Capitulo 3 GUILLESPIE

BRAKING PERFORMANCE
Basic equations
The general equation for braking performance may be obtained from NewtonS Second Law
written for the x-direction. The forces on the vehicle are generally of the type shown in figure
1.6. The, NSL is:

(3.1)
W Vehicle weight
g - gravitational acceleration
Dx - = -ax = Linear Deceleration
Fxf Front axle braking force
Fxr Rear axle braking force
Da Aerodymanic drag
- Uphill grade

The front and rear braking force terms arise from the torque of the brakes along with rolling
resistance effects, bearing friction, and driveline drags. A comprehensive anlysis os the
deceleration requires detailed knowledge of all these forces acting on the vehicle.

Constant deceleration
Simple and fundamental relationship can be derived for thae case where it throughout a brake
application. The simple equations that result provide na apperciation for the basic
relationships that govern braking maneuvers. From eq. (3.1):

(3.2)
Where:
Fxt = the total os all longitudinal deceleration forces on the vehivle (+)
V = forward velocity

This equation can be integrated (because Fxt is constant) for decelaration (snub) from velocity.
V0 to final velocity, Vf:

(3.3)

(3.4)

Where:
Ts = time for the velocity change

Because velocity and distance are related by V=dx/dt, we can substitute dor dt in Eq. (3.2),
integrate, and obtain the relationship between velocity and distance:

(3.5)

Where:
X = distance traveled during the deceleration
In the case where the deceleration is a full stop, then Vf is zero, and X is the stopping distance,
SD. Then:

(3.6)
And the time to stop is:

(3.7)

Thus, all other things being equal, the time to stop is proportional to the velocity, whereas the
distance is proportional to the velocity squared (i.e., doubling the velocity doubls the time to
stop, but quadruples the distance required).

Deceleration eith Wind Resistance
The aerodynamic drag on a vehicle is dependet on vehicle drag factors and the square of the
speed. To determine stopping distance in such cases, a more complicated expression. Is
necessatyh but can still be integrated. To analyze this case:

(3.8)

Where:
Fb = total brake force of front and rear wheels
C = Aerodynamic drag fator

Therefore:

(3.9)

This may be integrated to obtains the stopping distance: