what constitutes a nucleotide? deoxyribose/phosphate?
nitrogenous bases? how many bonds exist between nitrogenous bases? which are purines and which are pyrimidines (single ring or double ring)? Identify antiparellel structure, be able to label 5' and 3' on each strand DNA by Watson & Crick & Iranklin \hen discoered, the structure suggested how DNA was able to replicate: u 1he l-bonds between complementary bases break u 1his allows the DNA to unzip DNA by Watson & Crick & Iranklin u Lach DNA strand then acts as a template to build the complementary strand u 1his results in two identical DNA molecules, one or each daughter cell 1he big question one time was the method o DNA replication, was it: 1, Conseratie: the original double stranded DNA was consered as one molecule or one daughter, and a completely new one or the other daughter 2, Semi-conseratie: the original molecule is split in hal, and the other side is illed-in, 3, Dispersie: Lach new molecule is comprised o bits and pieces o both new DNA and the original strand Models of DNA Replication conservative semiconservative dispersive J 2 P Meselson and Stahl u grew .cbericbia coti ,. coti., in 15 N media, which made the DNA heay. u 1hen grew it on normal media , 14 N,. u 2 possible outcomes: 1, New molecules hae medium ,hybrid, DNA or 2, One molecule has heay DNA the other light, u Only the irst was obsered 1hat process is called Semiconservative Replication Overview. DNA replication has many steps, but the general order o steps is: a, Initiation and unzipping. b, Priming c, Llongation d, Proo-reading. Initiation and Unzipping u Replication begins when proteins bind at a speciic site on the DNA known as the origin o replication ,ori,. u Lukaryotic replication is similar to prokaryotic replication but more complex u 1he closed circular DNA o prokaryotes usually only has one origin o replication ,ori, u Linear eukaryotic DNA has multiple ori`s DNA Strand Separation u 1he strands cannot simply be pulled apart because they are held together by hydrogen bonds and twisted around each other in the double helix. u Speciic enzymes work together to expose the DNA template strands DNA Strand Separation u \hat is inoled u DNA helicase: unwinds the double helix by breaking the l-bonds at the replication ork. Replication fork: region where enzymes replicating DNA bind to an untwisted, single stranded DNA strand. DNA Strand Separation u Single-stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs) bind the exposed DNA template strands to block new l-bonds that would re-join the strands DNA Strand Separation u DNA gyrase: reliees tension rom the unwinding o the DNA strands. It cuts nicks in both strands o DNA, allowing them to swiel around one another and then resealing the cut strands. Replication u Replication begins in 2 directions rom the ori`s as a region o the DNA is unwound. u DNA replication proceeds in the 5` to 3` direction u replication moes toward the direction o the replication ork ,leading strand, on one strand and away rom the ork ,lagging strand, on the other strand. Priming u Once the replication bubble is started, then primase lays- down short-sequence RNA primers as complements to the DNA strand. u RNA primers are synthesized by primase and are temporary u 1he leading strand ,one primer, is synthesized continuously u 1he lagging strand ,multiple primers, is synthesized discontinuously in short ragments Llongation u DNA polymerase III builds the complimentary strand o DNA by adding complimentary nucleotides in the 5` to 3` direction, using RNA primers as starting points u 1he RNA primers are needed because DNA Polymerase III needs a 3`Ol to add to. Elongation 1he lagging strands produces many small segments called Okazaki fragments Elongation u DNA polymerase I remoes the RNA primers rom the leading strand and ragments rom the lagging strand and replaces them with the appropriate deoxyribonucleotides. Text page 221, figure 7b Elongation u On the lagging strand, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki ragments into one continuous strand o DNA Elongation As the 2 new strands o DNA are synthesized, 2 double stranded DNA molecules are produced that automatically twist into a helix. Lditing & proofreading DNA u 1000 bases,second ~ lots o typos! u DNA polymerase I u prooreads & corrects typos u repairs mismatched bases u remoes abnormal bases u repairs damage throughout lie u reduces error rate rom 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 100 million bases Iast & accurate! u It takes . coti 1 hour to copy 5 million base pairs in its single chromosome u diide to orm 2 identical daughter cells u luman cell copies 6 billion bases & diide into daughter cells in only ew hours u remarkably accurate u only ~1 error per 100 million bases u ~30 errors per cell cycle protein RNA 1he Central Dogma DNA transcription translation replication u llow o genetic inormation in a cell