53: Reproductive Integration

Transcribed by Leslie Afable 5/9/2014
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Organ Systems Lecture 53 Reproductive System Integration by Dr. Lopez and
Dr. Schiff

**WARNING Dr. Lopez did not post the powerpoint slides when this transcript was
created so the slide numbers may or may not correspond to the actual slides of her
powerpoint if she ever posts it**

Slide 1 Reproductive System Integration (Intro)

Dr. Schiff It would be nice to have 100 more of you, but what can I do for you? At
least until Dr. Lopezs projection computer thingy gets all set up. I am immune from
technical problems. Did you mention the distinction between FOLLICULAR and
LUTEAL phases in the cycle?
Dr. Lopez No.
Dr. Schiff Because it occurred to me late last night as I was falling asleep because I
didnt..
Dr. Lopez Well go ahead.
Dr. Schiff OK, I will do so. Remember days 1 through.. up to ovulation which is
through 14 or so of the hormonal cycle, the major action in the ovary is the

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development of the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE, then ovulation occurs. After that the
CORPUS LUTEUM forms and days 14 through 28, the predominant effects are the
hormones secreted by the corpus luteum. So sometimes youll come across the
phrase, FOLLICULAR PHASE or LUTEAL PHASE which is essentially the first half
and second half of the monthly hormonal cycle because in the follicular phase which
is days 1 through 14, the main action is happening at the FOLLICLE. In days 14
through 28, the major predominant hormone secretor is the CORPUS LUTEUM, until
it stops doing so if there is no fertilization taking place. So that second half of the
month is referred to as the LUTEAL PHASE. Just something you might come across
in your careful perusal of textbooks and the like. OK. Do you have any questions by
the way?
Student Question The corpus albicans, does that only happen if there is a
pregnancy or does that form if ..? (cannot be fully heard)
Dr. Schiff Ok the result of a single month and no fertilization is a relatively small-
ish corpus luteum that degenerates kind of early. Is that referred to as corpus
albicans?
Dr. Lopez Yes, it degenerates first and when its like scar tissue then its corpus
albicans.
Dr. Schiff Yeah, so yes.
Dr. Lopez So it will happen anyway, whenever the corpus luteum degenerates it
will turn into CORPUS ALBICANS. So it could happen MONTHLY or it could happen
LATER on if there is a pregnancy and the corpus luteum hangs around for a while.
Ok so, other hormone stuff?

Slide 2 Mesonphric and Paramesonephric Ducts in Males and Females

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Dr. Lopez My first slide is on the differences in development between males and
females. So remember the embryos, whether they are XX or XY, start off IDENTICAL.
They both have gonads that develop in their abdomen and there are 2 sets of ducts
on either side that do different things depending on whether the embryo is going to
be male or female. So the WOLFFIAN DUCT is also called the MESONEPHRIC DUCT.
That will stick around in MALES and become the EPIDIDYMIS, the VAS DEFERENS,
and SEMINAL VESICLES. But it will DEGENERATE IN FEMALES and the
MULLERIAN DUCT which is the PARAMESONEPHRIC DUCT does the opposite. So
it sticks around in FEMALES and disappears in males. Just look at this picture, 2
mullerian ducts fuse together in the midline in females so you have 1 set of a vagina,
cervix, uterus instead of two. And if it doesnt fuse in the midline then you end up

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with 2 or a BIFID UTERUS.

Dr. Schiff Opossums have 2. But thats not on the exam.

Slide 3 Spermatogenesis

Dr. Lopez Then lets review some egg vs. sperm development. So the development
of sperm is called SPERMATOGENESIS and thats happening in the SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES of the testis. So on the left we have a testis and the seminiferous tubules
are in lobules and weve pulled one out and straightened it out and were looking at
a cross section of the side of the tube. Maturation goes from OUTSIDE towards the
LUMEN. So the cells that actually are spermatogenic are the SPERMATOGONIA
towards the outside, those are the stem cells that are DIPLOID. They divide into
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES that are still DIPLOID. Then those go into MEIOSIS. So
primary spermatocytes divide into SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES which divide
into SPERMATIDS. Then those mature into SPERMATOZOA and thats called
SPERMIOGENESIS. So spermiogenesis is a subset of spermatogenesis. The other
important cells in this region are the SERTOLI CELLS, which are the giant nurse

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cells that are columnar and span the whole width of the tube, or the whole wall.
They have a blood-testis barrier to protect these developing spermatogenic cells
and they just provide NUTRIENTS to the spermatogenic cells, clean up waste.
Outside the tubes, NOT SEEN HERE, you have LEYDIG CELLS. So know what
hormones stimulate each of those cells and what hormones those produce. Any
questions about those?

Slide 4 Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

Dr. Lopez I threw in this diagram of the differences between sperm and egg
development. So sperm development is SPERMATOGENESIS and egg development is
OOGENESIS. Its pretty much the same, you start off with diploid cells and then they
undergo meiosis I so primary spermatocytes divide into secondary spermatocytes,
primary oocytes divide into secondary oocytes. Then those undergo meiosis II so
secondary spermatocytes divide into spermatids, secondary oocytes divide into
mature oocytes. The differences are for spermatogenesis, the divisions are
SYMMETRICAL so each daughter cell is going to be the SAME SIZE. For oogenesis,
you can see its dividing into a big cell and a little cell. The little cell is called a
POLAR BODY and it will have half the DNA just like the other daughter cell but its
not going to be able to mature into a proper oocyte. So it couldnt be fertilized. So
you end up with 3 polar bodies for every 1 mature oocyte. The other difference is
TIMING, so for spermatogenesis the process starts at PUBERTY and just happens
non-stop. For oogenesis, these primary oocytes enter into meiosis I during FETAL
LIFE and then stop and then at PUBERTY, a few start up meiosis again each month
but then PAUSE DURING MEIOSIS II unless the oocyte is fertilized. So its a start-stop

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instead of a continuous process.

Dr. Schiff As I said in lecture, because of this whole cycle, this 28 day cycle in
women, their fertility is only present around the time shortly after ovulation.
Whereas as I also said, males on the other hand, are fertile as soon as someone says
YES.

Dr. Lopez So safe sex lecture.

Slide 5 Path of Sperm

Dr. Lopez So once the spermatozoa are made you should KNOW THE PATH THEY
TAKE to get out of the body. You start off in the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES to go to
the STRAIGHT TUBULES at the end (not shown here), to the RHETE TESTIS this
network of tubes at the back of the testis. Then the EFFERENT DUCTULES, then the

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EPIDIDYMIS, then the DUCTUS DEFERENS, then it goes into the body through the
body wall, the EJACULATORY DUCT to the URETHRA. I would know that order. Oh,
where in this sequence will sperm be STORED?

Student The tail of the epididymis.

Dr. Lopez Yes, the epididymis here is for sperm storage and maturation. So the
sperm is actually made in the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES but then leaves there and is
STORED in the EPIDIDYMIS. Then it needs to have the final step of maturation,
capacitation, in the female reproductive tract. But most of the maturation is
happening in the epididymis. Until it matures, the sperm cant move on its own so
the movement through this system is via CILIA.

Slide 6 Efferent Ductules, Epididymis, Ductus Deferens

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Dr. Lopez Here are some pictures of some of the areas in the pathway. Oh, one
more thing..
*GOES TO PREVIOUS SLIDE slide 5; path of sperm*, some of these different kinds
of tubes, so you see the names in Latin and in English. Its the same thing. Ductus
defferens and vas defferens are the same thing. So dont get confused if you see
straight tubules vs. tubule recti. Its just different languages.

*BACK TO CURRENT SLIDE* -- So, as you go through that pathway you get different
kinds of epithelia for different functions. The efferent ductules up here in a cross
section, you see kind of a STAR shaped pattern or SCALLOPED pattern because you
have alternating clumps of ciliated cells and non-ciliated cells. So up here you see

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some cilia and then you dont so it gives it this kind of undulating pattern here. So
the cilia are moving the spermatozoa along their way and excess fluid is being
absorbed as well. The epididymis is very pretty looking, it has all the stereocilia
that is also for fluid absorption. So we dont have.. like the STEREOCILIA ARE NOT
THERE TO MOVE THE SPERM. They are there for FLUID ABSORPTION. Cilia can
move the sperm but stereocilia dont. Then down here we have the ductus deferens
or the vas deferens and you can see that the lumen is really small compared to the
entire diameter of the tube because it has such a thick smooth muscle layer. It has 3
smooth muscle layers: alternating, longitudinal, and circular.

Slide 7 Accessory Glands

Dr. Lopez So the spermatozoa form the cellular part of ejaculate but you need
GLANDS to form the liquid part. So here at the bottom we have bulbourethral
glands, prostate gland, and the seminal vesicles. So you should know what, not in
detail, basically what is produced by which of these glands. So the

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BULBOURETHRAL GLAND is mostly for LUBRICATION. The PROSTATE secretes
things like CITRIC ACID and the SEMINAL VESICLES secrete MOST OF THE FLUID
and its very FRUCTOSE-rich so it NOURISHES the spermatozoa.

Slide 8 Penis

Dr. Lopez To finish the male section we have the penis. If you cut it in cross section
you see this pattern that looks like a face with 2 eyes and a mouth. Looks like a
monkey. So the eye region are the CORPUS CAVERNOSUM and the mouth region is
the CORPUS SPONGIOSUM, those are 3 columns of erectile tissue. So here we can
see big spaces that could be filled with blood. The corpus spongiosum has the penile
or spongy urethra running through it. You good with all of that?

Slide 9 Ovary

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Dr. Lopez So moving onto females. This is a cross section through the ovary and in
the ovary you have a cortex and a medulla. Cortex is on the outside and thats where
the eggs are going to develop. The medulla is on the inside and you have lots of
Primary Follicle
More Mature Follicle

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blood vessels there. You can see different stages of follicular development so lots of
primordial follicles. You can see maybe a primary follicle here, more mature follicles
here. The bigger the follicle, the more mature it is. You can see the giant antrum
here.

Slide 10 Follicular Development

Dr. Lopez So in order, the stages of the follicular development. First you have
PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES and youre going to have a ton of those. You see an oocyte
and a single SQUAMOUS layer of follicular cells around it. Then a subset of those will
develop into PRIMARY FOLLICLES so you call it a primary follicle when the
follicular cells instead of being squamous become more CUBOIDAL. This will be a

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UNI-LAMINAR PRIMARY FOLLICLE. So this whole pale thing is the oocyte and then
this right here is the nucleus of the oocyte and this layer are the follicular cells
around it. Then as that develops you get increased layers of these follicular cells. You
would call this a MULTI-LAMINAR PRIMARY FOLLICLE because it has lots of layers.
You can start calling these GRANULOSA CELLS. Once you call these cells granulosa
cells, these cells outside of them you can call THECA CELLS. So you have 2 layers, a
THECA INTERNA, the theca cells closest to the granulosa layer so this would be
theca interna. Outside of that would be THECA EXTERNA. Then once you start
seeing little fluid filled pockets in the granulosa cells, you call it a SECONDARY
FOLLICLE or this is called an ANTRAL FOLLICLE, same thing. Then once those
areas merge together to form one giant hollow area you call it a MATURE FOLLICLE
or GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. So here is the antrum and you still have granulosa cells
surrounding the whole follicle. There are granulosa cells around the oocyte called
the CORONA RADIATA. Then outside of that you have the THECA INTERNA and
THECA EXTERNA.

Slide 11 Table

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Dr. Lopez There is just a summary table that was from lecture but I will post this
again so you can see it again.

Slide 12 Ovulation

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Dr. Lopez So here is the schematic going from primordial to primary to secondary
to graafian that is ovulated. So the oocyte bursts through the wall of the follicle and
the wall of the ovary and its STILL SURROUNDED by its CORONA RADIATA. So
those are granulosa cells that come with it. This only happens if you get a big surge
of LH, so LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the pituitary. At this point the oocyte will
finish meiosis I, stop in the middle of meiosis II and only finish meiosis if its
fertilized. Then you can see that the follicle is now going to be a hollow sphere and it
will collapse in on itself and become a CORPUS LUTEUM. Everyone happy with that
so far?

Slide 13 Corpus Luteum

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Dr. Lopez Then the corpus luteum, because it was made of the graafian follicle, still
has the granulosa and the theca cells. So the granulosa cells become the
GRANULOSA LUTEIN and those are large, pale cells. They are on the inside of the
follicle and now they are on the INSIDE of the corpus luteum. They are surrounded
by the THECA LUTEIN. So the theca interna cells become the THECA LUTEIN and
they are on the OUTSIDE of the corpus luteum and they are relatively SMALLER and
DARKER staining. So here this whole swirly area is the corpus luteum. The pale cells
are the granulosa cells and the dark cells are the theca cells.

Dr. Schiff And remember that NEITHER those theca lutein cells nor the granulosa
lutein cells by itself can synthesize estradiol but between them they can because
between these two cells is the full set of enzymes required for the synthesis of the
estrogens.

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Slide 14 In the Absence of Fertilization and Implantation the Corpus Luteum
Degenerates into Corpus Albicans in 10-12 Days

Dr. Lopez So this is the summary of everything that is happening simultaneously.
So at the top we have, this is assuming pregnancy DOESNT HAPPEN, the
development of a follicle. There are multiple follicles developing simultaneously so
youll get a bunch of primary follicles, some of them will turn into secondary follicles
and some of those will turn into mature follicles. But only ONE, usually, will ovulate.

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So you get this culling (?) of the follicles as you go through the cycle and the ones
that dont make the cut will just be resorbed by your body. So the one that is
ovulated, the follicle will become the corpus luteum and if pregnancy doesnt
happen it will start regressing. These are the pituitary hormone levels that are
relevant here. You can see that theres a big surge of LH being released into the
bloodstream right before ovulation (middle graph) and these are the hormones
secreted by the ovary (lower graph). So you can see the relative proportions of
estrogen vs progesterone.

Dr. Schiff Of course you only see progesterone in the luteal phase of the cycle.

Dr. Lopez Yes, the second half the progesterone goes up.

Student Question So is ovulation mainly just LH or FSH? (cannot fully be heard)

Dr. Lopez Its mainly LH. Yes, so you can see theres like a little increase of FSH but
you need the LH there for ovulation to happen.

Slide 15 Oviduct/Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube

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Dr. Lopez So then once the egg is ovulated, it goes into the uterine tube. So at the
top all of these names are synonyms for the same thing: oviduct/uterine
tube/fallopian tube are all equivalent. The mucosa changes as you go along the tube
so its very tall columnar in the infundibulum near the ovary and it gets shorter as
you go towards the uterus. You see 2 kinds of cells, ciliated cells, you can see the
cilia here, those are going to be to move the egg (fertilized or not) towards the
uterus. And there are NON-ciliated cells which are called PEG CELLS and those are
SECRETORY so they are going to provide nutrients for the egg and the sperm and
help with sperm capacitation which is necessary for fertilization.

Dr. Schiff So remember there is a current created by these ciliated cells towards
the uterus. So the sperm are swimming UPSTREAM.


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Slide 16 Endometrium

Dr. Lopez So then once it gets to the uterus, we have two layers, we have the
MYOMETRIUM which is the muscular layer of the uterus. The ENDOMETRIUM is
the mucosa of the uterus. On the outside there is either an ADVENTITIA or a SEROSA
depending on exactly where you are. For the endometrium, that is divided into 2
layers. The layer closest to the lumen is called the functionalis or the functional
layer and the deeper layer or the more peripheral layer on the outside closer to the
myometrium is called the BASAL layer or BASALIS. So the basalis layer of
endometrium is ALWAYS THERE. The functionalis layer is what grows throughout
the menstrual cycle and then is sloughed off during menstruation and grows again.
So the basalis layer has to stay there so we have these stumps of blood vessels and
glands to regenerate the blood vessels and glands of the functionalis. So in this
image, this is the myometrium (My) towards the bottom and it has alternating
layers of longitudinal, circular, and longitudinal again of smooth muscle. This would

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be the basalis layer of the endometrium (B) and this is the functionalis layer (F) of
the endometrium.

Slide 17 Endometrium: 3 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Dr. Lopez The endometrium is going to change depending on where you are in the
cycle. So in the PROLIFERATIVE PHASE we have pretty straight looking glands and
blood vessels that are regenerating from the basalis so the functionalis is
regenerating. So as you go day by day, the functionalis layer will get thicker, and
thicker, and thicker. Then you ovulate between these two phases. Then during the
SECRETORY PHASE the arteries and glands will become more COILED so you can
see that here (proliferative phase) the glands are straight and here (secretory

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phase) they are very coiled. Then if there is no pregnancy, you enter the
MENSTRUAL PHASE where the functionalis is sloughed off.

Slide 18 Cervix

Dr. Lopez The bottom of the uterus is called the CERVIX and I wanted to show you
the TRANSITION ZONE. The part of the cervix that is SUPERIOR, so more towards
the rest of the uterus, has a COLUMNAR epithelium and it has glands so you can see
these glands here and here and here and SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM. Then
the part of the cervix that is closer to the vagina, the more inferior has a STRATIFIED
SQUAMOUS epithelium so thats like the vaginal epithelium and you can see that
theres a very distinct transition going from simple to stratified.

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Slide 19 Vagina

Dr. Lopez Underneath the cervix we have the VAGINA, like I said, it is a
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS epithelium. Its non-keratinized so you can see at the top,
you can still see nuclei of all the cells. So its different than your epidermis. There are
no glands here so any glandular secretions come from the CERVIX.

Slide 20 Mammary Gland

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Dr. Lopez Then my last image is the mammary gland and how it will change
depending on pregnancy or non-pregnancy. So this is non-pregnant (a) and you see
a lot of connective tissue, relatively small glands. During pregnancy (b) the glands
proliferate and during lactation (c) so after pregnancy, the glands proliferate even
more and now you see milk. So the pink staining material is milk in the glands and in
the ducts.

Dr. Schiff Remember that the glands are maturing throughout the first pregnancy
so that by the time the milk is needed, it will be there, basically. Any questions at
this point? No. Ok, so what you really have to keep track of is in the male, oh by the
way, all embryos/fetuses start out with Mullerian and Wolffian tubules. What
determines which it becomes?

Student SRY determining factor

Dr. Schiff Yeah, and what does that come from? SRY gene on the Y chromosome. So
if theres a Y chromosome, theres an SRY gene and the mullerian inhibiting
hormone is secreted and that causes the mullerian system to degenerate and the
baby.. The fetus with the Y chromosome then develops along the male lines with the
wolffian duct. If there is no Y chromosome, there is no SRY gene and then you have
the wolffian ducts degenerate.. Well the mullerian predominates and then the

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wolffian ducts degenerate. So there you have it. Once the testis are formed in the
male fetus, they are producing TESTOSTERONE among other androgens, and they
are responsible for the DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA during
gestation. So by the time the baby is born, the external genitalia are there and
presumably, in the ideal case in most cases, the testis have already descended into
the scrotal sac because they like to be COOLER THAN BODY TEMPERATURE.

Now in the course of the female hormonal cycle, menstrual cycle, whatever you
want to call it, I describe it as a 3 ring circus going on because there are the changes
in the follicle and up to ovulation and then the formation of the corpus luteum in the
ovaries. Meanwhile, there are changes going on in the uterine lining. The buildup of
endometrium, the growing out of the vascular from the basalis layer, and the
formation of a very nice welcoming nest for any embryo that might wander on
down. Third, there is this whole hormonal cycle which I drew, Dr. Lopez showed
you, where you have initial rises in LH and FSH and the peak of LH is what triggers
the rupture of the graafian follicle and ovulation itself. Then you have the LH causing
the corpus luteum to form. Once the corpus luteum forms it secrets the estradiol and
progesterone. The estradiol and progesterone inhibit, its part of the hypothalamic-
pituitary-gonad feedback loop, the estradiol inhibits the LH and FSH secretion
throughout the luteal phase. So the LH levels go down, down, down. At some point,
the LH levels are SO LOW they CANT support the maintenance of the corpus luteum
and the corpus luteum INVOLUTES and now you no longer have estradiol and
progesterone being formed. Basically, what then happens is estradiol and
progesterone begin to FALL. Its the FALL OF PROGESTERONE, which had been
maintaining the inner layer of the endometrium, that causes the inner layer of the
endometrium to breakdown and be sloughed off. So there you have it.

By the way, I mentioned something in lecture and was corrected by one of you.
Theres a drug called PLAN B which is a, if all else fails and you dont want to be
pregnant you take this after quote, unprotected intercourse. Basically what it does
is it is preferentially taken within 3 days of intercourse. Now, remember the
timeline. If ovulation has occurred, the egg is taking its 4-5 days strolling down
towards the uterus. The sperm, meanwhile, are swimming upstream and they have
no idea where to go. As I said in lecture, men wont ask for directions. So they are
just going. Half of them go up the wrong fallopian tube. I mean, its total chaos. But
there are SO MANY SPERM that odds are one has a good chance of bumping into the
egg accidentally. Assuming a capacitation has taken place, these changes in the outer
surface of the sperm and stuff like that, that sperm head enters into the egg into the
ovum. Now you have a FERTILIZED DIPLOID EGG continuing the trip down. At some
point, if there was no fertilization remember the corpus luteum would degenerate
as LH fell. But once the fertilization has taken place, some cells of the embryo start
producing HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG). HCG acts as an LH MIMIC
and maintains the corpus luteum for a longer period of time. In fact, the corpus
luteum will last about 3 months if the pregnancy ensues. But youve got the egg
coming down, eventually it will reach the UTERINE LINING and become
IMPLANTED. So the time scale. It takes a couple of days for the sperm to swim up

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and it takes about another day or two or 3 for the fertilized egg to come down and
be implanted. The thing about PLAN B drug is if you take it within 3 days of the
unprotected intercourse, whats going to happen is it effectively DROPS.. equivalent
to the DROPS OF PROGESTERONE LEVELS by blocking progesterone receptors or
something. The equivalent is the endometrium no longer sees the progesterone,
so it begins to break down and slough off probably before the embryo ever got
implanted. So its not as though you actually have a fetus growing in the uterine
lining. But rather its an embryo that is sort of evicted because it no longer has a
place to land and be implanted. So 2 things are going on here which is from a
marketing point of view is a good thing. One is you take the pill and you are not
actually doing an abortion and you may feel more at ease that way because it
probably was not a fetus at that point, it had not been implanted. Second, or you
may not have had a fertilized ovum at all. You dont know and you will never find
out. So, well if you want to be super careful and catch everything that sloughs off
from the uterine lining and see and examine it microscopically to look for an
unfertilized ovum or a fertilized blastocyst or something, then you can go hunting
but generally you never know if there actually was a fertilized egg. So that sort of
eases off any guilt feelings that people might have. Anything else? Ok. Questions?
Please? For either of us.

Dr. Lopez We have 20 more minutes.

Dr. Schiff Well.. A little bit less because youve got to be out at about 10 of because
theres a pharmacology exam with D2 students coming in at 10 oclock.

Student Question Something about citric acid and how that nurtures sperm? (cant
be heard)

Dr. Lopez Yes, yea, I dont know the answer to that. Do you know how the
prostatic secretions nourish..? Well one issue is you need to have the right pH
balance in the semen to keep the sperm healthy and alive. I cant answer that one
specifically because basically you dont want it too acidic. So the urethra in general
will be very acidic because of urine and so some of the secretions will have a high
pH to neutralize that and the female reproductive tract is also acidic so again you
have to neutralize that. So I dont know about the prostate specifically but there are
like buffering agents to raise the pH to help keep the sperm alive as it travels
through both the male and female reproductive tracts.

Dr. Schiff Remember in most places the healthy pH is about 7.4 which is slightly
alkaline. But that's normal for most tissue.

Student Question Question about SRY gene and what happens in female s(cant be
heard)

Dr. Schiff Well it (SRY gene) encodes for.. ...In the female its just the absence of the
SRY gene. There are genetic syndromes in which.. Alright, there are genetic

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syndromes in which you can have an XX or XY but you can also have multiple Y
chromosomes or you can have just an X chromosome and nothing from the other
parent. Thats a possibility too and thats referred to as TURNERS SYNDROME. In
Turners theres a single X, the genome is designated XO for nothing. These people
develop a female body form because of the absence of the Y chromosome. So
basically what it is is if the question becomes a physical anatomical sex or gender, is
if there is a Y chromosome, then you end up with the development of the wolffian
duct and the mullerian then gets inhibited by the mullerian inhibiting factor or
hormone. If there isnt a Y chromosome, then theres no SRY and the mullerian
develops. How that suppresses the wolffian system, Im not sure except it seems to
predominate when its there.

Dr. Lopez The mullerian itself will suppress the wolffian.. I dont think

Dr. Schiff Yes, it probably, I dont know. There is no specific gene there. OK. So
anything else quickly because I have to run off somewhere.. septodont to proctor the
pharmacology exam.

53: Reproductive Integration

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Transcribed by Leslie Afable 5/9/2014

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