Data vs. Info vs.

Knowledge (data goes to info once processed; use of the data through info in a certain way is
knowledge).
The distinction between science and art the start of the philosophy of science.
Key People:
Aristotle the role of science to derive eistence fro! a cause.
o Two types of thinking processes inductive (enu!erative " intuitive) and deductive.
Roger Bacon # sources of error
o $cientia eperi!entalis %logic needs to be co!bined with practice&.
William of Ockham 'ckha!(s )a*or eli!inate superfluous concepts (scepticis! "o!nipotence)
Copernicus and Kepler
Galileo role of abstraction in science+ eplanation of discrepancies.
Francis Bacon science for the benefit of !ankind. four types of error
Rene Desecrates deduction sounder than induction and analytical !ethods.
Newton eperi!ental philosophy+ role of abstraction+ contingency of laws+ and deduction of conse,uences
beyond the inductive evidence rules for reason.
Daid !ume the law of association (cause and effect) we can(t predict-de!onstrate anything through
induction %necessity is a property of the !ind+ not of ob.ects& /o!!on sense deceives you and it is net
to i!possible to avoid being deceived in this !anner %correlation does not prove causality or even close
association& Induction can never provide useful infor!ation about casual relations in the real world we
can never be 0112 certain.
o 3is ideas do!inated science until 4opper and Kuhn. set up pre!ises and use deduction showing if
the observations are applicable in the %real world&.
Karl "opper a theory or !odel should be falsified. can never get the truth but .ust closer to it. Inductive
conclusions are not co!pelling.
#homas Kuhn shifting fro! one paradig! o another is irrational because there is no inductive or deductive
link %nor!al science& as %proble! solving& " inco!!ensurability.
$mre %akatos science doesn(t consist of a unitary hypothesis but a whole %balloon& of hypotheses (core
and ancillary) %no single test falsifies a progra!&.
5ost scientific conclusions are epressed as probabilities+ not as absolute state!ents
&ohn "latt philosophers do not no !uch about science and vice versa.
"aul Fe'era(end philosophy of science is incapable of describing science.
%$cientists accept the ob.ective reality of the world+ and believe that it can be !eaningfully understood.&
Professor Gandevia:
o $et up of hypothesis+ the use of 'ckha!(s ra*or and 6alsifiability in eperi!entation of hypothesis
so!eti!e we %.u!p& to the wrong conclusions irrationally due to faults in thinking (perception).
o /auses of illogical thinking illusions+ syllogis!s.
o 7lind $pots in thinking fra!ing effects+ segregate the ,uestion; cause an effect+ scientific of
clinical testing+ the certainty effect+ irrational prudence+ rationalis! and prediction in hindsight.
o 8e naturally verify rather than falsify therefore irrational - illogical.
o Despite our efforts to think and behave scientifically+ there are a great variety of psychological and
situational factors which prevent this as we are not always aware of influential factors and therefore
we believe we are behaving reasonably (when we are not).
o $cience is based on probabilities but our brain has trouble evaluating probabilities.
o Is there any hope for rational thinking yes but only if there is cautious scepticis! and with the
reassessing of hypothesis regularly.
TUTORIAL:
9ffective co!!unication+ proble! solving+ networking+ learning fro! others " differing personalities.
9peri!ental :earning /ycle (:ewin and Kolt)
;dvances in $cience the past is part of the present.
4eer )eview
5istranslations and relevance in co!!unication.
Aesculapius (with hygiea and panacea) Te!ple !edicine w- offerings " drea!s
Hippocratic medicine
o The oath " ethical principles %first do no har!&
o Diagnosis " prognosis " theory (the hu!ours)
o 4eripatetic+ observations and eperience.
Galen /o!bined anato!y with 3ippocratic !edicine+ through dissections+ etc.
ar! A"es
o 5onks+ scribes and hospitals held ancient !anuscripts fro! <alen+ etc. proble!s and
!istranslations with copying.
o 6ounding of =niversities (eg $alerno challenged 3ippocratic !edicine the case of the laudable pus)
;nato!y lessons were taught. used old <alenic tets (with !istakes)
#edieval and $arly #odern $urope
o >esalius ?oung professor @ 7russels A /hanged anato!y lessons
7ook beca!e influential anato!y+ the centre of !edicine subtly disagreed with <alen.
$howed the body as a collection of parts actual dissections on bodies
o B types of healersC 4hysicians+ ;pothecaries " $urgeons.
o 4arD
6rench barberAsurgeon 4oster boy for rational+ professional+ educated surgeons.
<ained battlefield eperience $oothing oint!ent over boiling oil undertook eperi!ents.
%eventeent& 'entury witchcraft+ alche!y and science.
o 4olyphar!acy
o 8illia! 3arvey ; %true& scientific investigator postulated circulatory !ove!ent of blood+ valves in
veins no holes in septu! of heart through dissections and vivisections clai!ed capillaries !ust
eist.
o Eo change in practical !edicine (still <alenic) and failing.
o ;lternative healers wise wo!en (!idwives)
o The witch cra*e due to tur!oil in the church- state- !edicine these wo!en were strangely successful
therefore they were too powerful (the devil).
Learnin" a(out (odies
o 3unter and FsackAe!Aup( !en.
o 6ew Fhanged felons( granted by royal decree were not fresh and dissection frowned upon gave
dissection a bad na!e etra punish!ent central to !edical training.
o 4rivate ;nato!y schools opened+ too !ake !oney
8illia! and Gohn 3unter in :ondon highly successful !ade anato!ical atlases but
needed a large supply of fresh+ differing bodies. (Therefore the Fsack e! up( !en).
)obert Kno etre!ely popular %anato!y in the 6rench 5anner&+ derailed byC
8illia! 7ure and 8illia! 3are who !urdered people for their bodies therefore+ !ade
!oney. )esulted in copy cat !urders in :ondon and then the %;nato!y ;ct of 0HBI&.
Post #ortems and )ivisections learnin" a(out (odies*
o :arge hospitals ea!inations of patients (i!personal) and case histories. %)ead little+ see !uch+ do
!uch& clinical training. (i!!ediate auscultation) )ene :aennec :e /ylindre.
o 7ut still <alenic-3ippocratic treat!ent.
o 5edical research at tissue level noticed pathological changes large nu!bers of bodies for
co!parison.
o >ivisections (" antiAvivisection !ove!ent) " eperi!ental !ethod /laude 7ernard has to be
so!ething wrong if i!proper functioning. 5ove!ent due to change in attitudes to ani!als.
o )udolph >irchow /ellular 4athology he said to %look !icroscopically&.
o 5orbid ;nato!y applications to forensic science internal changes were noted 7ernard $pilsbury.
o Twentieth /entury looking further into the body /;T scans+ JArays " 5)I(s can look inside live
bodies. 3owever are we all standardised bodiesK (;gainst /laude 7ernard).