(1/7) H02Q8A Geomatics for urbanism and strategic planning MaHS & MAUSP 2011-2012
Jos Van Orshoven Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Belgium 2 Concepts and Functions of GIS .PPT Topic #1 Topic #2 Topic #3 1 A GIS is an information system GIS is a technology 2 Spatial Data modelling Sources of data for geodatasets Metadata 3 Geo-referencing 4 Query, visualisation, mapping A/D-conversion and input Structuring 5 Coordinate transformations
6 Spatial Analysis 7 Terrain modelling Spatial Interpolation Surface Analysis 3 The world as it is 4 The world as it is 5 The world as it is 6 The world as it is 7 The world as we wish 8 A simplistic view Spatial planning deals with The spatial organisation and functioning of 1. The real world, the world as it is (organised/functioning) 2. The world as it was 3. The world as it will be (foresee-able, projected future, BAU) 4. The world as we want it to be (planned future) The understanding of the transition between 2 and 1 The processes and instruments to minimise the difference between 3 and 4
9 Maps Are the traditional instruments to describe the world as it was or is
Topographic (base) maps Thematic maps (printed on top of a topographic base map) Photo-maps (printed on top of a geometrically corrected aerial photograph)
10 Map scale = 1:50.000 11 Photo scale = 1:10.000 12 Plans / Sketches Plans and sketches are the traditional instruments to describe the world as we want it to be
13 Plan scale = 1:2.500 14 Maps / Sketches / Plans Are simplified, abstract representations (models) of geographic reality (the real, expected or planned world) Display the location and shape of entities (buildings, roads, which occur in geographic reality Are scaled. Allow measurements of distances, areas, in 2D- space (2.5D, 3D) Describe the state of geographic reality at a given moment in time Give meaning to the displayed entities by symbolisation according to a legend Information content is positively related to map scale The extent of the represented zone on a given paper size is quadratically inversely proportional to the map scale Are static, difficult to update and difficult to analyse 15 Geographic or Geospatial databases (gDB) With the advent of geospatial technology, a new instrument is introduced: the geospatial database Data describing geographic reality are no longer stored in analogue maps, plans and sketches but in digital databases GIS-software provides tools to create and work with geospatial databases to Produce maps Enhance understanding and knowledge Derive and communicate information Support decisions 16 From data collection to database
Data about entities: persons associations companies licences invoices municipalities, districts properties, 17 Data about entities Persons Associations Companies Invoices Insurance contracts Provinces Parcels Buildings .
Date of birth, ... List of members, ... List of employees, ... Due date of payment, ... Insured risks, ... Capital city, ... Owner, ... Construction cost, ... 18 From data collection to database
A/D conversion Structuring Computing functions Other functions Data collection Database Information System 19 Database = structured collection of digital data If not acquired in digital form, data need to be A/D converted
Structuring is required to facilitate search and query of the data: Tables are often used to structure the data Several software packages/tools exist that work with tables for further processing MS-Access, MS-Excel, dBase, are all table- (row/column) based 20
Data about entities: persons associations companies licences invoices municipalities, districts properties, What ? When ? What if ?
From database to information system 21
From database to information system 22 Information system Database equipped with tools which allow to ask questions and obtain answers Information = structured and interpreted data, fit for specific use, Information = data put in its context to allow for interpretation; Answer to a specific question Information is derived from data using transformation procedures query tools computing tools advanced analytical tools presentation tools Questions / Information about entities Persons Associations Companies Invoices Insurance polices Provinces Parcels Buildings .
How old ? When 18 ? How many members ? Monthly salary cost ? Amount unpaid ? How large the risk ? Budget deficit ? (Un)built ? Available for students ? What extra gains if taxes rise with 10% ? What deficit if #students decrease to 25.000 ? How many extra voters if right to vote from the age 16 i.s.o. 18 years ? 24 From database to information system What ? When ? What if ?
WHERE ? 25
Data about geospatial entities rivers, hydrography spatial destination zones muncipalities properties, buildings ... What ? When ? What if ? WHERE ? From maps and other collections of spatial data to GIS 26 Examples of (sub-)classes of geospatial entities (1) For cadastral applications: Patrimonium (e.g. of K.U.Leuven) Unbuilt parcels Residences
Related to spatial planning Transport links (road, railway, public transport connection, water- and airways,...) Zones with a defined spatial destination Zones with an effective land use ... 27 Examples of (sub-)classes of geospatial entities (2) Related to security policy Location of traffic accidents Properties where theft occurred
Related to management of natural resources Fossil fuel fields; pumping stations Mining zones Fishing areas Natural reserves UNESCO world heritage
28 Examples of (sub-)classes of geospatial entities (3) Related to agricultural and environmental policies Agricultural zones and parcels Irrigation and drainage canals Water abstraction points Zones for soil erosion abatement Related to other issues Wind mills Mangrove patches Traffic lights Sewer lines, electricity lines 29 From data on spatial entities to spatial information From data regarding buildings, demography, migration to requirements for housing
From data regarding (non-) irrigated agricultural land, soils and climate to rice production capacity by province
From data on factories and owners of cars to air quality distribution
From data regarding beach resorts to regional touristic potential
30 Real world geospatial entities are modelled and stored in gDB as geospatial objects Geospatial entities Are crisp elements occurring in geographic reality
Geospatial entities of the same type can be grouped into geospatial entity classes
Data about geospatial entities can be implicitly (adresses, indirect spatial designations) or explicitly (coordinates) geospatial
Input of data about geospatial entities in a geospatial database requires abstraction and modelling
Geospatial objects Are the abstract model equivalent of geospatial entities
Have a location relative to a known reference system, a geometric shape, characteristics, behaviour
Shape of objects can be: point, line, area, volume, one or more cells (pixels), one or more voxels
Objects of a similar shape and an identical structure for their characteristics belong to one object class (cadastral parcels, street axes, traffic lights, ). Such class generally has more than 1 member
One object classes is stored in one object-oriented geodataset
Feature often is used as a synonym for both entity and object gDB = collection of geodatasets
31 32 Y X ID Name # Inhabitants 6045 De beemdhof 3403
6045 33 Y X Vunt 103 Molenbeek 102 Vunt 101 Name ID 101 103 102 34 Y X A00235 A00234 99-nov-16 A00233 Date ID A00233 35 The real world = spatial entities + ?? 36 Terrain Geographic reality is more than classes of georeferenced spatial entities
= The spatial continuum of very many terrain characteristics Elevation (shaping relief and landscapes) Depth of lakes, aquifers Concentration of toxic substances in soil Meteorological conditions (air temperature, air pressure, precipitation) Air quality Noise,
Terrain acts as the canvas on which entities occur
Because of the spatially continuous nature of terrain characteristics, they cannot be represented by crisp objects
Point observations are used to construct continuous fields of a terrain characteristic
Each continuous field of a terrain characteristic (e.g. elevation) is modelled and stored in the gDB as a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of single valued surface (surface)
37 Example of DTM Digital Elevation Model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Resolution: 30 m ; Mission: 11-22/2/2000 URL: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ 38
Data about geospatial entities and/or terrain rivers, hydrography spatial destination zones muncipalities properties, buildings elevation, bathymetry, What ? When ? What if ? WHERE ? From geospatial database to GIS 39 gDB contains data about spatial entities and/or terrain Geodata have up to three components: A geometric component: defines the position and shape of objects/locations with respect to a reference system; ALWAYS present A descriptive component: attaches characteristics or attributes to objects or locations Time as the third component. Locations and/or characteristics can change over time
Geographic primitive = most elementary building block for the description of the geometric component of spatial entities and terrain Points Cells
40 Geodata in a gDB must be structured and interpreted Structuring of the geometric primitives point or cell into
2D geographic objects for entities: Elementary point, line, polygon objects More complex network, region objects Cells and aggregations of cells (pixels picture cells) Linked to ATTRIBUTE-information
3D geographic objects for entities Volume objects Voxels and aggregations of voxels (volumetric cells)
2.5D surfaces for terrain characteristics Single-valued surfaces, DTM or 2D-fields Elevation, groundwater depth, noise intensity
3D surfaces for terrain characteristics Multi-valued surfaces
3D fields for terrain characteristics Hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, concentration of pollutant
41 Example of structuring of point primitives into 2D-polygon objects 2 42 Examples of structuring of point & cell primitives into 3D-objects 43 Structuring of point primitives to 2.5D surfaces 44 2.5D and 3D surfaces versus 3D objects 1 Z for each (X,Y) multiple Z for each (X,Y) 45 Data in a gDB must be structured and interpreted Interpretation of the geometric object- and surface structures through coupling with identification codes and characteristics:
Object classes with individual members: specific parcels, water courses, land use zones,
Surfaces which model specific terrain characteristics (e.g. digital elevation model; digital noise intensity model)
46 Geospatial databases Database = geospatial database if it contains data about: Location (Shape) (Characteristics) of geospatial entities and/or terrain-characteristics of specific locations
47 GI-Systems
gDB equipped with computational and other functions
Are information systems; allow the user to formulate questions about geographic reality and obtain best possible answers, given the content of the gDB
Extension of, but comparable to more traditional non- geographic information systems
Emphasis is on the geometric component, the Where-question
48 Generic questions for a GIS What is at a given location ? Which type of building ? How deep is the groundwater table ? Where are the entities with the specified characteristics ? Where are the most densely populated municipalities within the province ? Where are the locations where specific archeological artefacts have been found ? What has changed since ? Which roads have been built since ? To what extent has the coastline been eroded between 1990 and 2010 ? Which spatial patterns do occur ? Which is the configuration of atmospheric high and low pressure zones ? What is the dominant wind direction and speed ? Which are the consequences of ? What if ? Which area will flood if a dike is perforated at a given location ? How many people in EU27 will no longer be exposed to dangerous concentrations of air pollutants if industry is reducing emissions with X% 49 GIS is an Information System but also GIS = TECHNOLOGY to build and exploit gDBs Spatial data modelling 50 GIS is an Information System but also GIS = TECHNOLOGY to build and exploit gDBs Management Transformation Visualisation, Query, Cartography Analysis 51 GIS as a technology
Sets of computer programs, infrastructure and know-how to: A/D-convert Structure Process data about spatial entities and terrain into information Query and communicate this information Based, to an important extent, on database-technology (DBMS) Applicable in each thematic domain for which locations are important
52
Summary of important items The world as it is or was; The world as we expect it or want it to be
Maps versus geospatial databases Geospatial entities versus terrain characteristics Geometric, descriptive and temporal components of geodata
A GIS is an information system that can provide answers to where ? and related questions regarding the current, past, expected and planned geographic reality that is based on a model of the geographic reality which is captured in a geospatial database (gDB) GIS is a technology which enables to build and exploit geospatial models/gDB