Chapter2&3 review sheet

Sigmund Freud the founder of Psychoanalysis

-a mentor French Psychiatrist, Jean Charcot, focused on neurosis, which refer to an
emotional disturbance.
- 18!, "reuer and Freud #ublished studies in hysteria
- in$estigated with "reuer%s &tal'ing cure(, de$elo#ed Freud%s free association, and
#sychoanalytic techni)ues.
- 1
st
#ublished the inter#retation of dream *1++,, three essays on se-uality *1+!,
.he disco$ery of unconscious forces
"egin with "reuer%s #atient, /nna 0, who was suffered from hysteria *an illness with sym#toms but
no #sychological bias for the #roblem,
Freud used the &tal'ing method( with his own #atients.
o .he #atient was unconscious of traumatic memories, but the unconscious memories
were influencing the #resent beha$ior.
o 1isco$ered the force Resistance2 a force that #re$ent the #atient to remember and 'e#t
the memories unconscious, and abandoned hy#nosis.
o Unconscious processes2 #rocess or force of which a person is unaware, because they
have been repressed or never permitted to become conscious.
o Wishes: A desire that may be rendered unconscious if they go against a persons ego-
ideal.
o Repression: the bloc'ing of a wish of or desire from consciousness, so that it cannot be
eperienced consciously or directly epressed in behavior.

.he #sychoanalytic method of assessment and research
3any forces are 2 1. Conscious effort remember forgotten e$ent.
4. 5esistance, which #ersists in 'ee#ing the memories unconscious.
6. 7ne-#ressed emotion that continuous to see' e-#ression.
7ne-#ressed emotion and wishes may e-#ress itself in a disguised form.
4 methods2 1, Free association 4, The interpretation of dream and slip
1) Free association: a techni!ue in which a person verbali"es whatever comes to mind, no matter
how insignificant, trivial, or unpleasant the idea, thought, pictures.
8m#ortant tool in self- understanding.
5esistance is analy9ed, understood, and wea'ened so that the wish is able to e-#ress itself more
directly.
2) The interpretation of dream and slip
#he $reudian theory assumes that our psychic life nothing is lawless, there is a motive for
everything.
Slips are bungled acts2 a slip of the tongue, a slip of the pen, or a memory lapse.
Cause, implies the action of a material, impersonal force that brings sth about
vs.
Motive, refers to personal agency and implies an emotion or desire operating on the will of
a person and leading him% her to act.
Dream is royal road to the unconscious. &t epresses unsatisfied wishes.
o Manifest dream *content, will be remembered ne-t morning
o Latent dream *meaning, is the meaning or moti$e underlying the manifest dream.
Dream wor! the process that disguises the unconscious dream wishes, and convert them into
Chapter2&3 review sheet
manifest dream.
.he im#ortance of sexuality
:ature of our re#ressed wishes and desires is erotic.
Li"ido #note): energy deri$ed from se-ual dri$e.
Dri$e: a psychological representation of an inner bodily source of ecitement characteri"ed
by its source, impetus, aim, and ob'ect.
o Source: the bodily stimulus or need
o %mpetus: energy or intensity of the need
o &im: its goal and #ur#ose to reduce the e-citement.
o '"(ect: the #erson or ob;ect in the en$ironment, which the aim may be
satisfied.
4 ty#es of dri$es *note,2
() )ros: life impulses or drives, driven by libido
2) Thanatos: the death impulse or drive, the source of aggression, the ultimate
resolution of all of lifes tension in death.
.he traditional #ur#ose of se-uality was re#roduction.
$reud suggested the primary purpose of seual behavior is pleasure, not reproduction.
$reud redefined seuality
o Polymorphous perverse *note) the child who actively see+s pleasure from many area of the body. -
#he seual activity of children is essentially autoerotic.
#he ,sychoseual -tages of .evelopment
a. Oral stage (birth-1) learn about trust, security
#he ma'or source of pleasure and potential conflict is the mouth.
2 main types of oral activity, ingestion and biting.
b. Anal Stage (age 2) from trust the world to trust yourself, developed trust, feeling shame.
#he ma'or source of pleasure and conflict is the anus.
(
st
attempt to control impulse
c. Phallic Stage (3-)
,leasurable and conflicting feelings are associated with the genital organs.
(
st
discover se difference, different of body.
Oe!ipus "omple#/ an unconscious psychological conflict in which the child loves the parent of the
opposite se.*loves mother very much, perceives his father as rival)
o "astration an#iety- boy fears physical retaliation from his father, he will lose his father.
$lectra "omple# (%emale version& girls love !a!.)
o Penis envy- sense of inferiority, resentment, hatred toward mother, who is held responsible for the
effected castration.
!. 'atency perio! ((-puberty)
#he seual drive is thought to go underground.
-eual impulses, which are unacceptable, and then changed into more culturally accepted levels of
activity, li+e sports, intellectual interests, and peer relations.
$reud didnt consider it a genuine psychoseual stage, b%c nothing dramatically new emerges
0ore correct to observe that children learn to hide their seuality from disapproving adults.
e. )enital Stage (onset o% puberty)
-tage in which an individual reaches seual maturity.
the end point of a long 'ourney, from autoerotic seual activity to the cultural norm of heteroseual
activity.
Chapter2&3 review sheet
$reud believed that mature individuals see+ to satisfy their seual drives primarily through genital,
reproductive activity with members of the opposite se.
#he effect of psychoseual stage
*i#ation: creates ecessive needs characteristic of an earlier stage. 1arious adult behaviors that have
been ascribed to fiations include smo+ing, gossiping, overeating, and collecting.
2eurosis represents a fiation at an earlier stage of seual development. *eg. 3ac+ of basic trust,
autonomy, or basic efficacy.)

#he structure of personality *id, ege, superego)

A. +! (!e%inition) - oldest and original function of the personality, which includes genetic inheritance, refle
capacities, instincts, and drives. *unconscious)
4asic drives, needs, wishes.
Pleasure principle/ the see+ing immediate tension reduction followed by the id.
&d also see+s to reduce tension through primary processes& hallucinating or forming an image of the
ob'ect that would satisfy its needs.
,ish %ul%illment- a primary-process activity that see+s to reduce tension by forming an image
of the ob'ect that would satisfy needs.
$#. 1isuali"ing a bottle or the breast partly pacifi es the infant, but
it does not satisfy its hunger.
-. $go (.+/ 0he sel%)
$ollows the reality principle- satisfies the impulses of the id in an appropriate manner in the eternal
world.
Secon!ary processes- the cognitive and perceptional s+ills that help an individual distinguish between
fact and fantasy. 5igher intellectual functions that enable the ego to establish suitable courses
of action and test them for their effectiveness.
#he ego is a 6faithful servant7 of the id and tries to fulfill its needs realistically.
". Superego (.above-+/)
&nternali"ed values, ideals, and moral standards.
#he superego strives for perfection. &t see+s moralistic rather than realistic solutions.
Consists of two subsystems/ the conscience and the ego-i!eal.
() "onscience (sel% criticism) - is the capacity for self-evaluation, criticism, and reproach. &t scolds
the ego and creates feelings of guilt when moral codes are violated.
2) $go-i!eal (i!eal sel%) - is an ideal self-image consisting of approved and rewarded behaviors. &t is
the source of pride and a concept of who we thin+ we should be.
Conflict is the +eynote of $reuds final understanding of the self.
anake *the 8ree+ word for 6a lac+7), too poor to meet all of our needs.
3eads to aniety *reality, neurotic, moral aniety. )
#he egos defense mechanisms
Reality anxiety refers to fear of a real danger in the eternal world.
Neurotic anxiety refers to fear that ones inner impulses cannot be controlled.
Moral anxiety is fear of the retributions of ones own conscience. All have their basis in reality
aniety.
1e%ense mechanisms- procedures that ward off aniety and prevent our conscious perception of it.
,urpose *notes) (.the avoidance or management of some powerful threatening feeling, li+e
aniety, grief.. *#o deal with %mange difficult negative emotion)
2. #he maintenance of self-esteem *#o maintain the sense of self.)
#wo features/ () #hey on an unconscious level so that we are not aware of what we are doing.
Chapter2&3 review sheet
2) #hey deny or distort reality so as to ma+e it less threatening.
,rimary *primitive) defensive process
-econdary defense* is more developed, higher- order)
o 2epression- 4loc+ing a wish or desire from conscious epression.
o 1enial- 9efusing to accept an unpleasant reality.
o Pro3ection- Attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude, or behavior to another.
o 2eaction %ormation :pressing an impulse by its opposite.
o 2egression- 9eturning to an earlier form of epressing an impulse.
o 2ationali4ation- .ealing with an emotion intellectually to avoid emotional concern.
o +!enti%ication -0odeling ones behavior after the behavior of someone else.
o 1isplacement --atisfying an impulse with a substitute ob'ect.
o Sublimation -9echanneling an impulse into a more socially desirable outlet.
0rans%erence- a process in which the patient pro'ects onto the analyst emotional attitudes felt as a
child toward important persons.

Chapter2&3 review sheet

"arl )ustav 5ung
$reuds student, (
st
met $reud in (;<=, become $reuds important disciple.
>ung re'ected $reuds emphasis on seuality. 5e thought seuality itself must be seen
as symbolic.
5e developed analytical psychology.
theories were informed by a vast array of concerns, including :astern religions,
mythology, and alchemy.
he emphasi"ed on the importance of a psychology of cultural difference suggests his
ideas can ma+e a powerful contribution to those who are concerned about processes
of political and social transformation.
#he nature and structure of personality
the main system are the ego, the personal unconscious with its complees? and the
collective unconscious and its archetypes.
two primary attitudes toward reality and four basic functions.
Psyche(min!) refers to all psychological processes/ thoughts, feelings, sensations,
wishes, and so forth.
Psychic (mental)
@nconscious
$reud viewed the unconscious as materials that have been repressed.
>ung viewed the unconscious as the source of consciousness and the matri of
new possibilities in life.
>ung also used libido to refer to psychic energy.
o libido is undifferentiated life energy, may refer to seuality and to other
hungers, desire..
ego ones conscious mind
personal unconscious(uni6ue %or each in!ivi!ual)
o perceptions, thoughts, feelings that are easily retrieved
o repressed or forgotten individual eperiences
o organi"ed into comple#es
"omple#es is an organi"ed group of thoughts, feelings, and
memories about a particular concept.
o "onstellating po7er/ which means that the comple
has the ability to draw new ideas into itself and
interpret them.
collective unconscious(share!& in common)
o universal thought forms, predispositions to respond
o epressed as archetypes
Chapter2&3 review sheet
collective unconscious an empirical concept whose eistence can be demonstrated
through dreams, mythology, and cross-cultural data.
Archetypes -is a universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world in
certain ways.
o Persona: #he social role and ones understanding of it.
3atin word personae refers to the mas+s that actors wore in ancient 8ree+ plays.
o Sha!o7: the devil within
o Anima: feminine side of the male psyche
o Animus: masculine side of the female psyche
o Sel%: ultimate unity of the personality
o great mother: the ultimate good and bad mother
o 7ise ol! man spiritual father
o hero con!ueror of enemies and evil forces
o tric8ster animalistic pran+ster
o chil!-go! the future
o hermaphro!ite unity and wholeness
man!ala& which in 5indu and 4uddhist thought is a symbol of the universe, is also a
symbol of the self
,sychological types
Combinations of two basic attitu!es and four %unctions.
Attitudes-A positive or negative feeling toward an ob'ect. &n >ungs theory, a basic
psychotype.
o $#traversion is an attitude in which the psyche is oriented outward to the
ob'ective world.
o +ntroversion is an attitude in which the psyche is oriented inward to the
sub'ective world.
#he functions of sensation and intuition refer to how we gather data and information.
0hin8ing and %eeling refer to how we come to conclusions or ma+e 'udgments.
-elf-reali"ation
Sel%- reali4ation/ a drive within the self to reali"e, fulfill, and enhance ones maimum
human potentialities.
Aristotle held that :verything has a 0elos/ a purpose and goal.
o Teleogical- the future with reference to a goal that guides and directs our
destiny.
>ung maintained that both causality and teleology, and Synchronicity that could lead to
self-reali"ation.
o Synchronicity-A phenomenon in which events are related to one another
through simultaneity and meaning.
-elf-reali"ation involves in!ivi!uation and transcen!ence
Chapter2&3 review sheet
o +n!ivi!uation- the systems of the individual psyche achieve their fullest degree
of differentiation, epression, and development.
&ndividuation does not mean individualism in that narrow sense, but
rather fulfilling ones own specific nature and reali"ing ones uni!ueness
in ones place within the whole.
o 0ranscen!ence- integrating the diverse systems of the self toward the goal of
wholeness and identification with all humanity.
&n the process of transcendence, a deeper self or essence emerges to unite a
person with all of humanity and the universe at large.
Spirituality- A search for meaning or for a power beyond the self rather than an
adherence to particular tenets as in a formal religion.
"ompensatory %unction- an effort to complement ones conscious side and spea+ for the
unconscious. *analyst find out the clues% hint)
Ampli%ication- an analytical method whereby one focuses repeatedly on an element and
gives multiple associations to it.