First View of Gliese581d - A Preliminary Surface Survey

FIRST VIEW OF GLIESE-581- d ; A PRELIMINARY SURFACE SURVEY
1R. Stewart, 2V. Celebonovic, 3O.Aguiar, 4E. Chatzitheodoridis, 5J.R. Ackerman, 6M.S. Roman, 7H.M.Helfand, 8G.Artuso, 9M.
Bingham, 10W.Trentadue, 11A. Samadi, 12C.I.O.Aristizabal, 13R. Robinett, 14P.Sudiro, 15R. Fraisse, 16M. Huguet
1-(Director-For-(EXO-SCOPE)-Project)-(CEO/Chief-Scientist)-Stewart Research,-(Independent Research Company)- Texas-USA,( 2-(Astronomy, Astrophysics)-Inst. of Physics, Pregrevica
118,11080 Zemun-Belgrad, Serbia), 3-Independent Researcher For Theoretical Oceanography, Oceanography Sciences and Engineering, Atmospheric & Climatology Sciences ), 4-(Astronomy,
Astrophysics, Astrobiology, Planetary-Sciences)-Assistant Professor at National Technical University of Athens Demographic info Greece, 5-(Geology, Geo-physics, Glaciology, Civil Engineering)-
Principal at Twin Oaks Consulting, LLC-, 6(Astronomy, Astrophysics)-Scientific Researcher at Centro de Astrobiologica (CSIC-INTA)-Madrid Spain, 7-Chief Scientist at Innovim Demographic info
Washington D.C. Metro AreaDefense & Space, 8-(Geology, Geo-Physics, Glaciology),Geologo presso Agenzia Regionale Campana Difesa Suolo Localit, Napoli, Italia,(Glacial-Geology,
Glaciology, Geology, Environmental Sciences)-Program Director at Advanced Environmental-Boston Mass., USA, 10-(EXO-SCOPE)-Project-Coordinator), (Astronomy,Telescopy Systems &
Instrumentation, Planetary Sciences, Geology)-Adjunct Instructor- at Rock Valley College), 11- (Lecturer in Physics-Astrophysics at SABA Higher Education Institute Urmia , Assistanht lecturer at
University, Lecturer in Physics-Astrophysics at Paiam Noor University-Naghade Branch-Iran), 12 - DSc-Student-at-Geo-Sciences Institute Federal-Fluminense University), 13-(Geology, Geophysics,
Glaciology, Oceanography)-(Science Research at Orion research Associates), 14-(Geology)-(Field Logging Supervisor at Baker Hughes, Venice, Italy), 15-(Satellite Image Quality-Team-Leader and
expert at EADS-ASTRIUM, Toulouse, France), 16-(Atmospheric-Sciences, Cloud Physics, Environmental Sciences, Meteorology)-(Environmental Consultant /Meteorologist at Source Environmental
Services, Inc.).
Abstract - In 2007 the exoplanet known as Gliese-581-d was confirmed. From (2009 to 2011) re assessment of the (HZ
(Habitable Zone) concluded that Gliese-581-d was deeper into the (HZ) than previously thought, and likely has at least one or
more oceans upon its surface. However, over many years current imaging, remote imaging, and telescopy, technologies have
only very rarely been able to captivate images of larger gas giant exoplanets the size of Jupiter and larger. Therefore,
what is needed is not only a combination telescopy and imaging technology that has the capability to captivate images of
exoplanets smaller than Jupiter, but also would be able to image the exoplanet's surface up very close and in an extreme
amount of detail; in this case applicable to Gliese-581-d.
Keywords : Exoplanets, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Geology, Geophysics, Glaciers, Glaciology, Oceans, Oceanography, Gliese-581-d
First View of Gliese-581-d 2
1.0 - Methodology, The problem and Solution For Exoplanetary Viewing, Imaging and Research
The methodology used is a new imaging technology using the acronym entitled :-(IMMI) which means ; " Infinite Microscopic To
Macroscopic Imaging " , which is first explained, described, presented and demonstrated in the research paper by J. Resnick and R.
Stewart (2010) and (revised) - (2011). Entitled : " IMMI - Micro - Orders of Magnitude Basics In Microscopy " which has a very
extensive capability to diagnose and image both mass and energy. In this case to image, survey, and diagnose the extra-solar system
known as Gliese-581 and its likely exoplanets. Specifically, as explained and described in this research paper as the known and
confirmed exoplanet Gliese-581-d and to survey and image its surface at extremely close ranges and detail. The IMMI technology is
not in the public domain and is considered a private technology and is Intellectual Property.
Therefore, it will be explained as much as possible; however it should not be expected to be explained to the point to endanger
the Intellectual Property Rights of the owner. The inventor of this technology has been able to solve the photographic, imaging, and
remote imaging problems, such as expanding an image, it becoming pixelated, and it loosing imaging data, resolution, graininess,
blurriness, clarity, and focus. The inventor has also been able to solve imaging format problems associated with all of the
aforementioned in like manner. The IMMI technology is unlike any other telescopy and imaging technology; therefore you cannot
compare it to them. (NASA-TECH-BRIEFS) pre-qualified the IMMI technology that works, prior to publishing it in their peer
reviewed journal. (See-URL http://contest.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/1845 ). The IMMI technology simply imaged the
area of space where the Gliese-581- star system was located in the constellation Libra. Gliese-581-d is estimated to have a mass about
a third of that of its red dwarf star / sun. According to : '"The Closest One-Hundred Star Systems Research Consortium of Nearby
Stars" . (2009-2012). (Georgia State University). previous known observations are consistent that
suggest that the Gliese-581- star system is a large planetary system. previous data confirms four exoplanets a as exoplanets (e,b, c and
d). To best understand how Gliese-581-(d) was imaged the best way to understand this is for you to the following URL at-(
http://djer.roe.ac.uk/vsa/vvv/iipmooviewer-2.0-beta/vvvgps5.html ). At this URL is a super concentrated mosaic of outer space
has been reduced down to an image about six inches long. In the upper top right corner is a magnification symbol for making the
image larger (+) symbol. Next to it is also a (-) to make the mosaic smaller. The IMMI technology works much in the same way as
this mosaic. When added to the maximum viewing power of a telescope it essentially creates a super mosaic of the area and has a
primary basic first zoom capability (which like the mosaic example), that zooms out to the star system. A second zooming capability
not only zooms into an exoplanet and show great detail, but will also zoom down to the exoplanets surface attaining extreme close ups.
The IMMI technology is many times more powerful then what you just viewed in this mosaic demonstration. It is also many times
more powerful than the [ELT]-Europe's Extra Large Telescope. That will have an optical lens as large as half of a football field.
However, those building it are not even sure or not if it will even be able to image a exoplanet up close. Other drawbacks to this Super
Telescope is it has a thirty billion dollar price tag. A pretty expensive experiment to see if it can image exoplanets or not. One of the
biggest drawbacks is that it will not be online and ready to use for ten more years, not until 2022.
The IMMI technology will be combined with a new telescope in which plans and funds will start being raised to build a new
telescope most likely in Texas in the USA. The name of this new telescope will be named entitled the :"EXO-SCOPE". Which means
-(Exoplanetary-Telescope). It will be about thirty times smaller than the planned [ELT} and will cost tremendously less than the thirty
billion dollar projected price-tag . It will much more powerful and available to scientists for astronomical /experiment research.
Fig- [1]-(Left-Image-Credit)-(Keck-Observatory/Zuckerman - Press Release-Photo-(2010).(Right-Image)-(Ronald Stewart-(2011
2012). (Left-Image)- (A)- Is an example of some of the latest images of exoplanets at least the size of Jupiter. Three such like planets
were imaged in (2010) which are three exoplanet in orbit around the HR-8799 extra-solar system. Compared to the (Right-Image)- (B)
-Is the Gliese-581-star system. The largest star in the center is Gliese-581. (C-D)-Were imaged by the IMMI technology.(C)-Is likely
the known confirmed exoplanet Gliese-581-d. (D) -Is Gliese-581-d''s largest moon. There is a very clear and distinct difference when
(A) is compared in the left image compared (C-D) in the right image. Especially, when it comes to being able to image exoplanets
much smaller than the size of Jupiter and even much larger. Secondly, in addition to the size of the exoplanets imaged, only the
thermally hot exoplanets the size of Jupiter and larger have been imaged as shown in the image to the left marked (A)
1.1 - A Nearby Comparison of The IMMI's Capability To Image The Surface of A Planetary Body In Detail
(R.Stewart and F.Benot'i, (2011). " Vesta A Closer Look ", demonstrates the IMMI telescopy imaging technology captivating
better and much closer images of the surface of Vesta than NASA's Dawn Spacecraft " Encounter" , was able to captivate. In like
manner, the IMMI technology can view, image, and captivate extreme close ups of an exoplanet and it's surface.
2.0 - More Incoming (IR) - Infrared Sunlight In The Gliese-581-d Star System Then Previously Thought
Fig.-[2]-(Please enlarge with the PDF document (+) magnification tool). (1) is Gliese-581. Which is also enlarged in the left bottom
corner in Fig. [2]. (2-3) are two more stars imaged by the IMMI technology which have similar-like red dwarf star characteristics like
(1) Gliese-581. These are just two additional stars. There could be more that are likely allowing a larger amount of infrared sunlight
into the Gliee-581- star system. Therefore, making the Gliese-581 star system and it's exoplanets warmer than previously thought.
Therefore, this could likely also be one of the reasons that Gliese-581-d is affected by a considerable amount of Co2 in it's atmosphere
and there are likely one or more oceans on it's surface. The point that there is not just the Gliese-581-star itself that allows infrared
sunlight to come into this star but three stars is important. For if this is true in the Gliese-581 star system it could true in other red
dwarf star systems and deserves more study.
3.0 - Gliese-581-d's Largest Moon and Asteroid / Dwarf-Planet-Like-Satellites
Fig.-[3]-(Image-Credits)-(Ronald Stewart-(C)-2011-2012)-(Please use this PDF document's magnification tool for closer view and
study). (A)-Is most likely Gliese-581-d. (B)-Is likely the largest moon of Gliese-581-d. Which is enlarged again and shown in
(D).Which is approximately 4,000-(km) in diameter and is about 250,000-(km) from Gliese-581-d. It is a little larger than earth's moon
and a little further away than earth's moon is from earth. (C)- Are-likely a groups of five asteroid-like satellites that after being
observed and studied are likely in permanent fixed stationary position approximately 12,500 (km) above the southeast corner surface
of Gliese-581-d. (D)-As aforementioned is an enlargement of likely Gliese-581-d's largest moon. However, the yellow arrow points to
the northern hemisphere. Which is shown again in the next image to the right of Gliese-581-d's largest moon-(marked with a small
(A). Which has a larger projected yellow outlined rectangular view of what the northern hemisphere top of this moon looks like. The
small area in the yellow rectangle marked (B) is a very likely an active volcano on the top of Gliese-581-d's largest moon's Northern
Hemisphere. Which has a green arrow pointing to an enlargements of this moon's volcano to the right. away from it to the last image
4.0 - Assumption and Estimation Is :" Scientifically Acceptable " When Scientifically Investigating The Known and Unknown
Is there anything wrong making " Scientific - Estimations " in any " Field of Science " , and if not, is this " Scientifically - Acceptable
" in all science disciplines ? It is "Scientifically Acceptable" to make scientific, assumptions / presumptions, calculations and
estimations across all scientific disciplines, sub-disciplines, and sub-related scientific fields . (Resnick J. , and Stewart R., (2010) and
2011) entitled : " Micro-orders of Magnitude in Microscopy " ), (Rice University. (2010). Entitled : "Measurement with light
microscopes/spectrophotometry/Beers-law") and (Stewart, R. (2012). "Assumption and Estimation Is :" Scientifically Acceptable " When
Scientifically Investigating The Known and Unknown"-[In-Print] gives numerous scientific examples of this.
Fig.-[4]-(Left and Middle Image Credits)-(NASA-(2010).(Right-Image-Credit)-(Image Credit: Ronald Stewart 2011
2012). For instance, the estimated magnetic field for Gliese-581-(d) compared to earth presents and demonstrates a comparison of
earth in a left image and middle image of earth taken by "The NASA-(201) GOES-(Geo-Stationary-Operational-Environmental
Satellite" that demonstrates in color coded sequences of the "Thermal and Co2-(carbon dioxide)-Levels" on earth compared to the
imaging capabilities of the IMMI technological process capabilities. Whereas the IMMI capabilities show the Gliese-581 (d) surface
areas as (red) as the hottest thermal surface areas, followed by (Rose) colored surfaces, while (Purple Areas) indicate surface water,
Gold) surface areas depict-(Co2)-(carbon-dioxide)-levels, (White)-cloud cover (H2O) as ice, and the (Black) surface areas mostly
indicated in these regions seen in black would represent the coldest regions of this exoplanet. Which are observed at being mostly in
the North and South Pole regions of this exoplanet. Estimations were given that the purple to blue primarily represent water. As had
been verified when making close observation investigations of these areas in extreme close ups of this exoplanet's surface. This is the
first example where "scientifically acceptable" estimations have been made on Gliese-581-(d)'s surface.
Fig. - [5] - Gliese-581-(d) Sunrise and View of The Clouds and Sky
(Copyrighted)- Ronald Stewart 2011-2012)
First View of Gliese-581-d
(A)- Is a view and how the Gliese-581-Sun appear at a likely morning sunrise over the horizon. (B) which is a mountain. Which is
part of the Gliese-581-(d) landscape in the background of this image to the left. The arrow pointing away from (C) points toward a
remarkably beautiful view looking at the Gliese-581-(d) most unusual clouds and sky. The blue and black areas are likely is what outer
space above the surface of this exoplanet looks like. Instead of being black as it would appear from the surface of earth, here on the
surface of Gliese-581-(d) the color appearance of outer space when looking up at the sky is both black and blue in color. The small
bright white areas in the background are likely stars. The larger white areas could be a group of asteroid-like-satellites that are in like
permanent fixed positions above Gliese-581-(d)'s surface at about 12,500 (km) above it's surface.(See-Fig.-[8]- especially the right
images (A-C) and it's explanation).
These either individual or group asteroid-like satellites could give appear this large from the surface of Gliese-581-(d).
Primarily because observations indicate imaging evidence that likely there are crater-like raised protrusions upon this asteroid-like
satellite's surface are likely filled with "ice". This creates reflection off the ice back into the atmosphere of Gliese-581-(d). The tan to
brown colored area in the image to the right are likely various types of clouds. That rise above the surface above Gliese-581-(d) that
at an estimated from about 9-20 kilometers.
It has been observed and estimated that the thickness of atmosphere on Gliese-581-(d) is about two-thirds as thick as earth
atmosphere. It has also been observed and estimated that there are various clouds that composed of H2O, Co2, and some sulphide
clouds as would be expected in and around the plume involving volcanic activity.
However, the clouds on Gliese-581-(d) are exceptionally long. A cloud / group of clouds in excess of fifty (km) is like likely
normal on Gliese-581-(d).
Fig.-[6]-(Please use the PDF document (+) magnification toll for a closer view)-(Image-Credit)-(Ronald Stewart 2011-2012)
- (A) Is likely the bottom / Southern Hemisphere of Gliese-581-d. In front of (B) is a very small gray dot which upon further
observations and study when enlarged and projected as seen and viewed in (C) in the yellow outlined square box resembles what likely
is an irregularly-shaped asteroid-like satellite. . This is just one of four other asteroid-like irregularly shaped satellites that were
observed in images above the surface of Gliese-581-(d). Where these asteroid -like satellites are estimated to be at a distance of about
12,500 (km) above the southwest corner southern hemisphere's surface of Gliese-581-d in permanent fixed orbital positions.(D) is a
enlarged "limited longitudinal 3-D" view of one of these likely " ice filled protruding craters " on the surface of this one particular
asteroid-like satellite seen better in (B) in the middle image in Fig.-[8]-(where the aqua arrow points to). However, is further enlarged
and projected from the background as seen in the yellow squared box as further seen in (C).where the aqua colored arrows points to.
Furthermore, it is likely that the ice in the crater as seen in (D) could reflect any and all light from it's icy surface to appear in the
sky as the large bright star-like phenomenon, when in reality they are asteroid-like satellites with pockets of craters that are filled full
of ice reflecting any and all light back into the atmosphere and surface of Gliese -581-(d).
4.1- The Likely Composition of The Gliese-581-d Asteroid-Like Satellites
(V.Celebonovic,(2006). 'The internal structure of asteroids-(ASP) Conference series) that the asteroids of earth's solar system offer a
unique opportunity to study the earliest unchanged primordial material from the earliest phases of the existence of our planetary
system. That by studying the asteroid of earth's own planetary system it also helps scientists to have a deeper understanding and gain
additional insights in the early formation of earth's solar system, thereby attaining knowledge about the origin and chemical
composition of the proto planetary disk, its changes with heliocentric distance, various mixing processes. (V. Celebonovic, (2006
(V. Celebonovic, (2006), again provides a deeper understanding and insight that high resolution observations show that most
asteroids have irregular shapes. (as seen in Fig. 5 of the likely irregular shaped asteroid-like shaped satellite about 12,500 (km) above
the surface of Gliese-581-(d). To have a better understanding these likely asteroid-like satellites high above the surface of Gliese-581
(d) is further exemplified in the paper by (Bendjoya and Zappala, 2002) and again in (V. Celebonovic, (2006) with asteroids in earth's
solar system. Studies have demonstrated as brought out in these research papers that the existence of families groupings of asteroids
that have nearly identical orbits (V. Celebonovic, (2006), and also goes on to show that because there has been intense study of
similarly like irregularly shaped asteroids in earth's solar system, that by understanding these type of asteroids could also help to
understand the similarities that are seen in these similarly irregularly shaped asteroids above Gliese-581-d in like manner.
(Bendjoya and Zappala,2002) also bring out that determining the mean mass density of an asteroid without assuming the
sphericity of its shape can be determined from asteroid, planetary, and spacecraft perturbations, and also by the direct imaging
taken place from ground based observatories and/or spacecraft, and the bulk density can then be calculated in a simple way (Hilton
2002) again in (V. Celebonovic,). This can be expressed in the following Table 1 as shown from (V. Celebonovic, (2006) as follows :
Table 1. Mean densities of some asteroids
Name Density
[kg m3]
1 Ceres 2060 50
2 Pallas 3100 30
4 Vesta 3500 20
45 Eugenia 1200 600
433 Eros 2670 30
4.2- The Internal Structure of the asteroids
(V. Celebonovic, (2006) continues to explain and describe Table 1 that when comparing the inner structure and composition of asteroids in earth's
solar system that for example the mass density of the asteroid known as "Eugenia" may have a.much lower than the density than
water. Another example is also made with the asteroid named "Patroclus". It is further learned from (Marchis et.al,2006) that when using the
mathematical formula of = 800+200100 kg m3 , again shows that this asteroid has a density lower that water as well. These types of
asteroids are a class of asteroids known as "rubble piles". Which basically consist of rocks loosely bound together with gaps in between them. The
way that these asteroids formed were catastrophic collisions and where the debris again once re accumulated back together again
What is very interesting is that by studying this data it helps one to understand that the density of the water and rocks that are bound
close together may have some similarities to the Gliese-581- irregularly shaped asteroid like satellites as well.
5.0 - Likely Asteroid Impacts On Gliese-581-d Bringing About Periods of A Snowball -Like Earth
With so many likely asteroid-like satellites above the surface of Gliese-581-d it is a probability that in the history of this exoplanet
another possibility could have produced snowball-like earth climate conditions upon the surface of this exoplanet. The fact that
because so many asteroid-like satellites are in orbit around this exoplanet, it is a possibility that in this planet's past there could have
been one or more asteroids that for some reason went out of its fixed orbit, and the extra size and mass of this exoplanet and it
gravitational forces could have accelerated the asteroid-like satellite, and it could have come crashing down upon this exoplanet's
surface. If such would have been the case, it certainly would have changed this exoplanet into the snowball-like climate we see
that exists there today.
6.0 - Gliese-581- (d) A Neoproterozoic-(Snowball - Like -Earth) and Its Geology
When looking at Gliese-581-d, observations and assessments that could classify as a comparison model would be what the
earth would have been like sometime in a transitional stage of development, that would have appeared to be like a
neoproterozoic to paleoproterozoic earth (climate wise- that is, without the biological applications for Gliese-581-d). However,
in the case of Gliese-581 (d), it is simply not known if : "life" as human being know and understand it has ever existed there at all. The
point is at this point into exploring Gliese-581-d, the best response is to say : "It is not currently known". Lecture notes from Dr. Eric
Karlstrom GEOLOGY - 320: A Brief Overview of The History of The Earth and Humans Curriculum Course From August, 2009
mentions that at one time eons ago in earth's long past, that the first stage of what is commonly entitled : "Snowball Earth" appeared
about 1000 - 750 -(Ma).
This paper further explains that subsequent deglaciation created sediments from hydrothermal vents emitting from the
ocean's floor, due to additional volcanic activity helping to cause de glaciation of the snowball-like earth probably resulted in a radical
shift from cold to warm, and from an oxygen- poor to an oxygen-rich environment, forcing rapid adaptation so that eventually that the
earth would be able to sustain a multitude of different kinds of life. Rocks of this age show the effects of photosynthesis. Iron and
other elements in the rocks oxidized, giving rusty colors, (similar to what is also seen in the rose pink to red volcanic basaltic like
sediments on Gliese-581-(d) in like manner), so there must have been enough free oxygen by this time to combine with iron and other
metals. However, (Gould, S. J., (1989). " Wonderful Life; the Burgess Shale and the Nature of History ") shows that early geological
sediments were composed of primarily igneous basaltic and andesite compositions of volcanic rocks that made up compositional
compounds that were both hard surfaced volcanic rock and had a light weight, particle diameter. This resulted in Chemical
compositions of ( SiO2 CaO MgO Fe2O3 FeO Al2O3 TiO2 K2O Na2O) and other such like compositions.
6.1 - A Paleoproterozoic-Post-Second Snowball Earth
(750 to 580 Ma) during the late (Mathez, E.A., Ed.,(2003). "Earth: Inside and Out"), determines that during the first (snowball earth
period of time, no doubt volcanoes and hydrothermal vents were abundant in the oceans. Then when climate warmed after
de glaciation, no doubt further development of the landmasses continued to occur. A second snowball like earth is expressed in (Ward,
P.D. and Brownlee, D., (2000). " Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe) further note with (Svensmark, H., and
(Calder, N., (2007). " The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change") suggests quote : " The earths crust is divided into a
series of about 10 major plates and that these are constantly in motion. Over geologic time, these major plates have periodically
joined together to form supercontinents. Ancient examples include the formation of the supercontinent Columbia (Nuna) about 1.8 Ba
(billion years ago), Rodinia at about 1.1 to 0.75 BYA, Pangaea at about 250 Ma (million years ago), and possibly another
supercontinent from between 600 and 550 Ma, termed Pannotia". Unquote. It is from the moving of these plates that caused the earth
in its distant past to go from a state of very cold to a state of warming up quite rapidly. In like manner, it is likely by what is seen on
Gliese-581-(d) today, is from similar conditions climate wise, just like it was on a neoproterozoic to paleoproterozoic earth many
millions of years ago. "
7.0 - The (Known) Scientific Data For Oceans On Gliese-581-(d)
The current known scientific data has revised itself and has changed three times since 2007. Originally (Udry et. al (2007) it was
thought that Gliese-581-(d) was just right outside the edge of the Habitable Zone (HZ) and that it would be too cold to possibly be a
candidate to possibly be favorable to some sort of extraterrestrial life. However, (Mayor, M. (2009) in this paper (who was the original
discovery team), revised its original estimate of the planet's orbital parameters. Finding that it orbits closer to its star than originally
believed, concluding that the planet was inside the habitable zone instead. This was further corroborated that by an article by the ESO
(2009) that Gliese-581-(d) was lightest exoplanet yet discovered. New findings concluded now that there was a good possibility that
even liquid water could exist upon this exoplanet's surface. This was further consistent with a Gliese-581-(d) climate study by
(Wordsworth, R.; et al. (2011).Which further gave further new evidence that Gliese-581-(d) likely even covered by a 'large and deep
ocean'.
The paper by (Wordsworth, R.; et al. (2011) in the study model also presents and demonstrates that an average estimation the
light that Gliese-581-(d) receives from its star has about 30% of the intensity of sunlight on Earth. By comparison, sunlight on Mars
has about 40% of the intensity of that on Earth. However, this model determines that Gliese-581-(d) has more Co2 than previous
thought in "its" atmosphere and that this would be more conducive in having either one very large ocean or many oceans upon "its"
surface. This was produced on this exoplanet due to the increased infrared radiation (IR) sunlight that would be coming into Gliese-
581-(d) that it could also significantly raise planetary temperatures, which would be caused by a Greenhouse effect upon the planets
surface. Earlier discussions in this research paper presented imaging evidence that there is most likely more infrared sunlight coming
into the Gliese-581-satr system then previously thought as shown in Fig-[3]. Volcanic activity also increases the Co2 affect in the
atmosphere.
7.1 - Spectrographic Specular Reflection of Suggestive Water Vapor and Gliese-581-(d) Oceans
In the research paper (S.Seager, E.L. Turner, and J. Schafer, (2005), entitled: "Vegetation's Red Edge A Possible Spectroscopic Bio-
signature of Extraterrestrial Plants" refers to the to the leaf reflectance of light between 700 and 750 nm wavelength. This paper is
uses a concept that light reflectance of vegetation would produce a strong-(light reflection variance). That could be used on exoplanets
to try to determine if an exoplanet had some form of extraterrestrial vegetational life on it or not. Such a futuristic technology could be
would certainly have a considerable amount of scientific worth. The technology mentioned in (S.Seager, E.L. Turner, and J. Schafer,
(2005) is feasible. Especially in regard to a concept entitled: "Specular Reflection". which is designed to be used to try to find water
vapor, ice, or liquid water on a exoplanet. This technology would be based upon being able to using a spectrum of scattered light from
a spatially unresolved extra solar terrestrial planet. The light would be reflected off of the exoplanet when it would be in almost moon
phases.
(S.Seager, E.L. Turner, and J. Schafer, (2005), also refers in their paper what is entitled: "The Red Edge" permeates the concept
that a red colored spectrum color variance would be indicative of possible vegetation on an extra solar planet. The use of this concept
in color spectrum identification for not necessarily in this paper for the detection of some sort of alien vegetation. However, the: "red
edge" concept is a light variance that has the potential for locating possible vegetation on an exoplanet that would be in a star system
with a HZ.
What is particularly interesting is that when the "red edge" concept when coupled with: "Spectrography Specular Reflection
Method" could in theory be used to use this extra variance in finding oceans on an exoplanet as well. It's pure common sense and logic,
if a scientist can use the "red edge" effect and find vegetation, where there would usually be vegetation, than there would bound to be
water on that exoplanet as well. Because vegetational life (as far as mankind understand it) needs also water to exist.
7.2 - The: "IMMI Blue Dot Exoplanet Technology"; for Detecting Water Vapor, Ice or Bodies of Water , Upon an Exoplanets
Surface
As previously explained in this research paper in section -(1.2) entitled - "A Nearby Comparison of The IMMI's Capability To Image
The Surface of A Planetary Body In Detail" , explains when first using the IMMI technology what some of the priorities are when
making a survey of another star system. One of these priorities would be to determine if the star system has a HZ Which in many cases
known science has already determined which is an area of space that is not too close to the center of the star system and not too far
away where it would be too cold to possibly support some form of extraterrestrial form of life.
The IMMI technology has a number of capabilities that could be used for the detection of water vapor in the exoplanets
atmosphere, ice, or liquid water that could be upon an exoplanet's surface. The first IMMI technology that has these capabilities is
entitled: "IMMI Blue Dot Exoplanet Technology". This IMMI technology capability is based upon similar methodologies of
near infrared band with color spectrum wave variance in the spectrum of Earthshine (i.e., the spatially integrated scattered light
spectrum of Earth). This is similar to the same technology used in the: "Earthshine Project" and observations made from the Apache
Point Observatory (New Mexico) to emphasize that time variability is key to detecting weak surface bio signatures such as the
vegetation red edge that (S.Seager, E.L. Turner, and J. Schafer, (2005 describe in their research paper.
"IMMI Blue Dot Exoplanet Technology" is based upon the true genius of Dr. Carl Sagan. In his book entitled : " Pale Blue Dot:
A Vision of the Human Future in Space "(1994), here are two partial quotes from his book affecting the IMMI Blue Dot Exoplanet
Technology. Quote : " The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to
which our species could migrate. Visit, yes. Settle, not yet. Like it or not, for the moment the Earth is where we make our stand. ......It
has been said that astronomy is a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly
of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one
another, and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we've ever known."
The IMMI capability uses similar spectroscopic features. These allow time-varying, sharp spectral features at variable light
variance wavelengths to be identified using a color coded system. There are four different indicators that are available when using the
" IMMI Blue Dot Exoplanet Technology". to detect water vapor, ice, or liquid water upon an exoplanet's surface.
1) "IMMI Blue Dot Exoplanet Technology". It uses the "Blue Dot" appearance of the earth in first ascertaining that if an
exoplanet is blue in color as well that it also could water vapor in the atmosphere, ice and/or water on it's surface in the form of ocean,
or even a combination of all three of these factors. The (blue dot) recognition method of course would not guarantee that just because
an exoplanet had a blue tint to "its" atmosphere or to the planet itself that it would be evidence of any kind of water in any form. For
2). Blue could also could be an indicator of an exoplanet also having a considerable amount of methane in it's atmosphere in
like manner, however, this could also be an (indicator) of some form of water. At Gliese-581-(d) we can observe this indicator at Fig.-
[7].
Fig.-[7] Earths Southern Lights (Image Credit: NASA, 1991).
3) A third indicator of "IMMI Blue Dot Technology" is the optional capability entitled: "The IMMI Blue Dot Spectrography
Specular Reflection Capability" . This capability takes uses a similar capability to a most recent technological approach known as:
"Specular Reflection". (See section 7.4.). As the research paper by (Nicolas B. Cowan, Dorian S. Abbot, and Aiko Voigt.
(2012), "A False Positive For Ocean Glint On Exoplanets The Latitude Albedo Effect". In both the "Specular Reflection Methods" and
in the "IMMI Blue Dot Spectrography Specular Reflection Capability" uses light and light reflection or albedo to determine if the
exoplanet has water. Both technologies work as further explained in similar respects as explained in section (7.4) Fig.-[7]- shows that
the "blue green-like haze" on earth is the Southern Aurora Lights. In like manner some similarities of a "blue-like haze" could also be
an indicator of water on exoplanets. Especially in their HZ.
4) A fourth indicator of "IMMI Blue Dot Technology " is based upon the exoplanet having a blue dot like appearance. However
it's more detailed than just that. If the blue dot areas within an image of the exoplanet exhibit similar oceanic like characteristics as
would also be seen in earth oceans, like small indications that the blue colored areas appear to have resemblance to long waves,
coastlines than this is another indication that the exoplanet likely has oceans.
7.3 - The Affect Sunlight Has On The Exoplanet Is Vital For Lagoons, Seas and Oceans On Exoplanets
It also needs to be determined for instance, there is a need to attain data that will help to persons reading this paper to
understand and gain insights into how Gliese-581-(d) is affected by the much lessor sunlight that is upon this exoplanet that have a
thicker atmosphere with CO
2
. Less sunlight coupled with the exoplanets's volcanic activity creates a greater amount of CO
2
. Which in
essence creates a chain reaction developing into a greater greenhouse affect upon the surface of this exoplanet. Which no doubt over
many eons has caused helped the glaciers to melt on this exoplanet creating these oceans over millions of years of time. Therefore, if
this could have happened this way on Gliese-581-(d), it could have happened on earth in similar ways. At Supplemental Material the
reader would find URL's to have a better understanding and insights about the red dwarf star influence
.
7.4.1 - The: "Glint Model Specular Reflection Technology"
One of the latest technology that is sought to try to also be able to detect oceans on an exoplanet or at least water vapor or ice.
If you've seen a bright reflection of sunlight on a body of water here on Earth, you've seen an example of the glint effect. The research
paper by (Nicolas B. Cowan, Dorian S. Abbot, and Aiko Voigt. (2012). "A False Positive For Ocean Glint On Exoplanets The
Latitude Albedo Effect"), scientists post that surface oceans of exoplanets would affect the planet's apparent reflectivity . This increase
of albedo should be detectable during the crescent phase of a planet. It's here is where they believe they may be able to detect at least
some form of water.
In their paper, the team outlines three possible methods to detect surface liquid on an exoplanet. The first method, "rotational
color variability," is what the IMMI technology is already doing as aforementioned, but in just a much more advanced way. In both the
IMMI technology and the (glint method) there is truth in both methods of application that oceans are darker and have different colors
than other surface types on Earth. (Cowan et al. (2011) and (Kawahara & Fujii (2011) attest that because oceans are darker and have
different colors than other surface types on Earth, so the time variations in color of a spatially unresolved planet can betray the
presence of liquid water oceans should be able to be detected as well.
However since the IMMI technology has several systems already in place, also being able to not only image exoplanets up very
close but their surfaces as well. So, when comparing the IMMI capabilities to the glint method the truth is, the "Glint Model" is
currently only an academic program, that is trying to make some progress in being able to detect oceans on exoplanets. However, the
Glint Model uses a "ten-year average" to detect something, is too much time to the spend on a survey In reality, "time is essential" to
produce a technology that has the capability of doing now what the (glint method may detect ten years from now. Therefore, at the
speed in which science moves today, a period of at least ten years is much too slow for science nowadays.
Fig. - [8] - (A)- the Earth. (B)- the Gliese-581-(d).
(Image-Credits: (A) NASA, (B) Ronald Stewart 2011-2012)
In Fig.-[8]-(A) of course is the earth. (B) Is gliese-581-(d). (1) points to examples where water is located on both Earth and
Gliese-581-(d).((2)-points to ice.(3) Points to land formations on Earth and Gliexse-581-(d) in like manner.The only difference, in this
example, is that on Gliese-581-(d) the red arrows point to a large area of rose and green colored land formations .
7.5- The Glacial Geo-Physical Relationship Composition of the Oceanographic Aspects on Gliese-581-(d)
Fig. [9] Preliminary Glacial-Geo-Physics Model
(Image Credit: Ronald Stewart 2011-2012)
First View of Gliese-581-d
In Fig.-[9] - (Please use the PDF document (+) magnification tool icon for observing and studying clopser detail in the image).
Fig.-[9]- presents and demonstrates an estimated "Preliminary Glacial-Geo-Physics Model" of the likely glacial and geo-morphology
of Gliese-581-(d) based upon observations made in studies of images of Gliese-581-d and "its" surface. Between the climatology of
Gliese-581-(d) and how it developed with a number of similarities to earth first snowball earth (neoproterozoic period) and it's second
snowball earth period (paleoproterozoic period). In the scientific paper "The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global
change", written by Hoffman, P.F. & Schrag, D.P. (2002), shows discoveries that are strikingly similar.
Sedimentology as observed upon the surface of Gliese-581-(d) around "its" glacial geo-morphological areas of application.
Similar to the "rose pink" color to red volcanic rock observed in. The similarities specifically apply to similar climate and terrain
conditions that would have existed on a neoproterozoic earth that would have been at least partially covered in glacial ice millions of
years ago. At Stone Knife River in the McKenzie Mountains in the far northern extremes of Canada such like sediments were
discovered without transitional facies or intercalation of the sedimentary strata. That has similar resemblance to these type of
sediments. Applying to a neoproterozoic like earth that constituted of a volcanic oriented bi-carbonate strata and Ice Rafted Dropstone
sediments in like manner were also discovered.
The "yellow to orange colored" sediment strata in the above model observed on the surface of Gliese-581-(d) again had
similarities to the past glacial geo-physical strata that were found in a second location in Brigganjargaa, Norway also affected by the
earth's past neoproterozoic period that consisted of a shelf-edge politic limestone in an allodapic slope also with facets of carbonate
and Ghaub dicmietite. That again had similarities to similar glacial geo-physical sedimentary strata observed in images of the surface
of Gliese-581-(d). The "beige to tan colored" strata in the cut-away section of the Gliese-581-(d) Glacial/Geological Model above
similar like sediments as were observed that was also discovered in the same aforementioned location
The "green colored" strata in the above glacial geology models composed of bicarbonate strata also discovered at Stone Knife
River in the McKenzie Mountains in the far northern extremes of Canada. The green colored sediments were discovered in a third
location in Fransfonstein, Northwest Nambia. These sediments that also appeared similar to what was observed in images of the
surface of Gliese-581-(d). Which consisted of the upper dropstone unit of the Chaub diemietite and it's cap dolostone in slope
facies.The "gray colored" strata in the above Gliese-581-(d) model presents and demonstrates striated glacial features overlaid by
Smalfjord diemietite discovered at Brigganjargaa,Varangerfjord Norway which is similar as seen in images of Gliese-581-(d).
7.6 Other Papers On A Snowball like Earth Climate Wise That Have Numerous Similarities To Gliese-581-(d)
In 1987, when Cal Tech biomagnetist and paleomagnetist Joe Kirschvink gave to undergraduate Dawn Sumner a rock sample
to study for her senior thesis. The sample, collected by UCLA paleontologist Bruce Runnegar, was a reddish, uncompacted,
rhythmically laminated siltstone from the Elatina Formation, a late Neoproterozoic, glacial and periglacial unit, implies Glaciogenic
deposits (diamictites and ice-rafted dropstones) .
While (Lemon and Gostin (1990), suggest unusually stable remnant magnetization. Found in such glacial geo-morphology
found detrital hematite. However, Williams (1996) in a positive fold test would proving natural magnetization. Primarily from such
Rose colored to red basaltic volcanic rock which also includes magnetite and is in similar rose and red colors as has also been
observed many times on Gliese-581-(d) in numerous images that have been studied of the surface in like manner. Other studies
(Sumner et al., 1987; Schmidt et al., 1991; Schmidt and Williams, 1997; Sohl et al., 1999) help to confirm all of the aforementioned
apply into the first and second snowball-like periods of earth. Where observations also show climate wise Gliese 581-(d) has many
similarities to as well. While those studies suggest that the Elatina glacial epoch lasted for several 10^5 to a few 10^6 years, that would
have been most likely found in these first and second snowball like periods of time in earth's history as well.
7.7 Other Oceanographic Discoveries of A First and Second Snowball Earth Effecting Gleise-581- (d)
"Sedimentary basins in the southwestern Siberian craton: Late NeoproterozoicEarly Cambrian rifting and collisional events"
(J.K. Sovetov, A.E. Kulikoval and M.N. Medvedevl, 2007), provides additional evidence into a first and second snowball earth, in
which as aforementioned these sediments had similarities to similar appearing sedimentary strata observed in images of the surface of
the exoplanet known as Gliese-581-(d).
An additional area that has strong resemblances to smaller glacial action and has many of the same compositional glacial
geophysical properties is again formulated in the paper. According to the peer reviewed research paper by (Ida Leene and Astrid Lyse-
(2005) "Deglaciation dynamics following the Little Ice Age on Svalbard: Implications for shaping of landscapes at high latitudes")
other papers support the same type geological process at or similar first and second period neoproterozoic to paleoproterozoic
(snowball earth) periods of time in earth's long distant past. The glacial-geomorphology would also affect the elemental, mineral, and
chemical composition of both the earth's oceans and in a number of similarities because similarities have been observed in the
geological strata of Gliese-581-(d) as well.
This not only a gives better understanding and insights into these two periods of (snowball earth-like) activity at that time in
earth's long past chronological natural history, but also gives us the same if not more understanding and insights into these similarities,
which transcend to Gliese-581-(d) in like manner. Furthermore, this helps to understand to a much deeper extent the most likely
compositional make up of the bodies of water (lagoons, seas and oceans) on Gliese-581-(d), because like the oceans on Earth, water
has a extremely close connection to the land sediments; and since the laws of physics apply and the empirical ones do as well, it seems
by what is also observed on Gliese-581-(d), then it is reasonable and logical that the same applies to the glacial-geophysical
relationship that the sedimentary factors have as to the composition of the bodies of water on Gliese-581-(d) as well, gives a much
better understanding and insight into the compositional makeup.
Another reason the above Gliese-581-(d) Preliminary Glacial-Geophysics Model was developed is to also help to have a
deeper understanding and insight that the many similarities observed between the neoproterozoic climate on earth millions of years
ago and of the surface of Gliese-581-(d). Current geological strata is important in understanding a new hypothesis and theory in
how the oceans formed on Gliese-581-(d). However as Stewart, R. (2012) "Earth's Oceans; A Theoretical Observation How Glaciers
Formed Them" brings to our attention that glaciers that are upon high and steep glaciers slopes over eons of time and especially during
the time when there was a first and second snow ball earth, that as the earth experienced these changes and with the warming of the
planet, these thawing out periods melted more and more glacial ice. As the ice accumulated in these snowball earthlike periods and
remelted again it was an ongoing cycle that eventually made the oceans what they are today, occurring within the last 50,000 to
100,000 years or so.
7.8 Theoretically How The Oceans On Gliese-581-(d) and On Earth Both Developed
What is the current thinking as to how the oceans on earth developed ? In simple terms current scientists think that a more than one-
billion years ago that a comet hit earth composed of ice and from the ice eventually after many eons the oceans on earth formed.
Precipitation formed creating an ongoing cycle of the sun evaporating the oceans water into vapor, which produced rain filled
streams and rivers. Which eventually flowed by into the seas and oceans only to repeat over and over again the never ending ongoing
cycle for eons past.
However, suppose the oceans formed another way ? How ? Suppose the oceans on earth were formed in much of the same way
as has been observed and studied in the images pertaining to the surface of Gliese-581-(d) ? What has never been thought of or
brought to light that there may have been a complete different way that the oceans develop on earth. In being able to observe images of
the surface of Gliese-581-(d) helps in understanding that at one time that because of higher altitude
Fig.- [10] - Glaciers Illustration
In Fig.-[10]- is an illustration of two glaciers on Axel Heiberg Island in the extreme far northern reaches of Canada, and how
the glaciers come down to and meet the ocean's edge. From the research paper by (Stewart, R., (2012) "Earth's Oceans A Theoretical
Preliminary Analysis How Glaciers Formed Them") , the image on the left marked (A) is a map of a far Northern Canadian Island
(before it enters into the North Pole on earth) which has a considerable amount of Glacial activity. The two aqua colored arrows show
where the bottom of the glacier meets the surface waterline of the top of the ocean shown in blue. The Gliese-581-(d) image on the
right marked (B) shows similarities to (A). Where the aqua colored arrows point to shows the bottom of two glaciers meeting this
exoplanet's ocean surface water line, just as seen in (A) on earth. Of course again the blue is the water.
Fig.-[11]- A Gliese-581-(d) view
Fig.- [13] - (A) is a view of the round exoplanet on the right, and the yellow square within the exoplanet represents the
approximate location on the exoplanet, where the larger projected image is coming from. The larger projected image is an aerial view,
looking down upon very tall vertical sea cliffs from about 5 miles above this exoplanet's surface. These sea cliffs have white ice
caps on the top of them. The blue purple area is likely part of an ocean, and the smaller land formations in the water are a coastline of
chain-like islands. Fig.-[13]- (B) is a near infrared aerial view image of the same vertical ice capped sea cliffs and coastline chain of
islands. The infrared shows wave fronts like rows of triangularly shaped highlighting crests of oceanic waves and wave diffraction is
seen as it moves inland towards the chain of islands and the coastal shoreline
7.9 A Closer Look At The Land Formations and Terrain On Gliese-581-(d) and More Shorelines, Seas and Oceans
Fig.-[14]- A Gliese-581-(d) view
Fig.-[14]- is again an aerial view about 5,000 feet above the exoplanet's surface. At this view it's like flying over the Arctic
circle, showing the sea cliff ice capped ice shelves. Again the blue area is like another ocean around these ice cap sea cliffs. The
abstract flat look to the terrain we believe is because the gravitational forces on this exoplanet are about two times greater than on
earth. It is composed of a topography which is similar to areas as seen in the upper parts of the north pole. In a number of ways, it is
also similar to an ancient neoproterozoic to paleoproterozoic (transitional snowball-like earth) as it most likely existed millions of
years ago in its climate. (Note these conditions are likened to in climate, not the biological means that are associated with such
descriptions.
7.9.1 Other Observations Involving Likely-Oceanic Conditions and Activity On Gliese - 581- (d)
(Note)-In this section under studying the glacial-geophysical and oceanic conditions and how this corresponds in using two periods
relating to the climate of a neoproterozoic and paleoproterozoic (snowball like earths). In comparisons to the many observations that
have been made in similarities to earth in these past conditions which existed on earth millions of years ago. How this affected the
oceans on earth, and numerous similarities made in the observations and studies involving the theoretical approach of the preliminary
survey of Gliese-581-(d). When comparing the distant past earth in these time periods to the surface of Gliese-581-(d). Therefore when
possible bibliographical references will be made in this section,. However, because a new planet is being explored as a precedent
observations have to be made and when possible bibliographical reference will then at that point be made).
A question that needs to be asked is, "Does Gliese-581-(d) have a climate?" The answer is it likely does. First analysis of many
observations in the images of the surface of Gliese-581-(d) show very intensely active oceanic conditions and wave activity. A climate
would have to be present for the oceans to be active as they most likely are. Observations in images determine that there are likely
hundreds if not more bodies of water upon the surface of Gliese-581-(d). The land masses in many first analysis observations resemble
ice shelves on earth. There are likely hundreds of bodies of water, and each is a separate body of water without obvious connections.
The melting ice basins maybe make the largest group of bodies of water. In the astronomical sense, the albedo- the ratio of the
light reflected by a planet or satellite to that received by it- is only about one-third or a little more than on earth. However, from an
imaging standpoint, the dark navy blue areas on this exoplanet are likely going to be water. If this kind of imaging compares with what
would be observed and studied in other areas that likely have oceans that have any similarities to such circumstances on earth, then the
more similarities that are observed and studied thus becomes also a greater and greater body of growing and accumulating evidence.
With all of the large number of observations that have been made through at least several science disciplines, and in
these observations, there are so many likely similarities between what is observed on this exoplanet and what is known to exist on
earth and in comparison with its oceans. In the first analysis of this it is known that on earth, large fresh water lakes and salt water seas
and oceans exist. There are also a few bodies of water here and there that are also acidic, and alkaline bodies of water as well.
So, as it can be determined that earth has its known salt water oceans and seas and large fresh water and alkaline
lakes; therefore, if there can be several type of different kinds of bodies of water on earth, and because under observations made in the
images of the surface of Gliese-581-(d) in the first analysis of this exoplanet and because it has been show in this research paper to
have a number of similarities like earth was millions of years ago when in both in climate conditions as would be seen in a
neoproterozoic and paleoproterozoic (snowball-like earth), then like earth, it is very likely that Gliese-581-(d) has different types of
bodies of water on its surface as well.
What is also observed in the images and in some of the image examples given in this paper in like manner that there are
many oceans on this exoplanet. However, in and around these many oceans are fjord-shaped cliffs, it has been observed that the
tops of these cliffs have many ice caps on the top of them.
Observations were also made that this exoplanet is likely to have possible oceans- just as some of the larger moons in earth's
own solar system- such as Europa, Titan, Io, and Enceladus. So much of what is observed is really interesting how so much the
research has been similar to work done so far in Norway (Snowball Earth and Enceladus), and what is representative on Gliese-581-(d
also in glaciology, which has similarities to Glacial Activity on Enceladus.
The oceanic currents maintain the distribution of heat and chemicals when a permanent cycle was established. The salinity of
the larger bodies of water (seas and oceans) is assumed 30% to 60% lower than 35ppm, with a circulation determined by the rotation,
the moons, and other satellites above the surface of Gliese-581-(d). However, if such seas and oceans on Gliese-581-(d) were
dominated by a short range of temperatures, than there would there seem to be streams and rivers. However, as of yet there have not
been any observations of streams or rivers on Gliese-581-(d).
Therefore, what is observed and studied rather is most likely only concentrations of chemical components and the high
precipitation; so there is possible an existence of differentiation vertically in the masses of large water. However, under the
circumstances, it's likely are there are many kilometers of ice-fluids on the rockish surface, too.
Within time, as the surface of this exoplanet is investigated, researched and studied in much more detail, theoretical formulas
for ocean tides could be developed. These will be incorporated and become established using the astronomical parameters between the
planet, its moon(s), parent star(s) and other satellites above the surface in space. Basically there are 12 astronomical components in a
tide on earth, there are cycles of tides with 12m of variation and points entitled amphidromic with tide of 0.0m. The foundational
period of the tide is related with the time of moon(s) orbit, in Gliese-581-(d) it has a largest moon and a group of small satellites
orbiting around this exoplanet. These tides will be predominant semi-diurnal (about 20 earth hours) because the lock that these small
satellites in combination with Gliese-581-(d)'s largest moon and their amplitudes are measured in centimeters, because the
gravitational force is proportional to the square distance of these celestial bodies.
Further images of numerous oceans on Gliese-581-(d) points to oceanic wave conditions and wave current that indicate that the
mean ocean water depth along the continental shelfs of Gliese-581-(d) is about depth three-hundred feet , producing a minimum wave
height of about twelve feet in height in especially linear shore currents. Whereas the wind wave influence on the bottom is also
approximately one thousand feet depth. Which would be resultant of wave heights between (50-70) / fifty to seventy feet in height.
Such wave height on Gliese-581 (d) is likely normal for this exoplanet, especially in the likely deeper part of its oceans. So, it could be
just one event as well our last one.
However the observational consensus in this exploration is that the near-infrared images show a narrow continental shelf. Thus,
larger planets have better conditions to develop high waves, and observation of the size of the narrow width of the continental shelf,
would likely strongly suggest a surf zone with 800 feet and a ocean with 1300 feet would be more than sufficient to create large wind
waves action with 60 feet heights and 11s of period. On Earth, bodies of water tend to be bluish because they reflect blue skylight. The
sky appears blue because of molecular Raleigh scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere the seas and oceans appears blue from the sky
because the absorption (yellow and red) of the sunlight by the water. However, seen from the space this is on earth is blue because our
planet has of the surface covered by water, and it could be believed that Gliese-581-(d) would not have a distinguished "Blue Tint"
like earth, because a lot of water is presented as ice and the blue intensity of the seas and oceans depends on dispersed particles and its
depth
Fig. -[15] Earth and It's Moon As Seen From Mars
(Image Credit -(NASA)
Earth and its moon as seen from the surface of the planet Mars. The late Dr. Carl Sagan made reference in so many words that
the earth appeared as a "blue" dot in space. Since the (blue dot theory ) is established that this type of scientific approach works
(primarily because we know life exists on earth and that it has oceans which is essential for life, that this can be used as a denominator
for use that when using a methodology of looking elsewhere for an exoplanet that may sustain life (as science currently understands it),
then when using this as another indicator to finding another "Earth-To Water-World -Like Planet" then this is one of the
methodologies used by the IMMI technology. Just as earth is seen as a "blue-dot" from Mars (as well in outer space above the earth),
then the "IMMI Blue Dot" methodology is just one of several ways to find an exoplanet in images that likely have oceans upon it.
Fig.- [15] A Earth and Gliese-581-(d) views
The basic geological characteristics are similar to earth, potentialities by the gravity force and the size of the planet, the
circulation (air and water) systems are fully developed. It also has very strong wind and wave action causing the impression of an
exoplanet in a state of continuous inclement weather, similar to what would be seen on earth during an intense tropical storm on
an ongoing continuous basis. This of course would create large wave action, and all other oceanic conditions would likely be
more intense than on earth. Waves are larger, and the coastal currents are more intense because the geography is different from earth,
in that it has two significant big land masses. It is possible that Gliese-581-(d) is a myriad of "little" masses with continental-islands,
causing different dynamics of the water mass with water circulation under the ice caps.
Because of the size of the planet, the land distribution, the larger gravitational forces, and atmospheric density may be
different in the oceans on the surface Gliese-581-(d). The oceanic conditions could be more intense than earth; some effects
viewed, observed, and studied on the surface of Gliese-581-(d) are actually more intense, while other effects in this first study analysis
are too small to establish a theory. However, all of the aforementioned factors when it comes to Gliese-581-(d) are likely significant,
where much stronger gravitational forces apply than found on earth. The image evidences suggest there are more oceans on Gliese
581-(d), and these oceans likely are quite similar to earth ocean dynamics.
In all of the accumulative data and imaging evidence and other related materials, in addition to this research paper, and the
many numerous observations made from several of more applicable scientific disciplines and sub-disciplines, and by the many
consistent data and what is observed in these images, is also consistent with the laws of physics and empirical laws, it could be said
that there are many similarities climate-wise, as would be seen in either a neoproterozoic or paleoproterozoic (snowball-like-earth) and
what is observed on the surface of Gliese-581-(d). This is most likely the same as these two periods in earth's distant past, but how
these characteristics have developed and will develop are not similar.
Results - A fundamental preliminary imaging survey was made of the entire Gliese-581-Star-System, and a likely exoplanet in the
(Z)-(Habitable Zone) that matches and is consistent with the known scientific data for the orbital rotational path around its parent star
applicable to Gliese-581-(d). A second survey was made of astronomical phenomenon and exoplanet's surface.
Conclusion - Most likely, climatology conditions similar to a Neoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic-like first and second periods
snowball-like earth. Red-dwarf parent star's (IR)-(infrared) sunlight, and additional infrared sunlight from other red dwarf stars
from close by star systems, contribute to the overall infrared sunlight coming into the Gliese-581- star system. That would make
this star system warmer than previously thought. Likely true in this star system, it could be the case in other red dwarf star systems as
well, especially of interest in their (HZ). Therefore, when combined with subsequent planetary volcanic activity, this has likely created
a Co2 greenhouse affect upon Gliese-581-(d) over many eons, melting of glaciers and creating many oceans; and secondly,
creating a topographical surface terrain of very high vertical fjord-ice-capped sea cliffs, surrounded by numerous planetary oceans.
Inside these likely oceans are numerous chain-like connected island coast /shorelines.
Hint To The Next Research Paper- " Gliese-581-(g) ; A Preliminary Exoplanet Survey To Determine It's Existence ".
Important Scientific Announcement
EXO-SCOPE-Project
EXO-SCOPE- (Copyrighted)- Ronald Stewart 2011-2012) - Means; "Exoplanetary-Telescope". The publisher of this research paper has
allowed the author to make an announcement regarding the building of a telescope in the USA-(United States of America) most likely
in Texas. That is based upon the IMMI technology. This telescope will have the capability to image not only other star systems and
survey them, as to what type of astronomical celestial objects and phenomenon exist there, but the star system's exoplanets as well .
However, not only will the EXO-SCOPE be able to attain close up images of these exoplanets in great detail, but will also be able to
attain extreme close ups of the exoplanet's surface in like manner.
The EXO-SCOPE project will advance science's knowledge of the universe years ahead of its time. This project will have
many and even more of many of the scientific capabilities now planned for Europe's [ELT]-(Europe's Extra Large telescope).
However, with the advancement of the IMMI technology added to the telescope itself the EXO-SCOPE will also have many more
capabilities than the [ELT].Funds and "Fund-Pledges" are now being raised for this project in phases or steps, which are estimated
to between seven to ten-million dollars-($7,000,000 - $10,000,000) for the building of the concentrated EXO-SCOPE. The reason
the estimated cost can be kept so low is because the EXO-SCOPE is estimated to be able to be about at least twenty-(20) times smaller
than Europe's -[ELT] telescope expected to be on line by 2022. However, the EXO-SCOPE will be built long before that. The
EXO-SCOPE will allow astronomical and other scientific experiments to be carried out in ways not even imagined.
If you would like to contribute to this project in funds or would like to make a funds pledge, or would simply like to know
more about this project then please see these URL's
Acknowledgements
The Author and Co-Authors of this research paper would like to thank all scientists, space agencies like NASA, ESO, and many more,
including researchers, universities, colleges, observatories, and any and all other professionals involved with astronomical and
extra solar planetary research.
Financial Research Statement
The research for this project was financed by :"Stewart Research and Consulting". Suggestions, recommendations, inquiries
comments, and correspondence may be sent by email to prof-ronstewart@cyberglyphics.com.
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First View of Gliese581d - A Preliminary Surface Survey

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