Presentation 2.

1

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium
Low-Power Current and Voltage Sensors for MV Applications
Radek Javora / Vaclav Prokop, ABB PPMV Instrument Transformers and Sensors, Czech Republic

Introduction
Current and Voltage Sensors (Electronic
Instrument Transformers) offer an alternative way
of making the current and voltage measurements
needed for the protection and monitoring of
medium voltage power systems. Sensors based on
alternative principles have been introduced as
successors to conventional instrument trans-
formers in order to significantly reduce size,
increase safety and reliability, and to provide
greater rating standardisation and a wider
functionality range.
The new sensor technologies also require a slight
modification of the testing procedures/equipment
which is partly different from well-known con-
ventional testing methods.
Sensor principles
Low-power stand-alone MV sensors produced by
ABB are based on well-known principles and
proven technologies. The characteristic feature of
advanced ABB sensors is the level of output
signal, which is fully adapted to fit new
microprocessor-based equipment without the need
to take up unnecessary power.
The behaviour of the sensor is not influenced by
the non-linearity and width of the hysteresis curve,
which results in a highly accurate and linear
response over a wide dynamic range of measured
quantities. A linear and highly accurate sensor
characteristic in the full operating range enables
the combination of metering and protection classes
in one winding. In addition, one standard sensor
can be used for a broad range of rated currents
and is also capable of precisely transferring signals
containing frequencies different from rated ones.
Current sensor
Current measurement in ABB sensors is based on
the Rogowski coil principle. A Rogowski coil is a
toroidal coil, without an iron core, placed around
the primary conductor in the same way as the
secondary winding in a current transformer.
However, the output signal from a Rogowski coil is
not a current, but a voltage:











dt
t di
M t u
P
S
) (
) ( =
Fig. 1 Working principle of a Rogowski coil


Fig. 2 Example of waveforms of primary current and
secondary voltage of a Rogowski coil

In all cases, a signal that represents the actual
primary current waveform is easily obtained by
integrating the transmitted output signal.
Voltage sensor
Voltage measurement in ABB MV sensors is based
on the two working principles resistive and
capacitive dividers. The output voltage is directly
proportional to the input voltage:










I
P

U
S

Presentation 2.2

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium



) ( ) (
2 1
2
t u
R R
R
t u
P S
+
=


Fig. 3 Working principle of a resistive divider



) ( ) (
2 1
1
t u
C C
C
t u
P S
+
=


Fig. 4 Working principle of a capacitive divider


Fig. 5 Example of waveforms of primary and secondary
voltage of resistive or capacitive voltage dividers

In all cases, the transmitted output signal
reproduces the actual waveform of the primary
voltage signal.

Sensor applications
Nowadays, a wide range of MV applications is
covered by sensors, since 11 types of MV sensor
product families with 34 different product versions
are currently available in the ABB MV sensor
products portfolio.
One of the main areas where the new sensor
technologies are used is MV Air Insulated
Switchgears (AIS).
The block type sensors designed according to DIN
size requirements can be used in primary as well
as in secondary AIS. With only 3 voltage levels and
2 current versions, we are able to cover
applications from 6kV up to 24kV with rated
currents from 80A up to 3200A.
Low-voltage ring-type current sensors can be used
in primary and secondary AIS. The main
advantage is the small size of the sensors, which
could offer various possibilities for installing the
sensors by using insulated parts of primary circuits
already installed in the switchgear (such as
bushing insulators, insulated cable, insulated
conductors, etc.).
If only voltage measurement is required, the
voltage sensors can be selected. These sensors fit
any AIS application where highly accurate voltage
measurement is required.
Another area where MV sensors are increasingly
used is Gas Insulated Switchgears (GIS) where
SF
6
gas is used as insulating medium. Bushing-
type sensors were designed for GIS applications
and combine four functions into one device
voltage and current measurement, voltage
indication capability and the bushing function.
Due to increased requirements for integrated
solutions in MV applications, a new type of circuit
breaker was designed where three standard
products are combined a circuit breaker,
protection relay and sensors in one effective
solution. This new sensor product family was
therefore designed to enable current and voltage
measurements at the circuit breaker poles.
MV sensors are used not only in indoor
applications. Bushing-type sensors were designed
to enable current and voltage measurements in
outdoor switches as well.
Sensor advantages
Construction of ABBs current and voltage sensors
is done without the use of ferromagnetic cores.
This fact results in several important benefits for
the user and the application.
Sensor benefits
Sensor behaviour is not influenced by the
non-linearity and width of the hysteresis
curve; this results in an accurate and linear
U
s

U
p

U
S

U
P

Presentation 2.3

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium
response over a wide dynamic range of
measured quantities
A single device/sensor could be used for
both protection and for measurement
purposes (no need for a separate
design/product)
There are no hysteresis losses, so sensors
also have an excellent frequency response
at frequencies different from the rated one,
thus providing very precise input to
protection functions, allowing more precise
fault analysis and efficient fault location
Sensors do not have dangerous
operational states (it is not a problem to
keep the output short-circuited or leave it
open), resulting in a high degree of safety
for surrounding devices and personnel.
The output signal remains very low even
during faults in the network
The use of sensors disable the possibility
of related ferroresonance phenomena, thus
increasing the safety and reliability of the
power network even more; furthermore,
there is no need for additional protection
equipment, special burden or wiring
Significantly lighter devices, weighing only
a fraction of conventional CTs or VTs;
therefore, no special machines/tools are
needed to carry them and transport costs
are less
Fast connection of sensors to IEDs, without
any tools or materials needed, simplifies
and reduces the assembly

Due to the linear response and wide dynamic
range, sensors are much more standardised
devices (compared to a number of different
designs of CTs and VTs). Therefore, it is much
easier to select the appropriate design (simplifying
engineering tasks) and there could be also a
reduction in spare parts on the users side.
ABB sensors are connected to the measurement
and protection evaluation devices by means of
shielded cables and connectors, providing a high
degree of immunity to electromagnetic
disturbances.
The accuracy of these sensors is verified and
tested, including the cabling, so precise information
is assured up to the evaluation device.
Sensor accuracy
With ABB MV sensors, measuring class 0.5 is
reached for continuous current measurement in the
extended accuracy range from 5% of the rated
primary current I
pr
up to not only 120% of I
pr
(as is
common for conventional current transformers),
but even up to the rated continuous thermal
current I
cth
. For dynamic current measurement
(protection purposes) the ABB sensors fulfil the
requirements of protection class 5P up to an
impressive value, reaching the rated short-time
thermal current I
th
. This provides the possibility to
designate the corresponding accuracy class as
5Pxxx, proving excellent linearity and accuracy
measurements.

Example of current measurement range for the
KEVCD A sensor with rated current 80 A and
accuracy class 0.5/5P630:
Metering accuracy class 0.5 is, according to the
IEC 60044-8 standard, guaranteed from 5% of I
pr

up to K
pcr
*I
pr
where K
pcr
is the rated extended
primary current factor and I
pr
is the rated primary
current. Factor K
pcr
is, in the case of conventional
CTs, usually just 1.2, but in the case of the KEVCD
A sensor the K
pcr
factor is several times higher and
equals 15.625.
Protection accuracy 5P630 is guaranteed for the
advanced KEVCD A sensor from the current equal
to K
pcr
*I
pr
up to the current corresponding to K
alf
*I
pr
,
where K
alf
is, according to IEC 60044-8, the
accuracy limit factor.
For this type of sensor, the value of K
pcr
*I
pr
is equal
to the rated continuous thermal current I
cth

(1250 A) and the value of K
alf
*I
pr
is equal to the
rated short-time thermal current I
th
(50 kA). The
accuracy limits are described on the graph below.


Fig. 6 Combined current accuracy class 0.5/5P630

Example of voltage measurement range for
metering accuracy class 0.5 and protection
accuracy class 3P:
The accuracy limits are described on the graph
below.


Fig. 7 Combined voltage accuracy class 0.5/3P
Presentation 2.4

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium
Compactness
Since the sensor elements are particularly small,
and the same elements are used for both
measurement and protection, the current and
voltage sensors can easily be combined in one
device the Combined Sensor, which is still
smaller and far lighter than a conventional
Instrument Transformer.
For example, the weight of the combined
KEVCD_A sensor designed for 24 kV is only
15.6 kg and designs for lower voltage levels are
even lighter. This enables much easier handling
without the need for special lifting devices.


Fig. 8 Weight comparison KEVCD 24A_ sensor

Another example could be the combined bushing
sensor KEVCY _R, which in addition fulfils the
bushing function. The KEVCY_R sensor is
designed for 24 kV and for continuous currents up
to 630 A. Its weight is only 1.75 kg.


Fig. 9 Weight comparison KEVCY 24RE1 sensor
Rated parameters
Because the sensors are highly linear devices
within a very wide range of currents and voltages,
the same single sensor can be used for the various
rated currents and voltages associated with each
specific application up to the specified maximum
voltage for equipment. There is no need to specify
other parameters such as burden, safety factor,
etc. since they are standard over the defined
range. To achieve the correct function of the
protection and control IED, the selected rated
current and voltage, as well as the rated
transformation ratio, must be properly set on the
IED.
Energy savings concept
As there is no iron core and no necessity for high
burden values, there is the possibility for very low
current losses. Apart from that, only one secondary
winding is needed, therefore ABB sensors exhibit
extremely low energy consumption that is just a
fraction of that transferred to heat in conventional
CTs/VTs. This fact contributes to huge energy
savings during its entire operating life, supporting
the world-wide effort to reduce energy
consumption.
A comparison of total costs of ownership (TCO) for
a current transformer (600/5/5 A, 25 VA, cl. 0.5,
5P20) and a current sensor using a Rogowski coil
is summarised in Fig. 10.


Fig. 10 Comparison of TCO for the use of a
conventional inductive CT and an LPCS using
a Rogowski coil

To be able to compare the application and user
advantages, the purchasing costs of the CT as well
as of the sensor were kept on the same level,
regardless of type. It is assumed that the inductive
CT is working at its rated current and rated burden
for the whole expected life time (30 years). As one
can see, the energy consumed and dissipated in
the CT during its whole life time is significantly
higher than that of the low-power stand-alone
current sensor. Therefore, low-power sensors
contribute to higher efficiency and environmentally
friendly measurement in MV networks.
Furthermore, the temperature rise caused by
internal heating up due to the current flowing
through the sensor is very low and creates the
further possibility of upgrading the switchgear
current ratings, or the other applications, and/or
reduces the need for artificial ventilation.
Correction factors
The amplitude and phase error of a current and
voltage sensor is, in practice, constant and
independent of the primary current and primary
voltage. Due to this fact it is an inherent and
constant property of each sensor and it is not
considered as unpredictable and influenced error.
Hence, it can be easily corrected in the IED by
using appropriate correction factors, stated
separately for every sensor.
Presentation 2.5

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium
Values of the correction factors for the amplitude
and phase error of a current and voltage sensor
are mentioned on the sensor label and should be
uploaded without any modification into the IED
before the sensors are put into operation.
To achieve the required accuracy classes it is
recommended to use all correction factors (Cfs):
the amplitude correction factor (aU) and phase
error correction factor (pU) of a voltage sensor;
and the amplitude correction factor (aI) and phase
error correction factor (pI) of a current sensor.
Values of the correction factors for the amplitude
and phase error of a current and voltage sensor
are determined for rated values (100% of nominal
primary voltage U
pn
and 100% of rated primary
current I
pr
).
The amplitude correction factor is a number by
which the output of sensor must be multiplied in
order to have minimum amplitude error. Below are
two examples how the amplitude correction factor
of a current sensor is determined.
The amplitude correction factor is calculated
directly from ratio of rated secondary voltage and
measured voltage:
9947 , 0
7992 , 150
150
U
U
sm
sr
= = =
mV
mV
aI

where
aI is the amplitude correction factor of a current sensor
U
sr
is the rated secondary voltage (reference voltage)
150 mV at 50 Hz or 180 mV at 60 Hz
U
sm
is the measured secondary voltage
Or, at first, amplitude error is obtained as:
% 53 , 0 100
150
150 7992 , 150
100 =

=
mV
mV mV
U
U U
sr
sr sm
am

where

am
is the amplitude error of a current sensor
U
sr
is the rated secondary voltage (reference voltage)
150 mV at 50 Hz or 180 mV at 60 Hz
U
sm
is the measured secondary voltage
then the amplitude correction factor is calculated
as:

( )
9947 , 0
1 100 / 53 , 0
1
1 ) 100 / (
1
=
+
=
+
=
am
aI

The phase error correction factor is a number by
which the output of the sensor must be increased
or decreased (depending on the sign) in order to
have minimum phase error.
Below is an example how the phase error
correction factor of a current sensor is determined.
The phase error correction factor is calculated
directly from phase error using the opposite sign:
= = = 293 , 0 ) 60 . 17 ( ) (
e
pI

Where
pI is the phase error correction factor in degrees

e
is the phase error in minutes
Safety
New sensor technologies used in ABB sensors
introduce many other advantages as well as those
described above. Since the output signal is very
low (in mV for current measurement and in V for
voltage measurement), there is no significant
transfer of power from primary to secondary.
These low levels of output signals, which can be
designated as communication signals instead of
power signals, are very safe for the user. The
secondary circuit of the current sensor can be left
open with no risk of high voltage on the secondary
terminals. Conversely, the secondary circuit of the
voltage sensor can be short-circuited with no risk
of explosion or danger to personnel.
Ferroresonance in power networks
The ferroresonance phenomenon is a typical,
unpredictable aspect of network with VTs inserted
usually in cable networks with an isolated neutral
or not efficiently grounded. VTs are usually
efficiently designed to operate close to the knee of
magnetisation curve and having burden close to
the no-load state. In case the capacitance of a
power line together with the VT inductance in
saturated state creates an oscillating circuit (RLC),
the circuit will not reach these conditions unless
some transients occur. Although the cause of the
saturation ceases (for example, a ground fault),
a transient oscillation (i.e. a multiple or sub-
frequency of that of the network) is maintained by
the resonant state, exchanging reactive energy
within the oscillating circuit. Owing to the frequency
of this oscillation, a permanent and high circulation
of current is produced in the primary winding.
Since this current is only magnetising (not
consumed by the burden), the secondary winding
is not very involved, so there is a lot of heating at
the primary and negligible heating on the
secondary side. Abnormal heating of the windings
always produces a strong internal pressure,
consequently breaking the external housing, thus
creating a risk to personnel.
In order to avoid such conditions, various
additional devices are being put in the open-delta
winding of conventional VTs, in order to properly
damp resulting oscillations. Ferroresonance
phenomena are very unpredictable, so it is very
difficult to have one single device that will safely
damp such oscillations for all VT designs and in all
different types of networks that exist around the
world.
The only safe solution to avoid ferroresonance
caused by interaction of any kind of power network
and VTs is to have a power network without
capacitance or completely avoid using non-linear
saturable VTs. The first condition is not possible in
our networks nowadays; nevertheless the second
condition could be met by using ABB MV sensors
instead. All ABB MV sensors are constructed
Presentation 2.6

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium
without the use of any ferromagnetic components.
Therefore, it is a solution that is absolutely
ferroresonance-free, very safe, highly reliable and
not dangerous to personnel. Network operators
can fully rely on that.
IED (Intelligent Electronic Device)
product portfolio
ABB IEDs offer a wide range of products for the
protection, control, measurement and supervision
of power systems. With the seven types of ABB
IEDs that support sensor technologies for
analogue measurement we are able to cover
various applications from low-end up to high-end
solutions.

Fig. 11 Example of ABB IEDs supporting sensors

Protection and control IEDs incorporate the
functions of a traditional relay, as well as allowing
new additional functions. The information
transmitted from the sensors to the IED is very
accurate, providing the possibility of versatile relay
functionality. However, the IED must be able to
operate with sufficient accuracy at the sensors low
input signal level, and the signal from the
Rogowski coil must be integrated. Modern IEDs
are designed for such sensor use, and they are
also equipped with built-in integrators for Rogowski
coil sensor inputs. Modern digital apparatuses
(microprocessor-based relays) allow protection and
measurement functions to be combined. They fully
support current and voltage sensing realised by a
single sensor with a double accuracy class
designation (e.g.: current sensing with combined
accuracy class 0.5/5P630 as well as voltage
sensing with combined accuracy class 0.5/3P for
KEVCD A sensors).

Fig. 12 Example of ABB IED REF615 and ABB sensor
KEVCD 24 AE3
Type tests and Routine tests
according to the IEC standard
Low-power stand-alone sensors are covered by
the existing standards for electronic instrument
transformers, IEC 60044-7 and IEC 60044-8.
There are just two IEC standards available
nowadays; nevertheless, the significant popularity
and interest in sensors resulted in the redesign of
these standards. A new set of standards for non-
conventional instrument transformers is being
prepared by IEC TC38/WG37 and is planned to be
covered in many more parts starting from IEC
61869-6.
In the present IEC 60044-7 & -8 standards, there
are different requirements for sensors that contain
some active electronic components and for
sensors without active electronic components. In
the future IEC 61869 series, these devices will be
split into different parts so it will be more
transparent what belongs to the electronic part,
and easier to read.
Low-power stand-alone sensors with analogue
output have to fulfil some type tests and routine
tests. Dielectric tests on primary terminals are the
same as in the case of conventional ITs.
Differences can be found in dielectric tests on the
secondary side (low-voltage components) as the
low-power sensors do not power the IEDs and they
just provide a kind of communication signal to the
IED. Therefore, different voltage test levels apply
than in the case of conventional ITs.
Apart from these tests described by IEC, there are
some other development tests, which are
performed on sensors in order to understand the
actual range of measurement limits, performance
under different conditions and use in several
different applications.
As there are new and new potential applications
for existing sensors, the experience and number of
producers is growing. Also the laboratories are
being more active.
Recommended site tests on
sensors installed in switchgears
To check the correct assembly and performance of
the equipment at the site before it is powered up is
one of the key factors to ensure the perfect
operation of MV primary devices. To enable long-
term performance of the sensors, the following site
tests are recommended on sensors installed in
switchgears:
Conductivity test
The conductivity test is applicable only on
sensors with the primary conductor
connected to the primary circuit. The
purpose of the test is to confirm that the
Low-end
solutions
High-end
solutions
Presentation 2.7

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium
joints on primary terminals are correctly
tight and maintaining good contact.
The recommended values for current
supply are 100-200 A DC.
Insulation test on the primary circuit
The purpose of the test is to confirm there
is sufficient line-to-earth insulation.
The recommended testing voltages are 2.5
kV or 5 kV DC.
The test is not applicable for low-voltage
sensors.
High voltage test
The purpose of the test is to confirm that
the line-to-earth insulation is in good
condition and can withstand overvoltage
stress.
The recommended testing voltage is 80%
of power frequency test voltage for 1
minute.
The test is not applicable for low-voltage
sensors.
Insulation test on the secondary circuit
The purpose of the test is to confirm that
the insulation of secondary circuits to earth
is sufficient.
The recommended testing voltage is 500 V
DC. The test is applicable for current
sensors only.
Primary injection
The purpose is to confirm that the IEDs are
getting correct current and voltage values
from the sensors.
IED secondary testing
Checking the correct setting and performance of
the protection relay before is put into operation is
one of the key steps to ensure correct and reliable
operation of MV systems. Since a lot of modern
IEDs use low power sensors instead of
conventional ITs for current and voltage sensing,
this necessitates some small differences in
secondary testing of protection relays. Generally
from the IED point of view, the protection functions
work in the same way, the only difference is the
way the signal is transferred from the primary side
(MV network) to the secondary side (protection
relay analogue inputs) and how the secondary
signal is processed by the IED (analogue input
module).


a)


b)
Fig. 13 Relay input card for ITs (a) and sensors (b)

As it can be seen in Fig. 13, the application of
sensor inputs resulted in greater simplification and
relay design reduction. In addition, available space
was increased, and the weight and cost of the
relay were reduced.
It is also possible to have IED inputs that fit either
conventional ITs or non-conventional EITs, or have
mixed modules combined to support both
technologies.
Since the output of the current sensor is a voltage
in mV which is then integrated by the IED, the
testing equipment should be able to supply the
voltage signal within the same range. One of the
most important things is to ensure the correct
phase displacement of the secondary signal
generated by the IED. Since the secondary output
from the Rogowski coil is shifted by 90, the testing
equipment should be able to automatically
generate the signal with the correct phase
displacement without any manual correction being
necessary. Unfortunately, this is not followed by all
manufacturers of testing equipment.
Another important difference is using correction
factors. Once the correction factors are set in the
IED, they should also be respected during testing.
The signal generated from the testing device is
multiplied by the correction factor for amplitude
correction or increased/decreased by the
correction factor for phase error correction in the
IED.
Presentation 2.8

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium

Fig. 14 Example of IED secondary testing settings

Manual recalculation of the generated signal in the
testing equipment makes secondary testing of the
IED uncomfortable. Therefore, taking the
correction factors into account when considering
the settings of the testing equipment enables the
manufacturers to further improve the testing
equipment and make it more user-friendly.
Connecting the testing equipment and
the IED
The sensors are designed with two types of cable
connectors. The new type of sensor connector is
RJ-45 Cat.6 but the older type of sensors, still in
production, use Twin-BNC connectors. The same
two types of connectors are also used in ABB
IEDs. To provide connectivity between sensors
and IEDs with different types of connectors, a
group of connector adapters was designed. The
purpose of the connector adapters is to adapt the
sensor connector type to the IED connector type (if
they do not match directly) without influencing the
measured signal.

Fig. 15 Example of direct connection between a sensor
and an IED

Consequently, depending on the testing equipment
and connected IED, there could either be a direct
connection from the testing equipment to the IED
or via a connector adapter.
Below is an example of testing equipment with
Twin-BNC connectors, a Twin-BNC/RJ-45
connector adapter and an IED with an RJ-45
connector.









Fig. 16 Example of connection between testing
equipment and an IED via a connector adapter

Some testing equipment also has available
accessories which enable connection of IEDs with
different connectors.








Fig. 17 Example of testing equipment accessories for
connection to IEDs with an RJ-45 connector
(CMLIB REF6xx Interface Adapter)
Conclusion
Low Power Current and Voltage Sensors represent
a new way of making the current and voltage
measurements needed for the protection and
monitoring of medium voltage power systems with
many benefits for the users and the applications.
The new sensor technologies bring also different
testing procedures which place new requirements
on testing equipment and related operators.








Generated signal
Amplitude:
150mV/0.9947
Phase: -90-0.293
= - 90.293
Frequency: 50Hz
Settings
Ratio:
80A/150mV
Frequency: 50Hz
Correction
factors:
aI=0.9947
pI=0.293
Current
measurement
Amplitude: 80A
Phase: 0
Tester
IED
Presentation 2.9

OMICRON electronics GmbH 2011 International Protection Testing Symposium
Literature
[1] Javora, R., Vano, P.: Design of Transducers
Matching Requirements of Microprocessor-
Based Equipment. Electric Power
Engineering 2010, pp. 431-436, Brno, Czech
Republic
[2] Javora, R., Stefanka, M., Mahonen, P., Niemi,
T., Rintamaki, O.: Protection in MV networks
using electronic instrument transformers,
CIRED2009, 2009, p. 4, Prague, Czech
Republic
[3] KEVCD A Indoor combined sensor, Indoor
current sensor Catalogue 1VLC000588. ABB
[4] ABB MV Sensors Catalogue 1VLC000712.
ABB
[5] CMLIB REF6xx Interface Adapter, OMICRON
web page
(http://www.omicron.at/en/products/pro/secon
dary-testing-calibration/accessories/cmlib-
ref6xx/)




























About the Authors
Vaclav Prokop
(30 October 1981)
Graduated from Brno Uni-
versity of Technology, De-
partment of Electrical Power
Engineering in 2005. Since
2005 he has been working for
ABB as a Protection Relay
Engineer, Commissioning En-
gineer and Service Coordinator. In 2008-2009, he
worked as a Service Coordinator and Service
Engineer in UAE. Presently he is working as
Product Manager for MV Sensors. He is
responsible for sensor products and their
development in MV applications.

Radek Javora
(19 March 1975)
Graduated from Brno Uni-
versity of Technology, Depart-
ment of Electrical Power
Engineering in 1998. He con-
tinued his research activities in
Kanazawa University in
Japan, focusing of ferro-
resonance phenomena. After his return, he started
working for ABB and finished his Ph.D., related to
Ferroresonance phenomena in electric power
networks, at Brno University of Technology in
2004. Presently, he is working as the head of the
Sensor and Simulation Development Department
in the ABB s.r.o. Technology Centre in Brno,
Czech Republic. He is responsible for development
of new current and voltage sensors for medium
voltage applications. He has also been active in
IEEE and IEC working groups dealing with non-
conventional instrument transformers from 2006.