Mumbai: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Mumbai

Mumbai
Mumbai (?????)
Cuffe Parade
Mumbai (?????)
Location of Mumbai (?????)
in Maharashtra and India
Country
India
State Maharashtra
District(s) Mumbai City
Mumbai Suburban
Municipal commissioner Jairaj Phatak
Mayor Shubha Raul
Population
Density
Metro
13,922,125 (1st) (2008)
21,880 /km
2
(56,669 /sq mi)
20,870,764 (1st) (2008)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area
Elevation
603.4 km (233 sq mi)
14 m (46 ft)
Codes
Pincode 400 xxx
Telephone +022
UN/LOCODE IN BOM
Vehicle MH 0103
Website www.mcgm.gov.in
Seal of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
Coordinates: 1858N 7249E / 18.96N 72.82E / 18.96;
72.82
Mumbai (Marathi: ?????, Mumba, IPA: [mm.bi] ),
formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of
Maharashtra. The city proper is the second most popu-
lous city in the world with approximately 14 million in-
habitants.
[1]
Along with the neighbouring suburbs of
Navi Mumbai and Thane, Mumbai forms the worlds 4th
largest urban agglomeration with around 19 million
people. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a
deep natural harbour. Mumbais port handles over half
of Indias maritime cargo.
[2]
In the third century BCE, the Maurya Empire trans-
formed the region into a centre of Hindu and Buddhist
culture. Then, the islands came under the control of suc-
cessive indigenous empires before being ceded to Por-
tuguese settlers in 1534 and finally acquired by the Brit-
ish East India Company in 1668. The islands were
merged and the city was named Bombay by the British.
During the mid-18th century, it emerged as a significant
trading town. Economic and educational development
characterised the city during the 19th century. It be-
came a strong base for the Indian independence move-
ment during the early 20th century and was the epi-
centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Royal Indian
Navy Mutiny.
[3]
When India became independent in
1947, the city was incorporated into the Bombay State.
In 1960, following protests during the Samyukta Maha-
rashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was cre-
ated with Bombay as the capital. It was renamed Mum-
bai in 1996.
Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment centre
of India, generating 5% of Indias GDP,
[4]
and accounting
for 25% of industrial output, 40% of maritime trade, and
70% of capital transactions to Indias economy.
[5]
Mum-
bai is home to important financial institutions such as
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mumbai
1
the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange,
the National Stock Exchange of India and the corporate
headquarters of many Indian companies and numerous
multinational corporations. The city also houses Indias
Hindi film and television industry, known as Bollywood.
Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential
to offer a better standard of living, attract migrants from
all over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri of
many communities and cultures.
Toponomy
The name Mumbai is an eponym, etymologically derived
from Mumba or Maha-Ambathe name of the Koli god-
dess Mumbadeviand Aai, "mother" in Marathi.
[6]
The
former name Bombay had its origins in the 16th century
when the Portuguese arrived in the area and called it by
various names like Mombai, Mombay, Mombayn, Mom-
baym, and Bombai, which finally took the written form
Bombaim, still common in current Portuguese use.
[7]
After the British gained possession in the 17th century,
it was believed to be anglicised to Bombay from the Por-
tuguese Bombaim,
[8]
although it was known as Mumbai or
Mambai to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as Bambai
in Hindi, Persian and Urdu. It is sometimes still referred
to by its older names, like Kakamuchee and
Galajunkja.
[9][10]
The name was officially changed to its
Marathi pronunciation of Mumbai in 1996.
[11]
This is in
keeping with the policy of renaming colonial institu-
tions after historical local names.
[12]
"Mumbai" written in Marathi at the Taj Mahal Palace &
Tower.
A widespread explanation of the origin of the tradi-
tional English name Bombay holds that it was derived
from a Portuguese name meaning "good bay". This is
based on the fact that bom (masc.) is Portuguese for
"good" whereas the English word "bay" is similar to the
Portuguese baa (fem., bahia in old spelling). The normal
Portuguese rendering of "good bay" would have been
boa bahia rather than the grammatically incorrect bom
bahia. However, it is possible to find the form baim
(masc.) for "little bay" in 16th-century Portuguese.
[8]
Other sources have a different origin for the Por-
tuguese toponym Bombaim. Jos Pedro Machados Di-
cionrio Onomstico Etimolgico da Lngua Portuguesa ("Por-
tuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") men-
tions what is probably the first Portuguese reference to
the place, dated from 1516, as Benamajambu or Tena-Mai-
ambu,
[13]
pointing out that "Maiambu" seems to refer to
Mumba-Devi, the Hindu goddess after which the place is
named in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century, the
spelling seems to have evolved to Mombayn (1525)
[14]
and then Mombaim (1563).
[15]
The final formBombaim ap-
pears later in the 16th century, as recorded by Gaspar
Correia in his Lendas da ndia ("Legends of India").
[16]
J.P.
Machado seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis,
asserting that Portuguese records mentioning the pres-
ence of a bay at the place led the English to assume that
the noun (bahia, "bay") was an integral part of the Por-
tuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay,
adapted from Portuguese.
[17]
History
See also: Timeline of Mumbai events
The Haji Ali Mosque was built in 1431, when Mumbai was un-
der Islamic rule
In place of the present day city was an archipelago of
seven islands: Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim,
Colaba, Worli, and Old Womans Island (also known as
Little Colaba).
[8]
Pleistocene sediments found near Kan-
divali in northern Mumbai by British archaeologist Todd
in 1939 suggest that these islands were inhabited since
the Stone Age.
[18]
They were known as Heptanesia (An-
cient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geo-
grapher Ptolemy in 150 CE.
[8]
Their earliest known in-
habitants were the Kolis, a fishing community. In the
third century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya
Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of
Magadha.
[19]
Later, between second century BCE and
ninth century CE, the islands came under the control of
successive dynasties: Satavahanas, Abhiras, Vakatakas,
2
Kalachuris, Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, before being
ruled by the Silhara dynasty from 810 to 1260.
[20]
Raja
Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late
13th century and established his capital in Mahikawati
(present day Mahim).
[21] [22]
He brought settlers of vari-
ous communities from Saurashtra and Deccan to Mahi-
kawati.
[23]
The Muslim rulers of Gujarat annexed the is-
lands in 1348.
[20]
The islands were later governed by the
Gujarat Sultanate from 1391 to 1534.
[24][25][26]
From 1491
to 1494, the islands suffered several sea piracies from Ba-
hadur Khan Gilani, a nobleman of the Bahamani Sultan-
ate.
[27]
In 1534, the Portuguese appropriated the seven is-
lands of Bombay from Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat
Sultanate by the Treaty of Bassein. However, the seven
islands were surrendered later on 25 October 1535.
[28]
They were ceded to Charles II of England in 1661, as part
of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza.
[29]
These islands,
were in turn leased to the British East India Company in
1668 for a sum of 10 per annum by the Royal Charter of
27 March 1668.
[30]
The population quickly rose from
10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.
[31]
In 1687, the British
East India Company transferred its headquarters from
Surat to Bombay. The city eventually became the
headquarters of the Bombay Presidency.
[32]
Following
the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the
Companys establishments in India.
[33]
The islands
suffered incursions from the Mughals in the late 17th
century.
[34]
The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the arrival of
King George V and Queen Mary in India in 1911
From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with
large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging
all the seven islands into a single amalgamated mass.
This project, known as the Hornby Vellard, was com-
pleted by 1784.
[35]
On 16 April 1853, Indias first passen-
ger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to
the neighbouring town of Thane.
[36]
During the Americ-
an Civil War (18611865), the city became the worlds
chief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the
economy that subsequently enhanced the citys
stature.
[37]
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed
Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian
Sea.
[38]
In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic
plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at
1,900 people per week.
[39]
About 850,000 people fled
Bombay and the textile industry was adversely af-
fected.
[40]
As the capital of the Bombay Presidency, it
witnessed the Indian independence movement, with the
Quit India Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942
and the The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny called by the In-
dian sailors on in 1946 being its most notable
events.
[41][42]
After Indias independence in 1947, the
territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India
was restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay
State increased, after several erstwhile princely states
that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bom-
bay State. Subsequently, the city became the capital of
Bombay State.
[43]
In April 1950, Greater Bombay District
came into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbs
and Bombay City.
[44]
Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma Chowk ("Martyrs
Square") as a memorial to the Samyukta Maharashtra
movement
In the Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress
party demanded that the city be constituted as an
autonomous city-state.
[45]
In 1956, the States Reorgan-
isation Committee recommended a bilingual state for
Maharashtra-Gujarat with Bombay as its capital. Bombay
Citizens Committee, an advocacy group comprising of
leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Bombays in-
dependent status.
[46]
In the 1957 elections, the Samyukta
Maharashtra movement opposed these proposals, and
insisted that Bombay be declared the capital of Maha-
rashtra.
[47]
Following protests by the movement in
which 105 people were killed by police, Bombay State
was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.
[48]
Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were parti-
tioned into the state of Gujarat.
[49]
Maharashtra State
with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger
3
of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight dis-
tricts from Central Provinces and Berar, five districts
from Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states en-
closed between them.
[50]
The citys secular fabric was torn apart in the Hindu-
Muslim riots of 199293 in which more than 1,000 people
were killed.
[51]
On 12 March 1993, a series of 13 co-ordin-
ated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic ex-
tremists and the Bombay underworld resulted in 257
deaths and over 700 injuries.
[52]
In 2006, 209 people were
killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded
on the citys commuter trains.
[53]
A series of ten co-
ordinated terrorist attacks by armed gunmen from 26
November 2008 to 29 November 2008 resulted in 164
deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several im-
portant buildings.
[54]
Geography
The metropolis consists of the Mumbai city, Mumbai suburban
district and also the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the
western coast of India, in the coastal region known as
the Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island, partially shared
with the Thane district.
[8]
Many parts of the city lie just
above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m
(33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft).
[55]
The city has an average eleva-
tion of 14 m (46 ft),
[56]
whereas the southern tip of
Colaba has an elevation of 11 m (36 ft).
[57]
Northern
Mumbai is hilly, and the highest point in the city is
450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette Island.
[58]
Greater Mumbai
spans a total area of 603 km
2
(233 sq mi).
[59]
Sanjay
Gandhi National Park (Borivili National Park) is located
partly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in the
Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km
2
(39.80 sq mi).
[60]
Apart from the Bhatsa Dam, there are six major lakes
that supply water to the city, such as Vihar, Lower Vait-
arna, Upper Vaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai.
[61][62]
Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National
Park, within the citys metropolitan limits.
[63]
The sup-
ply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used
only for agricultural and industrial purposes.
[64]
Three
small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) and
Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while
the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and
gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai
Lakes.
[65]
The coastline of the city is indented with nu-
merous creeks and bays, stretching from Thane creek on
the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.
[66]
The
eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large
mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the west-
ern coast is mostly sandy and rocky.
[67]
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy
due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil
cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock
of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows,
and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the
late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras.
[65]
Mumbai sits
on a seismically active zone owing to the presence of
three fault lines in the vicinity.
[68]
The area is classified
as a Seismic Zone III region, which means an earthquake
of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be ex-
pected.
[69][70]
Climate
Lying in a tropical zone and the near the Arabian Sea,
Mumbai observes mainly two seasons, such as the humid
season and the dry season. The humid season, between
March and October, is characterized by high humidity
and temperatures of over 30 C (86 F). Between June
and September, the monsoon rains lash the city, supply-
ing most of the citys annual rainfall of 1,800 millimetres
(70.9 in), with an average of600 millimetres (23.6 in) fall-
ing in July alone.
[71]
The maximum annual rainfall ever
recorded was 3,452 millimetres (135.9 in) in 1954.
[65]
The
highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 milli-
metres (37.17 in) on 26 July 2005.
[72]
The dry season,
between November and February, is characterized by
4
Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai
moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather.
Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill
during January and February.
[71]
January is the coolest
month of the year with mean daily minimum being
16.4 C (61.5 F).
[73]
Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 C
(100 F) to a low of 12 C (54 F).
[71]
The record high is
43.3 C (109.9 F) and the record low is 7.4 C (45.3 F).
[74]
Economy
The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest in Asia
Mumbai is Indias largest city, and is called the financial
capital of the country.
[75]
It serves as an important eco-
nomic hub of the India, contributing 10% of all factory
employment, 40% of all income tax collections, 60% of all
customs duty collections, 20% of all central excise tax
collections, 40% of Indias foreign trade and Rs. 40 billion
(US$ 800 million) in corporate taxes.
[76]
Mumbais per-
capita income is Rs. 48,954 (US$ 980) which is almost
three times the national average.
[77]
Many of Indias nu-
merous conglomerates (including State Bank of India,
LIC, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and five of the
Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai.
[78]
Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have
branches in this area, the World Trade Centre (Mumbai)
being the most prominent one.
[79]
Until the 1980s, Mum-
bai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the
seaport, but the local economy has since been diversi-
fied to include engineering, diamond-polishing, health-
care and information technology.
[80]
State and central government employees make up a
large percentage of the citys workforce. Mumbai also
has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self employed pop-
ulation, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers,
taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar pro-
fessions. The port and shipping industry is well estab-
lished with Mumbai Port being one of the oldest and ma-
jor ports
[81]
in India. In Dharavi, in central Mumbai,
there is an increasingly large recycling industry, pro-
cessing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the
district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factor-
ies.
[82]
Most of Indias major television and satellite net-
works, as well as its major publishing houses, are
headquartered here. The centre of the Hindi movie in-
dustry, Bollywood is the largest film producer in India
and one of the largest in the world.
[83][84][85]
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial
capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liber-
alization of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties
and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in
2000s. Mumbai has been ranked 48th on the Worldwide
Centres of Commerce Index 2008.
[86]
In April 2008, Mum-
bai was ranked seventh in the list of "Top Ten Cities for
Billionaires" by Forbes magazine,
[87]
but in terms of av-
erage wealth among the billionaires, Mumbai had the
highest rank among these ten cities.
[88]
Civic administration
Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: the city and the
suburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maha-
rashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as
the Island City.
[89]
Mumbai, both island city and suburbs
as a whole, is administered by the Brihanmumbai Muni-
cipal Corporation (BMC) (formerly the Bombay Municip-
al Corporation), with executive power vested in the Mu-
nicipal Commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by
the state government. The Corporation comprises 227
directly elected Councillors representing the twenty
5
The Bombay High Court exercises jurisdiction over Maha-
rashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
four municipal wards, five nominated Councillors, and a
Mayor whose role is mostly ceremonial.
[90]
Mumbai is
headed by mayor Shubha Raul, Municipal Commissioner
Jairaj Phatak, and Sheriff Indu Shahani. The BMC is in
charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the met-
ropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees
each ward for administrative purposes. Almost all the
state political parties field candidates in the elections for
Councillors. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region consists
of 7 Municipal Corporations and 13 Municipal Councils.
In addition to the BMC, it includes the Municipal Corpor-
ations of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Navi Mumbai, Mira-
Bhayandar, Bhiwandi-Nizampur and Ulhasnagar.
[91]
Greater Mumbai forms two districts of Maharashtra,
each under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The
Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue
collection for the Central Government, and oversee the
national elections held in the city.
[92]
The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commis-
sioner, who is an IPS officer. The Mumbai Police comes
under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into
seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones,
each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The
Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the
Mumbai Police.
[93]
The Mumbai Fire Brigade department
is headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by
four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and six Divisional
Officers.
Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which
exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and
Goa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and
Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
[94]
Mumbai also has two lower
courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the
Sessions Court for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a spe-
cial TADA (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities) court for
people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terror-
ism in the city.
[95]
Transport
A Modern BEST bus (Starbus)
Public transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai
Suburban Railway, BEST buses, taxis, auto rickshaws,
ferries, and aeroplanes.
[96]
Black and yellow-metered,
taxis traverse most of the metropolis. Auto rickshaws
operate in the suburban areas of Mumbai. Taxis and
rickshaws which run on Compressed Natural Gas are the
most common form of hired transport.
[97]
Mumbai is the headquarters of two railway zones:
the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati
Shivaji Terminus,
[96]
and the Western Railway (WR)
headquartered near Churchgate.
[98]
The backbone of the
citys transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, consists
of three separate networks running the length of the
city, in a north-south direction.
[99]
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly known as Victoria
Terminus, headquarters of the Central Railway, is a UNESCO
World Heritage Site
The Mumbai Metro is an underground and elevated
rapid transit system currently under construction. The
Mumbai Monorail will run from Jacob Circle to Wadala
when it is completed. Mumbai is well connected to most
parts of India by the Indian Railways. Trains originate
from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya
6
Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra terminus and
Andheri. Mumbais suburban rail systems carry a total of
6.3 million passengers every day.
[100]
Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of
the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai and
Thane. Buses are used for commuting short to medium
distances, while train fares are more economical for long
distance commutes. The BEST runs a total of 3,408
buses,
[101]
ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily over 340
routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker,
vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned
and the Euro III compliant Compressed Natural Gas
powered buses. MSRTC buses provide intercity transport
and connect Mumbai with other major cities of Maha-
rashtra and India. The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus
service which explores numerous tourist attractions in
Mumbai. BRTS lanes have been planned throughout
Mumbai, with buses running on seven routes as of
March 2009.
[102]
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is South Asias
busiest airport.
[103]
Mumbais Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
is the main aviation hub in the city and the busiest air-
port in South Asia.
[103]
The Juhu aerodrome was Indias
first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heli-
port.
[104]
The proposed Navi Mumbai International Air-
port which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, has
been sanctioned by the Government and would help re-
lieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing air-
port.
[105]
With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the
best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the
countrys passenger traffic, and much of Indias cargo.
[2]
It is also an important base for the Indian Navy, and the
headquarters of the Western Naval Command is located
here.
[106]
Ferries from Ferry Wharf allow access to is-
lands and beaches in the area.
[107]
Utility services
See also: Mumbais water sources
BMC headquarters.
The BMC supplies potable water to the city, most of
which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a
few lakes further north. The water is filtered at Bhan-
dup, which is Asias largest water filtration plant. Even
Indias first underground water tunnel is being built in
Mumbai.
[108]
The BMC is also responsible for the road
maintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almost
all of Mumbais daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes is
transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northw-
est, Mulund in the northeast, and Deonar in the east.
Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra,
and disposed off by two independent marine outfalls of
3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worli
respectively.
[109]
Electricity is distributed by Bombay Electricity Sup-
ply Transport (BEST) in the island city, a consumption of
3,216 GWh.
[110]
and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, and
Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution
Co. Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the citys electricity is
hydroelectric and nuclear based. Consumption of elec-
tricity is growing faster than production capacity. The
largest telephone service provider is the state-owned
MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellu-
lar services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well
as mobile WLL services.
[111]
Cell phone coverage is ex-
tensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone
7
Essar, Airtel, MTNL, BPL group, Reliance Communica-
tions, Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and
CDMA services are available in the city. MTNL and Airtel
also provide broadband internet service.
[112][113]
Demographics
See also: Growth of Mumbai and Mumbai statistics
According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai
was 11,914,398,
[114]
According to extrapolations carried
out by the World Gazetteer in 2008, Mumbai has a popula-
tion of 13,662,885
[115]
and the Mumbai Metropolitan
Area has a population of 20,870,764.
[116]
The population
density is estimated to be about 22,000 persons per
square kilometre. Per 2001 census, Greater Mumbai, the
area under the administration of BMC, has literacy rate
of 77.45%,
[114]
higher than the national average of
64.8%.
[117]
The sex ratio was 774 (females per 1,000
males) in the island city, 826 in the suburbs, and 811 as a
whole in the Greater Mumbai,
[114]
all numbers lower
than the national average of 933 females per 1,000
males.
[118]
Since the 1970s, Mumbai has witnessed a construction boom
and a significant influx of migrants, making it Indias largest
city.
The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus
(67.39%), Muslims (18.56%), Buddhists (5.22%), Jains
(3.99%) and Christians (3.72%), with Sikhs and Parsis
making up the rest of the population.
[119]
The linguistic/
ethnic demographics are: Maharashtrians (53%), Gu-
jaratis (22%), North Indians (17%), Tamils (3%), Sindhis
(3%), Tuluvas/Kannadigas (2%) and others.
[120]
This
unique mix of cultures is due to the migration of people
from all over India since the 1600s.
[121]
Christians form a
sizable section of Mumbais society and include Marathi-
speaking East Indian Catholics who were converted by
the Portuguese during their regime.
[122]
Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any oth-
er metropolitan city of India. Marathi, the official lan-
guage of Maharashtra state, is widely spoken. Other lan-
guages spoken are Hindi, Gujarati, and English.
[123]
A
colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiyaa blend of
Marathi, Hindi, Indian English and some invented
wordsis spoken on the streets. English is extensively
spoken and is the principal language of the citys white
collar workforce.
[124]
Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation
problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing
countries: widespread poverty and unemployment, poor
public health and poor civic and educational standards
for a large section of the population. With available
space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in
cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from
workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on
crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways.
[125]
Accord-
ing to the 2001 census, 54.1% of Mumbais population
lives in slums.
[126]
Dharavi, Asias second largest
slum
[127]
is located in central Mumbai and houses
800,000 people.
[128]
Slums are also a growing tourist at-
traction in Mumbai.
[129][130][131]
The number of mi-
grants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the
19912001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to
54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mum-
bai.
[132]
In 2007, the crime rate (crimes booked under In-
dian Penal Code) in Mumbai was 186.2 per 1,00,000 popu-
lation, which was slightly higher than the national aver-
age of 175.1, but much lower than the average crime rate
of 312.3 in cities with more than one million population
in the country.
[133]
The citys main jail is the Arthur
Road Jail.
[134]
People and culture
Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city
Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mum-
baiite or Bombayite. Many residents live in close proxim-
ity to either of the Mumbais transport systems: train or
bus, although Mumbais suburban residents spend signi-
ficant time travelling to the main commercial district
located in the south.
[80]
Some of the unique delicacies
here include Dhansak, Khichri, Bombli Batata Bhaji, Kamag
Kakri, Solachi Kadhi, Min Vela Curry and Curried Bombay
8
Duck. Local fast food available at roadside eateries in-
cludes Vada pav, Panipuri, Pav Bhaji, and Bhelpuri. The
city is dotted with several small restaurants that serve
South Indian, Punjabi and Chinese dishes.
[135]
Girgaum Chowpatty is one of the most famous beaches of
Mumbai and a prime spot for Mumbais roadside cuisine
Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinemaDadasa-
heb Phalke laid the foundations with silent movies fol-
lowed by Marathi talkiesand the oldest film broadcast
here in the early 20th century. Mumbai also has a large
number of movie theaters, including the worlds largest
IMAX dome theater,
[136]
which feature Bollywood,
Marathi and Hollywood movies. The Mumbai Interna-
tional Film Festival and the award ceremony of the Film-
fare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards given
for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai. Des-
pite most of the professional theater groups that formed
during the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s,
Mumbai has developed a thriving "theater movement"
tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English and other regional
languages.
[137][138]
Contemporary art is well-represented in both
government-funded art spaces and private commercial
galleries. The government-funded art galleries include
The Jehangir Art Gallery and The National Gallery of
Modern Art.
[139]
Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of
Bombay is the oldest public library in the city. The Ch-
hatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly
The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in
the heart of South Mumbai near the Gateway of India
which houses rare and ancient exhibits of Indian his-
tory.
[140]
Mumbai has a zoo named Jijamata Udyaan,
which also harbours a garden.
[141]
Mumbai has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Elephanta
Caves.
[142]
Popular places in the city are Nariman Point,
Girgaum Chowpatti, Juhu Beach, and Marine
Drive.
[143][144]
Essel World is an theme park and amuse-
ment centre situated close to Gorai Beach.
[145]
Asias
largest theme water park, Water Kingdom, is also loc-
ated in Mumbai.
[146]
Ganesh Chaturthi, a popular festival in Mumbai
Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and Indian
festivals. Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Navratri, Good Fri-
day, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja
and Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals in
the city.
[147]
The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibi-
tion of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists
in the fields of music, dance, theater, and films.
[148]
A
week long fair known as Bandra Fair is celebrated by
people of all faiths.
[149]
The Banganga Festival is a two-
day music festival, held annually in the month of Janu-
ary, which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism
Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Ban-
ganga Tank in Mumbai.
[150]
The Elephanta Festival
which is celebrated every February on the Elephanta Is-
lands, is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music
with artists from across the country arriving on the is-
land.
[151]
Mumbai has sister city agreements with the follow-
ing cities:
[152]
Yokohama, Japan.
[153]
Los Angeles, United States.
[154]
London, United Kingdom.
Berlin, Germany.
Stuttgart, Germany.
[155]
Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Media
See also: List of Mumbai radio stations
Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications and tele-
vision and radio stations. Popular English language
newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the
Times of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA, and Indian
Express. Marathi newspapers include Loksatta, Lokmat and
Maharashtra Times. Newspapers are also printed in other
Indian languages.
[156]
Mumbai is home to Asias oldest
9
Bollywood is based in Mumbai
newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published
in Gujarati since 1822.
[157]
Bombay Durpanthe first
Marathi newspaperwas started by Balshastri Jamb-
hekar in Mumbai in 1832.
[158]
Numerous Indian and international television chan-
nels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the Pay
Tv companies or the local cable tv provider. The metro-
polis is also the hub of many international media corpor-
ations, with many news channels and print publications
having a major presence. The national television broad-
caster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial chan-
nels, while three main cable networks serve most house-
holds. ESPN, Star Sports, Zee Marathi, ETV Marathi, DD
Sahyadri, Mee Marathi, Zee Talkies, Zee TV, STAR Plus
and news channels like Star Majha are popular. Popular
news channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai and Maha-
rashtra include Marathi news channels Star Majha, Zee 24
Taas, and Sahara Samay Mumbai. Satellite television (DTH)
has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation
costs. Popular DTH entertainment services in Mumbai
include Dish TV and Tata Sky. There are twelve radio
stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM
band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on
the AM band.
[159]
Mumbai also has access to popular
Commercial radio providers like WorldSpace, Sirius and
XM. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the
Union Government in 2006 met a poor response in Mum-
bai due to the arduous competition from its sister tech-
nology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.
[160]
Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai,
produces around 150200 films every year.
[161]
The
name Bollywood is a portmanteau of Bombay and Holly-
wood. The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywoods popularity
overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of
quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as
well as technical advances such as special effects, anima-
tion etc.
[162]
Film studios in Goregaon, including Film
City, are the location for most movie sets. The Marathi
Film Industry is also based in Mumbai.
[163]
Education
See also: List of colleges in Mumbai
Rajabai Clock Tower at the University of Mumbai
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run
by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or indi-
viduals), which in some cases receive financial aid from
the government. The schools are affiliated either with
the Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE), the all-India
Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations
(CISCE) or the Central Board for Secondary Education
(CBSE) boards. Marathi or English is the usual language
of instruction. The government run public schools lack
many facilities, but are the only option for poorer resid-
ents who cannot afford the more expensive private
schools.
[164]
Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten
years of schooling, and then enroll for two years in Juni-
or College, where they select one of three streams: arts,
commerce, or science. This is followed by either a gener-
al degree course in a chosen field of study, or a profes-
sional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine
etc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the
University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in
the world in terms of the number of graduates. The Indi-
an Institute of Technology, Bombay, Veermata Jijabai
Technological Institute and University Institute of
10
Chemical Technology which are Indias premier engin-
eering and technology schools, and SNDT Womens
University are the other universities in Mumbai. Mum-
bai is also home to Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Manage-
ment Studies (JBIMS), K. J. Somaiya Institute of Manage-
ment Studies and Research (SIMSR), S P Jain Institute of
Management and Research and several other manage-
ment schools. Government Law College, the oldest law
college in India,
[165]
and Sydenham College, the oldest
commerce college in India,
[166]
are based in Mumbai.
The Sir J. J. School of Art is Mumbais oldest art institu-
tion.
[167]
Mumbai is home to two prominent research institu-
tions: the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR),
and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The
BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor
at their facility in Trombay.
[168]
Sports
Brabourne Stadium, one of the oldest cricket stadia in the city.
Cricket is the most popular sport in the city (and the
country).
[169]
Due to shortage of cricket grounds, modi-
fied versions of cricket (generically referred to as galli
cricket) with varying rules are played everywhere.
Mumbai is home to the Board of Control for Cricket in
India (BCCI).
[170]
The Mumbai cricket team represents
Mumbai city in the Ranji Trophy, Indias domestic crick-
eting circuit, and is one of the most successful teams.
The city is also represented by the Mumbai Indians in
the Indian Premier League, and by the Mumbai Champs
in the Indian Cricket League. The city has two interna-
tional cricket stadiums, the Wankhede Stadium and the
Brabourne Stadium. The Wankhede stadium is set to
host the final of 2011 Cricket World Cup and is currently
undergoing expansion and renovation and preparation
for the aforementioned event. Eminent cricketers from
Mumbai include Sachin Tendulkar and Sunil Gavas-
kar.
[171]
Football (Soccer) is one of the other popular sports
in the city, with the FIFA World Cup being one of the
widely watched television events in Mumbai. In the I-
League, Mumbai is represented by 3 teams, the Mumbai
FC, Mahindra United and Air-India. Popularity of field
hockey has gone into decline, losing out to cricket.
[172]
Mumbai is home to the Maratha Warriors, one of the few
teams competing for the Premier Hockey League (PHL)
from Maharashtra. Every February, Mumbai holds the
Derby races in the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. Interest in
Formula 1 racing has been on the rise in recent
years,
[173]
and in 2008, the Force India F1 team car was
unveiled in Mumbai.
[174]
In March 2004, the Mumbai
Grand Prix was held as part of the F1 powerboat world
championship.
[175]
In 2004, the annual Mumbai Mara-
thon was established in a bid to bring the sport to the In-
dian public. Since 2006, Mumbai has also played host to
the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an International
Series tournament of the ATP Tour. Mcdowells Derby is
held in February at the Turf club in Mumbai.
[176]
Citations
[1] "World: largest cities and towns and statistics of their
population (2009)". World Gazetteer. http://world-
gazetteer.com/
wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan.
Retrieved on 2009-04-28.
[2] ^ Manorama Yearbook 2006
[3] "Bombay: History of a City". The British Library.
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/
bombay/history.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-08.
[4] "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project". Mumbai
Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA).
http://mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm.
[5] "Navi Mumbai International Airport" (JPG). City and
Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO).
http://img214.imageshack.us/img214/2299/
dscn7619ql4.jpg. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
[6] Sheppard 1917, pp. 104105
[7] Da Cunha 1993, p. 67
[8] ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986,
Geography
[9] Patel & Masselos 2003, p. 4
[10] Mehta 2004, p. 130
[11] "Mumbai Travel Guide". Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai. http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/
anonymous/qlmumbaitravelguide. Retrieved on
2008-11-15.
[12] William Safire (2006-07-06). "Mumbai Not Bombay". The
New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/
magazine/06wwln_safire.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-13.
[13] Barbosa 1516
[14] Documents from the "Tombo do Estado da ndia"
(currently the Historical Archives of Goa or Goa
Purabhilekha)
[15] Orta 1891
11
[16] Correia 1858
[17] Machado, pp. 265266
[18] Ghosh 1990, p. 25
[19] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 50
[20] ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Ancient
Period
[21] Da Cunha 1993, p. 34
[22] Da Cunha 1993, p. 36
[23] Singh et al. Bose, p. 1703
[24] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986,
Muhammedan Period
[25] Prinsep, Thomas & Princep 1858, p. 315
[26] Firishtah, Firishtah & Briggs 1829, p. 515
[27] Edwardes 1902, p. 57
[28] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986,
Portuguese Period
[29] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, pp. 18-19
[31] "Population". Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research).
http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/stats/pop_stat/.
[32] Carsten 1961, p. 427
[33] Hughes 1863, p. 227
[34] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, pp. 19-24
[40] Bagchi 2000, p. 233
[43] Bhattacharya 2006, p. 18
[44] "Administration". Mumbai Suburban District.
http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/
administrative_setup.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-06.
[45] Guha, Ramachandra (2003-04-13). "The battle for
Bombay". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/
thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/
2003041300240300.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-12.
[46] Guha, pp. 197-8
[47] "Samyukta Maharashtra". Government of Maharashtra.
http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/
community_samyuktaShow.php. Retrieved on
2008-11-12.
[48] "Sons of soil: born, reborn". Indian Express Newspapers
(Mumbai). 2008-02-06. http://www.indianexpress.com/
news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/. Retrieved on
2008-11-12.
[49] "Gujarat". Government of India. http://india.gov.in/
knowindia/st_gujurat.php. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
[50] "Maharashtra". Government of India.
http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php.
[51] Naunidhi Kaur (July 05 - 18, 2003). "Mumbai: A decade
after riots". Frontline 20 (14).
http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2014/stories/
20030718002704100.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-13.
[52] "1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs". BBC News.
1993-03-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/
stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm.
[53] "Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks". BBC News.
2006-09-30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/
south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm.
[54] Press Information Bureau (Government of India)
(2008-12-11). HM announces measures to enhance
security. Press release. http://pib.nic.in/release/
release.asp?relid=45446. Retrieved on 2008-12-14.
[55] Krishnamoorthy, p. 218
[56] "Mumbai, India". Weatherbase.
http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/
weather.php3?s=030034&refer=. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
[57] "Rainfall Stations in India". Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology (Pune). http://envis.tropmet.res.in/
rainfall_stations.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-27.
[58] Green & Fairclough 2007, p. 55
[59] "Area and Density Metropolitan Cities" (PDF, 111 KB).
Ministry of Urban Development (Government of India).
33. http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/
subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF.
[60] Bapat 2005, pp. 111112
[61] "Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai Water Sector
Initiatives" (PPT). Department of Administrative
Reforms and Public Grievances (Government of India). 6.
http://darpg.nic.in/arpg-website/Conference/Pune/
water%20supply%20initiatives.ppt. Retrieved on
2008-04-30.
[62] "Water Supply". Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research).
http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/amenities/water/.
[63] Lyla Bavadam (February 15 - 28, 2003). "Encroaching on
a lifeline". Frontline (The Hindu).
http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2004/stories/
20030228002609200.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
[64] "Salient Features of Powai Lake" (PPT, 1.6 MB).
Department of Environment (Government of
Maharashtra). http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/
envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt. Retrieved on 2009-04-29.
[65] ^ "Mumbai Plan". Department of Relief and
Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra).
http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/
mumbaiplanShow.php. Retrieved on 2009-04-29.
[66] Sen, Somit (2008-12-13). "Security web for city coastline".
The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
Cities/Security_web_for_city_coastline/articleshow/
3830390.cms. Retrieved on 2009-04-30.
12
[67] Patil 1957, pp. 45-49
[68] "The Seismic Environment of Mumbai". Department of
Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research). http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/
fault.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
[69] Geological Survey of India. Seismic zoning map of India
[map]. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
[70] India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map
[map]. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
[71] ^ Green & Fairclough 2007, p. 28
[72] Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (2006-07-03). "Three drown as
heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day". Mumbai:
Daily News and Analysis. http://www.dnaindia.com/
report.asp?NewsID=1039257.
[73] "Mumbai:Climate". Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research. http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/
climate/. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
[74] PTI (2008-02-09). "Mumbai still cold at 8.6 degree C".
Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
articleshow/2770007.cms. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
[75] Arnett 2006, p. 155
[76] Manorama Yearbook 2003, p. 678
[77] "Maharashtra trivia". Maharashtra Tourism
Development Corporation.
http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/
MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../
MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html. Retrieved on
2007-12-07.
[78] "Fortune Global 500". Fortune. CNN. 2008-07-21.
http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/
2008/countries/India.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-28.
[79] "Welcome To World Trade Centre, Mumbai". WTC
Mumbai. http://www.wtcmumbai.org/. Retrieved on
2008-02-14.
[81] "Indian Ports Association, Operational Details". Indian
Ports Association. http://www.ipa.nic.in/oper.htm.
[82] McDougall, Dan (2007-03-04). "Waste not, want not in the
700m slum". The Observer (Guardian News and Media
Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/
2007/mar/04/india.recycling. Retrieved on 2009-04-29.
[83] De Bruyn, Venkatraman & Bain 2006, p. 579
[84] Wasko 2003, p. 185
[85] Jha 2005, p. 1970
[86] "Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008" (PDF).
Mastercard. 21. http://www.mastercard.com/us/
company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-
Report_2008.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-04-28.
[87] "In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires". Forbes.
http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-
moscow-biz-billies-
cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000.
[88] Chaniga Vorasarun (2008-04-30). "Cities Of The
Billionaires". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/
30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-
cz_cv_0430billiecities.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-28.
[89] "MMRDA Projects". Mumbai Metropolitan Region
Development Authority (MMRDA).
http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm.
[90] "Mayor - the First Citizen of Mumbai".
http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/
qlmayoffice. Retrieved on 2009-05-12. "As the presiding
authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is
confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The
decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and
the country to other parts of world"
[91] "Presentation on Mumbai Transformation Process"
(PDF). The Cities Alliance. http://www.citiesalliance.org/
doc/events/2006/ppf-06/mumbai.pdf. Retrieved on
2008-02-16.
[92] Kothari, Rajni. Politics in India. Orient Longman. p. 130.
[93] "Mumbai Police: Custodians of Your Trust". Mumbai
Police. http://www.mumbaipolice.org/. Retrieved on
2008-01-27.
[94] "About Bombay High Court". Bombay High Court.
http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/. Retrieved on
2008-01-27.
[95] Lok Sabha debates. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat.
1998. p. 82.
[97] Mahendra, Gaur (2006). Indian Affairs Annual 2006. Gyan
Publishing House. p. 299. ISBN 8178355299.
[100] "Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway".
Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation.
http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm.
[101] "Composition of Bus Fleet". BEST Undertaking.
http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp.
[102] "Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System" (in
English). Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport.
5. http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-
Ticket.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-03-23.
[103] ^ Travel Biz Monitor:: Mumbai airport gets ready
for new innings
[104] Mumbai: Websters Facts and Phrases. Icon Group
International. 2008. p. 113. ISBN 0546661459.
[105] "Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year".
Business Line (The Hindu). 2006-12-19.
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/12/19/
stories/2006121901370700.htm. Retrieved on 2009-05-16.
[106] Manorama Yearbook 2003, p. 524
[107] David, M. D. (1996). Urban explosion of Mumbai.
Himalaya Publishing House. p. 134.
[108] "Countrys first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai".
DNA (Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.).
13
http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1151960.
[109] "Bombay Sewage Disposal". The World Bank Group.
http://www.worldbank.org.in/external/default/
main?pagePK=64027221&piPK=64027220&theSitePK=295584&menuPK=295621&Projectid=P010480.
[110] "Electricity" (PDF). Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory
Commission. http://www.mercindia.com/pdf/
Annual_Report_English.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-10-12.
[111] INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW [2008]:
Volume II. 2008. p. 143. ISBN 143571699X.
[112] "MTNL Launches IPTV Services On Broadband". MTNL
TriBand, Mumbai. http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/triband/
voip/faq.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-13.
[113] "Broadband &Internet". http://www.airtel.in/wps/wcm/
connect/airtel.in/Airtel.In/Home/ForYou/
Broadband+Internet/. Retrieved on 2009-05-13.
[114] ^ "Population and Employement profile of Mumbai
Metropolitan Region" (PDF). Mumbai Metropolitan
Region Development Authority. 11.
http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/
Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf.
[115] "India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their
population". World Gazetteer. http://www.world-
gazetteer.com/
wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan.
[116] "India: metropolitan areas". World Gazetteer.
http://www.world-gazetteer.com/
wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a.
[117] "Number of Literates & Literacy Rate". Census Data 2001:
India at a Glance. Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India. http://censusindia.gov.in/
Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/literates1.aspx.
[118] "Sex Ratio". Census Data 2001: India at a Glance.
Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/
India_at_glance/fsex.aspx. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
[119] "Census GIS Household". www.censusindia.net. Office of
the Registrar General. http://www.censusindiamaps.net/
page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm. Retrieved on
2008-12-09.
[120] Mehta 2004
[121] DCunha, Jose Gerson (1900). "VI The Later British
Period". The Origins of Bombay (3 ed.). Bombay: Asian
Educational Services. p. 348. ISBN 81-206-0815-1.
[122] East Indians (the indigenous Catholic inhabitants of
Bombay, Salsette and Bassein)(PDF, 80 KB) (This
article written by East Indians.com, has been
borrowed mainly from Elsie Wilhelmina Baptistas
book The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay,
Salsette and Bassein published by the Bombay East
Indian Association in the year 1967)
[123] Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000, p. 36
[126] "Slum population in million plus cities" (PDF). Slums in
India - an Overview. National Urban Health Resource
Unit, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
India. 2006-12-21. http://nuhru.in/files/
Slums%20in%20India%20-%20An%20Overview.pdf?download.
[127] Jacobson, Marc (May 2007). "Dharavi: Mumbais Shadow
City". National Geographic. National Geographic Society.
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-
mumbai-slum/jacobson-text. Retrieved on 2009-04-28.
[128] Mike Davis, Planet of Slums [ Le pire des mondes
possibles : de lexplosion urbaine au bidonville
global ], La Dcouverte, Paris, 2006 (ISBN
978-2-7071-4915-2), p. 31.
[129] "A walking tour around the slums of Mumbai". Financial
Times. 2009-02-06. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/
d588517e-f3db-11dd-9c4b-0000779fd2ac.html. Retrieved
on 2009-05-14.
[130] "Amid the skyscrapers, slum tourism". 2006.
http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060824/asp/nation/
story_6648422.asp. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
[131] "Slumdog Millionaire boosts Mumbais slum tourism
industry". The Indian Express. ExpressIndia.
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/slumdog-
millionaire-boosts-mumbais-slum-tourism-industry/
413939/. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
[132] "Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005-06"
(PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning
Department (Government of Maharashtra).
http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf. Retrieved on
2008-02-13.
[133] National Crime Records Bureau 2007, p. 2
[134] Manaworker, M.B. (2006). Prison Management: Problems
and Solutions. Gyan Publishing House. p. 183. ISBN
8178353148.
[135] De Bruyn, Pippa; Niloufer Venkatraman, Keith Bain
(2006). Frommers India. John Wiley and Sons.
pp. 110111. ISBN 0764598996.
[136] "AdLabs: The IMAX Experience". AdLabsCinemas.com.
http://www.adlabscinemas.com/imax.asp. Retrieved on
2007-08-22.
[137] Chaudhuri 2005, pp. 4-6
[138] Gilder, Rosamond (October 1957). "The New Theatre in
India: An Impression". Educational Theatre Journal
(Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University Press) 9 (3):
201204. ISSN 0192-2882.
[140] "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya".
Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai.
14
http://www.bombaymuseum.org/. Retrieved on
2007-01-30.
[141] Sharma, Archana (2003-10-13). "Jijamata Udyan: A zoo
without a view". http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=230113.
[142] "India: World heritage sites centre". UNESCO.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in. Retrieved on
2007-08-09.
[145] "About Essel World". Essel World.
http://www.esselworld.com/. Retrieved on 2008-01-29.
[146] OBrien 2003, p. 143
[147] Bindloss et al. Elliott, p. 770
[148] "Kala Ghoda Association".
http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/. Retrieved on
2008-02-06.
[149] Shika Shah (2008-09-17). "Bandras spirit captured in
cakes, tattoos". MiD DAY. http://www.mid-day.com/
whatson/2008/sep/170908-Bandra-Fair-carnival-best-
buys.htm. Retrieved on 2008-09-27.
[150] "The Banganga Festival". Maharashtra Tourism
MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/
Banganga_Festival.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
[151] "The Elephanta Festival". Maharashtra Tourism
MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/
Elephanta_Festival.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
[152] "Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater
Mumbai". Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai.
http://www.mcgm.gov.in/. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
[153] "Yokohama of the World". City of Yokohama.
http://www.city.yokohama.jp/ne/info/map/
worldE.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
[154] "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". Official Website of the City
of Los Angeles. http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/.
[155] "Stuttgart Meets Mumbai: 40th Anniversary
Celebrations of the Sister City Relationship". The
Embassy of India, Berlin. http://www.indianembassy.de/
template.php?mnid=104&inclpage=stuttgartmeeting.htm.
[156] Shuchi Bansal and Palakunnathu G Mathai (2005-04-06).
"Mumbais media Mahabharat". Rediff.
http://www.rediff.com/cms/
print.jsp?docpath=//money/2005/apr/06spec1.htm.
[157] Rao, Subha J. (2004-10-16). "Learn with newspapers". The
Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/
2004101600260300.htm. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
[158] Veena Naregal. "Privatising emancipation (A Book
Review)". Language, Politics, Elites, and the Public
Sphere (The Hindu). http://www.hinduonnet.com/
thehindu/br/2002/02/05/stories/2002020500040500.htm.
[159] "Radio stations in Maharashtra, India". Asiawaves.
http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-
radio.htm#mumbai-radio. Retrieved on 2008-01-18.
[160] "Few takers for CAS in Mumbai". Times Internet Limited.
2006-12-20. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
[161] Ganti 2004, p. 3
[162] Anita N. Wadhwani. "Bollywood Mania" Rising in
United States. USinfo. (August 9, 2006. retrieved on
November 12, 2007.
[163] Mumbai: Websters Facts and Phrases. p. 130.
[164] Kak, Subhash (2004-07-13). "Saving India through Its
Schools". Rediff News. http://www.rediff.com/news/
2004/jul/13kak.htm. Retrieved on 2009-05-13.
[165] "The Government Law College". The Government Law
College. http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp. Retrieved on
2009-04-26.
[166] "Sydenham College Our Profile". Sydenham College.
http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html. Retrieved
on 2009-04-26.
[167] Martyris, Nina (2002-10-06). "JJ School seeks help from
new friends". Times of India.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/
24305727.cms. Retrieved on 2009-05-13.
[168] "CIRUS reactor". Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/
cirus.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
[169] De Bruyn et al. 2008, p. 97
[170] "About BCCI". Board of Control for Cricket in India
(BCCI). http://www.bcci.tv/about-bcci.html. Retrieved
on 2009-05-16.
[171] Murali, Kanta (August-September 2002). "Gavaskar:
Indias Greatest Crickter". Frontline (The Hindu) 19 (18).
http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1918/19180820.htm.
[172] Singh et al. 2005, p. 73
[173] "ESS plans marketing blitz around F1".
indiantelevision.com. 2005-05-05.
http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/
mar/marmam27.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
[174] "Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in
Mumbai". uk.reuters.com. 2008-01-25.
http://uk.reuters.com/article/motorSportsNews/
idUKL2521523620080125. Retrieved on 2008-01-27.
[175] Jore, Dharmendra (2004-11-14). "Formula 1 powerboating
swooshes into Mumbai, tourism hope for city". Mumbai
Newsline (The Indian Express).
http://cities.expressindia.com/
fullstory.php?newsid=68125. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
15
[176] "Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby". The Times of
India. 2007-01-17. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
References
Arnett, Robert (2006). India Unveiled (5 ed.). Atman Press.
ISBN 9780965290043. http://books.google.co.in/
books?id=Tmn91va2e4UC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2009-05-02.
Bindloss, Joe; Singh, Sarina; Bainbridge, James; Brown,
Lindsay; Elliott, Mark; Butler, Stuart (2007). India (12,
illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741043082.
http://books.google.co.in/
books?id=T7ZHUhSEleYC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2009-05-04.
Da Cunha, J.Gerson (1993). Origin of Bombay. Asian
Educational Services. ISBN 8120608151.
http://books.google.com/
books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2008-08-17.
Dwivedi, Sharada; Mehrotra, Rahul (2001). Bombay: The
Cities Within. Eminence Designs.
Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth (1902). The Rise of Bombay: A
Retrospect. Times of India Press.
Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). Students
Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9780852297605.
books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved on
2009-04-30.
Bapat, Jyotsna (2005). Development projects and critical
theory of environment. SAGE. ISBN 9780761933571.
books?id=b7LWRMsoY58C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2008-04-28.
Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of Indian
Archaeology. Brill. http://books.google.co.in/
books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2008-08-19.
Prinsep, James; Thomas, Edward; Prinsep, Henry Thoby
(1858). "Kings of Gujarat, Capital Pattan". Essays on Indian
Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palographic, of
the Late James Prinsep. 2. J. Murray.
books?id=2VlCAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA315&dq=&lr=#PRA1-PA315,M1.
Firishtah, Astar-bd; Firishtah, Muhammad; Briggs, John
(1829). "Colonial Epitome of the wars of the Portuguese in
India, as Connected with the History of the Deccan".
History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India. 3.
Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
http://books.google.com/books?id=BXD--
FeSzj4C&pg=PA515&dq=&lr=#PPA515,M1. Retrieved on
2009-04-26.
Carsten, F. L. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History
(Volume V: The ascendancy of France 1648-88). V.
Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 9780521045445.
books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2009-01-07.
Hughes, William (1863). The geography of British history.
Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green.
books?id=NW0DAAAAQAAJ&printsec=toc. Retrieved on
2009-01-15.
Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2006). Expunging Variola: The
Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947-1977.
Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125030188.
books?id=rxcJ1ACY_74C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved on
2009-01-08.
Guha, Ramachandra. India after Gandhi. HarperCollins.
Krishnamoorthy, Bala. Environmental Management: Text
And Cases. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. ISBN 9788120333291.
books?id=YLQmi0VxbN4C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2008-03-25.
Green, Jen; Fairclough, Chris (2007). Mumbai (Global
Cities). Evans Brothers. ISBN 9780237531256.
http://books.google.com/books?id=vLypEs3u8rEC.
Patil, R.P. (1957). The mangroves in Salsette Island near
Bombay. Calcutta: Proceedings of the Symposium on
Mangrove Forest.
De Bruyn, Pippa; Venkatraman, Niloufer; Bain, Keith
(2006). Frommers India. Frommers. ISBN 0471794341.
Wasko, Janet (2003). How Hollywood works. SAGE. ISBN
0761968148.
Jha, Subhash K. (2005). The Essential Guide to Bollywood.
Roli Books. ISBN 8174363785.
Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. 2003.
ISBN 81-900461-8-7.
Manorama Yearbook 2006. Kottayam, India: Malayala
Manorama. 2006. ISBN 8189004077.
Singh, K. S.; B. V. Bhanu, B. R. Bhatnagar, Anthropological
Survey of India, D. K. Bose, V. S. Kulkarni, J. Sreenath
(2004). Maharashtra. XXX. Popular Prakashan. ISBN
9788179911020. http://books.google.com/
books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2008-11-08.
Sheppard, Samuel T (1917). Bombay Place-Names and
Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history
of Bombay City. Bombay, India: The Times Press. ASIN
B0006FF5YU.
Patel, Sujata; Masselos, Jim, eds (2003). "Bombay and
Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism". Bombay and
Mumbai. The City in Transition. Delhi, India: The Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0195677110.
Barbosa, Duarte (1516) (in Portuguese). Livro Em Que D
Relao Do Que Viu E Ouviu No Oriente. apud Machado,
J.P., Dicionrio Onomstico Etimolgico da Lngua
Portuguesa.
16
Orta, Garcia da (1891) [1565] (in Portuguese). Colquios Dos
Simples E Drogas Da ndia. apud Machado, J.P., Dicionrio
Onomstico Etimolgico da Lngua Portuguesa.
Correia, Gaspar (1858). Lendas da ndia. "originally from
the 16th century".
Machado, Jos Pedro. Dicionrio Onomstico Etimolgico
da Lngua Portuguesa. entry "Bombaim", Volume I.
Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and
Found. Delhi, India: Penguin. ISBN 0144001594.
Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and
Found. Alfred A Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40372-8.
National Crime Records Bureau (2007). "Chapter 2: Crimes
in Mega Cities" (PDF). Crime in India-2007. Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India. http://ncrb.nic.in/
cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP2.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-04-25.
Chaudhuri, Asha Kuthari (2005). "Introduction: Modern
Indian Drama". Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction.
Contemporary Indian Writers in English. Foundation
Books. ISBN 8175962607. http://books.google.com/
books?id=-
jxGSsKqfHgC&pg=PA10-IA6&dq=mumbai+theater+movement&client=firefox-
a. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). "Introduction". Bollywood: a
guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. Routledge. ISBN
0415288541. http://books.google.com/
books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA3&dq=bollywood+produces+per+year&client=firefox-
a#PPA3,M1.
De Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Venkatraman, Niloufer; Joshi,
Shonar (2008). "Mumbai: City of Dreamers". Frommers
India. 3. Frommers. ISBN 9780470169087.
books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved
on 2009-04-28.
Singh, Sarina; Bindloss, Joe; Clammer, Paul; Eberle, Janine
(2005). India. Lonely Planet. p. 73. ISBN 1740596943.
Greater Bombay District Gazetteer. Maharashtra State
Gazetteers. I. Government of Maharashtra. 1986.
http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/
greater_bombay/volume1.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-13.
OBrien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books.
ISBN 9780143029472.
Further reading
Agarwal, Jagdish; Bombay Mumbai: A Picture Book
(1998) Wilco Publishing House, ISBN
81-87288-35-3.
Chaudhari, K.K; History of Bombay (1987) Modern
Period Gazetteers Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra.
Contractor, Behram; From Bombay to Mumbai (1998)
Oriana Books.
Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; Bombay, The
Cities Within (1995) India Book House Pvt. Ltd. ISBN
81-85028-80-X.
Fox, Edmund A; Short History of Bombay Presidency
(1887) Thacker & Co No ISBN.
Imperial Gazetteer of India: vol. vii, Behrampore to
Bombay. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1908. 421
pages.
Katiyar, Arun & Bhojani, Namas; Bombay, A
Contemporary Account (1996) Harper Collins ISBN
81-7223-216-0.
MacLean, James Mackenzie; A Guide to Bombay (1875
& 1902) Various editions; No ISBN.
Mappls Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai
(1999) CE Info Systems Ltd. ISBN 81-901108-0-2.
Our Greater Bombay (1990) Maharashtra State
Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
Research.
Mehta, Suketu ; Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found
(2004) Knopf ISBN 0-375-40372-8.
Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; Bombay, Metaphor for
Modern India (1995) Oxford University Press, ISBN
0-19-563688-0.
The Oxford School Atlas; 28th Revised Edition (1991)
Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4.
Tindall, Gillian; City of Gold (1992) Penguin, ISBN
0-14-009500-4,
Virani, Pinki; Once was Bombay (1999) Viking, ISBN
0-670-88869-9.
Sharada Dwivedi,Goddess Island Indian Express, June
6, 2005.
External links
This article contains Indic text. Without
proper rendering support, you may see
question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels
or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Official site of the Municipal Corporation of Greater
Mumbai
Official City Report
Mumbai travel guide from Wikitravel
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"
Categories: Metropolitan cities in India, Mumbai, Former Portuguese colonies, Coastal settlements, Proposed states
and union territories in India
17
This page was last modified on 18 May 2009, at 11:19 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
18

Mumbai: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Mumbai

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Mumbai: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Mumbai

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Mumbai

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi