and the printing is produed by thermal heat applied on the paper by the print head.
1.2 9i(en a s%enario) install) and %onfigure printers
1. Printer parallel ports ome in the following )arieties
a. +nidiretional> Here! the data tra)els only from the omputer to the peripheral FprinterC
de)ie.
b. Bi?diretional> Here! the data tra)els both from the omputer to the peripheral de)ie and
)ie?)erse.
. /CP F/'tended Capability PortC> /CP mode offers bi?diretional data transfer! as well as D%$
for data transfer.
d. /PP F/nhaned Parallel PortC> In addition to bi?diretional features! it offers an e'tended
ontrol ode set
e. 5he port that a printer is using an be found by going to Control Panel ?T Printers and right
li3 on appropriate printer. Choose Ports tab to )iew the port Fli3e CO%1! CO%2! +SB001!
et.C that the printer is using.
2. Cable lengths
a. Serial able ma'imum length is (0 feet.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om &*
b. Parallel able ma'imum length is 10 feet.
. 7onger able lengths may lead to some errors S garbage haraters.
". #K D ables
a. #K?11> 5hese onnetors are used to lin3 modem 6 phone to the phone line. 5hey ha)e only
two pins that get into the modem.
b. #K?1&> #K?1& onnetors are dual?line phone Ba3s that an aommodate up to 2 telephone
line.
. #K?&(> #K?&( able is widely used for attahing +5P able in 7$2 en)ironment. 5hese
onnetors ha)e eight pins.
d. 5he widely used interfae ables ha)e the following pin ount>
floppy?"& pin
ID/?&0 pin
SCSI?(0 pin
SCSI +ltra wide?*- pin
&. +ltra ID/ able has -0 wires! and handles better speeds ompared to ID/ able with &0 wires. 5he
additional wires are introdued to redue noise and thereby impro)ing speed
(. 5hin o?a'ial and thi3 o?a'ial ables ha)e onduti)e grounding sheath surrounding the enter
ondutor. 5herefore! the eletromagneti interferene F/%IC is signifiantly less.
*. Cat * abling is reommended for 1igabit /thernet networ3ing.
,. Centronis able) used for parallel printing will ha)e a male DB?2( onnetor at one end and a female
"* pin onnetor at the other end.
-. 5he default spool folder is loated at> SystemrootZSystem"2ZspoolZprinters. Aor e'ample! if the OS is
residing on C dri)e! the default loation will be> VC>ZZ:indowsZSystem"2ZspoolZprintersW.=ou an
aess this loation through>
Start ?T Printers ?T Aile ?T Ser)er Properties ?T $d)aned tab. 5ype in the new spool loation o)er the
default loation.
.. :hile onneting a printer using +SB if Operating System is not reogni4ing the +SB port you need
to ma3e sure that the +SB interfae is enabled in the BIOS. 2ote that :indows .(! :indows 25&.0
F+pto ser)ie pa3 &C do not support +SB. $lso! ma3e sure that the motherboard BIOS supports +SB.
10. $ networ3 printer an be added to :indows ;P omputer by going to Control Panel Flassi )iewC!
Printers and Aa'es applet! 5his will initiate $dd Printer wi4ard. In Category <iew! hoose Printers and
Other Hardware hyperlin3 and selet $dd Printer option.
11. :hen a printer is installed on a networ3! default printer permissions are assigned that allow all users
to print. Beause the printer is a)ailable to all users on the networ3! you might want to limit aess for
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om &,
some users by assigning speifi printer permissions. Aor e'ample! you ould gi)e all non?e'euti)e
users in a department the Print permission and gi)e all managers the Print and %anage Douments
permissions. =ou an also deny print permission to all others. In this way! all non?e'euti)e users and
managers an print douments! but managers an also hange the print status of any doument sent to
the printer.
12. If you share a printer with users running other )ersions of :indows F:indows .-! ;P! <ista! etC!
you an install additional printer dri)ers on your omputer so those users an onnet to your printer
without being prompted to install the dri)ers missing from their systems.
1". Sanner installation proess is muh li3e a print de)ie. Beause so many of these now are +SB!
plugging them in will install the dri)er. In ases where that does not wor3 Fusually when it is a )ery new
model and the operating system is olderC! use the installation dis to install the dri)er.
%onitors! spea3ers! and proBetors normally do not reGuire a dri)er to perform.
1&. $ sanner dri)er is usually alled 5:$I2. 5he 5wain dri)er will always ha)e another name! for
e'ample! %irote3 alls theirs San:i4ard! and HP alls it as Des3San or PreisionSan. 5he 5:$I2
dri)er omes with the sanner! and 3nows how to operate this one brand of sanner hardware. /ah
sanner manufaturer pro)ides their own 5:$I2 dri)er for their hardware.
1(. :indows ;P pro)ides three le)els of printing seurity permissions> Print! %anage Printers! and
%anage Douments. :hen multiple permissions are assigned to a group of users! the least restriti)e
permissions apply. Howe)er! when Deny is applied! it ta3es preedene o)er any other permission.
a. Print> 5he user an onnet and print doument. By default! the Print permission is assigned to
all members of the /)eryone group.
b. %anage Printers> 5he user has omplete administrati)e ontrol of the printer. 5he user an
pause and restart the printer! hange spooler settings! share a printer! hange printer permissions!
and hange printer properties. By default! the %anage Printers permission is assigned to
members of the $dministrators and Power +sers groups.
. %anage Douments> 5he user an pause! resume! restart! anel! and rearrange the order of
douments submitted by all other users. 5he user annot! howe)er! send douments to the printer
or ontrol the status of the printer. By default! the %anage Douments permission is assigned to
members of the Creator Owner group.
1*. In :indows , Operating System! most printers and other peripheral de)ies are automatially
deteted and dri)ers are installed. 5herefore! first you must see if the OS itself reogni4es the de)ie and
installs the dri)ers. If you are prompted to loate the dri)er! the browse to the dri)er loation and diret
the installation.
1./ 9i(en a s%enario) perform printer maintenan%e
1. If a laser printer is printing at slow speeds! it is li3ely that the memory is not suffiient. Installing
additional memory may speed up printing.
2. If a user omplains that he is not able to print to a networ3 printer. He is not e)en able to ping the
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om &-
networ3 printer from his PC first )erify whether the printer networ3 ard indiators are o3ay. If not!
he3 whether the able is plugged in properly.
". :hen ommuniating aross a serial able! the most probable ause that the sreen is dumping
garbled haraters is that the ommuniation settings are not orret. Che3 the speed! parity! start6stop
bits et. If this is all orret! then you need to he3 the able. Che3 whether you need a straight 6 ross
able! and the pin onnetions.
&. If two aounts are reated on a PC by networ3 admin with same pri)ileges but only one of the
aount is able to use the attahed printer then most li3ely the problem is that the default printer has
hanged to )irtual printer for the other aount who is not able to use the printer.
2. "perational Pro%edures
2.1 9i(en a s%enario) use appropriate safety pro%edures
1. :hen wor3ing on omputers! use speial /SD wrist strap. Do not diretly ground yourself with a
piee of wire. $n /SD wrist strap has built?in resistor to pre)ent eletri sho3. +se speially designed
grounded /SD mats. Do not wear syntheti lothing. Plae all eletroni omponents into anti stati
bags. $nti stati bags an be reused. Qeep your wor3plae lean.
2. :hen attending to the omputer maintenane or repair Fother than the monitorC! ensure that you wor3
in a stati free en)ironment. $lways wear wrist strap. =ou should not wear lothes6shoes that produe
stati harges.
". Ha)ing an anti?stati wor3 station is the most appropriate solution when wor3ing with sensiti)e
omponents. Howe)er! under emergenies! it may not always be possible to wear a wrist strap or ha)e
an anti stati wor3 station. 5he least a tehniian ould do to minimi4e stati under these irumstanes
is to tough a metal part in the PC Ftypially ground pointC ase. It is assumed here that the PC ase is
grounded! whih is typially the ase.
&. Srew dri)ers are )ery li3ely to be magneti4ed! and you need to be autious when using the same near
magneti media.
2.2 E.plain en(ironmental impa%ts and t'e purpose of en(ironmental %ontrols
1. By ausing irre)ersible mehanial damage to the hard dri)es! it may be ensured that the data is
permanently lost. /)en if you format! it is possible to reo)er data using speial tools! and therefore it is
not reommended under irumstanes where hard dri)e ontain sensiti)e information.
2. $ hard dis3 should ne)er be low le)el formatted at the ustomer premises. It is highly reommended
that it is done at the manufaturer@s or at any authori4ed enter. It is )ery umbersome to hange the
partition si4es! one the hard dis3 is partitioned and used. It may reGuire ba3ing up all the data and
restoring after repartitioning.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om &.
". Qeeping the hard dis3 free of any dust! and enabling good airflow around the hard dis3 will enhane
the life of the hard dis3.
2./ 9i(en a s%enario) demonstrate proper %ommuni%ation and professionalism
1. 5he following are the best praties that a omputer tehniian should e'erise>
a. %aintain a positi)e attitude
b. 7isten and do not interrupt the ustomer
. Be ulturally sensiti)e
d. Be on time Fif late ontat the ustomerC
e. $)oid distrations li3e personal alls! ta3ing o?wor3ers! et.
f. $)oid arguing with ustomers and6or being defensi)e
g. Aollow?up with the ustomer about any installation or repair ati)ity
h. Properly doument any ati)ity
2. If ustomer alls you beause a solution that was earlier suggested by another tehniian did not
appear to ha)e sol)ed the problem as3 the ustomer to e'plain the problem. It is possible that you would
be able to resol)e the same without esalation. Deide if you need to esalate the issue after arefully
re)iewing the problem.
". If a user alls to report that a notie pops up on their sreen whene)er they try to download )ideo
lips from a website. 5he notie says J5he streaming media is limited to *0 minutes per day! please
onfirmJ. =ou ha)e reently implemented a filter to allow only *0 min of streaming media per day per
user omputer. =ou need to maintain the professionalism when on)ersing with a user.
&. If a user reports that he had not heard from a help des3 tehniian for the past two days! after the
initial omplaint was made assure the ustomer that the problem will be esalated! and would return the
all at the earliest.
(. $ PC may ha)e multiple problems. Sol)ing one problem doesn@t mean that all the problems For the
main onernC has been sol)ed. One needs to in)estigate and fi' the problems that the user had reported.
In the e)ent of any diffiulty in sol)ing the problem! esalate the same to higher le)els. Sf 6sannow
will inspet all of the important :indows files on your omputer! inluding :indows D77 files. If
System Aile Che3er finds an issue with any of these proteted files! it will replae it. =ou must be
logged in as a user with administrator rights in order to run the sf 6sannow ommand.
2.1 E.plain t'e fundamentals of dealing wit' pro'i&ited %ontent:a%ti(ity
1. Chain of ustody FCoCC refers to the hronologial doumentation or paper trail! showing the sei4ure!
ustody! ontrol! transfer! analysis! and disposition of physial or eletroni e)idene.
Chain of ustody ensures that the e)idene is not tampered with when presented in a ourt.
2. If a user@s PC has been onfisated for prohibited use before gi)ing the PC to another department the
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om (0
tehniian needs to doument hange of ustody
". If you are attending to the maintenane of a lients omputers and you notie that one of the systems
ha)e a lot of inappropriate ontent. =ou need to report the matter using proper hannel first. $ny
inappropriate material should be reported to the management for neessary ation. 5he reporting
struture needs to be maintained in an organi4ation.
4. ANNE-50E
Note $ As per new sylla&us topi% "perating system 'as &een mo(ed to A+ Pra%ti%al Appli%ation sylla&us.
,'is information is pro(ided for your @ui%6 referen%e.
4.1 +# *"#
5he following DOS utilities are useful in proper maintenane of PCs.
#CAN*!#A
SanDis3 is a utility program that was added to DOS <ersion *.0. SC$2DISQ is a better ompared to
CHQDSQ. SC$2DISQ an fi' errors on data storage de)ies suh as hard dis3s! floppy dis3s! #$%
dri)es et! and DoubleSpae ompressed dri)es. It analy4es and repairs damage to the following>
1. Physial lusters
2. Aile alloation table FA$5C
". 7ost lusters
&. Cross?lin3ed files
(. Diretory tree
*. %S?DOS Boot setor
,. DB7SP$C/ )olume header! file struture! ompression struture.
CHA*#A <C'e%6 *is6=
CHQDSQ ommand! one of DOS ommands! e'amines your hard dri)e for error onditions and reports
the total si4e of the dis3! how many files are stored there! and the spae remaining. CHQDSQ also
reports the total amount of on)entional memory in your system and the amount of on)entional
memory a)ailable. 2ote that CHQDSQ an@t report e'tended memory.
*B0A9
5he DA#$1./;/ is inluded with DOS*.0 and later. D/A#$1 utility arranges the lusters of data on
the hard dri)e to ahie)e better performane by plaing all of the lusters for a gi)en file together in a
ontiguous order. D/A#$1 does not do any repair on your dis3! and errors! if any will remain on the
dis3.
ACA5P
DOS has a ba3up utility sine )ersion 2.0.
.CO%! ./;/! .B$5 files are e'eutable files.
Important DOS files used during BOO5 +p are>
$. $+5O/;/C.B$5
1. It does> %odifies the PC en)ironment FP$5H! S/5! and other ommandsC
2. Default $ttributes> 2il
". Is it reGuired for OS Start up> 2O
B. CO2AI1.S=S
1. It does> 7oads low le)el de)ie dri)ers and does performane tuning
". Is it reGuired for OS Start up> 2O
C. IO.S=S
1. It does> 7oads basis Input6 Output routines for the proessor
2. Default $ttributes> Hidden 6 System6 #ead Only ". Is it reGuired for OS Start up> =/S
D. %SDOS.S=S
1. It does> Defines System Aile loations
2. Default $ttributes> Hidden 6 System6 #ead Only
". Is it reGuired for OS Start up> =/S
/. CO%%$2D.CO%
1. It does> 5he file ontains internal ommand set and error messages
". Is it reGuired for OS Start up> =/S
&. #esponsible for displaying the ommand prompt in a DOS based omputer.
A. HI%/%.S=S
1. HI%/%.S=S must be loaded before /%%"-*./;/
2. HI%/%.S=S is used to address the e'tended memory
1. /%%"-*./;/
1. /%%"-*./;/ allows aess to +pper %emory $rea. Please note that the
on)entional memory of 1 %B is di)ided into 1. 7ower %emory $rea *&0 QB! and 2.
+pper %emory $rea "-&QB F102&QB?*&0QBC.
H. $2SI.S=S
1. 5he files $+5O/;/C.B$5! CO2AI1.S=S! $2SI.S=S are not reGuired for OS start?
up. Howe)er! the files IO.S=S! %SDOS.S=S! CO%%$2D.CO% are reGuired for OS
start?up.
2. 5o bypass the CO2AI1.S=S! and $+5O/;/C.B$5 files during boot proess of DOS!
you need to press A(. A- allows you to seleti)ely bypass ommands in
$+5O/;/C.B$5! and CO2AI1.S=S.
DOS allows you to set the following attributes using $55#B ommand>
1. System
2. Hidden
". #ead?only
&. $rhi)e
@8@ sets and attribute
@?@ lears an attribute
/'amples>
5he ommand $55#IB 8H myfile.t't will ma3e the file myfile.t't hidden. 5he other attributes
that an be set using $55#IB ommand are System! #ead Only! and $rhi)e.
5he ommand $55#IB C>Zpri)ate.t't 8h 8r will mar3 the file pri)ate.t't as both hidden and read
only.
DOS! :indows".1 :indows .(6 .- operating systems ha)e the following harateristis>
1. /ah an ha)e only one primary partition per hard dis3
2. 5he primary partition is automatially assigned a dri)e letter
". /ah hard dis3 an ha)e only one /'tended partition
&. =ou an reate one or more logial dri)es in the /'tended partition.
(. 5he dri)e letters are assigned manually to logial dri)es.
5he standard DOS partition luster si4es are as gi)en below>
1*%B?12,%B> 2QB luster si4e
12-%B?2((%B> &QB luster si4e
2(*%B?(11%B> -QB luster si4e
(12%B?102"%B> 1*QB luster si4e
102&%B?20&-%B> "2QB luster si4e
2ote that due to DOS limitation! the A$5 on eah hard dri)e partition an ha)e *&Q F*(("(C indi)idual
addresses. 5herefore! it is lear! depending on the si4e of partition! this number ditates the si4e of eah
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om ("
luster. :e arri)e at "2QB luster si4e by di)iding 20&-F%BC with *&FQBC.
5he :indows .(6.- system files inlude the following>
$. IO.S=S
B. %SDOS.S=S
C. :I2.I2I
D. CO%%$2D.CO%
/. S=S5/%.I2I
A. S=S5/%.D$5
1. +S/#.D$5
? %SDOS.S=S! :I2.I2I! S=S5/%.I2I are te't files.
? S=S5/%.D$5! +S/#.D$5 files are part of windows #egistry and an be edited using
#/1/DI5 or #/1D5"2 utility. #egistry files an@t be read with standard te't editors.
? Aurther! +S/#.D$5 file orresponds to HQ/=[7OC$7[+S/# and S=S5/%.D$5
orresponds to HQ/=[7OC$7C%$CHI2/.
HQ/=[7OC$7[%$CHI2/ is the hi)e where the information speifi to the mahine will be stored.
5he information may inlude! networ3 settings! hardware dri)ers et.
HQ/=[7OC$7[+S/# hi)e stores data speifi to user onfiguration! suh as des3top olor shemes!
sreen sa)ers! wall paper! and user speifi appliation settings.
+sing ADISQ! the following ati)ities an be arried out>
1. Create Partitions> =ou an reate primary and e'tended partitions. /'tended partition holds
one or more F+p to 2"C logial dri)es.
2. Set $ti)e Partition> ADISQ allows you to mar3 the primary partition as ati)e partition.
". Delete Partition> =ou an delete a partition by using ADISQ
&. Display Partition Information.
*"# C"++AN*#
%/%%$Q/# an be used to manage the system memory optimally. :indows .( and abo)e
automatially manage the memory! where as DOS reGuires manual memory management using utilities
li3e %/%%$Q/#. 5he DOS ommand %/% an only display the ontents of memory! but itself an@t
manage the memory.
:hen you power on the DOS mahine! you see a message! JStarting %S?DOSJ. If you press A( 3ey
during this short period! you an bypass $+5O/;/C.B$5 and CO2AI1.S=S files.
1i)en below are ommon DOS ommands that you use freGuently>
1. P$5H> 5he ommand sets or displays a path for e'eutable files. Aor e'ample! JP$5HOC>ZP
C>ZDOSP C>ZP#O1P C>Z%=AI7/S J ommand indiates DOS to first searh #OO5! then
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om (&
C>ZDOS! then C>ZP#O1! and finally C>Z%=AI7/S for e'eutable files.
2. S/5> Displays! sets! or remo)es DOS en)ironment )ariable.
". P#O%P5> Changes the DOS ommand prompt. 5he prompt an be made up of normal
haraters and the following speial odes>
\p Current dri)e and path
\l ] F less than signC
\d Current date
\t Current time
\[ Carriage return
Synta'> P#O%P5 Lte'tM
Aor e'ample! to set the prompt to urrent date! followed by the urrent dri)e path! issue the
ommand>
P#O%P5O \p\d
5he file load order to start DOS is >
? IO.S=S
? %SDOS.S=S
? CO2AI1.S=S
? CO%%$2D.CO%
? $+5O/;/C.B$5
2ote that CO2AI1.S=S! and $+5O/;/C.B$5 are optional to load DOS. IO.S=S! %SDOS.S=S!
CO%%$2D.CO% are reGuired.
:hen you format a dis3 with a J6sJ swith Fsay Vformat a>6sWC! the following files get transferred>
1. IO.S=S
2. %SDOS.S=S
". CO%%$2D.CO%
If you want to format a dri)e and also ma3e it bootable! you need to format with 6s swith.
4.2 >indows 82
1. 5he minimum published reGuirements for running :indows .( is "-* proessor with & %B of #$%.
5hough it may be suffiient! the performane will be )ery poor and some appliations may not run at
all. $ reommended onfiguration is a Pentium proessor with "2 %B of #$%.
2. Booting :indows .( in safe mode loads the dri)ers for Qeyboard! %ouse! and standard <1$
graphis adapter.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om ((
". :indows .( <ersion $ supported only A$51* file system. 5he ma'imum hard dis3 partition
supported by A$51* is only 2 1B. Howe)er! :indows .( <ersion B and :indows .- support A$5"2
and therefore! an support partitions upto 25B F5era bytesC.
&. S=S5/%.D$5 and +S/#.D$5 omprise of :indows .( #egistry. 5hese are the files where most of
the user and system onfiguration information is stored. 5he :indows #egistry files are stored in
Z:indows diretory by default.
(. :indows .( ma3es a ba3up of the #egistry after e)ery suessful reboot. 5he #egistry ba3 up files
are named> +S/#.D$0! S=S5/%.D$0. 5he original #egistry files are named> +S/#.D$5!
S=S5/%.D$5. It may be noted! that in the e)ent of boot failure! you an delete the original +S/#.D$5
$2D S=S5/%.D$5 files and the ba3 up files an be renamed to D$5 files and the system an be
rebooted suessfully.
*. :hile booting :indows .(! if you press A-! boot menu will be displayed. :indows .( pro)ides three
different modes that the system an be started.
a. 2ormal %ode> 2ormal %ode is the mode :indows .( starts by default. It pro)ides full
funtionality.
b. Safe %ode> Safe %ode is a diagnosti mode of :indows .( that starts :indows .( without
any networ3! CD #O%! and other dri)ers. 5he only de)ie dri)ers loaded in Safe mode are>
Qeyboard
<1$ Display
%ouse Dri)ers
. Command Prompt> Command Prompt mode is pro)ided to run some old DOS appliations
that need to be run under DOS only. 5hese appliations are primarily the ones whih aess
hardware! that :indows .( does not allow to be aessed otherwise. Command Prompt mode is
also useful for running ADISQ and %SD
,. 5he log file BOO57O1.5;5 reords all the de)ies and dri)ers that the Operating System attempts
to load. BOO57O1 reords the status of the de)ies and dri)ers.
-. SanDis3 an be used to he3 dis3 dri)es for errors. 5he 6f swith allows SanDis3 to automatially
fi' the errors.
.. HQ/=[C+##/25[CO2AI1 stores the hardware settings.
5he si' register 3eys a)ailable in :indows .(6.- #egistry are>
$. HQ/=[C7$SS/S[#OO5
B. HQ/=[C+##/25[+S/#
C. HQ/=[7OC$7[%$CHI2/
D. HQ/=[+S/#S
/. HQ/=[C+##/25[CO2AI1
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om (*
A. HQ/=[D=2[D$5$
10. $dding \ sign to the end of the share name ma3es the share in)isible o)er the networ3.
4./ >indows 2000
1. Hardware reGuirements>
Hardware %omponent >indows 2000 Prof. >indows 2000 #er: Ad #er.
Proessor Pentium61""%H4 Pentium61""%H4
%emory *&%B 2(*%B
HD spae *&0%B 11B
Display <1$ or better <1$ or better
2etwor3 ard Optional Optional
CD #O% Dri)e #eGuired #eGuired Funless loading from networ3C
2. :hen you install :indows 2000 in the same folder as that of :indows .(6 :indows .-6 :indows
25! the operating system gets upgraded to :indows 2000.
". 5CP6IP protool sta3 is installed by default when you install :indows 2000 on a omputer.
&. =ou an use #egional Options to support additional languages on your omputer. :ith the support of
additional languages! you will be able to edit douments written in those languages. =ou an also set
loale speifi to any region using this Option.
(. 5he :indows 2000 Performane tool is omposed of two parts>
a. System %onitor> :ith System %onitor! you an ollet and )iew real?time data about
memory! dis3! proessor! networ3! and other ati)ity in hart FgraphC! histogram! or report form
Some of the important System %onitor ounters are>
1. %emoryT$)ailable %bytes> measures the amount of physial memory that is
a)ailable. 5ypially T &%B. If less than & %B! onsider adding more memory.
2. %emoryTPages6Se> Shows the number of times that the dis3 has been aessed!
beause reGuested information was not a)ailable in memory. If the )alue of the ounter is
not below 20! you should add more memory. $ )alue of & or ( is typial.
". Paging AileTY+sage> Indiates the Y of alloated page file utili4ation. Should be less
than ..Y.
&. ProessorTYProessor 5ime> measure the time that the proessor is busy. Should be
typially less than -0Y
(. ProessorTInterrupts6Se> Indiates the a)erage number of hardware interrupts that the
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om (,
proessor reei)es eah seond. If more than "!(00! you an suspet a program or faulty
hardware.
*. PhysialDis3TYDis3 5ime> %easures the amount of time that the physial dis3 is busy
ser)iing read or write reGuests. If more than .0Y! you an impro)e the performane by
adding another dis3 hannel.
,. PhysialDis3TYCurrent Dis3 Eueue 7ength> indiates the number of pending dis3
reGuests that need to be proessed. 5he )alue should be less than 2. 5he dis3 problems
might arise from less memory! resulting in usage of e'essi)e paging. /nsure that the
memory is suffiient before attending to the dis3 problem.
-. 7ogialDis3 T YAree Spae ounter> Indiates the amount of logial dis3Is free dis3
spae. 5ypial )alue is 10Y or abo)e.
b. Performane 7ogs and $lerts> 5hrough Performane 7ogs and $lerts you an onfigure logs
to reord performane data and set system alerts to notify you when a speified ounter@s )alue is
abo)e or below a defined threshold.
*. /)ent <iewer maintains logs about program! seurity! and system e)ents. =ou an use /)ent <iewer
to )iew and manage the e)ent logs! gather information about hardware and software problems! and
monitor :indows 2000 seurity e)ents.
,. 5o open /)ent <iewer! li3 @Start@! point to @Settings@! and then li3 @Control Panel@. Double?li3
@$dministrati)e 5ools@! and then double?li3 /)ent <iewer.
-. /nrypting Aile System F/ASC 3eeps your douments safe from intruders who might gain
unauthori4ed physial aess to your sensiti)e stored data by stealing your laptop or ^ip dis3! or by
other means.
.. =ou need to ensure the following before the upgrade>
a. 5he hardware is adeGuate for upgrading to :indows 2000 Professional
b. $lso! he3 the hardware! software adeGuay by running V:innt"2.e'e 6 he3upgradeonlyW.
2ote that the swith Vhe3upgradeonlyW will output a report on the adeGuay of hardware and
software. It will also warn you if any appliations need upgrade pa3s! whih may be obtained
from respeti)e appliation )endors! if a)ailable. If the software upgrade pa3 is not installed for
any appliation! the appliation may be rendered unusable_
10. If you are reating a Striped )olume on a new :indows 2000 mahine! it an only be reated on
dynami dis3s. Howe)er! if you are upgrading a :indows 25 omputer to :indows 2000! any e'isting
stripe set will be supported.
11. Aor reating Stripe set with parity! we need at least " dis3 )olumes.
12. Plaing the paging file on different physial dis3s is optimal. 5his will impro)e faster aess to the
Paging file! and also distribute the load.
1". %irosoft Internet /'plorer and :indows /'plorer an be used for assigning Share and 25AS
permissions on a :indows 2000 omputer.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om (-
1&. 5o insert a new file e'tension! you use :indows e'plorer! and selet the appliation. 5hen! 5ools ?T
Aolder Option ?T Aile 5ypes. Configure the e'tension appropriately.
1(. :indows 2000 Operating systems support ( different )olume types>
a. Simple )olumes >$ simple )olume onsists of a formatted dis3 on a single hard dis3.
b. Spanned )olumes> $ Spanned )olume onsists of dis3 spae on more than one hard dis3.
. Striped )olumes> $ Striped )olume has dis3 spae on 2 or more dis3s. 5he dis3 spaes must be
same on all dis3s. Aastest dis3 aess among all )olume types. #$ID le)el 0.
d. %irrored )olumes> $ mirrored )olume onsists of a Simple )olume that is mirrored in total!
onto a seond dynami dis3. Pro)ides highest le)el of fault tolerane. #$ID le)el 1
e. #$ID?( )olumes> $ #$ID?( )olume onsists of idential si4ed dis3 spae loated on three or
more dynami dis3s. Here any single dis3 failures an be reo)ered. #$ID le)el (
f. 2ote that :indows 2000 Professional doesnIt support Dis3 %irroring! #$ID?( )olumes!
where as other :indows 2000 Operating Systems F2000 Ser)er! $d)aned Ser)erC support.
1*. Aault tolerane boot dis3 is a floppy dis3 that enables you to boot a omputer in the e)ent that the
first dis3 in a mirrored )olume fails. If you mirror the installation folder in a :indows 2000 Ser)er! you
will not be able to boot beause boot.ini points to the first )olume. 5herefore! you need to reate a fault
tolerane boot dis3 that ontain an appropriately edited Boot.ini file! that points to the mirrored )olume.
1,. By default! you an start reo)ery onsole Fin :indows 2000C using!
a. 5he :indows 2000 Professional Setup Dis3s
b. Arom the CD #O% dri)e using :indows 2000 Professional CD Fif the CD D#O% dri)e is
bootableC.
. $lso! you an ha)e V#eo)ery ConsoleW as a start up option by typing Zi"-*Zwinnt"2.e'e
6mdons at the ommand prompt! after swithing to the CD #O% dri)e letter.
1-. :indows 2000 pro)ides two )ersions of #egistry /ditor
a. #egedt"2.e'e F"2?bitC> #egedt"2.e'e is automatially installed in the systemrootZsystem"2
folder.
b. #egedit.e'e F1*?bitC> #egedit.e'e is automatially installed in the systemroot folder. .
#egedit.e'e is primarily used for its searh apabilities as it doesnIt support all funtions and
data types.
1.. On a :indows 2000 omputer! the default spool folder is loated at>
SystemrootZSystem"2ZspoolZprinters. Aor e'ample! if the OS is residing on C dri)e! the default loation
will be> VC>ZZ:I225ZSystem"2ZspoolZprintersW.=ou an aess this loation through>
Start ?T Printers ?T Aile ?T Ser)er Properties ?T $d)aned tab. 5ype in the new spool loation o)er the
default loation.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om (.
20. +p?grade to :indows 2000>
a. =ou an upgrade :indows .(6.-! :indows 25 ".(1:or3 Station! :indows 25 &.0 :S an
be upgraded to :indows 2000 Professional.
b. =ou anIt upgrade :indows ".1 and :indows for wor3groups to :indows 2000 Professional.
If you need to install 2000 Prof. On :indows ".'! you need to upgrade first to :indows .(6.-
or 25 and then upgrade to 2000 Prof. It is easy to do a lean install of :indows 2000 on
:indows ".' mahines.
21. By default! :indows 2000 stores a userIs profile in the C>ZDouments and SettingsZ user[name
folder on the omputer the user logs on.:hen a new user logs on! his initial user profile is an e'at opy
of either the loal or domain?wide Vdefault userW profile folder.5he loal default user profile folder is
loated in YrootYZDouments and Settings.
22. If you ha)e installed :indows 2000 in C dri)e! it is C>ZDouments and Settings.
2". Pressing A- during boot proess in :indows 2000 des3 top bring up the following options>
a. Safe %ode> Safe %ode loads only the dri)ers neessary to get the des3 top up and running.
5he dri)ers loaded with Safe %ode inlude mouse! monitor! 3eyboard! hard dri)e! and standard
)ideo dri)er.
b. Safe %ode with 2etwor3ing> Safe %ode with 2etwor3ing is same as Safe %ode with
networ3ing enabled.
. Safe %ode with Command prompt> Safe %ode with Command Prompt option loads the
ommand prompt instead of :indows 2000 graphial interfae.
d. /nable Boot 7ogging
e. /nable <1$ %ode> /nable <1$ %ode option loads a standard <1$ dri)er. 5his option is
good if you ha)e any problem with newly installed )ideo dri)er.
f. 7ast Qnown 1ood Configuration> 7ast Qnown 1ood Configuration enables the des3 top to
load the onfiguration that was stored when it was booted suessfully last time. 5his option
anIt ta3e are of any hardware related problems.
g. Debugging %ode> 5he Debugging %ode option runs the Qernel Debugger! if that utility is
installed.
h. Boot 2ormally> 5he Boot 2ormally is same as not pressing the A- 3ey. 5he :indows boots
normally
2&. =ou an aess 5as3 %anager by pressing ]$ltT ]CtrlT ]DelT. 5he appliations tab lists all the
appliations that are urrently running on the omputer. 5he urrent status of the appliation is also
displayed as either V#unningW or Vnot respondingW or VstoppedW.
2(. Blue sreen messages are also alled S5OP messages. =ou will not be allowed to proeed! when a
blue sreen message appears. 5he most li3ely ause of blue sreen messages are>
a. Boot setor )irus
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om *0
b. I#E6 IO address onflits.
. =ou an he3 for any boot setor )irus! and also for any onfliting I#E 6 IO addresses.
2*. =ou an onfigure support for multiple displays on your :indows 2000 omputer. 5his is done
through the use of Control Panel ?T Display ?T Settings. $ :indows 2000 omputer an support up to
ten display monitors at the same time. +se additional )ideo ards as reGuired.
2,. On a :indows 2000 omputer! dis3 Guotas an be used on 25AS )olumes. :indows /'plorer an
be used to onfigure and monitor dis3 Guotas.
2-. On a :indows omputer! you an use the <iew tab in Aolder Options applet in the Control Panel to
show 6 hide files and folders that ha)e VHiddenW attribute set. =ou an also use :indows /'plorer ?T
5ools ?T Aolder Options ?T <iew tab.
2.. If you want to install :indows 2000 on the same partition as that of :indows .-! install 2000
Professional either on the A$5 file systems or on the A$5"2 for dual boot. :indows .- supports A$5
FA$51*C and A$5"2. It doesnIt support 25AS file system.
"0. 5he )arious file systems supported by :indows 2000 are>
a. A$5> $lso alled A$51*! supported by all %irosoft Operating Systems.
b. A$5"2> $lso supported by :in .( OS#2 and :in.-
. 25AS> 5his is not supported by :in.(6.-
d. CDAS FCompat Dis3 Aile System! used to aess CDsC
e. +DA F+ni)ersal Dis3 Aormat! used to aess D<DsC
"1. If you want to ha)e dual boot between :indows 25 & and :indows 2000! ensure that Ser)ie Pa3
& is installed on :indows 25 &. 5his is reGuired sine :indows 2000 upgrades the 25AS to 25AS (.
25& reGuires Ser)ie Pa3 & to read and write to 25AS (.
"2. If you enrypt a folder on an 25AS )olume! all files and sub folders reated in the enrypted folder
are automatially enrypted. 5herefore! it is reommended that you use enryption at the parent folder
le)el.
"". $lso note that you anIt enrypt a file or folder that is ompressed. If you want to enrypt a file or
folder that is ompressed! you need to first deompress the file or folder and then enrypt. Only 25AS
)olumes support file or folder enryption.
"&. =ou donIt need to ha)e a networ3 ard installed for suessful installation of :indows 2000
Professional. =ou an use loop ba3 adapter for this purpose and proeed with the installation. 2etwor3
ard an be installed at a later time! when reGuired.
"(. In :indows 2000 omputer! Dis3 %anagement is used to reate! manage! and delete simple
)olumes! spanned )olumes! mirrored )olumes! striped! and stripe set with parity )olumes. Dis3
$dministrator is 25 & tool and is not a)ailable in :indows 2000.
"*. Only :indows 25 Ser)er & and :indows 25 Ser)er ".(1 an be upgraded to :indows 2000
Ser)er. :indows 25 :or3station &.0 or :indows .(6.- an@t be upgraded to 2000 Ser)er.
4.1 >indows -P
1. In :indows ;P omputer! you an use Start ?T :indows +pdate to onnet to the %irosoft site.
:indows +pdate is a atalog of items suh as dri)ers! pathes! the latest help files! and Internet
produts that you an download to 3eep your omputer up to date. =ou must be logged on as an
administrator or a member of the $dministrators group in order to aess the Produt +pdates setion of
:indows +pdate for downloading help files.
2. ;P Professional supports multiple proessors! multiple monitors Fup to .C! 1roup Poliy! /nrypting
Aile System! Dynami Dis3s! IIS! a built in ba3up program! and ad)aned networ3ing apabilities
Fsuh as IPSe.C $ll of these features are missing from ;P Home /dition. $nother important distintion
between the two )ersions is that ;P Home /dition annot Boin a :indows 25620006200" domain.
". :indows ;P Operating System omes in the following fla)ors>
a. :indows ;P Home> 5he basi ;P OS intended for home users
b. :indows ;P Professional> 5he ;P OS intended for business users
. :indows ;P %edia Center /dition> :indows %edia Center pro)ides a large?font! remotely
aessible interfae FJ10?foot user interfaeJC for tele)ision )iewing on the omputer as well as
reording and playba3! a 5< guide! D<D playba3! )ideo playba3! photo )iewing! and musi
playba3.
d. :indows ;P 5able PC> 5his edition is intended for speially?designed noteboo36laptop
omputers alled tablet PCs. :indows ;P 5ablet PC /dition is ompatible with a pen?sensiti)e
sreen! supporting handwritten notes and portrait?oriented sreens.
&. Boot proess FA-C in :indows ;P des3 top bring up the following options>
a. Safe %ode> 5his option uses a minimal set of de)ie dri)ers and ser)ies to start :indows.
5he dri)ers loaded with Safe %ode inlude mouse! monitor! 3eyboard! hard dri)e! and standard
)ideo dri)er.
b. Safe %ode with 2etwor3ing> 5his option uses a minimal set of de)ie dri)ers and ser)ies to
start :indows together with the dri)ers that you must ha)e to load networ3ing.
. Safe %ode with Command Prompt> 5his option is the same as Safe mode! e'ept that
Cmd.e'e starts instead of :indows /'plorer.
d. /nable <1$ %ode> 5his option starts :indows in *&0 ' &-0 mode by using the urrent )ideo
dri)er Fnot <ga.sysC. 5his mode is useful if the display is onfigured for a setting that the
monitor annot display.
Note: Safe mode and Safe mode with Networking load the Vga.sys driver instead.
e. 7ast Qnown 1ood Configuration> 5his option starts :indows by using the pre)ious good
onfiguration.
f. Diretory Ser)ie #estore %ode> 5his mode is )alid only for :indows?based domain
ontrollers. 5his mode performs a diretory ser)ie repair.
g. Debugging %ode> 5his option turns on debug mode in :indows. Debugging information an
be sent aross a serial able to another omputer that is running a debugger. 5his mode is
onfigured to use CO%2.
h. /nable Boot 7ogging> 5his option turns on logging when the omputer is started with any of
the Safe Boot options e'ept 7ast Qnown 1ood Configuration. 5he Boot 7ogging te't is
reorded in the 2tbtlog.t't file in the YSystem#ootY folder.
i. Starts :indows 2ormally> 5his option starts :indows in its normal mode.
B. #eboot> 5his option restarts the omputer.
3. #eturn to OS Choies %enu> On a omputer that is onfigured to starting to more than one
operating system! this option returns to the Boot menu.
(. =ou an onfigure support for multiple displays on your :indows ;P omputer. 5his is done through
the use of Control Panel ?T Display ?T Settings. $ :indows ;P omputer an support up to ten display
monitors at the same time. +se additional )ideo ards as reGuired.
*. 5he De)ie %anager FIt an be aessed using $dd6#emo)e Hardware in ;PC lists all the hardware
de)ies installed on your system. =ou an also update any e'isting dri)ers! as well as hange the
hardware settings. =ou use $dd6#emo)e Hardware to install new hardware. $essibility options are
primarily used to onfigure the 3eyboard! display! and mouse options on a omputer to aommodate
the users who are physially handiapped. 5he $dd6 #emo)e Programs is used to install6uninstall "rd
party software. 5his is also used for installing6uninstalling :indows ;P optional omponents.
,. Aeatures supported by ;P
a. On readable6writable dis3s! %irosoft :indows ;P Professional supports the 25AS file
system and three file alloation table FA$5C file systems> A$512! A$51*! and A$5"2. On
CD#O% and D<D media! :indows ;P Professional supports two file systems> Compat Dis
Aile System FCDASC and +ni)ersal Dis3 Aormat F+DAC.
b. :hile installing ;P! if you ha)e a standard des3top PC that uses integrated dri)e eletronis
FID/C dis3 dri)es! then these will be deteted during setup. If! howe)er! you use SCSI dis3s or
ha)e #edundant $rray of Independent Dis3 F#$IDC storage systems! you will see! shortly after
the reboot! the following line of te't displayed at the bottom of the sreen>
VPress A* if you need to install a third party SCSI or #$ID dri)er...W
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om *"
. Pressing A* will start a dialog that allows you to onfigure and install the dri)ers for your
SCSI or other dis3 subsystem ontrollers. 5his option is usually used on ser)er platforms that
use large?apaity! high?speed! fault?tolerant dis3 subsystems. Aor most PCs! howe)er! you won@t
need to use this option.
4.2 >indows Cista
1. Certain )ersions of :indows <ista uses Bit7o3er Dri)e /nryption. Bit7o3er Dri)e /nryption is a
full dis3 enryption feature inluded with the +ltimate and /nterprise editions of %irosoft@s :indows
<ista and :indows , des3top operating systems.
2. In order for Bit7o3er to operate! the hard dis3 reGuires at least two 25AS?formatted )olumes> one
for the operating system Fusually C>C and another with a minimum si4e of 100%B from whih the
operating system boots. Bit7o3er reGuires the boot )olume to remain unenrypted! so the boot should
not be used to store onfidential information.
". :indows Sidebar is a pane on the side of the %irosoft :indows <ista des3top where you an 3eep
your gadgets organi4ed and always a)ailable. 1adgets are mini programs that gi)e you information at a
glane and pro)ide aess to freGuently used tools. :indows Sidebar helps you to organi4e your
gadgets. 5he :indows sidebar is also a)ailable in :indows , Operating System.
&. 5he parental ontrols built into :indows <ista help parents determine whih games their hildren an
play! whih programs they an use! and whih websites they an )isit! and when. Parents an restrit
omputer use to speifi times and trust that :indows <ista will enfore those restritions! e)en when
they@re away from home.
(. :indows <ista introdues Syn Center! whih enables users to synhroni4e their data with other
omputers and de)ies from one ommon user interfae. 5here are se)eral ways to interat with Syn
Center! one of whih is as a pro)ider of synhroni4ation information. Synhroni4ation information
onsists of a synhroni4ation engine! and the data that it synhroni4es.
*. Dri)er <erifier is inluded in :indows ,! :indows <ista! :indows 2000! :indows ;P! and
:indows Ser)er 200" to promote stability and reliability. =ou an use this tool to troubleshoot dri)er
issues. =ou an start the tool by going to #un T )erifier.e'eSpeifially! in the )ersion of Dri)er <erifier
inluded in :indows <ista>
a. =ou an start )erifiation of any dri)er without rebooting! e)en if Dri)er <erifier is not already
running.
b. =ou an start the )erifiation of a dri)er that is already loaded.
. =ou an ati)ate or deati)ate most Dri)er <erifier options without rebooting.
4.4 Aero !nterfa%e
1. :indows <ista and :indows , feature a user interfae termed as $ero by %irosoft. 5his is the
default interfae used by <ista. $ero interfae is harateri4ed by the following features>
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om *&
a. .1lass?li3e transluent design
b. .Dynami windows> :hen you minimi4e a window! it animates to its plae on the tas3bar! so
it@s easier to find when you need it.
. High dots?per?inh FdpiC support> :indows $ero supports high?resolution monitors! so you
an get a laptop or flat?sreen monitor that@s smaller in si4e but shows )isually riher! displaying
high?resolution! easy?to?read images.
d. 7i)e tas3bar thumbnails> In :indows $ero! li)e tas3bar thumbnail images display the atual
ontents of both windows that are urrently open and those that are minimi4ed in the tas3bar.
:hen you rest your mouse pointer on a tile on the tas3bar! you@ll see the Jli)eJ ontents of that
window without ha)ing to bring it to the foreground.
e. Other features inlude :indows Alip "D! and smooth srolling des3top.
2. :indows <ista Home Basi! <ista Home Premium! and <ista Starter pro)ide only limited support for
/AS F/nrypted Aile SystemC! whereas <ista Business! and <ista +ltimate pro)ide full support for /AS.
+pgrade to :indows <ista +ltimate. =ou an upgrade to :indows <ista +ltimate from :indows ;P
Home! ;P Professional! ;P %edia Center! and ;P 5ablet PC! :indows 2000 Professional an@t be
upgraded to :indows <ista diretly.
". 5he following reser)ed haraters an@t be used in :indows file names>
] Fless thanC
T Fgreater thanC
> FolonC
J Fdouble GuoteC
6 Fforward slashC
Z Fba3slashC
` F)ertial bar or pipeC
U FGuestion mar3C
N Fasteris3C
&. :indows ;P %ode for :indows , ma3es it easy to install and run your appliations for "2?bit
:indows ;P diretly from your :indows , "2?bit or *&?bit based PC. It utili4es )irtuali4ation
tehnology suh as :indows <irtual PC to pro)ide a <irtual :indows ;P en)ironment for :indows ,.
:indows ;P %ode pro)ides only :indows , Professional! +ltimate! or /nterprise users the fle'ibility
to run many older produti)ity appliations in a )irtual :indows ;P en)ironment on a :indows ,?
based PC.
(. 5he editions below support the $ero Aeature>
a. :indows <ista Home Premium
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om *(
b. :indows <ista Business /dition
. :indows <ista +ltimate /dition
Similarly! $ero des3top is a)ailable in the
a. :indows , Home Premium!
b. :indows , Professional!
. :indows , +ltimate! and
d. :indows , /nterprise
*. In windows ,! Syn Center allows you to he3 the results of your reent syn ati)ity if youI)e set
up your omputer to syn files with a networ3 ser)er Foften alled offline filesC. :hen you syn with a
networ3 ser)er! you an aess files by 3eeping syned opies of those files on your omputer! e)en
when the networ3 ser)er is una)ailable. Syn Center an tell you if the files syned suessfully or if
there are any syn errors or warnings.
,. 5o launh syn enter! Bust open your ontrol panel! then li3 syn enter.
#e)ision 1.0 opyright 9 201& Simulation/'ams.om **

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