1.

0 Introduction

(Computer Network And Communications)

Today computer is available in many offices and homes and therefore there is a need to share
data and programs among various computers with the advancement of data communication
facilities. The communication between computers has increased and it thus it has extended
the power of computers beyond the computer room. Now a user sitting at one place can
communicate computers of any remote sites through communication channel. The aim of this
chapter is to introduce you the various aspects of computer network.

2.0 Mobile Computing

2.1 Definition

Mobile computing is a generic term describing one's ability to use technology while moving, as
opposed to portable computers, which are only practical for use while deployed in a stationary
configuration.

2.2 Specification, Services, and Freguencies of Mobile Computing

3.0 Internet Technology and Services

3.1 VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission technologies
for delivery of voice communications over IP networks such as the Internet or other packet-
switched networks. Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP are IP
telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and
broadband phone.

Internet telephony refers to communications services — voice, facsimile, and/or voice-

messaging applications — that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public switched
telephone network (PSTN). The basic steps involved in originating an Internet telephone call are
conversion of the analog voice signal to digital format and compression/translation of the signal
into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission over the Internet; the process is reversed at
the receiving end.[1]

VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as
well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital
audio via an audio stream. Codec use is varied between different implementations of VoIP (and
often a range of codecs are used); some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed
speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs.

3.2 BLOG

A blog (a contraction of the term "web log")[1] is a type of website, usually maintained by an
individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as
graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. "Blog" can
also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more
personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web
pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an
interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although
some focus on art (Art blog), photographs (photoblog), videos (Video blogging), music (MP3
blog), and audio (podcasting). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short
posts.

4.0 Types of Network

4.1 PAN
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer
devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal
computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles.
Such a PAN may include wired and wireless connections between devices. The reach of a PAN
is typically at least about 20-30 feet (approximately 6-9 meters), but this is expected to increase
with technology improvements.
4.2 VPN

Virtual Private Network

A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links between
nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the
Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are
said to be tunneled through the larger network when this is the case. One common application is
secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security
features, such as authentication or content encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to
separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong
security features.

A VPN may have best-effort performance, or may have a defined service level agreement (SLA)
between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. Generally, a VPN has a topology
more complex than point-to-point.

A VPN allows computer users to appear to be editing from an IP address location other than the
one which connects the actual computer to the Internet.

4.3 WLAN

Wireless networks (WLAN, WWAN)

A wireless network is basically the same as a LAN or a WAN but there are no wires between
hosts and servers. The data is transferred over sets of radio transceivers. These types of networks
are beneficial when it is too costly or inconvenient to run the necessary cables. For more
information, see Wireless LAN and Wireless wide area network. The media access protocols for
LANs come from the IEEE.

The most common IEEE 802.11 WLANs cover, depending on antennas, ranges from hundreds of
meters to a few kilometers. For larger areas, either communications satellites of various types,
cellular radio, or wireless local loop (IEEE 802.16) all have advantages and disadvantages.
Depending on the type of mobility needed, the relevant standards may come from the IETF or
the ITU.
4.4 wimax

WiMAX

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that

provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-
multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. The technology provides up to 10
Mbit/s [1] broadband speed without the need for cables. The technology is based on the IEEE
802.16 standard (also called Broadband Wireless Access). The name "WiMAX" was created by
the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability
of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the
delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".[2]

5.0 Conclusion

Reference