Chapter 2: LOCOMOTION & SUPPORT

2.1 Support and locomotion in human and animal.

Introduction
1. Locomotion - ability of an organism to move from one place to another (food, mates &
avoid dangers)
2. 3 types:
!"drotatic #eleton $%o#eleton $ndo#eleton
1. onsist of internal fl!id
"ithin the body cavity.
2. #l!ids held !nder
press!re in compartments
s!rro!nded by m!scles -
incompressible s$eleton.
3. %oft "all rigid - m!scles
can act against it.
&enefits: 'aintains shape &
s!pport internal organs.
(): (arth"orm, *ydra sp.
1. !ticle (covered "ith
"a)) cover body s!rface -
prevent "ater loss.
2. +igid e)ternal
e)os$eleton.
3. ,ns!itable for large
animals - e)os$eleton (non
living) incapable of gro"th.
-rthropods shed it
periodically to gro"
(ecdysis)
&enefits: %!pports
important organs, protects
internal str!ct!res from
damage, allo"s animal to
move.
(): .nsects, crab, moll!scs
1. +igid frame"or$ of bone
and cartilage.
2. -ttached to m!scles.
3. %tore minerals e.g.
alci!m & phosphoro!s.
&enefits: 'aintain body
shape, s!pport soft tiss!e,
protect internal organs,
prod!ce blood cells.
3. /roblems: 0ravitational force - overcome by strong s!pporting str!ct!res li$e limbs.
#riction & resistance - streamlining in bodies
!uman #eleton: &%ial #eleton
1. (ncloses and protects the spinal cord.
2. %!pports the head & point of attachment for ribs, pelvic girdle &
m!scles at the bac$ and the nec$.
3. %acr!m and coccy) immovable.
1. .ntervertebral discs permits movement and absorb vertical
shoc$.
2. *as ne!ral canal3vertebral foramen "hich the spinal cord lines.
4. %i5e different beca!se !neven distrib!tion of "eight.
6. #!nctions:
(i) entr!m - provides s!pport & absorb shoc$.
(ii) %pino!s & transverse process - s!rface for attachment of
m!scles, tendons and ligaments
(iii) 7e!ral arc - protects the spinal cord.
1. onsist of 22 bones.
2. ranial bones enclose and protect the brain
3. #acial bones protect and provide s!pport for
entrances to the digestive system & respiratory
system.
1. 8a" the only freely movable bone in the s$!ll.
Cer'ical 'erte(rae )*+
1. *ave transverse foramen
thro!gh "ith blood vessels and
nerve pass.
2. -tlas - no centr!m, 9oint
bet"een atlas and s$!ll allo"
nodding.
3. -)is - forms 9oint "ith atlas
called pivot 9oint allo" side
movement of the head.
Thoracic 'erte(rae )12+
1. Long spinous and transverse
process serve as a point of
attachment of m!scle and
ligaments.
2. -ttachment of ribs.
Lum(ar 'erte(rae ),+
1. Largest and strongest in the
vertebral col!mn.
2. &ear the "eight of lo"er bac$.
3. Large centrum for s!pport.
Sacrum-Sacral 'erte(rae ),+
1. :riang!lar bone.
2. :ransmit "eight to pelvic girdle.
Cocc"%-Caudal 'erte(rae ).+
1. :riang!lar bone.
+ibs & %tern!m:
:horacic cage - encloses & protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and !pper abdominal
cavity.