International Journal of Medical Imaging

2014; 2(3): 54-58

Published online April 30, 2014 (http://wwws!ien!epublishin""roup!o#/$/i$#i)
doi: 1011%48/$i$#i2014020312


Effect of post materials on the biomechanical behaviour of
endodontically treated tooth
Ahmed A. Madfa
1, *
, Fadhel A. Al-Sanabani
1
, Nasr H. Al-Qudaimi
2
1
&ep'rt#ent o( )onser*'ti*e &entistr+, ,'!ult+ o( &entistr+, -ni*ersit+ o( .h'#'r, &h'#'r, /e#en
2
&ep'rt#ent o( Pedi'tri! &entistr+, Pre*enti*e &entistr+ 'nd 0rthodonti!s, ,'!ult+ o( &entistr+, -ni*ersit+ o( .h'#'r, &h'#'r, /e#en
Email address:
'h#ed1u#120112+'hoo!o# (A A 3'd(')
To i!e !his ar!ile:
Ah#ed A 3'd(', ,'dhel A Al-4'n'b'ni, 5'sr 6 Al-7ud'i#i 8((e!t o( Post 3'teri'ls on the 9io#e!h'ni!'l 9eh'*iour o(
8ndodonti!'ll+ .re'ted .ooth International Journal of Medical Imaging. :ol 2, 5o 3, 2014, pp 54-58
doi: 1011%48/$i$#i2014020312

Abs!ra!: 0b$e!ti*es: .o stud+ the stress distributions in #';ill'r+ !entr'l in!isor restored with 5i-)r !usto#-#'de, "old
!usto#-#'de, pre('bri!'ted tit'niu# 'nd pre('bri!'ted "l'ss (ibre dent'l posts sub$e!ted to obli<ue o!!lus'l lo'd 't 100 5
3'teri'ls 'nd 3ethods: ,our three di#ension'l (inite ele#ent #odels o( ' #';ill'r+ !entr'l in!isor restored with 5i-)r
(3odel =), "old !usto#-#'de (3odel ==), pre('bri!'ted tit'niu# (3odel ===) 'nd pre('bri!'ted "l'ss (ibre (3odel =:) dent'l
posts were !onstru!ted 'nd obli<ue lo'din" o( 100 5 w's 'pplied 4tress 'n'l+sin" 't the 'lon" the !entre o( the post 'nd
post-surroundin" stru!ture inter('!es were !o#puted >esults: .he result o( this stud+ indi!'tes th't the !lini!'l
three-di#ension'l i#'"e pro*ided in(or#'tion 'bout the beh'*iour o( teeth under (un!tion in 'll dire!tions .he results
obt'ined (ro# ' (inite ele#ent #odel on the restored s+ste# !ont'in in(or#'tion 'bout the stress distribution o( e'!h
!o#ponent o( the restor'tion .he #';i#u# *on 3ises stress distribution 't post !enter w's re!orded with 3odel = (38%
3P'), (ollowed b+ 3odel === (224 3P') 'nd 3odel == (208 3P') respe!ti*el+; where's the #ini#u# '#ount o( stress w's
noti!ed in 3odel =: (10? 3P') At post dentin inter('!e, the hi"hest *on 3ises stress distribution w's noti!ed with 3odel =
(2?8 3P'), (ollowed b+ 3odel === (18? 3P') 'nd 3odel == (188 3P') respe!ti*el+; where's the s#'llest '#ount o(
stress w's noti!ed in 3odel =: (101% 3P') )on!lusions: @l'ss (ibre posts "ener'ted the le'st '#ount o( stress
!on!entr'tion 't #iddle 'nd 'pi!'l p'rt o( the posts !o#p'red to other dent'l posts
"e#$ords: ,inite 8le#ent 3odel, )usto#-3'de &ent'l Posts, Pre('bri!'ted &ent'l Posts, 4tress An'l+sis

1. %n!rodu!ion
>estor'tion o( 'n endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted tooth is
!onsidered 's !h'llen"e (or #ost dent'l pr'!titioners &ent'l
post is o(ten used '(ter root !'n'l tre't#ent when restorin" '
d'#'"ed tooth with e;tensi*e loss o( !oron'l tooth stru!ture

A1B
Post insertion should be '*oided i( 'de<u'te retention !'n
be '!hie*ed (ro# the re#'inin" !oron'l tooth stru!ture
A2B

-n(ortun'tel+, these teeth th't h'*e been restored
endodonti!'ll+ h'*e been shown to e;hibit ' si"ni(i!'ntl+
shorter ser*i!e li(e when !o#p'red with *it'l teeth
A3B
&ent'l posts 're ' w'+ o( buildin" up 'nd thereb+ ret'inin"
!oron'l restor'tion, howe*er, posts do not rein(or!e the roots
o( the tooth .he de*elop#ent o( the di((erent post 'nd !ore
s+ste#s "oes 'lon" with ' p'r'di"# shi(t in the restor'ti*e
philosoph+ o( tre't#ent .r'dition'll+, !usto#-#'de posts
'nd !ores were the s+ste# o( !hoi!e, but tod'+, pre('bri!'ted
#et'l 'nd non-#et'l posts, !o#bined with resin !ores 're
!onsidered ' *i'ble 'ltern'ti*e .he pre('bri!'ted post 'nd
!ore s+ste# is one o( the #ost popul'r s+ste#s be!'use it
re<uires less ti#e in the dentistCs !h'ir
A4B
4o#e 'uthors 'ssert th't posts #'+ inter(ere with the
#e!h'ni!'l resist'n!e o( tre'ted teeth, le'din" to 'n in!re'sed
risD o( d'#'"e to the re#'inin" tooth stru!ture
A2,5B
.o d'te,
there is still no '"ree#ent 'bout wh't is the ide'l dent'l post
(or restorin" endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted teeth
A5B
.here(ore, this
w's sele!ted 's the the#e o( the !urrent stud+
.hree-di#ension'l ,inite ele#ent #ethod (3& ,83) h's
been used (or stress 'n'l+sis o( teeth Eh't is #ore, the 3&
,8 #ethod shows intern'l stress en'blin" predi!tions to be
#'de 'bout potenti'l ('ilure
A1B
.here(ore, the stud+ w's
'i#ed 't !o#p'rin" the stress distributions in #';ill'r+
!entr'l in!isor restored with 5i-)r 'nd "old !usto#-#'de,
pre('bri!'ted tit'niu# 'nd "l'ss (iber dent'l posts
=ntern'tion'l Fourn'l o( 3edi!'l =#'"in" 2014; 2(3): 54-58 55

2. Ma!erials and Me!hod
2.1. Modelling of a Maxillary Central Incisor
A three-di#ension'l (3&) #odel o( 'n 'dult #';ill'r+
!entr'l in!isor w's de*eloped usin" ' )o#puted
.o#o"r'ph+ ().) s!'n i#'"e set -sin" 3i#i!s
(3'teri'lise 5:, 9el"iu#) 'nd 6ouns(ieldCs -nit, 3&
#odels o( ' #';ill'r+ !entr'l in!isor were !onstru!ted 'lon"
with its surroundin" !orti!'l 'nd !'n!ellous bones
>estor'tion #ethods (or endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted teeth su!h 's
dent'l posts, !o#posite !ores 'nd dent'l !rown, were
#odeled b'sed on the "eo#etr+ o( the root usin" ' G4olid
EorDsC (&'ss'ult 4+stH#es, -4A) .he di#ension o( e'!h
!o#ponent w's b'sed on the d't' (ro# liter'ture
AI-?B
A
periodont'l li"'#ent (P&J) w's #odeled b'sed on ' tooth
root with ' thi!Dness o( 025 ##
A10B
, 'nd w's subtr'!ted
(ro# the *olu#e o( the !orti!'l 'nd !'n!ellous bone (,i"ure
1) 4in!e 'n+ !e#ent 'nd !e#entu# is *er+ thin .hus, the+
're i"nored 'nd !onsidered 's the p'rt o( dentine
A11B
2.2. Mesh Generation
.he tetr'hedr'l ele#ents ()3&4) were used with (ine
#eshes to obt'in '!!ur'te d't' As !onst'nt stress tetr'hedr'l
ele#ents e;hibit slow !on*er"en!e, durin" pilot stud+, '
tetr'hedr'l #esh o( 1484%5 w's used '(ter ' re*e'led th't the
error re#'ined below 01K (or two #esh siLes o( 1484%5
'nd 23%?0% (,i"ure 1)

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the three dimensional geometric model.
2.3. Loads and Boundary Condition
.he bound'r+ !onditions (or the nodes were pl'!ed 'lon"
the botto# end line o( the #odels 'nd (i;ed to the supportin"
stru!ture o( the !entr'l in!isor 's pres!ribed b+ the s+ste#
An obli<ue lo'd, 'n"led 't 45
M
, to si#ul'te the #'sti!'tor+
(or!e; P
2
N 100 5 w's !hosen
A12B
All (or!es were 'pplied on
the '(ore#entioned 're' 's distributed pressure An+
stresses th't 're liDel+ to be introdu!ed durin" the
endodonti! tre't#ent were ne"le!ted
2.4. Elastic ro!erties
3e!h'ni!'l properties o( the restor'ti*e #'teri'ls were
!re'ted (or e'!h p'rt o( the ,8 #odel .he #'teri'ls used (or
#odelin" e'!h p'rt o( #odel tooth p'rts were 'ssu#ed to be
line'rl+ .he el'sti! properties o( 5i-)r !usto#-#'de
(3odel =), "old !usto#-#'de (3odel ==), pre('bri!'ted
tit'niu# (3odel ===) 'nd "l'ss (iber (3odel =:) dent'l posts
'nd other restor'ti*e #'teri'ls used in the "eo#etri! #odel
're presented in .'bles 1 'nd 2
"a#le 1. Mechanical properties of isotropic materials.
Ma!erial Elas!i modulus &M'a( 'oisson)s ra!io
)orti!'l bone 13I00 03
)'n!ellous bone 13I0 03
&entin 18%00 032
P&J 00%? 045
Por!el'in %?000 028
@utt'-per!h' 140 045
)o#posite resin 12000 033
.it'niu# post 11%000 033
5i-)r 'llo+ 200000 033
@old 'llo+ ?3 033
"a#le 2. Mechanical properties of orthotropic materials.
'ro*er!# +lass fiber *os!
8; (3P') 3I000
8+ (3P') ?500
8L (3P') ?500
:;+ 02I
:;L 034
:+L 02I
@;+ 3100
@;L 3500
@+L 3100
2.$. Finite Ele%ent &nalysis
.he !'l!ul'tion o( the *on 3ises stresses distributions 'nd
pro!essin" w's !'rried out usin" A9A7-4/)A8 so(tw're,
Pro(ession'l :ersion :on 3ises stresses were e*'lu'ted
within the tooth, 'lon" the !entre o( the posts 'nd 't post 'nd
surroundin" stru!tures inter('!es
,. -esul!s
.he result o( this stud+ indi!'tes th't the !lini!'l
three-di#ension'l i#'"e pro*ided in(or#'tion 'bout the
beh'*iour o( teeth under (un!tion in 'll dire!tions .he
results obt'ined (ro# ' (inite ele#ent #odel on the restored
s+ste# !ont'in in(or#'tion 'bout the stress distribution o(
e'!h !o#ponent o( the restor'tion
=n 'll the #odels the pe'D *'lues o( *on 3ises stresses
stress w's re!orded 't the #iddle third o( the bu!!'l 'spe!t o(
the root sur('!e 6owe*er, the s#'llest *'lues were obser*ed
't le*el o( both the 'pi!'l portion o( the post 'nd the root 'pe;
.he hi"h stresses 're 'lso e*iden!ed 'round the lo'din"
're' 'nd the outer sur('!e o( the dentine 4tress
pro"ressi*el+ de!re'ses (ro# the outer to the inner p'rt o(
the root .he pe'D stress distribution w's re!orded with
3odel = (ollowed b+ 3odel === 'nd 3odel == respe!ti*el+;
5% Ah#ed A 3'd(' et al.: 8((e!t o( Post 3'teri'ls on the 9io#e!h'ni!'l 9eh'*iour o( 8ndodonti!'ll+ .re'ted .ooth

where's the #ini#u# '#ount o( stress w's noti!ed in
3odel =: (,i"ures 2-5)

Figure 2. Contour plots for von Mises stress distribution in Model restored
with Ni-Cr custom-made dental post.

Figure 3. Contour plots for von Mises stress distribution in Model restored
with gold custom-made dental post.

Figure 4. Contour plots for von Mises stress distribution in Model restored
with prefabricated titanium dental post.

Figure $. Contour plots for von Mises stress distribution in Model restored
with prefabricated glass fibre dental post.
3.1. 'tress (istri#ution along the Center of the osts
,i"ure % e;hibited the stress distribution inside the 5i-)r
!usto#-#'de (3odel =), "old !usto#-#'de (3odel ==),
pre('bri!'ted tit'niu# (3odel ===) 'nd "l'ss (iber (3odel =:)
dent'l posts .he #';i#u# stress distribution inside the
post is obser*ed with the 5i-)r !usto#-#'de (38% 3P'),
(ollowed b+ pre('bri!'ted tit'niu# (224 3P') 'nd "old
!usto#-#'de (208 3P') dent'l posts respe!ti*el+; while
the #ini#u# '#ount o( stress w's obser*ed in "l'ss (iber
posts 10? 3P') 's shown in ,i"ure %

Figure ). Von Mises stress distribution at the post centre.
3.2. 'tress (istri#ution at the osts and 'urrounding
'tructured Interfaces
,i"ure I showed the stress distribution 't post 'nd
surroundin" stru!ture inter('!e .he hi"hest stress
distribution 't the post 'nd surroundin" stru!ture inter('!e is
obser*ed with the 5i-)r !usto#-#'de (2?8 3P'), (ollowed
b+ pre('bri!'ted tit'niu# (18? 3P') 'nd "old !usto#-#'de
dent'l posts respe!ti*el+; while the s#'llest '#ount o( stress
(188 3P') w's obser*ed in "l'ss (iber posts (101% 3P')

Figure *. Von Mises stress distribution at the post and surrounding
structures interface.
.. /isussion
3edi!'l i#'"in" !'n pl'+ ' !entr'l role in the "lob'l
he'lth!'re s+ste# 's it !ontributes to i#pro*ed p'tient
out!o#e 'nd #ore !ost-e((i!ient he'lth!'re in 'll #'$or
dise'se entities 3edi!'l i#'"in" te!hni<ues 're ' tool (or
#'ppin" o( 'n'to#+ 'nd (or dete!tion 'nd lo!'liL'tion o( '
dise'se pro!ess =t produ!es i#port'nt biolo"i!'l
in(or#'tion 'bout ph+siolo"+, or"'n (un!tion, bio!he#istr+,
#et'bolis#, #ole!ul'r biolo"+ 'nd (un!tion'l "eno#i!s
,inite ele#ent 'n'l+sis is ' power(ul !o#put'tion'l tool
(or #odellin" so(t tissue de(or#'tion =t shows positi*e
results (or s'#e-sub$e!t non-ri"id i#'"e re"istr'tion 'nd (or
#edi!'l si#ul'tion 'ppli!'tions
A13-15B

=n the 're' o( dentistr+, stud+in" dent'l stru!tures 'nd
=ntern'tion'l Fourn'l o( 3edi!'l =#'"in" 2014; 2(3): 54-58 5I

surroundin" tissues in the or'l !'*it+ presents the b'sis (or
underst'ndin" the o!!urren!e o( p'tholo"i!'l pro!ess 'nd
en'bles the !orre!t 'ppro'!h 'nd tre't#ent .he su!!ess o(
restor'ti*e #'teri'ls depends on their properties to
withst'nd 'nd resist o!!lus'l (or!es 'nd su!!ess(ull+ support
the re#'inin" or'l stru!ture
A1%B
,8A h's been used to stud+
intern'l stresses in teeth 'nd di((erent dent'l #'teri'ls, 'nd
to opti#iLe the sh'pe o( restor'tions =t eli#in'tes the need
(or l'r"e nu#ber o( e;peri#ent'l teeth due to *'ri'tions in
biolo"i!'l #'teri'l properties 'nd 'n'to#+, #e!h'ni!'l
testin" in*ol*in" bio#'teri'ls usu'll+ re<uire ' l'r"e
nu#ber o( s'#ples =t h's been used to represent si#ul'ted
tooth #e!h'ni!'l beh'*ior under o!!lus'l lo'ds in det'ils
A1IB

.he redu!tion o( stresses in the brittle #'teri'l, liDe dentine,
is 'd*'nt'"eous 's dentine !'n resist l'r"er !+!li! lo'din" 'nd
!h'n!e o( root ('ilure is redu!ed .he redu!tion in the
inter('!e she'r stress redu!es the !h'n!es o( the post loosin"
(ro# dentine 's the stress on bondin" !e#ent !o#es down
,8 #ethod w's used to stud+ the stress "ener'ted in
endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted teeth whi!h 're th't h'd been restored
with ' posts =t h's been shown to be ' use(ul tool when
in*esti"'tin" !o#ple; s+ste#s th't 're di((i!ult to be
st'nd'rdiLed durin" in vitro 'nd in vivo studies
A18-20B

=n this stud+, the #odel o( the in!isor w's !re'ted (ro# '
). s!'n i#'"e o( 'n 'dult #';ill'r+ !entr'l in!isor 'lon"
with its surroundin" stru!tures .his pro*ided ' re'listi!
rendition o( !lini!'l !onditions .oDs'*ul et 'l
A11B
h'*e
o#itted the !e#ent l'+er =n this stud+, the !e#ent l'+er w's
not in!luded to si#pli!it+ the #odel
=t w's obser*ed th't *on 3ises stresses were distributed
'lon" the posts, 's e;pe!ted, 'nd th't stress w's !on!entr'ted
on 'lon" the l'bi'l 'spe!t o( the posts, due to the dire!tion o(
lo'din" 6owe*er, hi"her stresses were obser*ed 5i-)r
!usto#-#'de, (ollowed b+ pre('bri!'ted tit'niu# 'nd "old
!usto#-#'de dent'l posts respe!ti*el+; while the s#'llest
'#ount o( stress w's obser*ed in "l'ss (iber posts 0n the
!ontr'r+, the stress distribution (or "l'ss (iber posts w's
!on!entr'ted #'inl+ within the root dentine @l'ss (iber post
redu!e the !on!entr'tion o( stress is liDel+ to be due to ' lower
sti((ness o( this post .hese results 're in '"ree#ents with
Foshi et 'l A12B who reported th't posts with hi"h sti((ness
produ!ed ' !re'ted hi"her stress !on!entr'tion !o#p'red to
"l'ss (iber posts Posts with ' hi"her el'sti! #odulus h'*e
been (ound to !'use '#pli(i!'tion o( stress within the post
itsel(, +et ' redu!ed stress distribution in the root dentin
.he results 'lso '"ree with 'n e'rlier theoreti!'l, in vitro
in*esti"'tion o( the resist'n!e o( post-restored teeth to '
!+!li!'l lo'din"
A21B
'nd with ' theoreti!'l stud+ usin" ,8
'n'l+sis
A22B
4il*' et 'l
A23B
!o#p'red (our di((erent #et'l
posts to "l'ss (iber posts .he+ reported th't the stress
distribution within the tooth restored with ' "l'ss (iber post
w's #ore ho#o"enous th'n those restored with #et'l posts
,urther#ore, the+ (ound th't stress tended to be
!on!entr'ted 't the outer bound'r+ o( #et'l posts As#ussen
et 'l
A24B
'n'l+Led the stress distribution in endodonti!'ll+
tre'ted teeth restored with "l'ss (iber, tit'niu#, 'nd Lir!oni'
posts, reportin" th't 'n in!re'se in the el'sti! #odulus o( the
post !'used ' de!re'se in the stress within the dentin
,or the inter('!e between the post 'nd the surroundin"
stru!ture, 5i-)r !usto#-#'de post e;hibited the hi"hest
stresses, while the s#'llest '#ount o( stress w's obser*ed in
"l'ss (iber post !o#p'red to other t+pes o( post 4i#il'rl+,
the results o( this stud+ re*e'led th't "l'ss (iber posts show '
#ore b'l'n!ed stress distribution 't the post 'nd dentine
inter('!e, 's well 's the !er*i!'l 're' o( the tooth .his is
'"ree#ent with 9os!hi'n et 'l
A25B
, who reported th't
rein(or!ed (iber "l'ss !o#posites distribute stress better th'n
tit'niu# or st'inless steel posts .his !on!urs with the results
o( the present stud+ whi!h shows th't #et'lli! posts
"ener'te the hi"hest stress *'lues
0. 1onlusions
@l'ss (iber posts redu!ed the distribution o( stress 't the
#iddle 'nd 'pi!'l p'rts o( the post !o#p'red to other dent'l
posts 6owe*er, 5i-)r !usto#-#'de dent'l post in!re'sed
the distribution o( stress 't the #iddle 'nd 'pi!'l p'rts o( the
post !o#p'red to other dent'l posts .here(ore, the !hosen
dent'l post with low el'sti! properties, pr'!ti!'ll+ when it is
ne'r to the el'sti! properties o( dentine, is pre(erred in order
to di#inish the stresses in dentine 'nd 't the inter('!e .his
is in turn will resist l'r"er !+!li! lo'din" 'nd #ini#iLe the
root ('ilure 'nd !h'n!e the post loosin" (ro# dentine

-eferenes
A1B 3or"'no 43, 9r'!Dett 48 ,ound'tion restor'tions in (i;ed
prosthodonti!s: !urrent Dnowled"e 'nd (uture needs F
Prosthet &ent (1???); 82: %43-5I
A2B .orb$Orner A, ,r'nsson 9 9io#e!h'ni!'l 'spe!ts o(
prostheti! tre't#ent o( stru!tur'll+ !o#pro#ised teeth =nt F
Prosthodont (2004); 1I: 135-41
A3B Jee#poel PF, P'+ser A,, :'n >ossu# @3, &e 6''n A,
.he sur*i*'l r'te o( brid"es A stud+ o( 1%I4 brid"es in 40
&ut!h "ener'l pr'!ti!es F 0r'l >eh'bil (1??5); 22: 32I-30
A4B 9'r'b'n &F .he restor'tion o( endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted teeth:
'n upd'te F Prosthet &ent 1?88; 5?:553-558
A5B 0rte"' :J, Pe"or'ro J,, )onti P), do :'lle AJ, 9on('nte @
8*'lu'tion o( (r'!ture resist'n!e o( endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted
#';ill'r+ pre#ol'rs, restored with !ero#er or he't-pressed
!er'#i! inl'+s 'nd (i;ed with du'l-resin !e#ents F 0r'l
>eh'bil 2004; 31: 3?3Q3?I
A%B -Don 4, 3oroi 6, 0Di#oto P, ,u$it' 3, =shiD'w' 3,
.er'd' /, et 'l =n(luen!e o( di((erent el'sti! #oduli o(
dowel 'nd !ore on stress distribution in root &ent 3'ter F
2000; 1?: 50Q%4
AIB @eno*ese P, J'#berti J, P'pp'lettere ) ,inite ele#ent
'n'l+sis o( ' new !usto#iLed !o#posite post s+ste# (or
endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted teeth F 9io#e!h 2005;
38:23I5Q238?
A8B J'nL' A, A*ers' >, >en"o 4, Api!ell' &, Api!ell' A 3&
,8A o( !e#ented steel, "l'ss 'nd !'rbon posts in '
#';ill'r+ in!isor &ent 3'ter 2005; 21:I0?QI15
58 Ah#ed A 3'd(' et al.: 8((e!t o( Post 3'teri'ls on the 9io#e!h'ni!'l 9eh'*iour o( 8ndodonti!'ll+ .re'ted .ooth

A?B 4'ntos A,, .'n'D' )9, Ji#' >@, 8spRsito )0, 9'llester >/,
9r'"' >>, 3eir' F9 :erti!'l root (r'!ture in upper
pre#ol'rs with endodonti! posts: (inite ele#ent 'n'l+sis F
8ndod (200?); 35: 11I-20
A10B >ees F4, F'!obsen P6 8l'sti! #odulus o( the periodont'l
li"'#ent 9io#'teri'ls 1??I; 18: ??5Q???
A11B .oDs'*ul 4, Sor 3, .o#'n 3, @Tn"Or 3A, 5er"iL =, ArtunU
) An'l+sis o( dentin'l stress distribution o( #';ill'r+
!entr'l in!isors sub$e!ted to *'rious post-'nd-!ore
'ppli!'tions; 0per &ent 200%; 31:8?-?%
A12B Foshi 4, 3uDher$ee A, Pheur 3, 3eht', A 3e!h'ni!'l
per(or#'n!e o( endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted teeth ,inite 8le#
An'l &es 2001; 3I:58I-%01
A13B AL'r ,, 3et';'s &5, 4!hn'll 3& A de(or#'ble (inite
ele#ent #odel o( the bre'st (or predi!tin" #e!h'ni!'l
de(or#'tions under e;tern'l perturb'tions F A!'de#i!
>'diol 2001; 8: ?%5-?I5
A14B 9ro!D P, 4h'rpe 3, &'wson J, Pi# 4, F'((r'+ & A!!ur'!+
o( (inite ele#ent #odel-b'sed #ulti-or"'n de(or#'ble
i#'"e re"istr'tion 3ed Ph+s 2005; 32: 1%4I-1%5?
A15B )'sh &3, 3i"' 3=, 4inh' .P, @'llow'+ >J, )h'p#'n
E) )o#pens'tin" (or intr'oper'ti*e so(t-tissue
de(or#'tions usin" in!o#plete sur('!e d't' 'nd (inite
ele#ents =888 .r'ns 3ed =#'" 2005; 24: 14I?-14?1
A1%B :'sude*' @, 9o"r' P, 5iDhil :, 4in"h : 8((e!t o( o!!lus'l
restor'tion on stresses 'round !l'ss : restor'tion inter('!e:
A (inite-ele#ent stud+ =ndi'n F &ent >es 2011; 22:
2?5-302
A1IB 6'i+'n J, Fi'n+in" J, Shen#in S, ,oD A4J ,r'!ture
si#ul'tion o( restored teeth usin" ' !ontinuu# d'#'"e
#e!h'ni!s ('ilure #odel &ent 3'ter 2011; 2I:e125-e133
A18B J'nL' A, A*ers' >, >en"o 4, Api!ell' &, Api!ell' A 3&
,8A o( !e#ented steel, "l'ss 'nd !'rbon posts in '
#';ill'r+ in!isor &ent 3'ter 2005; 21:I0?QI15
A1?B S'rone ,, 4orrentino >, Api!ell' &, :'lentino 9, ,err'ri 3,
A*ers' >, et 'l 8*'lu'tion o( the bio#e!h'ni!'l beh'*ior o(
#';ill'r+ !entr'l in!isors restored b+ #e'ns o( endo!rowns
!o#p'red to ' n'tur'l tooth: ' 3& st'ti! line'r (inite
ele#ents 'n'l+sis &ent 3'ter 200%; 22:1035Q1044
A20B A""'rw'l 4, @'r" : ,inite ele#ent 'n'l+sis o( stress
!on!entr'tion in three popul'r br'nds o( (iber posts s+ste#s
used (or #';ill'r+ !entr'l in!isor teeth F )ons &ent 2011;
14:2?3-%
A21B 4'h'(i A, PeutL(eldt A, >'*nholt @, As#ussen 8, @ot(redsen
P >esist'n!e to !+!li! lo'din" o( teeth restored with posts
)lin 0r'l =n*esti" 2005; ?:84Q?0
A22B Po )), )hu )4, )hun" P6, Jee 3) 8((e!ts o( posts on
dentin stress distributions in pulpless teeth F Prosthet &ent
1??2; %8:421Q42I
A23B 4il*' 5>, )'stro )@, 4'ntos-,ilho P), 4il*' @>, )'#pos
>8, 4o'res P:, et 'l =n(luen!e o( di((erent post desi"n 'nd
!o#position on stress distribution in #';ill'r+ !entr'l
in!isor: (inite ele#ent 'n'l+sis =ndi'n F &ent >es 200?;
20:153Q158
A24B As#ussen 8, PeutL(eldt A, 4'h'(i A ,inite ele#ent 'n'l+sis
o( stresses in endodonti!'ll+ tre'ted, dowel-restored teeth F
Prosthet &ent 2005; ?4:321Q32?
A25B 9os!hi'n PJ, @uidotti 4, Pietr'biss' >, @'"li'ni 3 4tress
distribution in ' post-restored tooth usin" the
three-di#ension'l (inite ele#ent #ethod F 0r'l >eh'bil
200%; 33:%?0Q%?I