CE 122 HIGHWAY & THE

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS


School of CE-ENSE
Mapua Institute of Technology

2 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Highway & the Development Process
Justifications for road works that improved
transport facilities are promoting development.

Development may be classified as Sustainable
improvement in the quality of life, especially for the
poor and suppressed people.

Infrastructure Development is primarily a
government function.

3 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Stages of Infrastructure
Development
1. Planning national identification of transport infrastructure facilities
as to size, location, technology, resources needed, benefits, costs and
social & environmental impacts

2. Financing search for available funding for the identified
infrastructure projects. Sources of funds: National Government Budget
(from revenues), Foreign Loans (IBRD, ADB, JICA, etc.) and Technical
Assistance (JICA, US-AID, other ODA), and Private Investments

3. Implementation or Construction engineering design, preparatory
activities to construction, actual construction, construction supervision

4. Operations and Maintenance management of facility users and
maintenance of transport infrastructure facilities

4 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Project Development Process
A.Project Identification
B. Project Preparation
C. Project
Implementation
D.Project Operation
and Evaluation

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PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
5 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Project Development Process
ACTIVITY RESPONSIBILITY
Project Identification
- Preliminary Identification DPWH/DOTC/DILG/Entity/Others
Project Preparation
- Feasibility Study DPWH/DOTC/DILG
- Inclusion in Medium Term Program DPWH/DOTC/DILG with endorsement by
MDC, PDC, RDC and NEDA
- Fund Appropriation Congress
- Detailed Engineering DPWH/DOTC/DILG
- Inclusion in Annual Program DPWH/DOTC/DILG with endorsement by
MDC, PDC, RDC and NEDA
Project Implementation
- Fund Release DBM
- Right-of-Way Acquisition DPWH/DOTC/DILG
- Bidding and Contracting DPWH/DOTC/DILG
- Construction DPWH/DOTC/DILG with monitoring by
LGUs, NGOs, etc.
- Completion and Acceptance DPWH/DOTC/DILG/End User
Project Operation & Maintenance
- Operation and Maintenance DPWH/DOTC/DILG/End User
- Impact Evaluation DPWH/DOTC/DILG/End User

6 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Highway Planning
Highway planning serves to perform financial studies, conduct traffic studies
and take physical inventory of the road system

Economic studies to estimate the economics involved in the highway
development program. (population, its distribution and classification;
trend of population growth; listing of agricultural and industrial
development, their future trends classification and listing of these
details; existing facilities on communication, recreation & education, etc.;
per capita income; banking, post office, etc.

Financial studies to study the various aspects like sources of income
and the manner in which funds for the project may be mobilized. Details
to be collected include: sources of income & revenue from taxation on
road transport; living standards, future trends details like vehicle
registration, Court fees and local taxes, etc.; future trends in financial
aspects.
7 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Highway Planning
Traffic or road use studies to collect the following particulars:
traffic volume in vpd, AADT, peak and design hourly traffic volume;
traffic flow patterns origin and destination studies, mass
transportation facilities, accidents their costs, trends; Growth of
vehicular traffic, passenger trips and goods movement.

Engineering studies to study the topography, soil and other
problems such as drainage, construction and maintenance:
topographic surveys; soil surveys; location and classification of
existing roads; road life studies; traffic studies O&D studies; special
problems in drainage, construction and maintenance of roads

Data collected must confirm to: Adequacy, Accuracy, Availability, &
Accessibility. Details collected are tabulated and plotted on the maps
of the area under planning.
8 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Preparation of Plan and Master
Plan
Plan I General area plan showing almost all existing details, i.e., topography,
existing road network and drainage structures, rivers, canals, etc., towns and
villages with the population; commercial, industrial or agricultural activities are
also shown in this map.

Plan II Includes the distribution of population groups in accordance with the
categories made in the appropriate plan.

Plan III Show the locations of places with their respective quantities of
productivity.

Plan IV Show the existing network with traffic flows and desire-lines obtained
from origin and destination studies of traffic, including proposals received from
different sources.

9 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Preparation of Plan and Master
Plan
Master Plan is the final road development plan for the area under study.

Based on the above plan, different possible networks of new roads
and improvement of some of the existing roads are proposed. In each
proposal, the population and productivity (industrial and agricultural) of
each locality, the traffic flow, topography and all other details, both
existing and possible changes in future should be considered.

Next step is to compare the various alternate proposals of road
systems in hand, and to select one which may be considered as the best
under the plan period by applying the concept of saturation system.

Final step is the phasing of the road development plan by fixing up
the priorities for the construction of different links.

10 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Concept of Saturation System
Also known as Maximum Utility System.
Based on U.S. System of highway planning.
Used in selecting the best road system out of the alternate proposals.
The optimum road length is calculated for the area based on the
concept of obtaining maximum utility per unit length of road.


Factors to be considered:
Population served by the road network.
Productivity served by the road network, e.g., agricultural
products, industrial products.
11 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Steps of Saturation System
1. Population units. From the prepared Plan II , group the areas with
different populations into some convenient population ranges and assign
some reasonable values of utility units to each range of population
served. The total population units can be then obtained for each road
system proposed.

2. Productivity units. From Plan III, the productivity served may be
assigned appropriate values of utility units per unit weight, from where
the total productivity units served by each road system may be
estimated.

3. Utility. The total utility units of each road system is the sum of the
population and the productivity units. These total units are divided by the
total road length of each system to obtain the utility rate per unit length.
The proposal which gives maximum utility per unit length may be chosen
as the final layout with optimum road length.
12 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Maximum Utility System(Application)
Problem # 1: A hypothetical study area with existing roads is shown below.
There are four (4) alternate plan proposals A, B, C and D with different
road length by adding extra road links to the existing roads in the area.
Details of the population and the products served are given below:
Existing roads in the area
Proposed roads in the plan

Plan A Plan B Plan C Plan D
13 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Maximum Utility System(Application)
Problem # 1:

Work out the utility per unit length for each of the systems and indicate
with which of the plans yield the maximum utility based on saturation
system.
Proposal
Road
Number of Towns and Communities Total Agricultural &
Length Served with Population Range Industrial Products
(km)
1001-2000 2001-5000 5000-10000
>10000 (1000 tonnes)
A 300 160 80 30 6 200
B 400 200 90 60 8 270
C 500 240 110 70 10 315
D 550 248 112 73 12 335

14 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Maximum Utility System(Application)
Seatwork # 1:

Work out the utility per unit length for each of the systems and indicate
with which of the plans yield the maximum utility based on saturation
system.
Plans Total Road
Length
(km)
Number of Towns and Communities served with
Population Range
Total Agricultural &
Industrial Products
(1000 tonnes)
5000-10000 10000-15000 >15000
X 400 200 120 80 250
Y 200 250 150 90 240
Z 300 280 160 70 190
15 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Maximum Utility System(Application)
Problem # 2:

Per transportation survey (inventory/data collection) in the study area, the
following are obtained:
Total Land Area (TLA) = 200 km
2
.
Agricultural Land Area (ALA) = 60 km
2
.
Urban Population (UPOP) =50,000
Urban Roads (UR) = 60 km
Rural Roads (RR) = 50 km
Population Growth = 2%/annum
Potential Arable (Agricultural) Area to be developed = 2% more under
medium term and 6% under long term

Analyze the road needs of the study area based on the road planning
standards under the medium-term and the long-range planning periods,
and on the DPWH Standard Road Land Ratio.
16 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Highway Programming
Highway Programming is the systematic selection of projects based on the
planning survey data and other fact finding study which selection will
represent the best investment of available funds.

Three Separable Sets of Inputs Involved:

Economic which deals with the questions of resources
Financial the question of who pays and who spends, how much and where
Political and Administration which involves decision making


Projects are prioritized, i.e., projects that are most economically viable are
selected if they fit into the financial capability and political criteria.
17 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process
Highway Programming Approaches
a.) Financial resources either short or long range by the agencies function
such as construction, operation and maintenance.
b.) Recognition of the legislative and administrative desire and constraint
c.) Tentative priorities based on economic analysis, critical situations, present
and future expected level of traffic and claims based on political
subdivisions.
d.) Providing a continuity of route system and coordination with other
transportation mode.
e.) Selection of projects, availability of labor and materials and the climatic
conditions.
f.) Scheduling the project implementation in coordination with other
agencies, acquiring right of way and making final plan and specifications.
g.) Budgetary reserve to cover emergencies such as floods and other natural
disasters.
-End-
18 CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway & the Development Process