Nanyang Technological University

Manufacturing Lab Report

Tensile Testing of Metals





Prajogo Tio
Renaissance Engineering Programme
Results: High Carbon Steel Tensile Strengh Test


Discussion

1. The material is ductile, as observed from the cone-shaped necking of the
specimen after the tensile testing. The ductility is also supported by the fact that the
specimen experiences relatively large strain of more than 20% or 0.2 mm/mm.

2. a) Elastic Modulus, as calculated for the approximately elastic region using
secant line method:

E = (651.67-3.4248)/(5.034-1.106) = 164.26 MPa

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Stress vs Strain Curve
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2 b) Constructing 0.002 offset line with gradient E = 164.26MPa,

Yield Strength = 710 MPa

2 c) Tensile Strength = 807.26 MPa

2 d) %EL = 22.63% (corresponds to final strain value)

2 e) Evaluating area under the curve for strain values in the range of 0% to 6.30%
(strain value corresponding to yield strength), resilience = 1661 MJ/m^3

2 f) Evaluating area under the curve untill the point of fracture, toughness = 14604
MJ/m^3

3. Major flaw of the assumption to calculate the stress: area A
0
is assumed to be
constant through out the procedure, which is not true since the cross-sectional
area decreases to a significant amount. Furthermore, the value of stress calculated
is only the average value assuming that distribution of force on a cross-sectional
area is uniform. This leads to appreciable error in the estimation of stress.

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Tutorial

1. True stress vs True strength curve:



2. The maximum strain at yield strength : (e 0.002) * 110GPa = 240 MPa => e =
0.00418 mm/mm.
Since the rod experiences elongation of 0.5mm, the strain is
strain = (0.5)/(380) = 0.001316 mm/mm.
Stress = E * strain = 110GPa * 0.001316 = 144.737 MPa (lower than yield strength,
hence elastic region)
Stress = F / A <=> A = 6.66kN / 144.737 MPa = 4.601 x 10^-5 m^3
Hence, diameter = 7.65 mm.

3. ferrite, pearlite

4. Fe99.8C0.2 is low carbon steel while Fe99.2C0.8 is high carbon steel. Martensites does not
form in low carbon steel hence predominant microstructures are ferrite and pearlite which
are bigger in size, hence they are ductile and soft as edge and screw dislocations are
relatively easy to occur. Meanwhile for high carbon steel, formation of martensites is
possible hence it can be tempered to form small and finely distributed ferrite and pearlite
which restrict occurance of edge and screw dislocations, hence it is stronger, tougher and
yet demonstrate excellent ductility.

5. wt%C of Fe-99.8 C-0.2 = 0.2wt%C
wt%C of Fe-99.2 C-0.8 = 0.8wt% C
wt%C of eutectoid alloys = 0.76wt% C
Hence, Fe-99.8 C-0.2 is hypoeutectoid, while Fe-99.2 C-0.8 is hypereutectoid.

6. Fe99.2C0.8 has the highest hardenability since more martensite can be formed throughout
the metal rod as compared to the low carbon steel.
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7. Estimation:
W
p
= (6.70 0.8)/(6.70 0.76) = 0.993 = 99.3 % of pearlite.