JWARN Users Manual

Joint Warning and Reporting Network
J
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A
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22 February 2000
Marine Corps Tactical Systems Support Activity
(MCTSSA)
Box 555171
Camp Pendleton CA 92055
NBC-ANALYSIS
Users Manual
JWARN
Phase Ic
NBC-ANALYSIS USERS MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Installation Wizard
Sound for NBC-Analysis
Setup Wizard
Screen Layout
Menu
Configuration
Parameters Controlling NBC Calculations
Controls and Actions that are Generic
DATA MANAGEMENT
Maps and Charts
Unit Details
Unit Parameters
Meteorology (MET)
Data Import/Export
BASIC CALCULATIONS
Short Cuts
Chem Wizard
NBC 1 Nuclear
NBC 2 Nuclear
Correlation NBC 2 Nuclear
NBC 3 Nuclear
NBC 4 Nuclear
NBC 5 Nuclear
NBC 1 Chem/Bio
NBC 2 Chem/Bio
NBC 3 Chem/Bio
NBC 4 Chem/Bio
NBC 5 Chem/Bio
Approve Calculated
Toxic Industrial Materials
Calculations
Units at Risk
ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
Damage Assessment
Position Prediction
Dose/Dose Rate
Route Planning
COMMUNICATIONS
Transmission of Reports
Reception of Reports
Trouble Shooting
Communication Log
ADVANCED FUNCTIONS
Import RASTER
Create RASTER
Import Vector Mapping
Communications
E-mail
EXERCISE PLANNING
Introduction
Creating Scenarios and Unit Database
Creating and Producing Reports
Printing out the Exercise
MISCELLANIES
Windows
Printer
Printing of Maps
Print Template
Print outs for Exercises
Paste
Help
SMOKE PLANNING
Smoke Planning
Overview
Employment Matrix
Employment Techniques
Employment Techniques Diagram
Weather Effects
Logistics
Safety
System Capabilities
System Capabilities Diagram
Chemical Unit Capabilities
Allied Smoke Operations
Threat Smoke Operations
Threat Smoke Operations Diagram
Coordination Checklist
Recon Checklist
Smoke Planning Checklist
Consumption Guide
FLAME FIELD EXPEDIENTS
Flame Field Expedients Planning
Overview
Overview Diagram
Ties and Splices
Ties and Splices Diagram
Logistics
Preparation of Flame Fuels
General Layout
General Layout Diagram
Safety Considerations
Firing Systems
Firing Systems Diagram
Electric Firing Systems (Command Detonated)
Electric Firing Systems (Command Detonated) Diagram
Non-Electrical Firing Systems
Non-Electrical Firing Systems Diagram
Contact Detonation
Contact Detonation Diagram
Detonation Systems
55 gallon Drum Directional
55 gallon Drum Directional Diagram
55 gallon Drum Non-Directional
55 gallon Drum Non-Directional Diagram
5 gallon Container
5 gallon Container Diagram
Other Container
Other Container Diagram
Flame Trench
Flame Trench Diagram
Bunker Bomb
Bunker Bomb Diagram
Other Demolitions
Illumination
Illumination Diagram
MISSION ORIENTED PROTECTIVE POSTURE
MOPP/Heat Stress Analysis
CHEM/BIO CASUALTY ASSESSMENT
Chem/Bio Casualty Assessment
UPDATE UNIT DATABASE
Update Unit Database
Installation Wizard
Insert the CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive.
The program should automatically start up, if not -
Click on Start, select and click on Run.
Click on Browse, select Setup and click on OK
Follow the prompts until the Finish button is displayed.
Sound for NBC-ANALYSIS
Click on Settings, then Control Panel.
Click on Sound.
The program will automatically insert the file NBC-ANALYSIS. Allocate a sound to the files and click on OK
Setup Wizard
Setup Wizard has been designed to help you set up the program. Clicking on Next will take you through setup.
Name of Own Unit:
Field 1. Type in your unit identifier 1 DIV. This will be displayed on screen and on all printouts.
Click on Next.
Field 2. Enter your Unit size indicator.
Click on Next.
Field 3. Enter your Country
Click on Next.
Fields 4-7. Enter your Unit role indicator. The information can be repeated.
Click on Next.
Field 8. Enter your Higher Headquarters or Command name.
Click on Next.
Field 9. Enter your Armed Service or Civilian Agency Code
Click on Next.
Field 10. Enter information from field 3 and field 9, then add the NBC Cell serial number (a minimum of four digits).
Click on Next.
Message originator:
When you transmit a report or message the recipient needs to know who sent it. This field will be displayed on all transmitted
reports and messages.
Enter your unit name, (1Div NBC cell).
EXER/OPER mode:
Click on Exercise or Operation mode.
Click on Next.
Classification:
Select Security Classification.
Click on Next.
Units of measurement:
Click on Time zone, select time zone required.
Click on Service/agency, select type of service.
Click on Next.
Communication:
See Advanced functions
Click Next
Mapping:
On the CD-ROM, there are pre-installed maps.
Click on Next
A window will be displayed. Select the required map and click Install. More than one map can be installed.
Click Close when finished.
Screen layout
Function Icons
Map Name
Toolbar
Information bar
Menu
Menu:
Displays all program functions, relevant to the primary screen display.
Function Icons:
Controls the major functions of the program (NBC reports, Mapping Units, Communication and Units at risk).
Map name:
Displays the map name when open and maximized.
Toolbar:
Controls displayed information.
Information bar:
Displays Exercise/Operation name.
Start Button
Comms
Map Display
Shortcuts
Taskbar
Taskbar:
The Active Taskbar is the portion of the Taskbar that contains the buttons representing all programs currently open. To
bring up a program that is open, click on the button on the taskbar.
System clock:
Displayed at bottom right. Double click to display the date and time properties. Right click to display the pop-up menu.
Start button:
Clicking Start will let you open closed programs. To open a different program from NBC-ANALYSIS, click on Start; select
the program and click. NBC-ANALYSIS will now be displayed on the Taskbar. To re-open NBC-ANALYSIS, click on the
button on the Taskbar.
Map Display:
This will display a map or NBC report form.
Comms:
This will display IN and OUT messages
Menu
FILE:
New scenario:
To create a new database for Exercise Names (Scenario), Route, Units/Destinations and Damage Assessment.
Click File then New scenario or press Ctrl&N.
Enter the name for the Scenario, Route, Unit and Damage Assessment.
Click OK.
Open scenario :
Different Scenarios can be selected.
Click File then Open scenario or press Ctrl&O.
A window will be displayed. Select the scenarios to be opened. Click OK.
Edit scenario:
Different databases can be selected.
Click on File the Edit scenario
Select the databases to be used.
Delete:
Database and Scenarios can be deleted in the following way.
Scenario:
Click on File, then Delete, then Scenario.
A window will be displayed. Select the scenarios to be deleted and click on Delete button.
Database:
Click on File, then Delete, then Database.
Select Unit/Destination, Route/Route plan, or Radius of Damage.
A window will be displayed. Select the databases to be deleted and click on Delete button.
Properties:
This is where you can setup or change the parameters that control the program.
Click on Properties.
Setup:
See Setup chapter.
Exer/Oper:
Used to switch between Operational and Exercise mode. Also used to change the name of the Scenario or to select other
databases for use with the current Scenario.
Click on File, then Open.
Select different database type by clicking on the database name, then select a new database and click OK.
Set DTG:
To change the Date Time Group.
Click on Properties, then Set DTG.
A window will be displayed, change DTG, then click OK.
Set location prefix:
When regularly using the same area on a map, the UTM prefix can be pre-set.
Click on Properties, then Set location prefix.
A window will be displayed. Enter grid, then click OK.
Communication:
Covered in Communication
Import:
Covered in Data Management.
Export:
Covered in Data Management.
Printer Setup:
See Miscellaneous chapter.
Print:
Print: Map to Scale:
Scenario:
A list of all scenarios that are in the database. This is a short cut to change a database.
Exit:
To exit the program. As an alternative, press Alt+4
MAP:
All details are covered in Maps and Charts with the exception of
Map Import: Edit layers: Edit Map: these are covered in Advanced Maps and Charts
VIEW:
NBC: and Units at risk: Covered in NBC reports.
Communication: Covered in Communication.
Destination: and Units: Covered in Units.
Route: and Damage Assessment tables: Covered in Advanced calculations.
Toolbar:
To display the icon on top of the map.
Click on Toolbar.
Information Bar:
Toggles the EXER/OPER, Scenario and Classification display line on or off.
WIZARD:
New CHEM attack: Covered in NBC reports.
Setup Wizard: Covered in Setup.
Air Stability: Covered in Meteorological.
All Clear: Covered in Basic Calculations.
CALCULATION:
NBC reports:
To calculate all NBC reports.
Click on NBC reports, press F12 or click on the icon.
Correlate NBC 2 NUC:
Covered in Basic Calculations.
Hazard Assessment:
Clicking on this will offer the following two functions:
Position Prediction:
Covered in Advanced Calculations.
Dose/ Dose Rate:
Damage Assessment:
Configuration
TIP- Essential functions can be automatically set up in the Setup Wizard.
Click on Properties/Setup. This function lets you change information or change the system parameters after
installation, using the Setup Wizard.
General:
EXER/OPER mode:
OPERATIONAL MODE EXERCISE MODE
Security classification:
The security classification can be selected. This will then be displayed in the program.
Program start up:
To disable the start up prompt and the Setup wizard, click to
remove the ticks from the boxes.
Toolbar:
To disable the NewTech animation, click to remove the tick from the box.
Enable MET arrow, will display the Wind Direction arrow at the top right of the screen. The Wind Direction data is taken
from the current CDR valid for the map centre position. Double click on the arrow to update.
Name of own unit:
Input Own Unit Name:
Field 1. Type in your unit identifier 1 DIV. This will be displayed on screen and on all printouts.
Field 2. Enter your Unit size indicator DIV.
Field 3. Enter your Country.
Fields 4-7. Enter your Unit role indicator. The information can be repeated.
Field 8. Enter your Higher Headquarters or Command name.
Field 9. Enter your Armed Service or Civilian Agency Code.
Field 10. Enter information from field 3 and field 9, then add the NBC Cell serial number (a minimum of four digits).
Message originator:
When you transmit a report or message the recipient needs to know who sent it. This field will be displayed on all transmitted
reports and messages.
Enter your unit name, 1Div NBC Cell.
Units of Measurement:
By clicking on the list, select Service or civilian agency (Army, Navy, Marines or Civilian).
Units of measurement are setup for each service or agency. These can be changed to meet the your needs. See Change
Units of measurement below.
Time zone:
Click on the list to select the time zone indicator.
Special location formats:
The first box will allow the program to use UK grid references.
The second box allows 1m resolution in BNG/ING and UTM grids.
Change Units of measurement:
Click on the boxes to select.
A list of options will be displayed. Choose your required unit of measurement and click OK.
Display of units of measurement:
There are two options. Units of measurement will be displayed as you have setup or as provided by the originator of an
incoming message.
Note The second option may produce unfamiliar units of measurement that will require conversion.
ALFA:
The numbers 1 to 6 represent the fields in set ALFA that can be Displayed in the list of NBC events. Enabled in dialogs
will allow access to these fields for editing.
Map:
This controls information that can be displayed on the map.
Moving band:
The default of 5mins can be changed. The map will update the radiation arrival time and the estimated position of the BIO
and CHEM agents at this interval.
ALFA on map: You can choose the fields in set ALFA to be displayed on the map.
MET area:
Area of validity can be displayed on the screen
Drawing:
You can alter the detail on the map by clicking in the boxes. For more detail see NBC reports.
Calculated:
See Application Manager handbook.
Parameters Controlling NBC Calculations
Parameters are used to ensure that reports are related to one event. These parameters are assigned default settings or
values when NBC-ANALYSIS is first installed, these are:
Calculations:
This function controls the following:

Correlate NBC 2 Nuc:
If selected the program will automatically look for other NBC 2 NUC reports for the same attack.
Calculate hypothetical NBC 5 NUC:
If an NBC 5 NUC is required for exercise planning put a tick in this box.
Calculate hypothetical NBC 5 CHEM reports:
If an NBC 5 CHEM is required for exercise planning put a tick in this box.
BIO 1-2:
Indicates the maximum distance from the observer to the event.
CHEM 1-2:
Allocation:
Acceptable time between NBC 2 and NBC 1 reports. Acceptable distance between line of sight and event.
NBC 1 reports:
The program will look at the Delta field (DTG) and if the time is more than 5 minutes apart from other reports, that report will
not be used in the calculation. If the distance from observer to event exceeds this figure that report will not be used.
Grouping of SPR/GEN events:
Acceptable distance if NBC 1 is shared:
If the distance between NBC 1 reports exceeds 5000M the program will create two separate NBC 2.
Acceptable time difference if NBC 1 is shared:
The program will look at the Delta field (DTG) and if the time is more than 15 minutes apart from other reports the program
will create two separate NBC 2.
Acceptance distance if no NBC 1 is shared:
Where two NBC 2 reports appear to relate to the same event but do not share NBC 1 reports, if they are separated by more
than this distance they will not be considered as the same attack.
NUC 1-2:
NBC 1 to 2 NUC calculation:
These parameters are assigned default settings or values when NBC-ANALYSIS is first installed, these are:
Maximum distance between intersections:
From intersection to GZ. If an intersection is more than 500M from the calculated GZ point, that intersection will not be used
for the calculation of the NBC 2 NUC set FOXTROT.
Acceptable time difference between reports:
The program will look at the Delta field (DTG) and if the time is more than 2 minutes apart from other NBC 1 NUC reports it
will not be used for the calculation of the NBC 2 NUC set DELTA.
Minimum angle between two observations:
The minimum acceptable angle between two observers is 30 DEG. If the angle is smaller, that NBC 1 NUC will be unallocated
and not used in the calculation of the NBC 2 NUC.
Maximum distance from observer and event:
The maximum distance from the observer to GZ is not to be more than 50KM, if the distance is over 50KM that report will not
be used in the calculation of an NBC 2 NUC.
Acceptable time between NBC 2 and NBC 1:
The program will look at the Delta field (DTG) and if the time is more than 5 minutes apart from other reports, that report will
not be allocated to the NBC 2 NUC.
Calculation of yield:
Cloud width and Cloud height (top/bottom):
Only reports containing LIMA values within the interval of 4 - 40 DEG (cloud width) or MIKE values of 45 - 10 DEG (cloud
top/bottom) will be used for calculation of the yield. If no yield can be calculated based on the NBC 1 NUC reports available,
the interval can be adjusted.
Note These changes to the parameters will lead to inaccurate yield calculations.
NBC 2 to 3 BIO calculation:
Number of time periods:
Setting of BIO weather periods. As shown, the program looks for three periods (6hrs) of valid weather if available, the
expected hazard area will be calculated 6 hours ahead.
NBC 2 to NBC 3 CHEM calculation:
Maximum number of time periods:
Setting of maximum number of CHEM weather periods. As shown the program looks for 3 periods (6hrs) of valid weather.
Duration of very volatile agents:
Set duration time.
NAERG:
For the program to calculate a template the time of dawn and dusk must be entered.
Units:
Covered in detail in Units.
Controls and actions that are generic
Icons:
=> TIP. This information may help you.
=> Warning. Take care! Problems can occur.
=> Technical. More detailed information or expert assistance may be needed.
=> List Box All NBC reports contain lists of information, these can be found by clicking on the icon.
Copy:
NBC reports can be copied to a Notepad, Word or PowerPoint.
Select the report to be copied.

Click on the Copy icon.
Move to the new location and Paste.
EXER : DEMO/CONTROL//
MSGID : NBC2/1DIV/-/-/-/-//
REF : -/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-//
EFDT : 061105Z/OCT//
ORGID : 1DIV/AAG/UK/AA/AA/AA/AA/NBC/A/UKA00001//
NBCEVENT: RCHEM//
ALFA : UK/001/001/RC/-/-//
An NBC 2 CHEM report in AdatP-3 format
DELTA : 061000ZOCT98//
ECHO : 061000ZOCT98//
FOXTROT : 33TXK119495/AA//
GOLF : OBS/BUK/-//
HOTEL : SURF/TIM/1007/-/-//
INDIA : -//
KILO : -/-//
YANKEE : -/-//
ZULUA : -/-/-/-/-//
GENTEXT : ZULUB/-//
Paste Clipboard:
To copy NBC reports to the Clipboard or into PowerPoint.
Select the report to be copied.
Click on the Paste Clipboard icon
Create:
To create a new NBC Report/Unit, Route, Damage Table and Destination
Edit:
To edit a new NBC Report/Unit.
Select the report to be edited (NBC or MET reports).
Click on the Edit icon.
Edit the report then click OK.
Delete:
To delete an NBC Report/Unit.
Select the report to be deleted (NBC, MET or Unit reports).
Click on the Delete icon.
The report/unit is now deleted. Holding the shift key will allow more than one report/unit to be deleted. Shift & click will select
a range of reports, Ctrl & click selects reports, one by one.
Note Once deleted, there is no way of retrieving the report.
Print:
To print a hard copy of the NBC Report/Unit.
Select the report to be printed (NBC, MET or Unit reports).
Click on the Print icon.
Holding the shift key will allow more than one report/unit to be printed.
Display:
To display NBC Reports/Units.
Select the report/unit to be displayed
Click on the Display icon.
Remove:
To remove NBC Reports/Units from the map.
Select the report/unit to be removed
Click on the Remove icon.
Locate:
To find an NBC Report/Unit outside the displayed map area.
The report/unit must be displayed first. (See Display)
Select report/unit to be found.
Click on Locate icon (only one report/unit can be found at a time).
Transmit:
To transmit NBC or Met reports.
Select the NBC or Met report.
Click the Transmit icon.
A window will be displayed, select the destination and click OK.

Right Click:
Undo:
This function takes you back one step. For example, if information has been deleted in a field, selecting Undo will bring it
back.
Cut:
To remove unwanted blocks of text, which can then be pasted in a new area.
Copy:
To copy a field or text.
Highlight text to be copied.
Right click and choose Copy (on selecting Copy the text will be move to clipboard).
Move to new field.
Right click and select Paste.
Paste:
Paste moves cut or copied text from the clipboard into the new position.
Delete:
This command deletes unwanted text.
Select all:
This function highlights (selects) the entire field.
Get Grid:
When working in any location field (Foxtrot, Bravo) you can pick up the grid.
Right click
Select Get Grid.
The map will be displayed with a box in the right hand corner.
Click on the grid required. This will be entered in the box (top right), click OK. The grid will be placed in the location field, and
the NBC report/unit will be displayed.
If the wrong grid has been selected, click on Reset and the incorrect grid will be removed from the box.
TIP - When moving the mouse, the grid location is displayed in the top left of the map.
Help:
Help is provided for your current activity and can always be selected by pressing F1.
Command buttons:
OK:
To accept a finished report click on OK (or press enter). If some fields contain wrong information your error will be
explained in the information box at the bottom of the form.
Cancel:
To leave a report click once.
Header:
If unit name has not been entered the program will ask you to enter the information, by clicking on Header.
Short cut keys:
New Ctrl&N
Open Ctrl&O
Close Ctrl+F4
Exit Alt&F4
Help F1
NBC F4
NBC reports F5
Communication F6
Destination F7
Units F8
Units at risk F9
Marking F11
Maps and charts
Introduction:
The program can use Raster and Vector maps at the same time. Raster maps can also be overlaid onto Vector maps.
The Maps and Chart function may be operated in two ways. Either using the map menu or using icons on the toolbar. The
functions are exactly the same. The last four items on the map menu are discussed fully in Advanced Functions
Map menu:
Open map - The program will have a selection of maps in the database. More than one map can be open at the same time
and the same map can be opened more than once to allow the operator to use different scales or details.
To open a map from the database:
Click on
Select the map by clicking on the name, then click OK.
Zoom in
Ruler
Display map information
Map layers
Printer
Zoom out
Pan
Select pointer
Messages drawn in map
Zoom in:
The program can zoom in and out on Raster and Vector maps by clicking on the zoom icon.
Either:
Hold down the left hand mouse key and drag over the area required and release.
Or:
Place the cursor at the central point of the area to be enlarged and click. Each click will further enlarge the map.
Zoom Out:
Will move back one step.
Pan:
Enables the map to be scrolled left, right, up or down.
Hold down the left hand mouse key and move the map to the new position.
Select pointer:
This icon can be used to show the co-ordinate of the cursor position and Met area on the displayed map and also to copy a
co-ordinate.
To find a grid position:
Click on the Select pointer icon then move to the position on the map, the grid reference and the area of validity will be
displayed in the top left corner of the map.
To copy a co-ordinate:
Hold the Ctrl and click on the position.
Select the report, click in the field, (Bravo or Foxtrot) and right click select Paste.
Display map information:
Clicking on this icon will display co-ordinates, the Met area and map scale.
Messages drawn on map:
Selecting this icon will allow you to select the type of information to be displayed on the map.
Ruler:
To measure a distance or route on the map.
Click on the Ruler icon. A ruler box will appear.
Click on the start point on the map.
Move the mouse to the new position (the distance and direction will be displayed in the ruler box).
Drag to other positions as necessary. The length of each leg will be shown in the first box and the total from the start
point in the third box. A double click will end this function.
Layer selection:
The map can be customized with more or less detail.
Printer:
Clicking on this icon will print the displayed map (Vector and Raster maps)
Drawing tools:
This function is designed so that you can add further information to the map (Raster and Vector maps). Boundaries can be
drawn, areas can be highlighted and text can be added.
Pointer
Line
Text
Polyline
Polygon
Ellipse
Rectangle
Copy
Delete
Pointer:
The pointer can highlight a drawing tool and is able either to change the color of that item or delete it.
To change color:
Double click on the item and a Line Style box will appear. Select the required change and press OK.
To delete:
Click onto any item to be deleted and then click Delete.
Line:
Click onto the line icon. Move to the required start point, and drag the cursor to the finish point and release.
Polyline:
Click onto the polyline icon. Move to the required start point, and drag the cursor to the finish point and release. Move the
cursor to the new position and click.
Repeat this action until finished. Double click to end this process.
Polygon:
Click onto the polygon icon. Move to the required start point. Drag the cursor to the finish point and release. Move the
cursor to the new position and click.
Repeat this action as required, finishing back at the start point.
Double click to end this process. The area will then be shaded in. A series of clicks can be used instead of dragging the
cursor.
Ellipse:
Same function as with polygon, except the finished area will be a shaded ellipse.
Rectangle:
Same function as with polygon, except the finished area will be a shaded rectangle.
Text:
Click onto text icon and a text box will be displayed.
Type in the text and press OK.
To move text, click onto the pointer, then click on the text (center of the screen). Holding the left hand mouse button
down, move to the new position then release.
Mouse functions:
Right click:
Right clicking on the map will display a menu. The last two items on the menu are for maps.
Move this point to center:
This function allows you to center any position on the screen.
Select the center co-ordinate required. Right click and select Move this point to center. The map will now be
centered on that co-ordinate.
Set map center point and width:
This allows you to set the width of the map.
Right click anywhere on the screen, select Set map center point and width. A box will appear.
Center point:
The center point will default to the position on the map that was right clicked. You can enter a new grid reference if
required.
Map width:
Enter the map width required and press OK
Unit details
Start:
Click on this icon to open a Unit database.
To insert a new unit, click on this icon.
General:
Name:
Enter Name of unit. (1 Div)
Position:
Enter position of unit.
Warn unit:
If unit is to be shown in the list of Units at risk, tick here.
Symbol:
Size:
Click on and select the unit type and size
Mobility:
Click on and select the unit type and size
Headquarters:
If Headquarters is ticked, a flagpole will be attached to the symbol.
Task Force:
Will display a box on the flag.
Feint/Dummy:
Will display a triangle on the flag.
Track box:
To select a map symbol:
Click on the +.
As you move down the units, the appropriate flag will appear in the Symbol area.
The Description box will show the pathway.
Click OK.
Affiliation:
Select either, Unknown, Friendly, Neutral or Hostile forces (See examples below)
Friend
Friend
TIP - To enter the unit position quickly using the mouse
Place the cursor on the required position and hold down.
Left click with the mouse.
Click in the position box. Right click with the mouse and paste.
Or
Place the cursor over the position, then right click with the mouse and select Units. The unit position will be entered
automatically.
Advanced:
Communications setup:
How to select destinations for messages (Communications).
Area of Operation:
The tactical area of responsibility.
Center Co-ordinate:
The program will automatically enter the unit position. If you need to change this, click in the box, then enter the new Center
Co-ordinate.
Radius:
Enter the required distance. A circle of this radius will be drawn around the Center Co-ordinate.
Outline:
If the area of responsibility is not a circle, grid reference points can be inserted.
Click on Outline. A window will be displayed with empty boxes for grid co-ordinates.
Click on Get Grid. A map and a box will appear. To draw the perimeter click with the left-hand mouse key onto the map
where the line is to be drawn and the co-ordinates will be inserted into the box.
Click OK and the grids will be transferred to the Outline window.
Communications setup:
Destination:
Here you enter the name of the destination unit.
Identifier:
Enter the unit's name.
Description:
Any other information regarding the unit
Format:
The program is able to transmit more than one message format.
By clicking onto a list of different format will be displayed.
Communication media:
The communications system should be setup by an expert. This will be covered in depth in the Communications Chapter.
The program has different ways of transmitting and receiving messages. The Win.32 operating system will be used as the
default.
Unit parameters
The controlling parameters for the units are in File/Properties/Setup
Click Unit.
Unit Symbol Size:
The size of the unit icon can be changed on the screen by using the slide bar. As you move the slide bar the flag will
decrease or increase in size.
Click + .
Unit symbol colors:
You can select the background colors for the display of all unit symbol information.
Meteorology (Met)
Missing Met:
If a situation should occur where an NBC 2 report has no valid Met information, a warning is given. Another warning is
given if an NBC report is used for a calculation, where missing Met is required for drawing a template, performing a Unit at
risk calculation, or calculating an estimate of a hazard. You should check that the Met periods created in Setup for
BIO/CHEM, cover the attack period.
BWR/EDR/CDR:
Movement between fields:
To move from one field to another, the Tab key must be pressed to move forward and Shift & Tab to move back.
Alternatively, the mouse can be used to click onto any field
Enter the information in the appropriate fields, then to move on to the next field.
Clicking onto any list box will produce a picklist. Select the required item and click onto it.
WARNING - Do not press Enter, as this will accept the report as complete.
The arrow marked CDR at the top right side of the screen indicates the wind direction used to calculate chemical and
biological hazards. This is based on the CDR data held for the map centre. To set up go to,
File/Properties/Setup/General.
Update using Calculate, or double click on the arrow.
Command buttons:
OK:
To accept a finished report, click onto OK (or press enter). If some fields contain incorrect information, this will be
displayed in the information box at the bottom of the form.
To go to the incorrect field, double click on the line describing the problem.
CANCEL:
To cancel a report, click this button.
HELP:
Displays Help information for the current dialog box.
HEADER:
If the program has not been set up correctly (through configuration in the file menu), then each report will demand this
information (see SETUP)
Calculate EDR from BWR:
An EDR can be calculated from BWR. EDRs are intended for simplified manual prediction of a NUC hazard. NBC-ANALYSIS
will always work in the detailed prediction mode if it has BWR data available. If there is no valid BWR available, the
appropriate EDR will be used.
Click onto the Calculate NBC reports icon.
The EDR will have been automatically calculated. A number appearing next to the EDR directory will indicate this.
Click on the EDR, then click on the edit icon. The calculated EDR will be displayed.
Wind vector:
This function will display the wind vector plot.
Select a BWR.
Go to View in the main menu.
Select Wind Vector Plot. This will calculate and display the wind vector plot.
Click onto Formatted message to remove the wind vector plot.
Note This function can be left on, providing wind vector plots whenever a BWR is selected.
Air Stability Wizard:
If the program is using local Met, there may be times when no air stability data is provided. The Air Stability Wizard will allow
you to produce a stability figure by responding to prompts shown on screen.
Data import/export
Import:
A Scenario or a database can be imported from a Network or a floppy disk.
Click on File/Import.
Click on Browse. The program will display a WIN Browse for Folder window.
Click on the file containing the data.
Select data to import:
Options: either select a scenario or a database.
Select Scenario or database:
Highlight the scenario or database.
Click on Import.
The program will import the file into the program
Export:
A Scenario or a database can be exported from a Network or to a floppy disk.
Click on File/Export.
Select data to export:
Options: either select a scenario or a database.
Select Scenario to export: Highlight the scenario or database.
Click on Browse. The program will display a WIN Browse for Folder window.
Click on the file to which the export file is to be moved.
Click on Export.
The program will export the scenario to the new location.
Short cuts
There are three ways to open a new NBC report.
To create or edit any NBC report:
Click onto the report icon.
Select type of report (N, B or C) by clicking onto the cross at the left side of Nuc, Bio or Chem, or by double clicking on
the NUC, BIO or CHEM folder.
Select the report number.
Click the create or edit icon.
To create or edit an NBC 1-3 report:
Click onto the relevant icon in the tool bar
Select type of report (N, B or C) by clicking onto the cross at the left side of Nuc, Bio or Chem, or by double clicking on
the NUC, BIO or CHEM folder.
Select the report number.
Click the create or edit icon.
To open an NBC 2 Nuc, Bio or Chem:
Right click on the location of the attack on the map.
Select NBC 2 report, the location for the report will be automatically entered.
All NBC Reports:
Movement between fields:
To move from one field to another, use the tab key to move forward and shift tab to move back. Alternatively, the mouse
can be used to click into any field.
Clicking onto any list box will produce a picklist. Select the required item and click onto it.
WARNING - Do not press as this will accept the report as finished.
Command buttons:
OK:
To accept a finished report, click onto OK (or press enter). If some of the fields contain the wrong information you will be
advised of the error in the information box at the bottom of the form. To go to the error field, double click on the information
box line.
CANCEL:
To cancel a report you must click this button once.
HELP:
Displays Help information for the current dialog box.
NAERG:
If a ROTA (North American Emergency Response Guidebook) attack has to be entered, click onto NAERG to bring up the
NAERG database. (See TIM).
HEADER:
If the program has not been correctly set up (in configuration in the file menu), then each report will demand this information
(see SETUP).
CHEM Wizard
One of the problems with a chemical attack is the speed of the movement of the chemical agent. Often, by the time the
attack information has been processed and calculated the unit at risk is already in the hazard area. The Chem Wizard is a
quick way of warning units.
On receipt of a chemical attack report:
Click on New chemical attack icon. A window will be displayed. The attack location needs to be entered.
If known, type in the unit name and click on NEXT or delete the and click on NEXT. A list of all units in the database will
be displayed. Select the unit that reported the attack and click on NEXT. The DTG will automatically be filled in.
Click on NEXT.
If the CDR is valid for this attack, the Met will automatically be used in the calculation and a template will be displayed (1 km
attack area with a 10 km down wind hazard).
Note - If no CDR is valid for this attack, on clicking NEXT a new window will be displayed asking for wind direction, wind
speed, and air stability. Enter details and click NEXT.

Units at risk:
All units in the danger area will be displayed automatically. Click on NEXT. An NBC 1 Chemical report will be displayed.
Complete the NBC 1 Chemical report. This will draw the correct template for the chemical and delivery means.
Recalculate and click on Units at risk.
TIP - There are two other ways of entering the attack location.
Either: Before clicking on the New chemical attack icon.
Move the cursor to the attack location and hold down Ctrl and left click on the mouse.
Click on the Attack location box.
Right click and paste.
Or:
Click on Get grid - see Controls and actions that are generic
NBC 1 NUC
Input:
All reports must contain: Delta, Bravo and Charlie or Foxtrot and Hotel.
Enter the information in the appropriate fields then Tab to move on to the next field.
By clicking on the list box a prompt or a picklist will be presented
When all fields have been entered, check the information. Click on OK to enter the report.
Click Calculate.
Click on Unit at risk.
NBC 2 NUC
All reports must contain: Alfa, Delta, Foxtrot, Hotel and November.
By clicking on the list box a prompt or a picklist will be presented
Click Calculate.
TIP - To enter the unit positions quickly using the mouse:
Place the cursor on the location required and hold down Ctrl. Left click with the mouse.
Click in the position box, right click with the mouse and paste.
OR
Place the cursor over the position, right click with the mouse and select NBC 2 Nuc. The report position will be entered
automatically.
Correlation NBC 2 NUC
This function is used to check if different units have reported several NBC 2 NUC reports for the same attack. The user can
then select which report to keep as a master and which report(s) to delete. The program will check the following:
Alfa: Same SSN.
Delta: Same DTG.
Foxtrot: Same location.
November: Same yield.
Each of the fields has parameters that the program checks when calculating. The reports are correlated, and a master can
then be selected.
Correlation:
When calculating, the program will automatically check the NBC 2 NUC reports to see if they fall within the correlation
parameters. If they do, the program will display the Correlation window
Select and highlight the valid report in accordance with national procedures.
Click on Next.
Note if an NBC NUC report has not been approved, click on Approve.

The program will now have evaluated the NBC 2 NUC reports. The report you have selected is now the master report. The
other reports will be graded (see Nuclear correlation factors).
Highlight the other reports.
Click on Delete. The program will print out the deleted reports. The program will calculate and display the master
template.
Nuclear Correlation factors:
PROBABLE:
The difference in DTG is < 3 minutes.
Distance between the GZ is < 1Km.
HOB equal to HOB in known NBC 2 or UKN.
The difference between weapon yield is < 10%.
POSSIBLE:
The difference in DTG is < 5 minutes.
Distance between the GZ is < 3Km.
HOB equal to HOB in known NBC 2 or UKN.
The difference between weapon yield is < 20%.
K/N:
Indicates if the report is known or new, compared to any correlated reports.
Criteria (CRI):
MASTER. The report that has been selected as master.
PRO. Probably the same attack.
POS. Possibly the same attack.
NBC 3 NUC
All reports must contain: Alfa, Delta, Foxtrot, Papa or Yankee and Zulu.
By clicking on the list box a prompt or a picklist will be presented.
Click Calculate.
NBC4 NUC
All reports must contain: Alfa, Quebec, Romeo and Sierra.
NBC 4 NUC can now be used for Dose and Dose rate calculations.
NBC 5 NUC
All reports must contain: Alfa, Delta, Oscar or Tango.
The NBC 5 NUC can now be used for calculation of Position predictions and Routes.
NBC 1 CHEM/BIO
All reports must contain: Delta, Hotel, Foxtrot or Bravo and Charlie
Click Calculate.
NBC 2 CHEM/BIO
All reports must contain: Alfa, Delta, Foxtrot, Golf and Hotel.
Click Calculate.
Method: (Chemical only)
Chapter 13 of ATP 45(A) relates to the warning of units at sea of a Chemical attack. It shows hazard levels for LCt50, ICt5
and Miosis. These can be calculated in an NBC 2 Chemical report.
After calculating an NBC 2 Chem move to the Chem report.
Click Method.
Note - The default is set to the standard ATP 45 (A) land hazard areas, here you can change the templates to the hazard
levels at sea.
Chem Parameters:
Calculation method:
Click on the picklist.
Select CHL Hazard levels.
Radius of attack area:
Enter 1.00KM for land operations or 0.5NM for sea operations.
Click OK.
In the NBC 2 Chem report click OK.
Move back to the map and click Calculation.
The template will now show three levels of hazard, each level is colour coded, the default colours are as follows:
LCt50 Dark Grey.
ICt5 Light Grey.
Miosis White.
The colours can be changed.
Go to File/Properties/Setup/Map/Chem draw.
Click on the picklist to select new colours.
Click OK.
TIP - To enter the NBC CHEM/BIO quickly using the mouse:
Place the cursor on the position required and hold down Ctrl. Left click with the mouse. Click in the position box. Right
click with the mouse and paste.
OR
Place the cursor over the position, then right click with the mouse and select NBC CHEM/BIO. The unit position will be
entered automatically.
All Clear:
When all units have reported that the chemical hazed has passed, you can remove the template.
Click on the menu Calculation, then click on All clear or Ctrl+A.
A window will be displayed. Select the report to be cleared and click Edit.
Enter the time that the units reported all clear and click OK.
Click OK
The template will be removed from the screen.
NBC 3 CHEM/BIO
All reports must contain: Alfa, Delta, Foxtrot, Hotel and Papa.
Click Calculate.
NBC 4 CHEM/BIO
All reports must contain: Alfa, Hotel, Quebec and Sierra.
NBC 4 BIO/CHEM can now be displayed on maps.
NBC 5 CHEM/BIO
All reports must contain: Alfa, Hotel, Tango and Xray.
NBC 5 BIO/CHEM can now be displayed on maps.
Approve Calculated
After the NBC 1 reports have been calculated, the resulting NBC 2 reports will need a Strike Serial Number (SSN).
IMPORTANT - On the right-hand side of the report, in boxes, is the information from the NBC 1 reports that was used for
the calculation.
After clicking on the Calculate icon, go to NBC reports (NBC NUC).
The NBC 2 report will be filled in automatically. Select the report (NBC 2) by clicking the Edit icon.
Enter the SSN and click Approve.
Note - After the report has been approved a green tick will be displayed next to the report.
Description of Approved Information:
Alfa:
Used: The number of NBC 1 NUC reports USED to calculate the NBC 2 NUC.
Alloc: The number of NBC 1 NUC reports ALLOCATED to the NBC 2 NUC.
These reports have not been part of the NBC 2 NUC calculation. If the NBC 2 NUC is recalculated, these reports will be
taken into consideration.
Init: The number of initial reports used to calculate the NBC 2 NUC.
Sup: The number of supplementary reports used to calculate the NBC 2 NUC.
Delta:
Within +/- 2Min: Number of NBC 1 NUC reports with + or - 2 minute Intervals to the designated
date-time group.
Within +/- 5Min:
Number of reports with + or - 5 minute intervals to the designated date-time group.
Foxtrot:
AA: Number of NBC 1 NUC reports stating Foxtrot AA (actual).
EE: Number of NBC 1 NUC reports stating Foxtrot EE (estimated).
B&C: Number of NBC 1 NUC reports stating Bravo and Charlie.
Intersection points: Number of intersection points used to create GZ. Reports stating Foxtrot EE count as
one intersection point. If Foxtrot AA is used, reports stating Foxtrot EE or stating
BRAVO and CHARLIE are not used. The number of reports stating Foxtrot AA is
shown. This field gives an indication of the quality of the estimation of attack
location.
Hotel:
Surf: Number of reports stating Surf burst type.
Unk: Number of reports stating Unk burst type.
Air: Number of reports stating Air burst type.
Kilo:
Minimum: Crater width reports. Only shown if there are at least two NBC 1 NUC reports
showing crater width. The maximum crater width reported is shown in NBC 2 NUC
set Kilo.
November:
Rep: Number of NBC 1 NUC reports used to calculate weapon yield.
Toxic Industrial Materials
The North American Emergency Response Guidebook (NAERG) has been converted to a database to provide you with
information on a range of Toxic Industrial Materials (TIM).
First step:
Industrial Guide:
To find a hazard:
Click on the Icon to open the Toxic industrial Materials.
Enter ID number or Name of Material.
Click on Find. Occasionally more than one material will have the same number. If the first to appear is not the material
required, click on Find Next, until the correct material is selected.
Guide:
Potential hazards:
Fire or Explosion: Details about fire or explosion hazard.
Health: Lists probable effects on humans.
Public Safety: Action to be taken and recommended safety distances.
Protective Clothing: Recommended protective equipment to handle materials.
Evacuation: Information on spills or fires.
Emergency Response: Information on how to tackle the incident.
First Aid: First aid for personnel overcome by TIM.
Safety distances:
Distances:
If there is a downwind hazard for the material, you can display the downwind isolation (ISO) and protective action (PRO)
distances as a table by clicking on Distances.
The table will show the distance for small and large spills by day or night.
Display the hazard as a template:
Entering of NBC reports:
When entering a TIM ID in an NBC 2 CHEM report, the rest of the fields must be in compliance with ATP-45 (A) procedures
for ROTA reports:
NBCEVENT: RCHEM (ROTA Chemical Event)
ALFA 4: RC (ROTA Chemical)
GOLF 2/3: (Plant, Bunker, Waste, Reactor, Transport, or Stockpile)
HOTEL 2: TIM (ROTA Toxic Industrial Material)
HOTEL 3: TIC (ROTA Toxic Industrial Chemical) or ID Number
INDIA: Must be empty or contain legal ROTA entries (large, small, or unknown spill).
The program will calculate the hazard and display an orange template. Units inside the NBC 3 CHEM TIM hazard area are
shown in the Units at Risk display. This does not indicate ISO or PRO distances.
The initial ISO distance in the TIM database is the attack area of the calculated NBC 3 CHEM, and the ISO will also be used to
calculate XRAY in the calculated hypothetical NBC 5 CHEM.
Note If no ISO distance is available from the database, the worst case is assumed and this distance (dependant on
day/night and large/small spill) will be taken from the database and used instead.
Calculations
After entering NBC 1, NBC 3 or MET reports, click on the Calculation icon.
The templates will be displayed automatically.
Units at risk
After entering and calculating an NBC report you will need to know which units have been affected and which are in the
clear. All units in the database will be used for the calculation.
WARNING For BIO and non-persistent CHEM hazards, the estimated time of departure (latest time of arrival) is calculated
using 0.5 times the wind speed.
To display the unit warnings click onto
Warning for units:
There are four possible warnings for units:
DANGER - If the unit is already within the hazard zone, a red DANGER notice is displayed.
ATTENTION If the unit will be in the hazard area, a yellow ATTENTION notice is displayed.
CAUTION- Once the hazard may now have passed, a green CAUTION notice is displayed. Check with personnel on the
ground to confirm that the hazard has passed before ordering the removal of protective equipment.
An NBC event has taken place, but it is estimated that it will not affect your unit. A blank gray box will be displayed.
Information displayed:
The Units at risk dialog box tells you the following:
Unit name:
The unit that is in the NBC template and if it will be affected by the hazard.
Alfa:
As the unit may be affected by more than one hazard, the program will display the SSN for all relevant attacks.
Early arrival:
What time the hazard is expected to arrive at the unit.
Note - The calculations are based on the unit position not the unit boundaries.
Late arrival:
For chemical and biological only. The expected latest time that the hazard may arrive at the unit location.
Enters Template:
Moving units/ships only. If a unit/ship will be entering a hazard area, the program will give the time the unit/ship is expected
to enter the hazard area.
Leaves template:
Moving units/ships only. The time the unit/ship is expected to leave the hazard area.
Note All calculations for moving units/ships are taken from the current leg of the PIM and any known future legs.
Command Buttons:
Unit details:
Selecting a unit in the hazard area and clicking onto the Unit details button will display information on the selected unit.
NBC report:
Selecting a unit in the hazard area and clicking onto Show NBC will display an NBC 3 report.
Transmit:
Once a unit has been selected, click the Transmit button to send that unit an NBC 3 report.
Update:
You can leave the Unit at risk window open, but you should update the information using this button.
Note - The DTG above the Unit display box will be modified.
Print:
To print the ETA and ETD of one or more units, select the unit(s) and click Print.
Close:
When you have finished Close will close the window.
Damage assessment
NBC-ANALYSIS. The Damage Assessment tables are based on the NATO exercise document AXP-6. National damage
assessment tables can be created and used instead.
Set up AXP 6:
This only needs to be done after installing the program for the first time.
Click on Vi ew, then Damage Assessment (a blank table will be displayed).
Click on file, then Revert to AXP-6 standard, (the program will automatically fill in the table).
Close.
To calculate Damage Assessment:
Click on Calculate, then Damage Assessment, a Select incident window will be displayed.
Select the NBC 2 NUC report.
In the Distance to GZ area, click on the icon to reveal units, select the unit.
The Location and the Distance will be filled in automatically.
Alternatively, a co-ordinate or distance can be entered directly.
Click on Next.
A window will then be displayed. The top half will show the NBC 2 NUC report used for the calculation. The bottom half will
display a list of all AXP-6 tables.
Select the item by clicking on it. If more than one item is needed, hold down the Ctrl key and click with the mouse.
Click on OK.
The answer will then be displayed.
Click on Finish.
Clicking on Copy will let you copy the result to Word.
TIP - AXP-6 tables can be deleted.
Select all, then click on Delete icon.
Entering National Damage Assessment tables:
To create a Damage Assessment table:
Click on View, then Damage Assessment.
Click on Create icon.
In Category, enter the name of the equipment (Tank).
Enter Nickname (Leopard tank).
Color. Choose the color to be displayed on the map.
Type. Select the Type of unit (Ships).
Linestyle. Select the type of line to be displayed.
Enter the information from your national damage tables.
Click on OK.
Displaying the Damage Assessment tables:
To display the estimated damage with a given circle.
Click on View, then Damage Assessment.
Select and highlight the item to be displayed.
Click on the Display icon, then go to the View menu.
A new menu is now displayed. Click on NBC 2 NUC reports.
Three options:
Select report will allow you to select the NBC 2 NUC report to be calculated.
Show all will display the calculations for all NBC 2 NUC reports in the database.
Remove all will remove the circles from the screen .
Position Prediction
The Position Prediction function calculates the estimated fallout at a given position.
Note - There must be an NBC 5 NUC in the database relevant to the position to be predicted.
Position:
Enter BNG, UTM, LAT/LONG co-ordinates.
Start Time:
Enter the DTG when the program will start to calculate from.
End time:
Enter the time to stop calculations.
Calculation interval (time):
Enter the time interval for the calculations.
Click OK.
Graph:
Shows the fallout in the open. Radiation levels are shown on the left and right. The bottom line shows the time period.
Total dose:
Shows the total dose unprotected personnel would receive. Radiation levels are shown on the left.
Dose rate:
The TAD (Total Absorbed Dose) for this position at the end of the time period.
Dose/Dose rate
If you can provide with decaying readings, NBC-ANALYSIS will calculate the arrival, build up and decay of fallout for
nuclear surface bursts. For an airburst, NBC-ANALYSIS is able to calculate the Neutron Induced Gamma Activity (NIGA)
area. The size of the NIGA area might be in the range of 200 - 2000m.
Setup:
Set up parameters:
There must be an NBC 2 NUC and an NBC 4 NUC in the database to operate the Dose/Dose rate.
The first page gives the parameters for all six functions. The first two fields will be filled in automatically from the NBC 4
Nuc (if there is more than one SSN, click on the NBC 4 Nuc report to be used in the calculation). Time of burst will also be
entered automatically.
Contaminated area:
Select Fallout or NIGA.
Absorbed Dose:
The amount of radiation already absorbed by the unit. This can be updated manually.
Protection:
The protection of the unit can be calculated either as a PF or a TF.
Default Decay Rate:
The decay rate that will be used in the calculation.
H+1:
This is calculated automatically.
Actual Decay Rate:
Note - The NBC 4 Nuc report being used for the calculation will be displayed in the Readings box.
Decay Rate:
This function calculates the decay rate for selected NBC 4 NUC readings.
Select Decay Rate.
Select the NBC 4 Nuc reports to be calculated.
Click Calculate.
The answer is displayed in the Result box.
Click on Set to default (this will set all questions to the new decay rate).
Dose Rate:
The dose rate function calculates the dose rate at a given time.
Enter the DTG in the time field.
Click Calculate.
The answer is displayed in the result box.
DTG:
This function calculates the time at which a given dose rates occurs.
Enter the cGy/h in the Dose rate field.
Click Calculate.
The answer is displayed in the result box.
Dose Acc:
This function calculates the total absorbed dose, given a protection factor and dose rate reading, for a given time period.
Time of Entry:
Enter the time of entry into the radioactive area.
Exit:
Enter the time of exit from the radioactive area.
Click on Calculate.
The answer is displayed in the Result box.
Exit Area:
This function calculates the time by which a unit MUST LEAVE the contaminated area.
Limit for Accumulated Dose:
Enter maximum accumulated dose limit for the mission.
Time of Entry:
Enter Start time in this field.
Click Calculate.
The time of exit is displayed in the Result box.
Entry Area:
This function will calculate the earliest time a unit can enter into a contaminated area.
Limit for Accumulated Dose:
Enter maximum accumulated dose limit for the mission.
Time of Stay:
Enter time required for task.
Click on Calculate.
The earliest time of entry is displayed in the Result box.
Leave Shelter:
The Leave Shelter function calculates the optimum time for a unit to leave shelter.
Protection of shelter:
Enter the PF or TF of the building
Protection during Evacuation:
Enter the PF or TF of the transport
Duration of Evacuation:
Enter the time period of movement through the contaminated area.
Click on Calculate.
The optimum time to leave the shelter will be displayed in the Result box.
Route Planning
Enter:
To open a Route Plan
Click on the View, then Route planning.
Click on Create.
The Route Plan must contain the following information:
Name of Route Plan:
Name will appear on maps and printouts.
Latest start:
Latest DTG for convoy start.
Late arrival:
Latest DTG for convoy arrival.
Dose rate:
Maximum permitted dose rate.
Dose:
Maximum permitted dose for personnel.
Transport:
Name:
Convoy name.
Speed:
Speed of convoy.
Protection:
Protection Factor or Transmission Factor.
Earliest start:
Earliest DTG for convoy start.
More:
Up to five different convoys can be entered for one route
Route way-points:
Click on the Points button. A window will be displayed with empty boxes for grid co-ordinates.
Click on Get Grid. A map and a box will appear. To draw the route, click with the left-hand mouse key onto the map
where the line is to be drawn and the co-ordinates will be inserted into the box.
Click OK and the grids will be transferred to the Outline wi ndow.
Click Calculate in the Route Plan sub-menu.
The program will display the following:
Transmission of reports
To transmit an NBC or a Met report:
Go to the report and highlight it.
Click on the Transmit icon
A Transmit to window will be displayed.
Select the Destination(s) and the Message Priority.
Click on OK.
The program will indicate that the transmission was successful.
Units at risk:
After entering and calculating NBC reports, click on Units at risk, but before you transmit the report to the unit you must do
the following:
Go to the report and make sure that it is correct.
Reception of reports
Save
Import
Delete
The In box will indicate that a new message has been received. This will be priority color-coded.
Double click on the In box.
A window will display all new messages.
Click on the message and click on the Import icon.
This will import the message into the program.
If the message is an NBC report, you should click on the Calculate icon to update the program, then click on the Units at
risk icon to see if any unit is in the new hazard area.
Warning - if the report is already in the database the program will remove the message.
Editing new message:
A message can be edited before it is imported to the database.
Click on the message. The message will be displayed.
Edit the message, then click on Save.
Deleting a message:
To delete messages, highlight the message, then click on the Delete icon.
Trouble shooting
The Out box will display how many messages are waiting to be transmitted. If the Out box is red, it indicates the message
has not been transmitted.
The time allocated for the Out box to change color is on the Message Priority:
Flash after 5mins.
Immediate after 10mins.
Priority after 15mins.
Routine after 20mins.
To find out the reason for a delay, double click on the Out box or click on the Communications icon.
The Communication log will be displayed. Select the message that has not been transmitted (This will be indicated by a
number shown in the Out file).
The STATUS field will indicate the problem.
LAN - "NETWORK IS DOWN"
Modem - "CONNECTING" not connected to the target host.
Cable - "ALARM" not connected to the other computer.
The RETRY field will indicate how many times the program has tried to transmit the message.

Delete
Pause
Resume
Pause/Resume:
To pause a transmission:
Highlight the message and click on the Pause icon.
To resume the transmission:
Highlight the message and click on the Resume icon.
Delete:
To delete messages:
Highlight the message and click on the Delete icon.
Communication Log
The program has a communication log which records all incoming and outgoing reports and messages.
Click on the communication icon.
Note If the Log Information is highlighted, it will display all the reports in the In and Out boxes.
Out box:
Select the Out box. All reports that have been sent will be displayed.
The Out log will tell you the following:
DTG:
The time the report was sent.
To:
Where the report was sent to.
Report:
Type of reports.
Identifier:
Identity of the report.
Status:
This will tell you, on two separate lines, when the report was placed in the queue and when it was sent.
Username:
The Windows User Name.
In box:
Select the In box. All reports that have been received will be displayed.
The In log will tell you the following:
DTG:
The time the report was received.
From:
Where the report has come from.
Report:
Type of reports.
Identifier:
Identity of the report.
Status:
This will tell you, on separate lines, if it has just been Received, Imported or if there is a format error.
Username:
The Windows User Name.
Printing the Communication log
To print the Communication log, click on the Out or In box then click the print icon.
To delete the Communication log
Go to File then Clear log.
You will get a final reminder.
Click on Yes.
Warning- Make sure that you have printed the Communication log before deletion as it cannot be retrieved.
Import Raster
Check that the computer has sufficient space on the hard drive for the map and that all other programs are closed.
Warning - The ability to import RASTER maps from raw data and the speed of import is dependent on processor speed and
RAM available. Large map sheets may require in excess of 128 MB RAM.
Click on the Open map icon.
Click on Import map.
Select map format:
Select the map format type ASRP, ADRG, CADRG, CRP or VPF.
Map source:
Click on Browse to find the path to the map to be imported.
File destination:
Do not change.
Click Next.
A new window will be displayed.
Map name:
Enter the map name.
Add to existing map:
You can add the new map to a map that is on the database.
Click on Add to existing map.
A list of all the maps in the database will be displayed.
Select the required map.
Click OK (the map name will be changed in the Map name field).
Area selection:
A red box will show the map area.
Upper right:
This is the grid reference for the top right corner of the displayed map.
Lower left:
This is the grid reference for the bottom left corner of the displayed map.
Map area:
Clicking on Map area lists the maps that are held in the file or on the CD-ROM. A yellow box will display the map selected.
Icons:
Zoom in:
Click on the icon to zoom in to the area required (as in map tools).
Zoom out:
Click on the icon to zoom out (as in map tools).
Cut out:
In the yellow area, indicate the map size required.
Click on OK.
A new window will be displayed showing the map name that the program has allocated to it.
Click Next.
The program will now move the selected map area from the file or CD-ROM to the map. This will take time.
After a time, a new window will be displayed.
Map name:
Already entered.
Description:
You can add information about the new map.
Projection:
Location format. (Lat/Long-UTM). Do not change.
Initial map width:
Will default to the size selected in Cut out.
Initial centerpoint:
Add/Remove Layers:
Click on Add/Remove Layers.
Move the new map from the bottom of the layer list to the top. Highlight the new map and click on the Drawing order up
arrow.
Layer properties:
Only used in Vector mapping.
Names:
Click OK.
Raster Create
Click on the Open map icon (The window is the same as in Import map).
Map name:
Enter new map name.
Description:
Add information about the new map.
Projection:
Location format (Lat/Long-UTM). Do not change.
Initial map width:
Enter the required width in Km.
Enter the center point grid reference for the new map.
Add/Remove Layers:
Click on to Add/Remove Layers
Select the map that the new map is to be created from.
Click OK.
Layer properties:
Names:
Click OK.
Import Vector Mapping
Click on the Open map icon. (The window is the same as in Import map).
Click on Import map.
Select map format:
Select the map format type ASRP, ADRG, CADRG, CRP or VPF.
Map source:
Click on Browse to find the path to the map to be imported.
File destination:
Do not change.
Click Next.
A new window will be displayed. (The window is the same as in Import map).
Map name:
Enter the map name.
Add to existing map:
You can add the new map to a map that is on the database.
Click on Add to existing map.
Lists of all the maps in the database will be displayed.
Select the required map.
Click OK (the map name will be changed in the Map name field).
Area selection:
A red box will show the map area.
Upper right:
This is the grid reference for the top right corner of the displayed map.
Lower left:
This is the grid reference for the bottom left corner of the displayed map.
Map areas:
Clicking on Map area lists the maps that are held in the file or on the CD-ROM. A yellow box will display the map selected.
Icons:
Zoom in:
Click on the icon to zoom in to the area required (as in map tools).
Zoom out:
Click on the icon to zoom out (as in map tools).
Cut out:
In the yellow area indicate the map size required.
Click on OK.
A new window will be displayed showing the map name that the program has allocated to it.
Click Next.
The program will now move the selected map area from the file or CD-ROM to the map. This will take time.
Click on OK.
A new window will be displayed showing the vector layers. If you click on Next, all layers will be imported or you can
select some of the layers by highlighting them, then clicking Next.
The program will now move the selected map area from the file or CD-ROM to the map. This will take time. (The bigger the
map to be imported, the longer time it will take).
After a time a new window will be displayed.
Map name:
Already entered.
Description:
You can add information about the new map.
Projection:
Location format. (Lat/Long-UTM). Do not change.
Initial map width:
Add/Remove Layers:
Click on to Add/Remove Layers to move the new map from the bottom of the layer list to the top.
Highlight the new map and click on the Drawing order up arrow.
Layer properties:
This controls the information displayed on the map. Each type of layer to be displayed must be selected individually.
Visible:
Click the box to display the layer.
Use zoom levels:
This will set the detail of information to be displayed.
Zoom levels:
These are where the detail levels are selected.
Min:
Enter a minimum distance for layer information. If the distance is set to 100km, you will not see the layer information if
you zoom in closer than 100km.

Max:
Enter a maximum distance for layer information. If the distance is set to 1000km you will not see the layer information if
you zoom out farther than 1000km.
Names:
Use names:
Click in the box to display names.
Use zoom levels:
Min:
Enter a minimum distance for name information. If the distance is set to 100km you will not see names if you zoom in
closer than 100km.

Max:
Enter a maximum distance for name information. If the distance is set to 1000km you will not see names if you zoom out
further than 1000km.
Click OK.
TIP- After entering the distance, press the Tab key to insert the units of measurement.
Opening the new vector map:
If the new imported vector map appears as a blank black map, the layers are in the wrong order.
Click on Layers icon.
Now move the layers until you have a visible map.
Write down the order of layers.
Click on Map, then Edit maps
Select the map and click on Edit.
Now rearrange the layers in the order on your notes.
Click OK.
Again click OK.
Communications
Communications devices:
There are two ways of setting up communications. One method is in Wizard and the other is in
Properties/Communication.
A list of transmission devices will be displayed
Network (LAN)
First step is to make sure that the network is running.
On the server, create a folder called NBC CELLS. In NBC CELLS create new folders, Cell1- 4.
Note: Any name can be inserted in place of Cell.
Select Communication Device
The server computer name
The folder on the server
The folder that will hold the data sent to you
Select Communicating using file transfer via the LAN.
Click on Property. The LAN window will be displayed.
Click on Browse. Find the path to the server computer and Cell 1.
Technical Cell 1 is the folder that will hold data that other computers will send.
Enter LAN as the Extension.
Click OK
Setting up Destination for LAN:
There are two ways of setting up a destination database.
View/Destination
Units
Destination:
Identifier:
Enter name of unit the message is to be sent to.
Description:
Added information.
Format:
Select the message format.
Communication media
Click on LAN
LAN:
Path:
The path to the server computer and the folder that controls the unit information.
File Extension:
Type in LAN.
Click OK
Modem:
First step is to make sure that a modem is working in WIN.
Select in WIN, Start/Settings/Control Panel/Modems and check that a modem is installed and working.
Select Communicating via Modem.
Modem:
Select the modem for the computer.
Protocol:
Select NBC-ANALYSIS
Click on OK
Technical - By clicking Properties in Modem, the WIN Property page for the modem will be displayed.
Setting up Destination for Modem:
There are two ways of setting up a Destination database:
View/Destination
Units
Destination:
Identifier:
Enter name of unit to which the message is to be sent.
Description:
Added information.
Format:
Communication media:
Click on Modem
Enter Phone number.
Click on OK
E-mail
First make sure that you have a MAPI compliant E-mail client working on your computer in WIN.
Note Windows Messaging, Microsoft Outlook 97 and Outlook 98 are examples.
Highlight Communicating by E-mail or fax (MAPI).
Select the MAPI profile. This should be setup in advance, using your E-mail client.
Click OK
Setting up Destination for E-mail:
There are two ways of setting up a Destination database:
View/Destination
Units
Destination:
Identifier:
Enter name of unit to which the message is to be sent.
Description:
Added information.
Format:
Communication media
Click on E-mail
Address:
Enter the E-mail address
Click OK.
TIP - If Address book is selected, your E-mail/fax address book set up in your MAPI profile will be displayed.
Cable:
First make sure that you have connected the two computers.
Highlight Communicating using a cable between two computers.
Com port: select COM port.
Protocol: select the message format.
Technical - Make sure that Flow control is set to None.
Introduction
Before constructing an exercise, the following should be considered:
Exercise name: An exercise name must be chosen. This will be the name of the database.
DTG: A start and finish time.
Type of exercise: What is the level of training required? Cell controllers or Cell operators? Or is the exercise simply for
revision purposes?
Aim of exercise: The exercise should have a clear aim.
Raster maps: Are Raster maps available for this exercise?
Vector maps: How many maps need to be created? What is the centre co-ordinate?
Met areas: The program will display the required Met area.
MET: BWR/EDR/CDR are required for the exercise. Sufficient MET for all the events, and covering the whole period,
must be entered. Where possible, MET should be created from real data.
NBC reports: Reports must be made to match the number of students.
Note - If the students are experienced in the subject, reports should be created containing a percentage of errors. NBC
reports should flow in a logical format, NBC 1 CHEM to the NBC cell, NBC 2 CHEM to be sent to a higher command level, then
NBC 4 CHEM reports should be created.
Questions on the following: Exercises can contain questions for the NBC cells. Estimated time of arrival of hazards and
nuclear calculations are examples.
Damage assessment: Damage assessment should be calculated for all nuclear bursts. These must reflect the unit type.
Dose/dose rate: Dose/Dose rate calculations should be included.
Note - A mouse is essential, to drag and drop, for the Exercise Planning function.
Creating Scenario and Unit Database
Change DTG:
Click DTG at the bottom right of the screen.
Create Units:
Find the area for the unit (with the mouse).
Now right click on the unit area, a menu will be displayed.
Click UNIT.
Notes the grid in the Location will be entered automatically enter the rest of the details.
Click OK.
Create NBC 2 NUC, BIO and CHEM:
Find the area for the attack (with the mouse).
Now right click on the attack area, a menu will be displayed.
Click on NBC 2 NUC, BIO or CHEM.
Notes the grid in the Foxtrot will be entered automatically enter the rest of the details.
Click OK.
Click on Calculate to display the attack.
Creating and Producing Reports
Producing Reports:
The program will produce NBC 1 NUC and NBC 1 CHEM Reports from NBC 2 NUC/CHEM. (Not BIO).
First go to File/Properties/Setup/Calculations.
Click both of the two Calculate hypothetical reports boxes.
Move back to the main screen.
Now go to the NBC 2 report that has been created.
Highlight the report and click Calculations/Produce.
Exercise Planning Settings:
NBC 1 Messages.
Produce new NBC 1:
Click in the box.
Delete all previous NBC 1:
If you have produced an NBC 1 previously and need to recalculate use this function to deleted the old NBC 1.
Distance from attack location:
If units are outside of this distance they will not be used to calculate the NBC 1. (Only NUC).
NBC 4 Messages:
Produce new NBC 4:
Click in the box.
Delete all previous NBC 4:
If you have produced an NBC 4 previously and need to recalculate use this function to deleted the old NBC 4.
Within intervals:
This function sets the time interval for the production of NBC 4. (Only NUC).
Now move to NBC 1 reports and you will see the new reports have been created.
Warning- When trying to produce NBC reports a window may be displayed telling you that the hypothetical NBC 5 has not
been clicked on.
NBC 5.
Now select NBC 5, the program has already created an hypothetical NBC 5.
Tip- As there is no graphic interface in this version of the program, delete the hypothetical NBC 5.
Go to NBC 5, click on the Create icon.
Fill in the report as normal.
In the field for the grid location click Get Grid.
Click on the areas required, then click OK.
Note - For NUC, after filling in Uniform, click OK then edit the report, select Victor and repeat the process.
Get Grid Function
In most reports you can work out routes or find grids by using this function.
Printing out the Exercise
After the exercise has been created. Nuclear Biological or Chemical reports can be printed out.
Go to the NBC reports.
Click on File then Print-outs.
A window will be displayed
Sorted by:
Enter the number of printouts required for each category shown. Printing is available for NBC 1, NBC 4 and NBC 2
Incident:
Sorts reports by set ALFA.
Observer:
Sorts incidents by originator (ORGID).
DTG:
Sorts reports by DTG.
Combined exercise packages:
Combined exercise packages consist of all reports that are relevant to a given unit, such as NBC 1 and 4 reports of all
types to be reported by the unit during the exercise.
DTG for Exercise start:
Enter the start time. (Only NBC reports valid from this time will be printed).
DTG for Exercise end:
Enter the time for exercise to end (No NBC reports will be printed after this time).
Windows
Cascade:
Will layer maps and other open dialog boxes.
Tile horizontally:
Will display maps and other open dialog boxes side by side, which will allow the operator to work on more than one item at
the same time (NBC attacks will be displayed on all of the relevant maps concurrently.)
Tile vertically:
Will display maps and other open dialog boxes one above the other, which will allow the operator to work on more than one
item at the same time (NBC attacks will be displayed on all of the relevant maps concurrently.)
Arrange icons:
Will arrange all minimised windows in the lower left corner of the screen.
Close:
Will close selected map or dialog box that are displayed.
Close All:
Will close all maps and open dialog boxes that are displayed.
Printer
The program uses the computer or Network printer.
To change the printer, go to File/Printer setup.
Now you can select the printer by clicking on Printer, a list of printers that are on the system will be displayed.
Printing of Maps
To print the map:
Click on File then click on Print Map to Scale.
Go to File, click on Print Map to Scale.
A new window is displayed Print Scale Map.
Select scale to be printed.
Select the scale for the map printout (The scale of the on-screen map is irrelevant even if set to 1:250,000 it will print to the
scale you have selected).
Show quantity:
When you click OK, the program will tell you how many sheets of paper the map will need to be printed on. (If you select
1:50,000 and have half the UK map on the screen the program will print the map onto about 4000 pieces of paper.) Leave
this tick on.

Setup Printer:
You can select and setup a different printer for printing the map to scale than the printer normally used
for your reports or other printing tasks.
Tip It is recommended that you select Landscape for map printing to scale.
OK:
If you click the OK button you will be advised of the quantity of paper that will be needed to print the map. Check the amount
and click OK.
From left
bottom Corner
Warning When printing the map, the program will calculate the start point from the left-hand bottom corner. If the scale is
smaller than the map on the screen the program will print the rest of the map to fill the page. Landscape justified to the right
and Portrait up to the top of the page.
Print Template
A template of an NBC attack can be printed out on acetate or paper as an overlay. This is done by selecting the NBC 3
report.
Select the NBC 3 report.
Click on File then Print template.
Map scale
1:25,000
1:50,000
1:100,000
1:250,000
1:500,000
1:750,000
1:1,000,000
Grid type:
On the acetate, Eastings and Northings will be printed with the Grid reference.
Select the type of Grid type.
Show quantity:
When you click OK, the program will tell you how many sheets of paper the template will need to be printed on. Leave this
tick on.
Setup Printer: You can select and setup a different printer for printing the template than the printer normally used for your
reports or other printing tasks
Tip - It is recommended that you select Landscape for template printing.
OK:
If you click the OK button you will be advised of the quantity of acetate or paper that will be needed to print the template.
Check the amount and click OK
Print-outs for exercises
See Planning chapter .
Paste
The program will let you paste the map into PowerPoint or
ADatP-3 into Word or Notebook.
To paste a map into PowerPoint:
Click on the Copy icon then open PowerPoint and Click Paste.
Copy icon
To paste an ADat P-3 format into Word or Notebook:
Highlight the report to be copied.
Move to Word or Notebook and Paste.
Help
To start the Help function click on the Help icon. This works like a Windows help function.
There are three parts to the Help function.
Contents:
Is topic organised by category, double-clicking a book icon will show the topics are in that category. To see a topic, double
click on the item.
To close a book, double-click on it.
Index:
Displays the Help Index. Type the name of the topic you want to find, or scroll through the list entries. Click the Index entry
you want and then click Display.
Find:
Select Find, then type in the letters of the topic required, the display will move to the correct area.
Smoke Planning
Overview
Introduction
Employment Matrix
Employment Techniques
Weather Effects
Logistics
Safety
Capabilities
Systems
Unit
Allies
OPFOR
Guides
Coordination
Recon
Planning
Consumption
Smoke Planning - Overview
REFERENCES: FM 3-50 SMOKE OPERATIONS
FC 3-50-1 SMOKE OPERATIONS
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE:
a. The use of smoke must be considered in all operations both
in the offense and defense. It is one of the oldest combat
multipliers in the history of warfare.
b. The current axiom is:
IF IT CAN BE SEEN, IT CAN BE HIT.
IF IT CAN BE HIT, IT CAN BE KILLED.
c. Third world countries don't normally have sophisticated
weapons. Their acquisition devices will be primarily optically
sighted where the effects of smoke are 100% effective and
protection complete. The inherent high cost, vulnerability, and
level of training required for the use of IR, thermal sights, and
laser range finders will limit their use.
d. Another good application would provide for the emplacement
of smoke pots around important areas. When attacked the unit could
electrically ignite the pots and withdraw from the area or continue
operations under the concealment offered by the smoke.
f. Since we can be deployed to a high intensity conflict area,
we can use smoke to provide some protection from the thermal energy
emmitted by nuclear weapons. This could save equipment and
personnel from needless burns and fires.
g. Smoke should be used to cover an area into which FASCAM or
any other type of minefield delivery system is to be delivered.
2. EMPLOYMENT CONCEPTS (TRADOC PAM 525-3)
a. Deny the enemy information (traffic direction, density,
FARP locations, etc)
b. Reduce enemy acquisition means. (Third world countries
primarily employ eye-sighted weapons and are completely prevented
from acquisition by the use of smoke.)
c. Restrict enemy aircraft from Nap-of-the-Earth (NOE)
approaches to our areas.
d. Disrupt enemy movement, operations, and command & control.
e. Create conditions to surprise the enemy.
f. Deception means (Potentially one of the most important
reasons for use).
g. Attenuate the thermal effects of nuclear explosions (90%
of the dazzle and thermal effects are reduced by using smoke
coverage).
Smoke Planning - Employment Matrix
TRADOC PAM 625-3
USE: This section will assist in determining the best system to
use in a smoke mission.
P = PRIMARY SYSTEM
S = SECONDARY SYSTEM
ARTY MORTAR SMOKE SMOKE SMOKE ON BOARD
SMOKE SMOKE POTS GEN GRENADES SMOKE
OBSCURE P S S
OBJECTIVE
SCREEN BREECH P P S
OPERATION
SCREEN S S P
MOVEMENT
OBSCURE ANTI- P S S
TANK FIRES
CONCEAL VEHICLE S S P
FROM MISSILE
SCREEN BRIDGE S P
OPERATIONS
SEGREGATE ENEMY P S
FORCES
COUNTER SMOKE S P
OPERATIONS
DECEPTION S S S P S S
OPERATIONS
SCREEN P
FACILITIES
Smoke Planning - Employment Techniques
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE:
1. GENERAL. There are a variety of techniques for employing
smoke based upon the diversity of missions and METT-T. Below are
some techniques for ground and air units.
2. Ground techniques.
a. Concealing a flank attack.
(see diagram)
b. Concealing a breaching operation.
(see diagram)
c. Smoke screen in the delay.
(see diagram)
d. Emplacing FASCAM minefields. When delivering or emplacing
minefields, smoke can prevent the enemy observation of the
minefield. Use of smoke while the enemy is in the minefield
will create havoc by having ground guides dismount and then
delivering artillery fire into the area to kill all exposed
personnel.
(see diagram)
3. Aerial Employment Techniques
a. Frontal Screen (Moving or stationary). Close air-ground
coordination is required to prevent aircraft from crossing
gun-target lines and impact areas.
MOVING
(OFFENSIVE)
(see diagram)
STATIONARY
(DEFENSIVE)
(see diagram)
b. Air assault operations:
(1) Landing zones are very vulnerable while aircraft
are traveling low and slow. Smoke can be delivered by
artillery, smoke generators, smoke pots placed by initial units, or
laid from the air by UH-1 or UH-60 aircraft. Smoke curtains can be
used at the edge of the LZ to conceal the aircraft location until
the last possible moment.
(see diagram)
c. Air corridors can be secured on the flanks by the use of
artillery-delivered smoke or air-dropped smoke pots during
raids/operations behind enemy lines. A smoke blanket employed
to drift into enemy territory will stop the use of all visual
acquisition assets of enemy air defense systems.
VERTICAL
(see diagram)
HORIZONTAL
(see diagram)
d. Limit/restrict enemy use of LZs in our area by smoking
potential NOE approaches or LZs. This will force the enemy to
fly higher and into the engagement area of our air defense
systems.
(see diagram)
e. Divide the battlefield in time and area to isolate enemy
targets/units for destruction by our weapon systems.
(see diagram)
Smoke Planning - Employment Techniques Diagram

Smoke Planning - Weather Effects
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This will assist you in determining the best time for
employment of smoke.
IDEAL SMOKE
INVERSION - Night and until 1 hour after sunrise.
(STABLE) - Wind speed is less than 9 KMPH/5 Knots.
- Sky cover less than 30%.
FAVORABLE SMOKE
NEUTRAL - 1 and 2 hours before and after sunrise.
- Wind speed is 9 KMPH/5 knots or more AND/OR
- Sky cover is 30% or more.
MARGINAL SMOKE
LAPSE - Beginning two hours after sunrise.
(UNSTABLE) - Wind speed is less than 9 KMPH/5 Knots.
- Sky cover is less than 30%.
Smoke Planning - Logistics
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This will provide a ready look-up table for NSNs for
necessary smoke supplies.
1. SMOKE POTS
1365-00-219-8512 M1 10 lb HC
1365-00-598-5207 M5 30 lb HC
1365-00-598-5220 M4A2 10 lb HC
2. SMOKE GRENADES
1330-00-219-8511 AN-M8 1.6 lb HC WHITE
1330-00-289-6852 M18 1.2 lb RED
1330-00-289-6851 .............................. GREEN
1330-00-289-6854 .............................. YELLOW
1330-00-289-6853 .............................. VIOLET
3. Fordster Smoke Pot Components
DODIC
L599 ILLUMINATING BOOBY TRAP
use one of the following smoke canisters
C395 .............. 105 mm .................... GREEN
C397 .............. 105 mm .................... RED
C399 .............. 105 mm .................... YELLOW
C445 .............. 155 mm .................... WHITE
C450 .............. 155 mm .................... WHITE
C446 .............. 155 mm .................... YELLOW
C454 .............. 155 mm .................... YELLOW
C449 .............. 155 mm .................... YELLOW
C451 .............. 155 mm .................... GREEN
C447 .............. 155 mm .................... RED
C452 .............. 155 mm .................... RED
4. Smoke Generators
9150-00-261-7895 Fog Oil
1040-00-587-3618 M3A3 Smoke Generator
1040-01-143-9506 M3A4 Smoke Generator
Smoke Planning - Safety
TRADOC PAM 625-3
USE: This section provides an overview of some of the safety
issues and concerns while using smoke devices.
1. SMOKE POTS
a. WARNING ** Within 24 hours prior to use, the M4A2
Smokepot
must be vented for 5 minutes. within
b. The Fordster pot emits sparks up to 8 feet when ignited.
Smoke Planning - System Capabilities
FM 6-20
TRADOC PAM 525-3
RB 101-999
USE: This section provides an overview of the various systems
that can provide smoke support.
1. US - FIRE SUPPORT (FM 6-20, RB 101-999)
WEAPON RANGE (KM) COVERAGE (M) AMMO TYPE
81mm 4.59 20 x 25 HE,WP,ILLUM
4.2" 5.65 25 x 150 HE,ILLUM,WP,CS
HC(SMOKE)
105mm 11.5 20 x 180 HE,ILLUM,WP,
HC(SMOKE)
155mm 18.1 30 x 300 HE,ILLUM,WP,
HC(SMOKE)
8" 21 30 x 300 HE,ICM
a. Field Artillery delivered White Phosphorus and Smoke.
TYPE ROUND DELIVERY SYSTEM TIME TO BUILD AVERAGE
EFFECTIVE SMOKE BURN TIME
-------------------------------------------------------------------
WP 155 mm min 1 - 1 min
HC 1 - 1 min 4 min
-------------------------------------------------------------------
WP 105 mm min 1 - 1 min
HC 1 - 1 min 3 min
-------------------------------------------------------------------
b. When employing artillery-delivered smoke, ALWAYS request WP
to be the first volley or two, since the time to build is one-half
to one-third the total time required for HC smoke. Afterwards, use
HC for body.
2. Smoke Pots (FM 3-50)
a. Smoke Pots are one of two types of smoke-producing devices
that can be part of a unit's basic load. They require little
maintenance and space and produce good smoke quickly. Smoke pots
can be stacked 5 high maximum or laid end-to-end for an indefinite
number of pots.
SMOKE BURNING IGNITION CHAIN FLOATING WEIGHT FUEL
POT TIME IGNITION (pounds) FILLER
(minutes)
M1 5-8 Manual Yes No 12.5 HC
Elec squib
may be ordered
M5 12-22 Manual or Yes No 33 HC
Electrical
M4A2 ** 10-15 Manual No Yes 38 HC
Only
** The M4A2 can be air delivered. The UH-1 can normally lift 44
M4A2s with two soldiers wearing safety harnesses. The M4A2 can
withstand the impact up to 100 Feet AGL. When the M4A2 is dropped
at 50 feet AGL with a ground speed of 45 to 60 knots, the burn time
will normally be 15 to 20 minutes. When delivered at 100 feet AGL
at 65 knots, the burn time will be 12 minutes. One UH-1 can lay a
smoke screen of 800 meters length within a minute.
** WARNING ** Within 24 hours prior to use, the M4A2 smoke
pot
must be vented for 5 minutes.
3. Fordster Smoke Pots. (An illuminating booby trap).
The sequence for placing into operation is in the diagram.
(see diagram)
4. Smoke Grenades come in several colors and typically have
standard meanings or uses with certain colors.
SMOKE BURNING FUEL COLOR
GRENADES TIME FILLER
(seconds)
M-8 105-150 HC White
M-18 50-90 N/A Red
Yellow,
Green,
Violet
5. Mortar smoke round characteristics.
TYPE ROUND DELIVERY SYSTEM TIME TO BUILD AVERAGE
EFFECTIVE SMOKE BURN TIME
-------------------------------------------------------------------
WP 4.2 inch min 1 min
WP 81 mm min 1 min
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Smoke Planning - System Capabilities Diagram

Smoke Planning - Chemical Unit Capabilities
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This will assist you in determining what the various smoke
units can provide in the way of smoke coverage.
1. General. Many units are designed to fight first and have
limited support units. Unit must be prepared to accept Corps
augmentation. Our operations could be changed and this section
will provide a data base to properly employ these assets.
2. SMOKE (FC 3-50-1)
a. Smoke Generator capabilities.
POINT AVERAGE SCREEN WIDTH AVERAGE SCREEN WIDTH
ORGANIZATION SOURCES VIS. LESS THAN 50 MTRS VIS. 50-150 MTR
CHEM CO
(smoke gen)
(motorized) 48 1 KM - 3.4 KM 2 KM - 6.8 KM
One PLT 24 .5 KM - 1.7 KM 1 KM - 3.4 KM
One SQD 8 .2 KM - .6 KM .4 KM - 1.2 KM
CHEM CO
(Smoke/Decon) 48 1 KM - 3.4 KM 2 KM - 6.8 KM
One PLT 12 .3 KM - .9 KM .5 KM - 1.7 KM
One SQD 6 Smoke/Decon units should not be employed to
produce smoke below platoon level due to
small area coverage produced by 6 smoke
points.
CHEM CO
(HVY DIV)
(Mech Smoke plt) 6 .2 KM - .6 KM .4 KM - 1.1 KM
(M1059)
Average screen widths are for stationary
employment only, but may be used as
minimums for mobile employment.
CHEM CO
(HVY DIV)
(Smoke Gen)
(Mech) 21 .6 KM - 2 KM 1.1 KM - 3.7 KM
One PLT 7 .3 KM - .7 KM .5 KM - 1.3 KM
One SQD 3 Mechanized smoke units should not be
employed below PLT level due to small area
coverage produced by three point sources.
**** NOTE: FIGURES ARE FOR UNITS EQUIPPED WITH M3A3/M4A4 GENERATORS.
CHEM CO (SG)
MECH (M1059)(M157)
21 .6 KM - 2 KM 1.1 KM - 3.7 KM
One PLT 7 .3 KM - .7 KM .5 KM - 1.3 KM
One SQD 3 Mechanized smoke units should not be
employed below PLT level due to small area
coverage produced by three point sources.
*** NOTE: AVERAGE SCREEN WIDTH ARE ESTIMATES FOR STATIONARY SMOKE
EMPLOYMENT ONLY BUT MAY BE USED AS MINIMUM FOR MOBILE EMPLOYMENT.
Smoke Planning - Allied Smoke Operations
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This will provide some general information of the smoke
capabilities of our sister services and allies.
1. USMC.
a. Smoke doctrine. Not available at present.
b. Smoke use and control. Not available at present.
c. Fire Support
WEAPON RANGE (KM) AMMUNITION
++++++ List not currently available ++++++++
2. UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND
a. Smoke doctrine. They have no Chemical Corps and therefore
rely heavily upon additional duty soldiers. Units assist one
another in tasks. Their use of smoke is limited to burning
material by the engineers.
b. Smoke use and control. Not available at present time.
c. Fire Support
3. GERMANY
a. Smoke doctrine. Information not available yet.
b. Smoke use and control. Information not available yet.
c. Fire Support
+++++++ Information not available yet ++++++++++
Smoke Planning - Threat Smoke Operations
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This will provide some general information as related to a
OPFOR using soviet style tactics.
1. Threat NBC doctrine.
a. They view smoke, chemical, and biological weapons as a
normal extension of the non-nuclear battle.
2. Threat smoke use and control.
a. Their use of smoke is extensive. They will use it to
provide protection from air attack, protect their flanks, and
segment the battlefield.
3. COUNTER TO OPFOR ADVANCE COVERED BY SMOKE. When they are using
enough smoke to prevent successful engagement, US FORCES should
employ our own smoke systems while delivering FASCAM system along
their route of advance. The smoke will hide our employment of
these weapons. When they encounter the mines, they will have to
dismount soldiers to guide their vehicles. At that time, we can
successfully employ artillery to disrupt these operations.
(see diagram)
4. COUNTER TO OPFOR USE OF BLINDING SMOKE ON OUR POSITIONS. The
confusion that will be created in our troops will be too
considerable to overcome easily. Units should already have
supplemental positions designated where they can easily move to and
assume the same mission and successfully engage the enemy as they
exit the smoke. In addition the US FORCES can use our own smoke to
segment the battlefield, inhibit their own supporting fires, or
confuse the enemy.
5. Soviet Fire Support (RB 101-999)
120 mm Mortar (M1943) 5.7 HE, SMOKE, INCEND,
CML
130 mm Field Gun (M46) 27.5 HE, APHE, ILLUM, CML
122 mm How/SP (D30/SPM1974) 15.3/21.9 (RAP) HE, HEAT, APHE,
ILLUM, SMOKE, CML
Smoke Planning - Threat Smoke Operations Diagram

Smoke Planning - Coordination Checklist
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This section will assist the staff in organizing a smoke
operation. The following list contains some of the items peculiar
for smoke operations. If you fill out the form as you first start
planning, you can then quickly enter in the request for smoke
support in the MISSION SUPPORT REQUEST of the OPERATIONS Section.
Your higher headquarters can then use this to automatically
calculate the support needed for your mission.
1. Guidelines.
Smoke Coordination. The use of smoke on the battlefield must
be carefully managed in order to fully cover the areas needed while
not interfering with the systems used to kill the enemy.
a. Smoke an area larger than the target to be protected.
b. Use the edge of the smoke for the target since the enemy
tends to fire into the middle of the smoke.
c. Ensure that you can start and stop the smoke when you need
it. It will not start immediately nor will it clear up
immediately.
d. Ensure that there are electronic and physical movement
plans for the area to be smoked. Soldiers lose their bearings
easily in smoke.
e. Security requirements. If the enemy cannot see you, you
cannot see them unless you plan ahead. Protect yourself with LPs
and OPs.
f. If at all possible, plan deceptive smoke simultaneously
with your real smoke mission. It will divide his artillery fire.
2. Smoke Plan Checklist. (FM 3-50, FC 3-50-1)
a. What is the enemy activity in your area?_________________
b. Where is the enemy near your unit:_______________________
c. What is your unit activity:______________________________
d. What do you need: a smoke blanket
a smoke haze
e. Start Time:________________
Stop Time or Event to stop the smoke:____________
Duration of the smoke mission:_________-
f. What is the terrain like at the target area:_____________
g. What type of sensors do the enemy have that might detect
your unit? (T72 tanks, ATGMs, Thermal Imagers):_________________
h. What is the location of the target to be smoked:_________
i. Do you plan an initial coordination meeting with the smoke
commander or 1SG? LOCATION:_________________
TIME:_____________________
j. Where is the link-up point for the chemical unit with your
unit representative:__________________
Time of link-up:___________
k. What do you want the smoke to do: conceal the target
screen your movement from
the enemy
obscure the enemy (fire
smoke on his position)
a deception.
l. What type of command relationship do you want with the
unit? DS
GS
ATTACHED
OPCON
ONE MISSION ONLY
m. Is this supporting a special operation such as a:
RIVER CROSSING
OVER A LAKE OR LARGE BODY OF WATER
AIR DROPPED SMOKE
DESERT
n. What type of support can unit provide the smoke unit:
MAINTENANCE (vehicle)
TRANSPORTATION of additional smoke oil/pots
FUELS (COMMON)
FUELS (SPECIAL) such as SGF-II Smoke oil
MESS
OTHER:_____________________
o. What is the supported unit's TOC location:__________
RADIO FREQUENCY:__________
CALL SIGN:________________
CHALLENGE & REPLY:________________
p. Method of integrating the smoke into the fire
plan:_____________________________________________________________
q. Determine adjacent unit locations. Will they be affected
by your smoke? YES - Have you coordinated with them?___________
r. Is any additional security required to protect against the
enemy using the smoke to his advantage?__________________________
s. What smoke support is available to the unit?_____________
t. What is the projected weather for the mission time?______
u. Will there be prestocked resupply points?_____Where:____
v. How will fog oil be resupplied?________________________
Smoke Planning - Recon Checklist
REFERENCES: FM 3-50
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This will assist in actualy conducting the recon of the
target area to be smoked. It is divided into areas of
responsibility. It is not quite a YES/NO checklist but a guide for
actions to be accomplished.
1. SMOKE RECONNAISSANCE. (FM 3-50,FC 3-50-1)
a. When performing a recon of the area to be smoked, the
following personnel should go:
(1) Smoke control officer. This is the officer/NCO who
will set up the smoke coverage and start and stop the smoke.
(2) Operations NCO. He will provide information in
relationship to the size and location of the activity(ies) to be
protected.
(3) Communications Officer/NCO. He will ensure there is
reliable commo between the force being protected and the unit
providing the smoke. This will ensure that the commander of the
protected force can start, stop, and relocate the smoke for optimum
coverage.
(4) Squad/Section Leaders. They can familiarize
themselves with the land and develop any necessary control measures
to ensure the rapid and safe movement of forces from one location
to another. This is critical in FARRP operations where refuelers
and armorers will have to move among the aircraft while covered
with smoke.
(5) Security force. To provide security for the above
elements in transit and on location.
b. The items/actions that need to be completed are listed
below. It is not all-inclusive and the situation may dictate that
changes be made to the list.
(1) Locate the selected area. Make any necessary
corrections to the maps that might influence the use of smoke or
potentially change the commander's actions.
(2) Determine subordinate units' positions.
(3) Determine adjacent unit locations.
(4) Designate smoke lines/smoke positions.
(5) Locate communication positions and methods for control
of movement within the smoke area.
(6) Locate smoke control points.
(7) Designate supply routes to the smoke points and access
areas.
(8) Determine local weather conditions and any
peculiarities.
(9) Determine any additional security and defense
requirements since the enemy could use our smoke to his advantage.
(10) Has the unit integrated the smoke operations into
their plan? Can you suggest improvements or identify fatal flaws?
(11) What are the prowords (commands) for starting the
smoke?
(12) What are the prowords (commands) or actions for
stopping the smoke?
(13) What leaway do you have in executing the mission? May
you automatically move units to maintain smoke or are you
restricted to one spot/area?
(14) Are there any TRPs in your area?
(15) What is the FREQ and CALL SIGN for the ARTY?
Smoke Planning - Checklist
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This section will assist the chemical staff and smoke unit
ensure that all aspects of the operation have been taken into
account.
1. Key issues.
a. Smoke positions.
(1) Selected.
(2) Routes into and out of.
b. Supply.
(1) SGF-II.
(2) Smoke Pots for covering the primary smoke units.
(3) MOGAS.
(4) Transportation arranged for resupply.
(5) Mess and water coordinated.
(6) Prestock resupply points.
c. Control Measures.
(1) Preset events to start and/or stop the smoke.
(2) Physical aids in the smoke area to guide soldiers.
(3) Smoke Control Point designated.
(4) Alternate smoke points (360 degree coverage).
d. Communications Plan.
(1) PROWORDS to start and stop the smoke.
(2) FREQ and CALL SIGNS.
(3) Visual signals for controlling the smoke.
e. Security.
(1) Additional security required for smoke elements.
(2) Consideration by target unit to protect itself from
using smoke to its own advantage.
f. Fire Support.
(1) If available, what is the CALL SIGN and FREQ?
(2) Are units covered by protection?
(3) Are there any TRPs in the area? Where?
2. Smoke Plan Checklist. (FM 3-50, FC 3-50-1)
a. What is the enemy activity in your area?_________________
b. Where is the enemy near your unit?_______________________
c. What is your unit activity?______________________________
d. What do you need? a smoke blanket
a smoke haze
e. Start Time:________________
Stop Time or Event to stop the smoke:____________
f. What is the terrain like at the target area?_____________
g. What type of sensors do the enemy have that might detect
your unit? (T72 tanks, ATGMs, Thermal Imagers)_________________
h. What is the location of the target to be smoked?_________
i. Do you plan an initial coordination meeting with the smoke
commander or 1SG? LOCATION:_________________
TIME:_____________________
j. Where is the link-up point for the chemical unit with your
unit representative?__________________
Time of link-up:___________
k. What do you want the smoke to do? conceal the target
screen you movement from
the enemy
obscure the enemy (fire
smoke on his position)
a deception.
l. What type of command relationship do you want with the
unit? DS
GS
ATTACHED
OPCON
ONE MISSION ONLY
m. Is this supporting a special operation such as a:
RIVER CROSSING
OVER A LAKE OR LARGE BODY OF WATER
AIR DROPPED SMOKE
DESERT
n. What type of support can you provide the unit?
MAINTENANCE (vehicle)
TRANSPORTATION of additional smoke oil/pots
FUELS (COMMON)
FUELS (SPECIAL) such as SGF-II Smoke oil
MESS
OTHER:_____________________
o. What is the supported unit's TOC location?__________
RADIO FREQUENCY:__________
CALL SIGN:________________
CHALLENGE & REPLY:________________
p. Method of integrating the smoke into the fire
plan:_____________________________________________________________
q. Determine adjacent unit locations. Will they be affected
by your smoke? YES - Have you coordinated with them?___________
r. Is any additional security required to protect against the
enemy using the smoke to his advantage?__________________________
Smoke Planning - Consumption Guide
TRADOC PAM 525-3
USE: This will assist in planning the logistical support required
for smoke units that may support your unit.
1. Generator Fog Oil Consumption (Number of 55 gal drums)
(FC 3-50-1)
Number of 55 gal drums = mission duration (hrs)
x
number of generators
x
1 drum/hr
HOURS
GENERATORS 2 4 6 8 10 12 24 36 48
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 24 36 48
6 12 24 36 48 60 72 144 216 288
8 16 32 48 64 80 96 192 288 384
12 24 48 72 96 120 144 288 432 576
18 36 72 108 144 180 216 432 648 864
24 48 96 144 192 240 288 576 864 1152
36 72 144 216 288 360 432 864 1296 1728
48 96 192 288 384 480 576 1152 1728 2304
2. Air load Planning.
a. SGF II. Comes in 55 gallon drums that weigh 431 pounds
each. The planning cubic feet is 11 CF. The actual size is
9.03 CF.
3. Smoke Generator Gasoline Consumption (gallons) (FC 3-50-1)
Gal of gas = mission duration (hrs) X no. of generators X 3 gal/hr
HOURS
GENERATORS 2 4 6 8 10 12 24 36 48
1 6 12 18 24 30 36 72 108 144
6 36 72 108 144 180 216 432 648 864
8 48 96 144 192 240 288 576 864 1152
2 72 144 216 288 360 432 864 1296 1728
18 108 216 324 432 540 648 1296 1944 2592
24 144 288 432 596 720 864 1728 2592 3436
36 216 432 648 864 1080 1296 2592 3888 5184
48 288 576 864 1152 1440 1728 3456 5184 6912
Flame Field Expedients Planning
Overview
Introduction
Ties & Splices
Logistics
Mixing Fuel
Device Layout
Safety
Firing Systems
Introduction
Electric (Command)
Non-Electric (Timed)
Contact
Detonation Systems
Introduction
55 Gal. Directional
55 Gal. Non-Directional
5 Gal. (Minefield)
1 Gal./2 Ltr. Bottle Minefield
Flame Trench
Bunker Bomb
Other Demolition
Illumination
Flame Field Expedients Overview
REFERENCES: FM 3-11 FLAME FIELD EXPEDIENTS SEP 90
FM 5-25 EXPLOSIVES AND DEMOLITIONS FEB 71
FM 20-33 COMBAT FLAME OPERATIONS JUL 70
FC 3-11-1 FLAME FIELD EXPEDIENTS MAR 87
USE:
1. GENERAL: (FC 3-11-1)
a. Flame Field Expedients (FFE) are weapons which can easily be
assembled in a tactical situation using readily available materials.
Variations and adaptations of these field expedients, designed to
meet
specific situations, are limited only by the imagination and
initiative
of the personnel using them. FFE are used primarily for casualty
effects, illumination and signaling, and include exploding flame
devices, flame fougasses and flame illuminators. Tactically FFE are
used in the defensive role, however they may also be used to support
offensive operations. Specifically, FFE may be used to:
Warn of Enemy approach.
Produce casualties - by splattering personnel with thickened
fuel or by striking personnel with fragments of the container or
contents.
Psychological impact - to deter the enemy.
Battlefield Illumination - provide and improve observation
of fire.
Restrict the use of the most likely avenues of approach.
Force enemy into Kill Zone - channelize the enemy.
b. Flame field expedients can add new dimensions for the operation
of units. Flame Field Expedients can be integrated into the overall
defense plan, thus providing the increased capability to defend the
typically large perimeters. Additionally, because of the nature of
support units, components necessary to make FFEs are readily
available.
c. The next step when trained in FFE is converting that knowledge
for
demolitions and destruction. The configuration of most units is lean
on engineer support. By having the equipment for FFE, you can use
them
for constructive (LZ clearing, stump removal, abbatis) or destructive
(destruction of fuel, vehicles/aircraft, or equipment to prevent
enemy
capture and use).
2. Classification of FFEs: (FC 3-11-1)
a. EXPLODING (CASUALTY PRODUCING). In order to produce a casualty
producing FFE you must do the following.
(1) Rupture the container
(2) Ignite and spread the burning fuel.
b. ILLUMINATION. In order to produce an illuminator you must ignite
the fuel in place.
c. DEMOLITIONS. Used for clearing LZs, stump removal, etc.
3. Components of a flame field expedient system:
a. The FFE Device. This is composed of four components.
(1) Container. Anything that will hold fuel, such as a 55 gallon
drum, fuel can, ammo can, or a 2 liter plastic bottle.
(2) Fuel. This can be MOGAS or other combustible liquid. It
is best when thickened since it will spread over the area to be
covered, stick, and burn.
(3) Burster. This is an explosive charge that ruptures the
container and spreads the fuel.
(4) Igniter. This is an incendiary that lights the fuel. It
may be a flare or even small container of raw gas.
b. A Detonation System. This will quickly (immediately) carry the
explosive charge from the firing systems to the actual FFE containers
(igniters and bursters) themselves.
c. A Firing System. This will allow the unit (Firing Team) to
control
when and how the explosives (FFEs) are set off. It also allows them
to
be at a safe distance from the systems when they function.
4. DEFENSIVE AND OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS:
a. Defensive:

(1) Reinforce terrain or man-made obstacles.
(2) Reinforce fianl protective fire positions.
(3) Cover gaps or dead spaces (last resort).
(4) Other methods of battlefield illumination are not available.
b. Offensive:

(1) Part of ambush plan.
(2) Flank security when forces are moving in bounds.
(3) Security against counterattack when delay is required
before the attack is continued.
(4) Clearing vegetation.
(5) During deep operations such as destroying enemy stocks, fuel,
storage, ammunition, and weapons storage locations.
5. CAMOUFLAGE. Maximum casualty effects of exploding devices depend on
their proximity to the enemy at the time of detonation. Personnel
responsible for emplacement of the FFE should be well qualified in the use
of artificial and natural camouflage. They should be capable of preparing
FFE emplacements that will not be obvious to the attacker until he is well
within effective range.
a. Hiding - Totally remove fom sight.

b. Blending - Make it look like part of the existing area.
c. Disguising - Make it look like something other than what it
really is.
6. Bury any wires 18 inches, if possible. This will help prevent the
wires being cut by incoming mortar rounds and shrapnel.
7. FFE devices are best used when integrated into the overall site
defense plan, protected by covering fire, and within sight of the
controlling soldiers (Firing Team).
INPUT: This will be provided by the operator as he makes selections on
the various menu screens of ANBACIS.
CAUTION: Making, setting up, and using FFEs are dangerous and can
disastrous effects if done incorrectly. The USE and CAUTIONS
given in the HELP windows need to be followed.
FLAME WEAPONS REPORTING. (FM 5-25)
a. Controlled weapon. FFE initiated by the commander of the
using unit (command detonated) are considered to be part of the
final protective fire of that unit and are not reported as mines.
Before leaving, all are detonated.
b. Uncontrolled or contact weapons. When FFE are used for
contact detonation by the enemy, they are considered improvised
flame mines. Their locations are marked, reported, and recorded
according to the procedures set forth in local guidance or SOPs.
AREA OF COVERAGE:
DIRECTIONAL
(see diagram)
NON-DIRECTIONAL
(see diagram)
Flame Field Expedients Overview Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Ties & Splices
RANGER HANDBOOK
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP for connecting the various
explosive devices and systems together.
1. Connecting Det Cord/Time Fuse/Igniters. (FM 5-25) There are many and
varied methods for attaching Det Cord, Time Fuse, and igniters to each
other. The first illustrations concern connecting the material
required
in the initiation, firing, system. The next series of illustrations
show how to connect det cord to each other. The last shows the det
cord
at the explosives.
a. Attaching caps (elec and non-elec) to det cord.
(see diagram)
b. Attaching WD-1 to electrical caps or splicing electrical wire
together.
(see diagram)
c. Connecting det cord to another section of det cord.
(see diagram)
d. Attaching branch lines to the ring main.
(see diagram)
e. Attaching det cord to the explosives.
(see diagram)
Flame Field Expedients - Ties & Splices Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Logistics
REFERENCES: FM 5-25 EXPLOSIVES AND DEMOLITIONS FEB 71
USE: This section will provide a listing of DODAC's and NSN's for the
equipment used throughout this module.
1. FFE EQUIPMENT
FCS DODAC NOMENCLATURE
1330 G935 Grenade, Hand Smoke WP M15 w/fuse M206A2
1345 K010 Burster Incendiary M4
1345 K010 Mine, 1 Gallon
1345 K143 Mine apers M18A1 W/ACCS CAP Blast M4 firing Dev M57
1365 K917 Thickening Compound Fuel M4 2.5 lb can
1365 K920 " " " " 25 lb pail
1370 L495 Flare Surface Trip M49 Series W/wire
1375 M023 Charge Demolition Block Comp C-4 1-1/4 LB, M112
1375 M112 M031 Charge Demolition 1/2 LB TNT
1375 M032 Charge Demolition 1 LB TNT
1375 M130 Cap blasting Elec Special J-2 PETN Type II or M6 T6 Lead 12
foot long.
1375 M456 Cord Detonating-Reinforced, PLL of ILM-Wrapped, WTRPR, Type
1
1375 M765 IGNITER, BLASTING FUSE: M2
NSN NOMENCLATURE
1375-00-028-5226 (M131) CAP, BLASTING: Type I, J1 (non-elect)
1375-00-028-5228 (M131) " " " "
1375-00-756-1864 (M131) " " : M7 (non-electric)
1375-00-028-5142 (M032) CHARGE, DEMOLITION: Block, 1 LB (TNT)
1375-00-028-5148 (M038) " " : M5A1, Block 2-1/2 LB, Comp C-4
1375-00-02805237 (M420) " " :SHAPED: 15 LB, M2A3
1375-00-926-3939 (M420) " " " " , M2A4
1375-00-724-7040 (M023) " " : M112, Block, 1-1/4 lb, Comp C-4
1375-01-004-1083 " " : SHAPED: Mk 74 mod 1
1375-00-028-5168 (M456) CORD, DETONATING: Type I, Class E, Waterproof, 500
foot roll
1375-00-204-0851 (M456) CORD, DETONATING: Type I, Class E, waterproof, 1000
foot roll
1375-00-028-5149 (M670) FUSE, BLASTING, TIME: 50 foot coil
1375-00-028-5246 (M670) " , SAFETY: M700
1375-00-028-5200 (M765) IGNITER, BLASTING FUSE: M2
1375-00-691-1671 (M765) " " " : M60
1375-00-283-9452 (M765) " " : : M60
1365-00-926-4076 (K917) M4 Fuel Thickener, 2.5 lb can
1365-00-143-7139 (K920) " " " , 25 lb pail
1345-00-289-6938 (K260) Mine, 1 gallon
1345-00-690-7338 (K010) Burster, Incendiary M4
1375-00-567-0223 M34 Blasting Machine
4925-00-999-3454 M51 Test Set
8120-00-029-0683 Crimpers
Flame Field Expedients - Preparation Of Flame Fuels
REFERENCES: FC 3-11-1 FLAME FIELD EXPEDIENTS MAR 87
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP for preparing the thickened
fuel for use in the FFEs.
1. Types of FFE Fuels.
a. Unthickened Fuel - Mixture of gasoline and standard motor oil
(Pourable liquid - 60% mogas and 40% oil)
b. Thickened Fuel - Mixture of gasoline and M4 Thickening Compound
(Pourable liquid to a rubbery gel)
2. Typical fuels.
a. MOGAS
b. JP-4
c. Diesel fuel (only marginally effective) or diesel/MOGAS mixture.
3. Ingredients for flame fuels.
a. Gasoline. Gasoline is the basic ingredient in flame fuel. Only
standard grade quartermaster gasoline (MOGAS) should be used.
Aviation type gasoline (JP-4) should only be used in emergencies.
To ensure good flame fuel the gasoline should be water-free.
Water
in the gasoline will prevent proper gelling of the fuel and cause
the fuel to breakdown after a short time.
b. Thickener. A thickened fuel increases the range of flame weapons,
Raw fuel may be used but it will burn very quickly and have a
very short range. It should be thickened before use. Thickened
fuel will rebound off walls or other surfaces and can go around
corners. The standard thickener for flame weapons is M4 thickener
which can be obtained through ammo channels. The M4 absorbs water
from the air, and a partially used container can be resealed and
stored for only one day. However, once the thickener absorbs
water
and becomes lumpy, it is no longer usable. Other expedient
thickeners that can be used include oil, tar, and Styrofoam beads
(packing material). However, these thickeners are less desirable
than M4 because of the difficulty in obtaining a good gel state
for
the fuel.
c. Peptizers. They are chemical compounds which are used with the M4
to gel the fuel in cold weather when a means to heat the fuel is
not available. The compounds are obtainable through supply
channels under their chemical names. 2-Ethyl-hexioc acid is the
most commonly used.
3. PREPARATION OF FLAME FUELS
a. Equipment and mixing. Flame fuels may be mixed by hand, with a
mechanical mixer, or by bubbling with compressed air. When
mixing a
batch of flame fuel, a rule of thumb is used to determine the
amount
of thickener required. The equation for this method is:
Ounces of M4 thickener = gallons of gas X the fuel number (***)
i.e.
55 gallons of MOGAS
#3 fuel
165 ounces of M4 thickener
**approximately 4 cans (2 and one-half pound cans) of M4 thickener for one 55
gallon barrel.
*** FUEL NUMBERS
Portable Flamethrower fuel = 2
Flame Field Expedient Fuel = 3
Mechanized Flame Thrower Fuel = 4
(Number 3 is the recommended fuel for FFE devices)
(1) Equipment needed for hand-mixing small batches of flame fuel.
(a) A clean , ungalvanized container (zinc from a galvanized
container will cause the fuel to break down).
(b) A wooden paddle about 5 feet long, marked so that it can be
used as a measuring stick for gasoline. Crossbars on the
bottom of the paddle permit thorough stirring. A clean
tree
branch can be used. NEVER USE A METAL PADDLE FOR STIRRING,
SINCE A SPARK MAY IGNITE THE GASOLINE.
(c) A bucket and funnel, which are used to transfer the flame
fuel.
*** SINCE GAS IS HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO
PREVENT METAL CONTAINERS FROM STRIKING OTHER METAL SURFACES.
(2) Hand-Mixing procedures.
(a) Place the paddle in the drum and pour the required amount
of
water-free gasoline into the drum.
(b) Slowly pour the required amount of thickener into the
gasoline (5 - 9 minutes). Break up all clumps. Stir
contiuously while adding the thickener.
(c) Continue to stir the mixture until the fuel has the
appearance of applesauce.
(3) Bubbling-Mixing procedures.
(a) Move compressor or vehicle upwind from mixing point (25
feet).
(b) Start the compressor and adjust to 4 to 5 psi (pounds per
square inch).
(c) Lower the air hoses into the container until it touches the
bottom.
(d) When the bubbling action begins, slowly pour in the
required
amount of thickener.
(e) Continue until fuel has the appearance of applesauce.
(4) Aging. Flame fuel should be aged after mixing to permit
complete
gelling of the gasoline and thickener. Aging may be
accomplished
by storing the fuel in sealed drums or cans, leaving 5% void.
At
moderate temperatures, 6 to 8 hours is sufficient to completely
age the fuel. The aging time increases as the temperature
decreases.
NOTES:
At low temperatures (below 32 degrees F for M4 thickener), longer
mixing time is required with larger amount of thickener. You may
need as much as 2 hours for mixing in very cold conditions.
CAUTION:
WARNINGS
DO NOT ALLOW SMOKING, OPEN FLAMES, HEATED STOVES, OR OTHER HEAT
SOURCES WITHIN 50 FEET OF GASOLINE OR FUEL.
HANDLE THICKENED FUEL ONLY WITH WOODEN PADDLE OR STICK. FUEL ON
CLOTHING OR HANDS IS A FIRE HAZARD. REPEATED EXPOSURE TO THE
SKIN MAY BE HARMFUL.
MATERIALS, PADDLES, AND STICKS USED IN MIXING THE FUEL ARE
HAZARDOUS AND MUST BE DISPOSED OF AS FLAMMABLE MATERIAL.
Flame Field Expedients - General Layout
RANGER HANDBOOK
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP for how the entire system
will appear when connected and laid out on the battlefield.
1. DIRECTIONAL - 55 Gal Drum (5 Systems)
(see diagram)
2. NON-DIRECTIONAL - 55 Gal Drum (10 Systems)
or MINEFIELDS
(see diagram)

3. FLAME TRENCH/WALL OF FLAME - (3 Systems)
Flame Field Expedients - General Layout Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Safety Considerations
REFERENCES: FM 5-25 EXPLOSIVES AND DEMOLITIONS FEB 71
USE: This section will provide some basic SAFETY consideration for using
demolitions.
1. Safe Distances from explosives.
SAFE | SAFE
POUNDS DISTANCE | POUNDS DISTANCE
OF IN | OF IN
EXPLOSIVE METERS | EXPLOSIVE METERS
_____________________________|______________________________
1 to 27 300 | 150 534
30 311 | 175 560
35 327 | 200 585
40 342 | 225 609
45 356 | 250 630
50 369 | 275 651
60 392 | 300 670
70 413 | 325 688
80 431 | 350 705
90 449 | 375 722
100 465 | 400 737
125 500 | 425+ 750
2. Misfires.
a. Electrical Firing System (Command Detonated).
(1) Investigate immediately if it is not dual primed with a
non-electrical system (Timed Delayed Detonated).
(2) Attempt three more times.
(3) Use another blasting machine or electrical source.
(4) Disconnect the wires from the machine and twist together (short)
and wait 30 minutes.
(5) Do not remove the primer or charge.
(6) If you cannot find the source of the problem, place a new primer
and 2 pounds of explosive within one foot of the old primer.
(7) Disconnect blasting caps wires from the original primer and wrap
the wires together (shunt).
(8) Connect the wires to the new primer.
(9) Evacuate to the Initiation Point and attempt to fire the system.
It will fire the original charge.
b. Non-electrical Firing Systems (Time Delayed Detonation)
(1) Wait 30 minutes. Under certain combat conditions, however,
immediate investigation may be necessary.
(2) Check all igniters and time fuses.
(3) Check blasting caps.
(4) Check to see if the firing system fired the det cord.
(5) Repair any parts as required and refire.
(6) If you cannot find the source of the problem, place a new primer
and 2 pounds of explosive within one foot of the old primer.
c. Combination Electrical and Non-electrical Firing Systems
(1) Attempt to fire the electrical system 3 times.
(2) Use another blasting machine or electrical source and try again.
(3) Wait 30 minutes. Under certain combat condition, however,
immediate investigation may be necessary.
Flame Field Expedients - Firing Systems
RANGER HANDBOOK
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP for Setting up the Firing
System for the explosives. There are two normal types, electric and
non-electric, and some expedient methods possible.
PURPOSE: The Firing System provides the means to start explosives. All the
methods allow the Firing Team to be or get safely away from the
area
of the explosives.
There are two type of firing systems: electric and non-electric.
Under normal conditions, construct FFE weapons using a dual-priming
system. This may consist of two electric systems, two non-electric
systems, or a combination of one electric and one non-electric
system.
The electric system is often called the "Command Detonation" system
since the explosion from the FFEs occur almost simultaneously with
applying the electricity.
The non-electric system is often called the "Time Delayed
Detonation" system since time fuse is ignited and burns slowly
until
it reaches the end and then sets off the explosives.
1. Electric Firing Systems (Command Detonated).
a. This system uses an electricity to set-off the detonation system.
b. The components are:
(1) A power source (vehicle battery or blasting machine).
(2) Wire (WD-1) to carry the electricity to the electrical
blasting cap.
(3) An Electrical blasting cap. This will explode when the
electrical charge reaches it and thus ignite the det cord of
explosive.
c. Advantages.
(1) You can control precisely when you want the system to
detonate.
d. Disadvantages.
(1) You must be able to observe the detonation systems to ensure
friendly forces are not endangered.
(2) The wire may be cut by incoming artillery, shrapnel,
vehicles,
or infiltrators.
2. Non-Electric Firing Systems (Time Delayed Detonation).
a. This system uses a time fuse to provide a delay from the time it
starts until the time the explosives (systems) are detonated.
b. The components are:
(1) An M60 Igniter or match. This will start the time fuse.
(2) Time Fuse or Safety Fuse which will burn slowly
(approximately
30 seconds per foot) allowing the Firing Team to reach safety
from the explosives (systems).
(3) A Non-electrical blasting cap. This will explode when the
time fuse burns to it and thus ignite the det cord of
explosive.
c. Advantages.
(1) Since the length is very short, it is not endangered from
artillery fire, shrapnel, or vehicles.
(2) The Firing Team does not have to observe the detonation
systems.
d. Disadvantages.
(1) Once started, it may be very dangerous to try to stop (cut)
the time fuse.
(2) Friendly units could move into the danger area while the time
fuse is burning.
3. Combination of Electrical and Non-Electrical Systems.
a. One of each system will be employed.
b. Advantages.
(1) Allows the Firing Team to start the system and evacuate to
the
Initiation Point. If the electrical wires are cut, the
system
will still function with the non-electrical system.
c. Disadvantages.
(1) Friendly units could move into the danger area after the
non-electrical system is started.
4. BLASTING CAPS are used for detonating high explosives. They are
extremely sensitive and may explode unless handled carefully. The two
types of blasting caps used by the military are:
a. ELECTRIC (See ELECTRIC(COMMAND) next help selection).
b. NON-ELECTRIC (See NON-ELECTRIC(TIMED)).
See diagram.
Flame Field Expedients - Firing Systems Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Electric Firing Systems (Command Detonated)
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP for setting up an electrical
firing system.
1. The components of an electric firing system are an electric blasting cap,
wire, and a source of electricity.
2. Electric Blasting Caps.
a. These caps are used when a source of electricity, such as a blasting
machine or a battery, is available. Electric caps have lead wires of
various lengths for connecting to the power source or additional
wire.
b. They come packed in a cardboard box. The cap itself will be inserted
into a tube with the wire normally wrapped around the outside of the
tube.
c. See CAUTION below for SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.
3. The wire normally is WD-1/TT communications wire. This is due to its
strength, the availability, its subdued color, and the fact that the
enemy
will expect to see it on the battlefield. However, any wire can normally
be used.
4. The electrical source can be a vehicle battery, blasting machine,
generator, or any other similar device. are some of the
machines normally used.
5. Normal setup. The purpose allows the. In the diagrams are the
from a safe distance and set off the system when they are in the greatest
danger.
a. The picture below shows a blasting machine passing the electricity
down the WD-1 to the two electrical blasting caps which will explode
and set off the det cord.
(see diagram)
b. The picture below shows a blasting machine passing the electricity
directly to the explosives. This is not the normal case since this
type of system is very subject to broken lines and high line
impedance
which prevent the voltage making it to all the devices.
(see diagram)
6. CAUTIONS:
a. ELECTRIC CAPS:
(1) If you must transport caps near operating transmitters, or in
vehicles (including helicopters) in which a transmitter is operated,
then you must place the caps in a metal can with a snug depth of
one-half inch. Do not remove the caps from the container unless the
hazard has been evaluated and estimated to be acceptable.
(2) To prevent accidental firing, a short circuiting shunt is
attached to the lead wires which must be removed before using the
cap.
(3) If the cap does not have a shunt, the bare ends of the lead
wires
must be twisted together to prevent the cap from premature
detonation.
(4) The caps must be protected from shock, heat, and tampering.
(5) All blasting caps must be stored separately from all other
explosives.
(6) Lightning in thunderstorms and other sources of statis
electricity
are a serious hazard when working with electric blasting caps.
(7) Radios with watage output above 30 watts must not be operated
since accidental firing of the caps may occur. Most military radios
(SINCGARS, VRC-46, etc should be considered hazardous)
(Small individual/platoon radios should not be dangerous)
Flame Field Expedients - Electric Firing Systems (Command Detonated)
Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Non-Electrical Firing Systems
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP for setting up a
non-electrical firing system.
1. The components of a non-electric firing system are: a non-electric
blasting cap, time (safety) fuse, and an igniter.
2. Non-Electric Blasting Caps.
a. These blasting caps are used when a source of electricity is
not
available or when electric blasting caps are not used. Non-Electric
blasting caps may be ignited by time fuse, firing device, or
detonating
cord.
b. They come packed in a cardboard or a wooden box. The caps are hallow
at one end and solid at the other.
c. The cap is attached to the time fuse using the M2 Cap Crimper
pictured
in the diagrams.
d. For SAFETY PRECAUTIONS, see CAUTION below.

3. The time fuse will burn after being lit by the igniter. It will burn
approximately one foot in 30 seconds. It will burn under water. It is
also known as a safety fuse. Before actual use, conduct a test burn
using
three feet of time fuse to determine the actual burn rate per foot. Use
the M2 Cap Crimper to cut the det cord.
4. The igniter is normally a M60 Fuse Igniter. Remove the shipping plug
from
the end of the igniter and insert the time fuse all the way in until it
stops. Once you are ready to start, remove the safety pin, hold the body
in one hand, and pull the end ring back until it fires the cap. You
should see a slight amount of smoke and see the time fuse change color as
it burns toward the end. If an igniter is not available, you can split
the end of the time fuse, place a match in the split, and then light the
match. As the match burns to the time fuse, it will begin to burn.
5. Normal setup. The purpose allows the Firing Team to observe the FFEs,
ignite the time fuse and then move to a safe distance from the
explosives.
a. The picture below shows two igniters attached to the two pieces of
time fuse, connected to the non-electrical blasting caps. These will
explode and set off the det cord.
(see diagram)
6. CONDUCTING A TEST BURN:
a. Cut six inches from the end of the time fuse and dispose of properly.
b. Cut a three foot section from the time fuse.
c. Attach an M60 Fuse Igniter to the time fuse and pull to ignite.
d. Time the burn. Stop the time when a spit of fire comes from the end
of the time fuse.
e. Divide to total time by three. This is the actual time to be used in
calculating the length of fuse for evacuation (delay) time.
7. CANNOT PERFORM A TEST BURN: If you cannot perform a test burn as
described above, then use the standard time of 30 seconds per foot.
understand that the actual time may vary greatly (faster or slower) than
this estimate.
8. CAUTIONS:
a. Non-Electric Caps.
(1) If you must transport caps, be careful not to strike, damage,
or get foreign objects in the open end. If material is inside the
open end, grasp the cap between the thumb and second finger with the
index finger on the cap. Holding the cap firmly, tap the wrist of
that hand against the other hand until the material falls out. Do
not
blow or strike it against a hard surface.
(2) When crimping non-electric blasting caps, crimp near the open
end,
using only the M2 Crimper. The loaded (closed) end of the cap will
be
held out away from the body during the crimping process. If
possible,
wear a flak vest and helmet, position the crimper on the cap, hold
it up and away from the body and look down while you crimp.
(3) Caps are to be removed frm the cap box with the finger tips.
The
only material to be inserted in the open end of the cap will be the
time fuse. The fuse will not be forced into the open end of
the
blasting cap.
(4) Blasting caps or other initiators will not be transported in the
same vehicle with other explosives if possible. When transported in
same vehicle, the caps will be carried in the front and the
explosives
in the rear of the vehicle.
(5) Protect caps from direct sunlight and other sources of heat.
(6) Lightning and other sources of extraneous electricity are
definite hazards when firing charges, both electrically and
non-electrically.
Flame Field Expedients - Non-Electrical Firing Systems Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Contact Detonation
RANGER HANDBOOK
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP for setting up a
contact detonation (booby-trap) firing system.
1. The components of a contact detonation system consist of what is at hand
and limited only by your imagination. Some examples of standard Army
devices are given below.
2. Trip-Wire setups. This will provide immediate detonation without
observers being present.
(see diagram)
3. M3 Pull-Release Firing Device. This will ignite the system if the trip
wire is either released (cut) or pulled. It takes 6 to 10 pounds of pull and
release of the taut wire.
(see diagram)
4. M1 Pull Firing Device. This device will ignite the system if the trip
wire is pulled. The device is activated by a pull of 3 to 5 pounds through
about 1/32 inch.
(see diagram)
5. Expedient items.
a. Open Loop. This is the only break in a complete circuit connecting an
electric cap and a power source. A variety of actions could pull the wires
together.
(see diagram)
b. Clothespin. The wooden wedge between the contacts on the jaws is the
only break in a circuit connecting a cap and the power source. Removal of
the wedge completes the circuit.
(see diagram)
c. Pressure device can be made by punching holes in two pieces of metal.
An electric lead is fastened to each piece. They are placed with the jagged
edges facing each other with a piece of paper between, forming the only break
in a circuit connecting an electric cap to a power source. Pressure on the
top piece will puncture the paper and complete the circuit.
(see diagram)
d. A pressure release device can be made by removing the pin from a hand
grenade and allowing the booby-trap bait to restrain the arming lever.
Removal of the bait will free the arming lever.
(see diagram)
Flame Field Expedients - Contact Detonation Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Detonation Systems
RANGER HANDBOOK
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP setting up the detonation
systems used in the various FFEs.
1. CONTAINER. It is anything that can hold thickened fuel. It can be as
simple as a trench dug into the ground or as complex as two 55 gallon drums
being welded together. Containers for FFE are limited only by the
imagination, material availability and the size of the area to be covered.
Some suggested field expedient containers are listed below.
a. 55 Gallon drums (used for fougasses [directional mines]
and non-directional mines.)(Covers approximately 85 meters in diameter).
b. 5 Gallon cans or 5 gallon (plastic) water containers
(used in flame minefields)(Covers approximately 20-30 meters in diameter).
c. Propellant charge containers for 105mm howitzers (used for flame
fougasses [directional mines]).
d. Metal ammo boxes (used in flame minefields).
e. Metal #10 food cans (used in flame minefields).
f. One gallon metal cans, plastic milk containers, or 2-liter beverage
containers (used in flame minefields). (Use of glass containers is against
the
Geneva Convention).
g. Trench dug 8 inches deep (used in wall of flame).
2. BURSTER. It is used to rupture the container and spread the
thickened fuel over the enemy. Acceptable propellants are shown below.
a. C-4 1&1/4 pound blocks.
b. Claymore mines.(They are waterproof and the explosive
doesn't break down).
c. Detonation Cord.
d. TNT Blocks (must be protected from water and humidity).
e. Artillery/Mortar propellant charge bags (must be
protected from water and humidity).
f. M4 Bursters. (Can be used with any container into which it can be
inserted. One for 5 gal can. Two for a 55 gal drum).
3. IGNITERS. There are two igniters that we must use. One to
start the entire system and the second is the one that ignites the thickened
fuel.
a The first ignites the thickened fuel after the container has been
ruptured by the burster.
b. The second starts the entire setup. It can be started electrically
or non-electrically. They can also be set up to go off immediately, as for
booby-traps, or with a delay, giving time to evacuate an area. There are
advantages and disadvantages for each. SEE "FIRING SYSTEM" HELP SUBMODULE.
Flame Field Expedients - 55 Gallon Drum Directional
RANGER HANDBOOK
USE: This section will provide detailed HELP for operation and setting up
a 55 Gallon Drum DIRECTIONAL detonation system also known as Flame
Fougasse Device.
1. Characteristics.
a. The flame is projected over a preselected area.
b. The device can stop/destroy a tank when employed correctly.
2. Material requirements
a. Container - 55 gallon drum.
b. Detonation cord.
c. Fuel thickener
d. Fuel
e. Shovels
f. Sandbags
g. Explosive (C4, dynamite sticks, claymore mine, etc.)
h. 2 Non-electrical caps for every claymore mine used.
i. Igniter (small cans or plastic MRE bags with raw gas, WP Grenade,
M49 Trip Flare, etc.)
3. Setup. It is important to remember to place the drum into the pit
with the seam facing down.
(see diagram)
4. Concept of operation. The 55 gallon drum is placed in a V-shaped
trench (approximately at a 45 degree angle) and sand-bagged into place to
ensure the fuel will be propelled in the desired direction. Explosives
behind the container serve as the propellant. This device can be used for
avenues of approach, perimeter defense, as well as dead spaces not
protected by conventional fires. The device will normally be started
manually (Electric Firing System - Command Detonated).
a. If the firing system is Non-Electric - Time-delayed, the time
fuse will burn giving the firing team time to evacuate.
b. When the time fuse reaches the caps, it will explode the caps
which will set off the detonation cord.
c. If the initiation system is command-detonated, the blasting
machine or battery will pass the electrical charge down the wire
(WD-1) to the electrical blasting caps. The distance will be
great
enough to prevent injury to the initiation team.
d. When the electrical charge reaches the caps, it will explode
the caps which will set off the detonation cord.
e. The det cord will carry the explosion to the explosives, the
end of the can, and the igniters.
f. The explosives will detonate when the det cord goes off. This
will push the fuel to the end of the can.
g. The det cord wrapped around the end of the barrel will cut
the end off. The force of the explosive at the end will blow the
top and fuel out approximately 75 meters.
h. The det cord going to the igniter will set off the fuel and
cause all fuel to ignite as it is blown onto the target.
The fuel will 150-200 meters down range with an approximate
side-to-side distance of 25-30 meters.
5. Variations. If you want a booby-trap that goes off instantly, arrange
the system and place the end of the det cord directly into the fuse
igniter.
****DISPLAY LOGISTICS ****
DIRECTIONAL (55 GAL)
AMMUNITION REQUIREMENTS DODAC EQUIPMENT
100 ft - Detonation Cord 1375-M456 per drum
50-80 - sandbags per drum
1 - 55 Gal drum
50 Gallons of fuel per drum
150 ozs - M4 Fuel Thickener 1365-K917 per drum
BURSTER (select one)
1 - M18A1 Claymore 1345-K143
2 Non-Electric Blasting Caps1375-M131
30 Feet - Det Cord 1375-M456 per drum
2 - 1.25 lb blocks C4 1375-M023
2 - 1-pound block TNT 1375-M032
IGNITER (select one)
1 - M49 Trip Flare 1370-L495
1 - M34 Grenade WP 1330-G935
FIRING SYSTEM - Choice of operator.
Flame Field Expedients - 55 Gallon Drum Directional Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - 55 Gallon Drum Non-Directional
USE: This section will provide detailed HELP for operation and setting up a
55 Gallon Drum NON-DIRECTIONAL (MINEFIELD) detonation system.
1. Characteristics.
a. The flame is projected in an area around the drum.
b. This will provide 360 degree coverage and will cover approximately
85 meters in diameter.
c. This device will cover a large area around it. It places a great
deal of energy in a relatively small area versus the flame
minefield that will place a relatively small amount over a larger
area.
a. Container - 55 gallon drum.
b. Detonation cord.
c. Fuel thickener
d. Fuel
e. Shovels
f. Sandbags
g. M4 bursters.
h. Igniter (small cans or plastic MRE bags with raw gas, WP Grenade
M34, M49 Trip Flare, etc.)
3. Setup
(see diagram)
4. Concept of Operations.
a. The drum is placed upright with seven sandbags stacked on top to
permit maximum lateral displacement of the fuel upon ignition. The M4
bursters serve as a propellant and as a igniter.
5. Variations.
a. Barbed wire and/or engineer stakes can be wrapped tightly around
the container and provide secondary missiles for fragmentation effect.
b. Best results are obtained when the device is placed 2 meters above
the ground in branches, bushes or hedges.
c. If an M4 burster is not available, you may construct it without
it.
However, the coverage will be reduced to amount 50-80 meters in diameter.
d. Horizontal Flame Mine. See diagram for details. The device will
cover an area approximately 80-100 meters in all directions. C4 is
used
at both ends to burst it and two M49 trip flares are used as igniters.
The M4 burster may be used in place of C4, however, at least two are
required to rupture a drum. M4 Bursters may be used to channel the
flame upon detonation by placing them 6-8 feet away from the ends of
the drum (one M4 Burster at each end). The M4 Bursters will be
wrapped
with 8 to 10 turns or detonation cord and attached to the branch
line.
**** DISPLAY LOGISTICS***
NON-DIRECTIONAL (55 GAL)
AMMUNITION REQUIREMENTS . DODAC . EQUIPMENT
1 - 55 gallon drum 1345-K010
6-8 sandbags per drum
100 ft - Detonation Cord 1375-K917
150 ozs - M4 Fuel Thickener per drum
50 - gallons of fuel
BURSTER
2 - M4 Incendiary Burster 1375-M130 1 per drum

2 - 1.25 lb blocks C4 1375-M023 (Horizontal FFE ONLY)
or
2 - 1 pound block TNT 1375-M032 (Horizontal FFE ONLY)
IGNITER (select one if a variant is used (no M4 burster))
1 - M49 Trip Flare 1370-L493
1 - M34 Grenade WP 1330-G935
NONE REQUIRED IF M4 BURSTER IS USED
FIRING SYSTEM - Choice of operator.
REMINDER !!!!!! If using a M49 trip Flare, be sure to remove the SAFETY PIN
prior to detonation of the device !!!!
Flame Field Expedients - 55 Gallon Drum Non-Directional Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - 5 Gallon Container
5
Gallon container detonation system.
1. Characteristics.
a. The flame is projected over a preselected area using 5 Gal water
or fuel cans.
b. The minefield can disrupt an attack or cause confused soldiers.
The minefield can be set up to cover dead spaces or wide clear
areas that the enemy could quickly traverse during the attack.
This will stop or reroute the attack and illuminate that avenue of
approach at night.
a. Container.
b. Detonation cord.
c. Fuel thickener.
d. Fuel.
e. Sandbags.
f. Igniter (small cans or plastic MRE bags with raw gas, WP Grenade
M34, M49 Trip Flare, etc.).
3. Setup
(see diagram)
a. The Firing System will ignite the ring main.
b. The charge will travel to the branch lines and ignite them.
c. The charge will travel to the igniter(s) in the container(s) and
will burst the container(s) and ignite the fuel.
5. Variations can include the addition of explosives under and among the
flame mines and wrapping the containers with barbed wire or engineer stakes.
(see diagram)
NON-DIRECTIONAL/MINEFIELD - 5 Gal
1 - 5 Gal Container
15 ozs- M4 Fuel Thickener 1365-K917
5 - Gal of fuel
BURSTER (select one)
1 - M4 Incendiary Burster 1345-K010
15 Ft - Detonation Cord 1375-K917
IGNITER (select one if M4 Burster is not used.)
1 - M49 Trip Flare 1370-L493
1 - M34 Grenade WP 1330-G935
NONE REQUIRED IF M4 BURSTER IS USED
FIRING SYSTEM - Choice of the operator.
Flame Field Expedients - 5 Gallon Container Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Other Container
RANGER HANDBOOK
minefield detonation system.
1. Characteristics.
a. The flame is projected around the container.
b. The minefield can disrupt an attack or cause confused soldiers.
The minefield can be set up to cover dead spaces or wide clear
areas that the enemy could quickly traverse during the attack.
This will stop or reroute the attack and illuminate that avenue of
approach at night.
a. Container - gas cans, 2 liter bottles, etc.
b. Detonation cord.
c. Fuel thickener
d. Fuel
e. Igniter (small cans or plastic MRE bags with raw gas, WP Grenade
M34, M49 Trip Flare, etc.)
3. Setup
(see diagram)
b. The charge will travel through the ring main to the branch lines,
igniting them.
c. The branch lines will carry the "monkey fist" in each container.
d. The "monkey fist" will explode spreading and igniting the fuel in
the air.
5. Variations can include the addition of explosives under and among the
flame mines and wrapping the containers with barbed wire or engineer stakes.
NON-DIRECTIONAL/MINEFIELD
Containers (1 Gal Gas can/2 Liter bottles)
Chemical Mines
M4 Fuel Thickener 1365-K917 per drum
BURSTER
Detonation Cord 1375-M456
1 - M49 Trip Flare 1370-L493
1 - M34 Grenade WP 1330-G935
Flame Field Expedients - Other Container Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Flame Trench
FLAME TRENCH detonation system.
1. Characteristics.
a. A wall of flame is used to restrict avenues of approach and
channelize the enemy.
b. This will stop a dismounted attack abruptly. It will cause
vehicle
drivers to stop, change direction, or soldiers to dismount.
c. The typical trench is 20 feet long and 8 inches deep.
d. The trench may be made longer or shorter depending on the tactical
situation and may be lined with plastic or other suitable material
to prevent soil absorption.
e. A single loop of det cord is placed at the bottom of the trench
(on
top of the liner if used), taking care not to cross the cord.
Thickened fuel is poured into the trench, ensuring the det cord is
covered.
f. The det cord serves as a propellant and igniter; however, a
separate
ignition source (trip flare) is recommended.
2. Material requirements for a 20 foot trench.
a. Container(open trench, PVC piping, etc.)
b. Detonation cord (50 feet Det cord)
c. Fuel thickener (five 2 & 1/2 pound cans of M4 thickener)
d. Fuel (50 gallons)
3. Setup
(see diagram)
4. Concept of operation
b. The ring main will carry the charge to the branch lines.
c. The charge will travel down the bottom of the trenches throwing
the fuel up 5 to 10 feet into the air.
d. As insurance, the det cord will ignite a flare or grenade which
will insure that the fuel ignites.
5. Variations. If placed in PVC piping, it can and has been buried for
2 to 3 months and successfully detonated in Viet Nam. This offers
the
best camouflage since it is totally camouflaged.
***DISPLAY LOGISTICS****
WALL OF FLAME/FLAME TRENCH
20 FOOT LENGTH
AMMUNITION REQUIREMENT DODAC EQUIPMENT
50 Gal - Fuel
150 OZ - M4 Thickener 1365-K917
50 ft - Detonation Cord 1375-M456 Shovels, entrenching tools
20 ft - plastic sheeting Plastic liner for the
trench
or PVC piping will keep the
fuel from being absorbed
into the ground and prevent
contamination.
M4 Fuel Thickener 1365-K917
BURSTER (is the Detonation Cord)
1 - M49 Trip Flare 1370-L495
1 - M34 Grenade WP 1330-G935
FIRING SYSTEM: Choice of operator.
Flame Field Expedients - Flame Trench Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Bunker Bomb
BUNKER BOMB detonation system.
1. Characteristics.
a. Capability. Will clean out bunkers and buildings. An exploding 5
gallon flame mine will cover an area 20-30 meters in diameter. A one gallon
mine will cover an area approximately 5 to 10 meters in diameter.
For metal containers, a "monkey fist" of detonation cord (formed by wrapping
the det cord around the hand 3-4 times, and then tightly wrapping the
resulting loops 5-7 times with the running end of the cord) is placed beneath
the container. For plastic 2-liter or one gallon containers, detonation cord
is passed through the lid and a double overhand knot is tied and inserted on
the inside. The lid is then placed back on the container and wax (or
suitable
substitute) is used to seal the container to prevent moisture from entering.
The det cord serves both as igniter and a propellant for the thickened fuel.
Several flame mines may be attached to a ring main, thus forming a flame
minefield.
2. Equipment needed:
a. Container.
b. Detonation cord.
c. Initiation system (igniter with time fuse).
3. Set up
(see diagram)
4. Concept of operation
a. Depending on the Firing System used, (Time Fuse or a M1A1 15
second
delay friction igniter) the det cord will be ignited.
d. The det cord will explode around the can, cutting and spreading
the fuel.
e. The det cord will set the igniter off and ignite the fuel.
CAUTION:
WARNINGS:
1. CARRY THE DEVICE ONLY BY THE HANDLE. NEVER USE THE IGNITER AS A
HANDLE.
2. REMOVE THE TRIP FLARE IGNITER SAFETY PIN ONLY WHEN IT IS TIME TO
USE THE DEVICE.
3. USE EXTREME CARE WHEN HANDLING OR CARRYING NON-ELECTRICAL FIRING
SYSTEMS. PROTECT BLASTING CAPS FROM SHOCK AND EXTREME HEAT. DO
NOT ALLOW THE TIME FUSE TO KINK OR BECOME KNOTTED. DOING SO MAY
DISRUPT THE POWDER TRAIN AND CAUSE A MISFIRE.
4. PRIME DET CORD ONLY WHEN IT IS TIME TO USE THE DEVICE.
5. REMOVE THE FUSE IGNITER SAFETY PIN ONLY WHEN IT IS TIME TO USE
THE
DEVICE.
*****DISPLAY LOGISTICS
BUNKER BOMB
AMMUNITION REQUIREMENT DODAC EQUIPMENT
1 Container (ammo can/gas can)
1 Gallon of fuel
50 Feet of Det Cord 1375-M456
3 ozs M4 Fuel Thickener 1365-K917
BURSTER is the Det Cord
IGNITER (Select One)
1 M49 Trip Flare 1370-L493
1 M34 Grenade, WP 1330-G935
FIRING SYSTEM
1 - M1A1 15 second delay 1 per bomb
friction detonator
1 - M60 Fuse Igniter 1375-M766
with 7.5 feet M700 Time Fuse
1 - Non-Electric Blasting Cap 1375-M131
Flame Field Expedients - Bunker Bomb Diagram

Flame Field Expedients - Other Demolitions
RANGER HANDBOOK
USE: This section will provide some basic HELP for operation and setting up
other DEMOLITION systems.
a. Timber cutting. Can be used for several tasks: LZ clearing, LZ
obstruction, and forming an abbatis.
(1) Determining the size and placement of the charge.
(a) Placement.
[1] For clearing an area, the charge is placed close to
the ground with the charge on the widest face of
the
timber (to cut through the smallest diameter of the
tree). The charge is placed on the side that you
want the tree to fall.
[2] For making an abbatis, the charge is placed about 5
feet above the ground with the location being as
above.
*** For making an effective abbatis, the obstacles should be 75 meters in
depth.
(b) For the first test shot the formula is as below.
P = .025 D
P = Pounds of TNT required.
D = Diameter of round timber, or the least dimension of
dressed timber, in inches.
(2) For stump removal.
(a) For dead stumps use 1 pound of TNT per foot of diameter.
(b) For live stumps use 2 pounds of TNT per foot of
diameter.
(c) For tree and stump, increase the amount of explosive in
(b) above by 50%. Measurements are taken 12" above
ground level.
Flame Field Expedients - Illumination
RANGER HANDBOOK
ILLUMINATION system.
1. Characteristics of a Husch Flare.
a. A 5 to 55 gallon drum filled with thickened fuel, tightly sealed,
and set in a hole so that the top is slightly below ground can be
used.
Coils of det cord are wound around the inside edge of the top of the
drum. The coil is tightly tamped with earth. When detonated, the
cord
cuts off the top of the drum and the WP Grenade ignites the fuel. It
will burn for several hours. It cannot be easily extinguished without
the use of specialized fire-fighting equipment. Time of burning can
be
controlled to some extent by th size of the container, thickness of
the
fuel mixture, and the addition of stray or dirt.
b. Materials required are identical to that of exploding devices but
without the burster requirement.
c. Setup.
(see diagram)
ILLUMINATION DEVICE
Containers
150 OZs - M4 Thickener 1365-K917 per drum
50 GAL -Fuel
100 ft - det cord 1375-M456
BURSTER - Not used in an illumination device
1 - M49 Trip Flare 1370-L493
1 - M34 Grenade WP 1330-G935
FIRING SYSTEM: Choice of the operator.
Flame Field Expedients - Illumination Diagram

MOPP/Heat Stress Analysis
The MOPP view is used for working with information on MOPP plans.
When you highlight one or more plans in the view, you will be able to perform a number of functions on those reports. Either
selecting from the menu or using the buttons in the toolbar can perform the functions. The following functions are available
in the toolbar:
Create
Opens the form to create a new MOPP plan.
Edit
Opens the form to edit the details of the highlighted plan.
Delete
Deletes the highlighted plan.
Print selection
Prints the highlighted plan.
Calculate report
Create a report based on the highlighted MOPP plan.
MOPP/Heat Stress Analysis details
The MOPP entry screen is used to enter or edit MOPP plan details.
The following MOPP plan information can be edited:
Data Set Name
Unique identifier for the plan.
Ambient Air Temperature
May be selected from an existing CDR report using the CDR dialog.
Relative Humidity
Wind Speed
Cloud Cover
Soldier Height
Can be entered as inches or centimeters.
Soldier Weight
Can be entered as pounds or kilograms.
Acclimatization
Measured in number of days.
Dehydration
Clothing Type
Activity Type
MOPP Heat Stress Analysis details (CDR)
This dialog may be used to select an existing CDR message for use in a MOPP plan. You may then select an individual
weather period from the CDR in the MOPP CDR weather period dialog. The values from the message will be set in the
MOPP/Heat Stress Analysis details dialog.
MOPP/Heat Stress Analysis details (CDR period)
A list of all weather periods from the CDR selected in the MOPP CDR dialog is presented. One of the periods may be
selected for the values to be used in the MOPP details dialog.
Chem/Bio Casualty Assessment
The Chem/Bio Casualty Assessment (CBCA) view is used for working with information on CBCA plans.
When you highlight one or more plans in the view, you will be able to perform a number of functions on those reports. Either
selecting from the menu or using the buttons in the toolbar can perform the functions. The following functions are available
in the toolbar:
Create
Opens the form to create a new CBCA plan.
Edit
Opens the form to edit the details of the highlighted plan.
Delete
Deletes the highlighted plan.
Print selection
Prints the highlighted plan.
VLSTRACK
Run the external VLSTRACK program to create a report for the highlighted CBCA plan.
View Report
View a previously calculated reported for the highlighted CBCA plan.
Chem/Bio Casualty Assessment details
The Chem/Bio Casualty Assessment (CBCA) entry screen is used to enter or edit CBCA plan details.
The following CBCA plan information can be edited:
Request
Unique identifier for the plan.
Meteorology
Type of weather to use. May be either locally entered data on the CBCA Local Met Data dialog or an existing CDR.
Strike Type
Type of NBC message to use in attack. Either NBC2CHEM or NBC2BIO messages can be used.
Strike File
NBC message to use in attack.
Persistent Chem
Contour type and levels used in a persistent chemical agent attack.
Dense Vapor Chem
Contour type and levels used in a dense vapor forming chemical agents attack.
Dusty Chem
Contour type and levels used in a dusty chemical agent attack.
Biological
Contour type and levels used in a biological attack.
Grid Type
Set output grid to be either a fixed size or adjustable size.
Grid Gen. Mode
Set output to generate a grid at the END of the report or after EVERY run.
Grid Dimensions
Downwind and crosswind direction sizes for output grid. Only available when Grid Type is set to SELF-ADJUSTING.
Chem/Bio Casualty Assessment details (Local Met Data)
This dialog allows you to customize the weather data used for the CBCA plan.
The following values can be edited in the dialog.
Met Duration
Length of time for each weather period.
There are a total of 20 possible weather periods. Only one needs to be completed. The following values exist for each
period.
Wind Direction
Wind Speed
Pasquil
Air stability code 1 - 7
Air Temp
Ambient air temperature
% Humidity
Coverage
Cloud coverage value 0 - 2
Update Unit Database
The purpose of this function is to provide a capability to synchronize the unit information in NBC-ANALYSIS with external to
NBC-ANALYSIS stored unit information e.g. in a Command and Control system.
The Update Unit Database is two step processes:
1. Initiate a script/external program to extract the unit information from an external source into an ASCII file in a defined
format (Name of script is uisupdates.bat and should be located in <proram dir>\uis).
2. Read in the ASCII file and update the current unit database in NBC-ANALYSIS (The name of the ASCII file is
uisupdates.txt and must be located in <program dir>\uis).
Following fields must be defined in the ASCII file:
Field name Field type Format Mandatory/
Optional
Comments
Unit identifier 15 char ORGID [ATP-45] M
Unit type Variable MIL 2525 A [MIL2525A] M
Unit size Variable O Only used for APP-6 unit database.
Affiliation 1 char F/H O Friend or Hostile. Only used for APP-6 unit database.
Headquarter 1 char Y/N O Only used for APP-6 unit database.
Position 15 char Location [ATP-45] M
Present from 12 char DTG [ATP-45] O Only used for APP-6 unit database.
Warn unit 1 char Y/N O Default Y
Destination 20 char O A valid destination in the destination database
Destination Media 10 char O Valid values: Cable, Lan, Modem, Email, Pab
Reporting time 12 char DTG [ATP-45] O Reserved for PIM
Direction 7 char Direction [ATP-45] O Reserved for PIM
Speed 7 char Speed [ATP-45] O Reserved for PIM
For a WFS unit database the fields Unit identifier and Unit type will uniquely identify the unit in the database. The fields
are mandatory for updating a WFS unit database. The Unit size and Affiliation fields are not used in updating the WFS
unit database.
An optional field in the ASCII file is defined optional with the - character.
The three fields: Reporting time, Direction and Speed are used for updating the PIM for a unit. All the three fields are
mandatory when used for PIM. The PIM position information is taken from the field Position. This is a future option that is
not available in this version of NBC-ANALYSIS.
Sample uisupdates.txt
1BTN,SUPPV------HUSX,-,-,-,18SUJ123234,-,Y,MODEM,Modem,-,-,-
2BTN,SFAPMFCL----USS,-,-,-,18SUJ234123,-,N,LAN,Lan,-,-,-
3BTN,SNGPEXL----CUSG,-,-,-,18SUJ123234,-,y,CABLE,Cable,-,-,-
4BTN,SUSPXMC----BUSA,-,-,-,18SUJ123234,-,n,EMAIL,Email,-,-,-
5BTN,SUUPSN-----MUSE,-,-,-,32UPU839996,-,-,MODEM,Modem,-,-,-
6BTN,SNFPAFA----AUSC,-,-,-,33UUU999333,-,-,EMAIL,Email,-,-,-
Note: Any errors found running the Update Unit Database function will logged to the uis.log file located in <program dir>\uis.

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