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This is a thesis paper of undergraduate level and its about the present condition of electricity consumption of Dhaka city. It focuses on the government position on production of electricity and new technologies worldwide to conserve electricity which impacts on environmental sustainability. This paper also focuses on mass awareness about the energy conservation behavior and attitude towards the use of appliances.
Titre original
Assessing the Impact of Adopting Electricity-saving Electronics in Saving Power Consumption at Household level in Dhaka
This is a thesis paper of undergraduate level and its about the present condition of electricity consumption of Dhaka city. It focuses on the government position on production of electricity and new technologies worldwide to conserve electricity which impacts on environmental sustainability. This paper also focuses on mass awareness about the energy conservation behavior and attitude towards the use of appliances.
This is a thesis paper of undergraduate level and its about the present condition of electricity consumption of Dhaka city. It focuses on the government position on production of electricity and new technologies worldwide to conserve electricity which impacts on environmental sustainability. This paper also focuses on mass awareness about the energy conservation behavior and attitude towards the use of appliances.
Assessing the Impact of Adopting Electricity-saving Electronics in Saving
Power Consumption at Household level in Dhaka
Research Conducted By Examination Roll no: 5007 Registration no: HA-5763, Session: 2008-09 Department of Development Studies University of Dhaka
Declaration Students Declaration I certify that this research does not incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university; and that to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text.
Examination Roll: 5007 Registration no: HA-5763, Session: 2008-09 Department of Development Studies University of Dhaka
Supervisors Declaration I believe that this research is properly presented, conforms to the best specifications of thesis presentation in the university and is prima facie worthy of examination.
Lecturer Department of Development Studies University of Dhaka i
Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the help and guidance received from Abul Bashar Mohammad Omor Faruque, Lecturer, Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, in conducting this study. His motivation has empowered me to broaden my horizon on the study topic and assimilate various issues in the study. I want to express my cordial gratitude to the Department of Development Studies for allowing me to do this research. I would also like to express my gratitude to the honorable chairman, Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, for providing access to the departmental facilities. I also wish to record my sincere thanks to honorable batch coordinator S. M. Humayun Kabir and all the teachers of the Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka for their valuable suggestions and sincere cooperation. I would like to thank to the authority of University of Dhaka for giving me the opportunity of research and providing me with books and journals relevant to my works. I wish to take this opportunity to thank my family members and relatives for their co- operation and constant encouragement in completing this work. In addition, I thank to all friends of University of Dhaka and other well-wishers in this connection. Finally, I am grateful to those respondents from whom I have collected data for this research. They have provided information willingly and in a co-operative manner. Finally for the errors and remaining imperfection in the study, the entire responsibility lies with me alone.
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Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................v Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................1 Energy Conservation Scenario in Bangladesh ...........................................................................1 1.1 Background of the Research .........................................................................................................1 1.2 Aim of the Research......................................................................................................................2 1.3 Justification of the Research .........................................................................................................2 1.4 Research question .........................................................................................................................3 1.5 Research Methodology & Field Work ..........................................................................................3 1.5.1 Research Design .....................................................................................................................3 1.5.2 Research area .........................................................................................................................4 1.5.3 Sources of Data ......................................................................................................................4 1.5.4 Data Collection ......................................................................................................................4 1.5.5 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................................5 1.5.6 Limitations .............................................................................................................................5 1.6 Layout of Chapters ........................................................................................................................5 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................6 Theoretical Concepts Regarding Energy Consumption .............................................................6 2.1 Social-Psychological Model of Behavior .....................................................................................6 2.2 Ethics of Conservation ..................................................................................................................8 2.3 Pre-condition to Achieve Human Development ........................................................................ 10 2.4 Green Technology and Energy Efficiency ................................................................................. 12 Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................14 Few Important Concepts Regarding Energy Conservation .....................................................14 3.1 Energy Meter ............................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 Renewable Energy (RE) in Bangladesh ..................................................................................... 15 3.3 National Renewable Energy Policy (NREP) ............................................................................. 17 3.4 Power Tariff Rate ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.5 Domestic Appliances ................................................................................................................. 21 iii
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................22 Data Analysis and Findings .....................................................................................................22 4.1 Data Description of Power Consumption Survey of Electronics ............................................... 22 4.2 Data Analysis of Power Consumption Survey of Electronics ................................................... 23 4.3 Data Description of Power Consumption Survey of Households .............................................. 27 4.4 Data Analysis of Power Consumption Survey of Households................................................... 29 Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................................................33 Recommendation and Conclusion ...........................................................................................33 5.1 Energy Conservation Scenario around the World ...................................................................... 33 5.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 36 References ................................................................................................................................37 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................41 Questionnaire for Household Survey ............................................................................................... 41 Check List for collecting Electronic Appliances Data (From sellers) ............................................. 42
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List of Tables Table No. and Name Page No. Table 3.1 Rise of Power Tariff from December 2011 to March 2012 20 Table 3.2 Updated Power Tariff from 1 September, 2012 20 Table 4.1 Appliance with Power rating and Price 23 Table 4.2 Appliances and Company Description 23 Table 4.3 Appliances with per day usage converting into Unit (1KWh=1 Unit) 24 Table 4.4 Total Bill of Best, Medium and Worst electronics after Lifetime usage 25 Table 4.5 Total Cost of Appliances after lifetime usage 26 Table 4.6 Initial savings and Lifetime loss between Best and Worst appliances 27 Table 4.7 HHs Electricity Consumption and Average Bill (AprilSeptember, 2012) 28 Table 4.8 HHs calculated with Best, Medium and Worst appliance options 29 Table 4.9 Average expenditure of the HHs regarding Best appliances 30
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Abstract Power crisis, the demand-supply gap in electricity, is a stark, visible phenomenon in the day- to-day life in Bangladesh. This research has collected power consumption data from domestic consumers in Dhaka to understand the present trend of power consumption. Also, information on energy -saving electronics about power-rating and price was collected to understand the new technologies regarding power conservation and operational cost in their lifetime. These collected data was analyzed based on the context of Psycho-Social behavior of Conservation, Ethics of Conservation, and Green Revolution in the perspective of power consumption and savings. Furthermore, the concept of energy as precondition to human development has been conceptualized in the study. The research resorted quantitative method in data analysis and making decisions about rational choice about which electronics to purchase. Data from domestic consumers has been gathered by using questionnaire survey and the electronics information has been collected with the help of a simple checklist. The research also estimated probable conservation at household level in their monthly bills assuming the adoption of energy -saving electronic goods. Finally, the research has discussed how the developed world is dealing with such issues and the role of the people and government in this endeavor of energy conservation.
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Abbreviations BERC Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission BPDB Bangladesh Power Development Board CFL Compact Fluorescent Light DPDC Dhaka Power Distribution Company ECE Energy -saving Electronics EEAP Energy Efficiency Action Plan EM Energy Meter EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GHGs Green House Gases GOB Government of Bangladesh HH Household IBM International Business Machines LDCs Least Developed Countries LGED Local Government Engineering Department MoF Ministry of Finance MPEMR Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources NREP National Renewable Energy Policy PTR Power Tariff Rate QRPP Quick Rental Power Plant RE Renewable Energy REB Rural Electrification Board RERC Renewable Energy Research Centre USA United States of America 1
Chapter 1 Energy Conservation Scenario in Bangladesh 1.1 Background of the Research Bangladesh is a strongly growing developing economy but having serious limitation in energy production and consumption. In recent days, Energy chiefly electricity has become the major hurdle in the further development of economy. Modern lifestyle and economic activity cannot go ahead without the support of energy. It is so vital that now-a- days sometimes the well-being of an economy is estimated through the level of consumption of energy. Over the last two decades, the country has been changing from a predominantly agrarian economy to an industrial and service economy. The agricultural sector is also in need of electricity to avoid massive fossil fuel consumption. The enormous expansion of private sector and remittance from expatriate workers play a key role in the national economy. With the expansion of private sector, Bangladesh is thrusting in rapid urbanization, industrialization, infrastructure development, economic growth and also significant growth in educational sector. To fulfill the countrys growth in economic sector and human development sector, massive energy production is needed. Till now, however, the state of Bangladeshs power development is not at par with the current demand and still working to find a way for ramping energy production keeping mind the affordability. With higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in industrial sector, demand for energy in Bangladesh has been rising fast and would continue at this rate for the next few years. Bangladesh is one of the most energy-starved countries in the world even by the standards of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Annual energy consumption per capita (175kg of oil equivalent or annual electricity power of 207.9 kWh in 2008) is one of the lowest in South Asia and the developing world. Only about 55% of HHs have electricity (BPDB, 2010), and these electricity consumers frequently face power outages and load shedding. Bangladesh is feeling the pinch from the current lack of adequate power and intermittent load-shedding. The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has been trying to significantly increase electricity production to mitigate the energy lacking. Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDP) circulated that maximum power generation in the history of Bangladesh was 6,350MW on 2
04/08/12 (BPDB, 2012). In that day, people of Dhaka city was faced at least an hour load shedding. So it is difficult to know the actual demand of power in Bangladesh. 1.2 Aim of the Research Bangladesh is in the process of transition in many ways politically, economically and socially. The country is experiencing an acute shortage of electric power that is likely to be worsening day by day because the new power generation always falls short of the new demand being created every day. Not only acutely in the summer but also throughout the year, electricity crisis is hampering the day-to-day lives of the people from every part of the society. It is very hard to find a quick solution to cover up the present energy gap situation. This research has tried to understand the current electricity consumption in domestic households (HHs) and its pattern, availability of energy -saving electronic goods in the market, and awareness among the people about electricity conservation and its financial benefits. The information gap between consumer and seller, and market failure due to this gap is interpreted as the biggest barrier in promoting energy conservation. Analyzing the National Renewable Energy Policy (NREP) 2008 is also an objective of this study about its effect of energy consumption. This research has also looked into the best practices of other countries to find the most possible areas to save electricity and successful strategies in raising awareness of the people in conserving electricity. 1.3 Justification of the Research In every ways of life, awareness among the people of Bangladesh is now increasing more than ever. However, consciousness about electricity consumption and saving is largely absent amongst the people of Bangladesh. As the issue of power conservation is new to the country, there exist only a few researches, by energy-related experts, on the efficient use of electricity and other fossil fuels, more pervasive use of renewable energies, bio-gas plants and so on. There is a good study regarding energy conservation in the major cities in Bangladesh covering only the electricity conservation possibility in in light bulbs (Hussain et al, 2009). On the contrary this research focuses on domestic consumers of Dhaka city and covers a broad range of home appliances used in everyday life such as heating, cooling, lighting, entertaining and other electric goods for household chores. This research also plans to 3
analyze the actual financial benefit and level of perception regarding electricity conservation and energy saving electronics. This research also investigated about the presence of electricity -saving goods in market and governments role in facilitating the promotion of use of such goods. There are many works in the field of power generation and load shedding, but this research is precisely focused on the topic saving and conservation of power. This research would broaden our understanding about the financial benefit and electricity consumption cutback presuming the current electric goods are replaced with the most energy efficient one. This research would also help in generating awareness among the users of electricity and help the policy makers to find out ways to solve the problem with limited use of economic and natural resources. Though this study excludes industries, the results found from households will also help in industrial energy conservation, other than the heavy machineries. 1.4 Research question The major research question pursued in this research is to assess the impact of use of Energy -saving Electronics (ECE) on domestic power consumption and estimate the concurrent financial benefit of this use. To answer this question, some important issues related to this question are needed to be answered. They are: 1. How the recent electricity bill is affecting the households? 2. Why Cost-Benefit analysis of ECE with medium and worst electronics is important? 3. How Watt is turning into Bangladesh Taka (BDT)? 4. What are the thoughts of private sector concerning about ECE? 5. Is the National Renewable Energy Policy (NREP) concerned about ECE? 1.5 Research Methodology & Field Work 1.5.1 Research Design The research followed quantitative method because of the nature of research questions and acquiring relevant data from respondents for generating maximum outcome from the data sources. As this research also focuses on the level of awareness among the actors, it asked 4
some descriptive questions from respondents. It focuses on the responsibilities of consumers, private electronics sellers and their product regarding these issues. It also tries to generate an overview of energy saving policies of other countries from which our government can learn. . 1.5.2 Research area The research area of this study covers Dhaka- the only Mega city and the Capital of Bangladesh, in this city; around 20 million people live and work for their livelihoods. Most of the important government, nongovernment, civil, industrial and military infrastructures is situated in and around this city. Dhaka has all types of economic classes in its residential spaces. Only in 15-20 years, the outlook of the city has changed. There are now hundreds of multistoried buildings, thousands of residential apartments, and also unknown number of wood and bamboo made houses around the city. All these establishments consume the largest proportion of electricity in the country. As a result, all other 63 districts of Bangladesh are facing shortage of electricity. 1.5.3 Sources of Data For preparing this research, both primary and secondary data has been gathered and consulted. Primary Data: The research is based on the primary data and information which are collected from respondents of the surveyed area through a well-defined pre-scheduled questionnaire. Secondary Data: Secondary data is collected from different sources including research reports, internet journals, power-related publications, newspaper articles, government policies and electricity conservation related web sites. 1.5.4 Data Collection Household electric goods usage and electricity consumption data has been collected from 30 HHs by using self-completion questionnaire. The questionnaire contains the power consumption and billing from October 2011 to September 2012. Data was also collected from the companies who are selling the electronics in the market and they are categorized in different groups based on power rating and price. 5
1.5.5 Data Analysis The information collected from respondents is processed using Microsoft Office Excel. The questions in survey are mostly objective in type. 1.5.6 Limitations As the resource and time employed in the study are limited, only a small number of respondents are surveyed in this research. 1.6 Layout of Chapters The First chapter presents the background, aim and justification of research, research questions and the methodology employed in the research. In the Second chapter, the theoretical context regarding energy conservation has covered. The idea of green technology and energy efficiency are conceptualized here from the perspective of energy consumption and savings. These issues have been described also from the context of the theory of motivation and ethics of conservation incorporating the framework of energy conservation. In the Third chapter, the current power consumption scenario of Bangladesh has been analyzed on the basis of the concepts that have been described in chapter two. Analysis of NREP and other important concepts have also been mentioned in that chapter. In the Fourth chapter, the information collected from the consumers and questionnaire survey has been analyzed in different contexts. Description of the data collection and findings of the study have also been scientifically presented in this chapter. The Fifth chapter encompasses the recommendations and policy options for the government regarding energy conservation. Finally, the findings of the research were summarized and concluded with best hopes for the country.
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Chapter 2 Theoretical Concepts Regarding Energy Consumption Decades of research in sustainable energy and energy conservation has promoted to undertake many initiatives in various countries for sustainable energy regime. The researches and studies have also suggested various social and ethical perspectives in shaping the conservation behavior in align with the human nature. Energy-conservation behavior, like all other behavior, is multidimensional and sometimes hard to fathom, challenging our attempts to explain and predict it. Research has demonstrated that there is no single and general construct that predicts environmentally friendly behavior (Oskamp et al., 1991).In addition, studies have not able to depict linkages between peoples expressed concern for the environment and their own energy use. To understand the energy conservation from various perspectives, the following theoretical concepts are helpful in comprehending the entire scenario. 2.1 Social-Psychological Model of Behavior The social-psychological model indicates that there is a behavioral model in the psychological behavior in the human society, which can be influenced through knowledge, values, personal characteristics, or attitudes. This model has integrated societal, group and individual level process. Many researchers have worked on this model to understand various aspects of energy conservation behavior (Costanzo et al., 1986; Darley & Beninger, 1981). It also provides support systems to aid behavioral change and overcome barriers. Those barriers are lack of information and everyday life needs and so on which are very much related to the development of the nation. Studies supporting this model have shown that people were more likely to make permanent changes in their energy behaviors. If there are new behaviors which are easy and convenient to perform, people will be self-motivated to perform those behaviors. When the human had the skills and resources needed to change behaviors, their neighbors and friends were changing in similar ways and they made commitments to change in public settings, they will also follow those behavioral patterns for their existence in the society (Costanzo et al., 1986; Harrigan, 1991; Stern, 1992). 7
McMakin et al. (2002) has reviewed the conditions under which people are more likely to adopt energy-efficiency behaviors: People view energy efficiency in terms of benefits to themselves rather than restriction, especially in terms of increased thermal comfort and health (Becker et al., 1981; Samuelson and Biek, 1991). Energy use and savings are made visible, thus providing goals and motives where they did not previously exist (Kempton, Darley and Stern, 1992; Stern and Aronson, 1984). Information is conveyed in a vivid, salient, and personal format (Costanzo et al., 1986; Dennis et sl., 1990; Stern, 1992; Stern & Aronson, 1984), including visual modeling of specific actions to be taken (Winnett, et al., 1985). (McMakin, Malone and Lundgren, 2002) McMakin et al. (2002) also discussed various social and motivational issues in energy conservation behavior among consumers. One fascinating aspect of the social-psychological model of energy use is in social comparison. The idea is that comparison and even competition with others increases motivation to achieve something perceived as positive. According to social identity theory, people strive for a positive self-image, and their membership in a group is itself perceived as part of their identity (Tajfel, 1978; Tajfel and Turner, 1979). According to social comparison theory, comparison with others reduces uncertainty and helps establish standards of personal behavior (Festinger, 1954). These theories, and at least one energy-related workplace study (Sieroetal., 1996), suggest that emphasizing a common group identity can lead to more cooperative behavior and improved performance by group members. (McMakin, Malone and Lundgren, 2002) 8
2.2 Ethics of Conservation Until recently, the very idea of there being an 'ethic' concerning conservation might have seemed strange. For some, even among those who now work on the formulation of an ethic of conservation, this remains true. For them, humans remain at the center of ethical concern. What has changed is not the basis of their ethic, but the realization of how fundamentally we affect one another's lives through our relationship with our environment (Holland and Rawles, 2001). However, the new environmental challenges have provoked a more radical response, signaled by the appearance in the environmental literature of papers with titles such as: "Is there a need for a new, an environmental ethics?"(Routley, 1973). They claim to have discovered, or rediscovered, values existing outside and independently of the human domain - in sentient animals or even all individual living things, in species, communities and ecosystems, in soil, waters and rocks, and in the planet it self. The development of an ethic of conservation faces another obstacle, which is the widespread perception that ethics are beyond the reach of rational and critical discussion. Sometimes this view is supported by referring to the diverse and culturally contingent origins of moral belief (Spellerberg, 1992). In fact, how a belief has arisen is a separate question from the question of whether it is rationally defensible or whether it is true. In any event, a result of this perception is that ethical considerations are marginalized in favor of what are supposed to be more 'objective' considerations of a scientific or utilitarian kind. Holland and Rawles (2001) has also discussed the issues of ethics and conservation from two different perspectives. This perception is wrong on two counts. First, it is an illusion to suppose that ethical considerations can be sidelined. Conservation objectives may indeed be defended on scientific or utilitarian grounds, but to reach a decision on these grounds presupposes an evaluative commitment to the view that these considerations should hold sway. Value judgments are involved in the decision as to which interests and considerations are legitimate; and the question of legitimacy is a matter for critical evaluation. The second point is that, fortunately perhaps for the conservation cause, it does not follow that ethical debate is a mere battle of prejudices. There is a distinction to be drawn 9
between judgments of value and judgments of taste. Taste, like prejudice, lays no claim beyond the particular circumstance of the judgment, and is not called upon to give an account of it. If a person claims like this, admire that, or hate the other, their claims are not open to critical challenge (Holland and Rawles, 2001). Ethics are not laws. They are not imposed by the state. Rather they are the norms, values, beliefs, habits and attitudes that are embraced voluntarily as a society imposes on us. Laws regulate behavior from outside; ethics regulate behavior from inside out. Ethics is something that we carry with us wherever we are going and whatever we do. An ethic of conservation explained by Michael J. Sandel, a political philosopher in Harvard, would embrace norms, beginning with a sense of responsibility, a sense of stewardship, for the natural world (Friedman, 2008). Friedman (2008) also added that an ethic of conservation as, Conservation is an ethic of restraint that says we have a responsibility to preserve the earths resources and natural wonders in and of themselves, because they constitute the ecosystem of life on which all living creatures on this planet depend. But in addition to a sense of stewardship toward the natural world, an ethic of conservation also has to include a spirit of trusteeship. As Sandel argued, Stewardship involves responsibility for the natural world. It is born of wonder and awe for the diversity of life and majesty of nature. Trusteeship involves responsibility for future generations, for those who will inhabit this place after our time. It is a form of solidarity with our children and grandchildren (Friedman, 2008). He also indicates that the ethics of conservation requires both stewardship and trusteeship with habit of restraint that express respect for the earth that we live in and respect for future generations. To become good stewards and goo trustees, we need to develop new habits and attitudes toward consumption. We also need to rein our tendency to regard the earth and its natural resources as wholly at our disposal or present needs, wants and desires Friedman (2008). 10
Some may think that conservation indicates lower consumption which will harm the development process. But Glenn Prickett of Conservation International argued that Conservation is not opposite of Consumption (Friedman, 2008). We need to consume to live and to grow our economy, but at the same time we can save more. We just need to identify those places and preserve in their natural state. Prickett said, If we are smart, properly plan and are vigilant about protecting what we have set aside, there is more room for conservation and consumption. People on both sides of the energy-environment debate often confuse with this issue. It is important to recognize how important the nature is consisting of clean water, clean air, healthy forests, healthy oceans and diversity in species for our daily life and our spiritual well-being. So it is important to remember and act with ethical perspectives regarding energy conservation, in other words nature conservation with trusteeship and stewardship in environment. 2.3 Pre-condition to Achieve Human Development According to the neo-classical economic approach, economic development is realized through maximization of individual utilities and the accumulation of aggregate material wealth. Neo-classical welfare economics acknowledges and accepts the differentiation of welfare among members of the society (Ferguson, 1969). Increase in the differentiation of welfare between different sections of the population can be encouraged so long as the overall welfare is not on the decrease. From a dynamic point of view, neo-classical theory of economic development emphasizes the accumulation of aggregate social welfare while less attention is given to the fulfillment of human development potentials which must be at the same level of magnitude across individuals (Pan, 2002). In neo-classical economic analysis, few considerations are given to the security of the subsistence of the most disadvantaged and the potentials of human development. Welfare improvement of the most disadvantaged is considered an ethically right preference rather than a right of the poor to the fulfillment of human development potentials. Pan (2002) has talked about the energy as the modern service and its importance in human development in todays world. Access to modern energy services is fundamental to fulfilling basic social needs, driving economic growth and fueling human development. This is 11
because energy services have an effect on productivity, health, education, safe water and communication services. Modern services such as electricity, natural gas, modern cooking fuel and mechanical power are necessary for improved health and education, better access to information and agricultural productivity. There are wide variations between energy consumption of developed and developing countries, and between the rich and poor within countries, with attendant variations in human development. Furthermore, the way in which energy is generated, distributed and consumed affects the local, regional and global environment with serious implications for poor peoples livelihood strategies and human development prospects. By comparing modern energy use in developed and developing countries and argues that a threshold of modern energy is required to achieve growth and improvement in human development. A new term is using in this energy deficiency which is called Energy Poverty. Energy poverty can be defined by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as the inability to cook with modern cooking fuels and the lack of a bare minimum of electric lighting to read or for other household and productive activities at sunset (UNDP 2005). By this definition, the 2.5 billion people relying on biomass for cooking and the 1.6 billion people with no access to electricity could be classified as being energy poor (Pan, 2002). Energy is central to a range of services supporting human development, from modern medical care, transportation, information and communications to lighting, heating, cooking and mechanical power for agriculture. Equitable and sustainable development requires making energy available for all, controlling emissions and shifting to new and cleaner energy sources. Major energy inequalities persist across regions, countries, gender and classes. Acknowledging that energy distribution cannot be considered apart from political and social exclusion, the 65th United Nations (UN) General Assembly proclaimed 2012 as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All (UN,2011). Electricity is an essential ingredient for both economic and social development in day to day life. Its consumption is synonymous with modern life in the industrially developed world. 12
Communication, transportation, health service, food supply and preservation, housing, offices and establishments, mills and factories all depend on adequate supply and availability of electricity at an affordable price. Electricity must therefore be supplied dependably and at a reasonable price. Therefore the prerequisite for the countrys progress is the electricity supply compatible with demand, in a dependable manner. In todays world, electricity may be not the basic human need but it is more important than basic needs because those needs are now depending on this(Pan, 2002). In modern society, electricity is playing the most important role to generate development. A countrys rate of growth and development is now measuring on the per capita electricity consumption of that country(Pan, 2002). But now environmental concern regarding electricity generation is getting more importance day by day. Clean electricity is needed to have a proper development of a country. Sustainable electricity generation and conservation of energy are now getting highlighted throughout the world. As a result, all the countries off the world are now focusing in these two points for efficient and sustainable development. 2.4 Green Technology and Energy Efficiency Green technology is the development and application of products, equipment and systems used to conserve the natural environment and resources, which minimizes and reduces the negative impact of human activities. Innovations thereby help to decouple growth from natural capital depletion and environmental pollution, for example towards more resource- efficient and cleaner technologies. Some innovations can directly increase resilience to environmental shocks. Catch-up innovations, that make the use of existing technologies more widespread by adapting them to local contexts, are even more important for all countries. They typically reduce production costs and increase enterprise competitiveness, and are lower risk than frontier innovations. The introduction of new products, processes, business models and other organizational methods, and marketing techniques, whether through frontier or catch-up innovation, in principle contribute to the expansion of existing markets and the creation of new markets, in the process increasing the job content and poverty alleviation of growth. Energy efficiency refers to products or systems using less energy to do the same or better job than conventional products or systems. In todays world, there are many efficient products, 13
homes, and buildings. They include efficient appliances for the kitchen, heating and cooling equipment, home electronics, and other products to weatherize our homes and improve the efficiency of buildings and industrial facilities. Unfortunately, energy efficiency is not used as often as it could be. People at home or in business in many parts of the country are not making the energy-efficient choice for a variety of reasons. They are often not aware of the amount of money they could potentially save on their energy bill by using todays energy- efficient technologies and practices. They sometimes find it hard to locate the more efficient products. Sometimes these products cost a little more and they do not know if they will get their money back. Utilities and other organizations that run energy efficiency programs can play a valuable role in helping consumers, businesses, and communities find energy efficient solutions and significantly reduce their energy bills. From those previous topics, it has been acknowledged that the motivation and ethics of conservation of energy. Then the importance of energy in the process of economic growth and human development has been understood. And at last the green technology and energy efficiency show us the inbuilt process of conservation of energy. The next chapter shows some literature reviews, policy reviews regarding ECE. 14
Chapter 3 Important Concepts Regarding Energy Conservation In the present world, there are many modern innovations introduced every year by the scientists to foster energy efficient behavior among consumers as well as make the electrical system itself more energy efficient. This chapter discusses about such technologies and the policy and strategy of GOB to improve energy efficiency and conservation in short to medium terms. 3.1 Energy Meter Energy Meter (EM) is a new technology for reducing the energy consumption in developed countries. Its duty is to measure the total amount of energy consumption in a household or a business farm by single electronics. Electricity meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour [KWh]. HHs now uses EM to monitor energy consumption precisely of every electronic appliance in the house. Thus, it enables people to manage and regulate their energy consumption in households. The reduction of energy consumption will lead to energy conservation. Thus the high electricity consumption through fossil fuels and other natural disastrous elements can be reduced drastically. As a result the threat of global warming, which is all of our concern, will be reduced through energy conservation. It has also the advantage of selecting peak, off-peak and shoulder time frames which will help the consumers to fix their desired energy conservation schedule. EM can be monitored both manually and automatically by the user. Manual use of EM can be done by HHs residents. The automatic use of EM can be monitored through smart phone applications for those residents who pass their maximum time outside of the house. Residents can also set energy consumption for the home electric appliances in the EM as it provides that kind of advantage of energy conservation. It will help to stop the specific appliance to stop when the energy consumption level exceeds from the set up. Cost effectiveness of EM is another concern for the consumers as it is a newly invented appliance. In concern of this research paper, it is important to find out whether this device can play role in improving energy conservation in Bangladesh. To understand the need of EM in Bangladesh, at first we have to understand the present electricity billing and energy 15
consumption ration. In recent months, the electricity billing and cost of electricity has been grown very quickly because of the change in electricity billing by Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission (BERC). As a result, the cost of electricity has raised several folds. However, the people are not happy because even after paying high bills, the load shedding is still continuing. The HHs who has an air conditioner in the house and uses regularly have to pay more than 5000 BDT as electricity bill. Those households represent the upper middle class and higher income strata in Bangladesh. The question arises do they need the EM to conserve energy? The cost benefit analysis comes to this point. Say a households electricity bill is BDT 1000 and anothers is BDT 5000. Both of these two households will want to install the EM in their home but is that cost effective. As example, the cost of the EM is BDT 7000. The usage of EM will reduce 10% of total energy consumption in a HH. For the first HH it will be only BDT 100 and second HH it will be BDT 500. So it will take 70 months for first house and only 14 months for the second house to get the return from the EM by using the existing electronics with energy conservation. So it is more viable to use the EM in a high energy consumer HH. 3.2 Renewable Energy (RE) in Bangladesh Energy is one of the basic ingredients required to alleviate poverty and socio-economic development. Bangladesh has an enormous prospective for renewable energy. The natural obtain ability of alternative energy creates opportunities of growth in power sector. The technologies should be developed to produce energy in an environment friendly manner. Enough importance should be given to conserve the energy in most efficient form. The energy prospect is generally assessed on the basis of available commercial sources of energy as fossil fuel like gas, coal, oil and so on. Around the world, there is a major transition underway in the energy sector. It is happening due to the following three major reasons: I. A decline in fossil fuel availability, their predicted gradual extinction in the next few decades and the resultant price volatility due to demand-supply gap. II. The need to drastically cut global emissions for mitigating climate change (80% reduction by 2050). III. The need for energy security. 16
In Bangladesh efficient utilization of RE resources is yet to assume commercial dimensions. The RE includes solar, wind, biomass, hydro, geo-thermal, tidal wave and so on. The scenario of these RE sources in the present situation of Bangladesh is discussed below: Solar Photovoltaic (PV): Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are in use throughout the country with over 200,000 HH-level installations having total capacity of about 12 Mega Watt (MW) (BERC, 2008). Scaling-up of solar PV systems assisted by the development partners are being implemented through the Rural Electrification Board (REB), Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) and other agencies implementing solar energy program. Renewable Energy Research Centre (RERC) of the University of Dhaka has installed a model 1.1 Kilo Watt (KW) grid connected photovoltaic system. There is a strong potential for solar energy within the country. GOB is looking forward to initiate generation of 500 MW of solar PV electricity in future. Solar Thermal Power: The technology involves harnessing solar radiation for generation of electricity through a number of steps finally generating mechanical energy to run a generator. This technology needs to be concentrated in the country to supplement the power supply. Wind Energy: Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly limited to coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings offer good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia. Biomass: Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse and so on. This technology can be distributed on a larger scale for electricity generation. Biogas: Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and semi-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls. 17
Hydro: Micro-hydro and mini-hydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracks. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 KW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with installed capacity of 230 MW. In the context of Bangladesh, there are limitations in every source of renewable energies and its usage. Micro level installation or single household installation of solar PV cannot help to generate electricity and rather it is very much costly in the primary installation. Rural and village people of Bangladesh do not have enough money to have and maintain such enormous piece of modern science. Every installation costs 20,000 BDT essentially and it is very likely that the 20 years of the lifetime of this solar PV may not find benefit-able in the people with the loan that the companies are providing. Mass solar PV installation like Germany where solar PV is almost 22 Giga Watt (GW) (Clean Technica, 2012) and Saudi Arabia planned to establish 41GW by 2032 (The Daily Star, 2012) is not possible in densely populated country like Bangladesh. The solar thermal plant is hardly cost-effective in Bangladesh though the process of installation has started. Wind and Hydro energy generation in Bangladesh is possible but the existing situation does not support to think these sectors as future energy solution to the problem. Lack of water in the rivers and risk of management in the seashores are the problems for these energy sectors. The Biomass and Biogas are not enough resources for generating electricity as the demand rises in the Bangladesh every day. As only a few KW electricity is actually generated through RE in 2012, it is a serious question in terms of sustainable development that how the GOB will meet up the estimated demand about 2000MW in 2020.
3.3 National Renewable Energy Policy (NREP) The GOB has adopted a NREP in 2008 to ensure the protection and generation of renewable energy resources with a futuristic plan to solve the power crisis in Bangladesh. The policy has shown the precise objectives and financial plans to generate electricity in the country with a view to fulfill the Vision 2021 by the present government. In line with the Article 16 of The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, it is stated that to remove the 18
disparity in the standards of living between the urban and rural areas through rural electrification and development. There are many objectives in the NREP to achieve the growth of the energy sector in Bangladesh. The objectives are: Attach the potential of renewable energy resources and distribution of renewable energy technologies in rural, semi-urban and urban areas; Enable, encourage and facilitate both public and private sector investment in renewable energy projects; Develop sustainable energy supplies to substitute indigenous non-renewable energy supplies; Scale up contributions of renewable energy to electricity production; Scale up contributions of renewable energy both to electricity and to heat energy; Promote appropriate, efficient and environment friendly use of renewable energy; Train; facilitate the use of renewable energy at every level of energy usage. Create enabling environment and legal support to encourage the use of renewable energy. Promote development of local technology in the field of renewable energy. Promote clean energy for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); and Policy sets targets for developing renewable energy resources to meet five percent of the total power demand by 2015 and ten percent by 2020. The NREP has not portrayed about t how these objectives will be achieved. Though there is a financial plan in the policy, without adopting any concrete strategy there is no actual implication of the financial plan. The third objective refers to substitute indigenous non- renewable energy by developing sustainable energy, but how this transition will be managed and financed and what will be the new use of the indigenous non-renewable energy, these queries are not clear from the policy. In fourth objective, the scaling up of electricity production through RE is declared, but how the investment would be made for mass production of RE electricity through this process is not clarified. Similarly, in the fifth objective, the heat energy definition and use is not explained. The policy also fails to describe the process of training and facilitating the use of RE at household levels. The regulatory structure and transfer of technology in the field of RE are also absent in the policy. This implies NREP is not a well-defined policy, rather only an appeasing document to tell 19
people that government has a plan to address the problems in energy conservation and sustainable development. It is striking that in the policy there is no single word about energy conservation through energy-saving electronics. To move with the same speed like the rest of the world, the GOB should introduce the ECEs to conserve electricity from wastage. The policy, however, has introduced an independent institution named Sustainable Energy Development Agency (SEDA) which is providing coordination, promoting awareness, supporting establishment, enabling and developing funds for RE sector in Bangladesh. 3.4 Power Tariff Rate Electricity pricing or Power Tariff varies widely from country to country, and may vary significantly within a particular country. There are many reasons that account for these differences in price. The price of power generation depends largely on the type and market price of the fuel used in power generation, economic situation, government subsidies, government and industry regulation and so on. In Bangladesh, the power tariff is suggested by the BERC to the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources (MPEMR). If granted, BERC fixes the PT for different types of users. In the last 1 year, from December 2011 to December 2012, the Power Tariff Rate (PTR) has changed for four times and among them three times in first four months (BPDB, 2012). The cause of these rises was the rise of cost of the fuel prices. Production of electricity is subject to use of fuel. Power generation through Quick Rental Power Plant (QRPP) has been seen as one of the most crucial reasons for rise in the fuel price. To minimize the load shedding rate and to generate more power to the economy, the GOB has issued permit to 33 private and public invested QRPP to produce at least 1000MW electricity. GOB has already mobilized Four Hundred Thousand Crore Taka to generate 5000MW of electricity from beginning of 2009 to the end of 2011 (The Blitz, 2012). The GOB subsidized the QRPP to use as much as fuel at the least cost and government subsidized their fuel cost to maintain the least power generation cost. But with the increase of fuel guzzling QRPP, the import of fuel oil has increased dramatically. As a result, to maintain the aggregate subsidy bill under control, on one hand the government increased both the price of retail liters of diesel, patrol octane and furnace oil and on the other hand upped the retail PTR 20
in the country. As a result, the people of Bangladesh now is paying more for fuel, more for electricity and thus the inflation rate in the economy has risen. The economy of Bangladesh was badly hurt by the significant increase in electricity and fuel cost. Table 3.1 Rise of Power Tariff from December 2011 to March 2012 Residential consumers Consumption (Board of Trade unit, BOT) Allowable retail current rate KWh-BDT 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd Phase For use from December 1, 2011 For use from February 1, 2012 For use from March 1, 2012 1st slab : 0- 100 2.73 2.87 3.05 2nd slab : 101- 400 3.81 4.04 4.29 3rd slab : > 400 6.88 7.43 7.89 Source: Bangladesh Power Development Board, 2012 Table 3.1 depicts the growth rate of PT in the stipulated time. There were three slab of power consumption measuring for the residential users. This billing pattern is framed in such a way that 15 percent rise in PTR caused 50 percent rise in the monthly billing of the residential consumers (The Daily Star, 2012). It was the most controversial PTR in recent times. As the people have vociferously expressed their dissatisfaction to such unjust PTR, the BERC broke the 3 slabs into 6 slabs and thus the PT has changed too. The updated PTR was imposed from 1 September, 2012. Table 3.2 Updated Power Tariff from 1 September, 2012 Residential consumers Consumption (Board of Trade unit, BOT) Allowable retail current rate KWh- BDT For use from September 1, 2012 1st slab: 0 - 75 3.33 2nd slab: 76 - 200 4.73 3rd slab: 201 - 300 4.83 4th slab: 301 - 400 4.93 5th slab: 401 - 600 7.98 6th slab: > 600 9.38 Source: Bangladesh Power Development Board, 2012 21
From the Table 3.2, the slabs are now divided into 6 parts though the PT has increased from previous rate from 3.05 to 3.33 BDT in the lowest slab. This PTR is now in operation and has been used in our calculation. The PTR plays an important role in the power sector to generate governments income from selling electricity. If people use less power with the adoption of ECE, they will give less money as tariff. But ECEs generally cost more than regular normal electronics. But if it is found that ECE is also financially beneficial considering energy usage bill, then it would help the government to make people understand about the use of ECEs and its benefits. This would surely influence a lot of people to shift toward the ECEs in no time. 3.5 Domestic Appliances Domestic appliances are electrical goods which performs household functions, such as cooking or cleaning. Major appliances comprise high energy consuming household appliances including air conditioner, dishwasher, television, freezer, refrigerator, kitchen stove, water heater, washing machine, microwave ovens and induction cookers. Minor appliances are lights, fans, computers, CD and DVD players, camcorders, still cameras, clocks, alarm clocks, video game consoles, home cinema, cell phones, telephones and answering machines. But in Bangladesh, there is no division among the appliances. So the domestic appliances in Bangladesh mean the light, fan, television, air conditioner, freezer, refrigerator, water heater, microwave ovens and washing machine. In this research, the domestic appliance and its influence in the electricity billing is analyzed. In 2009, Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC) has distributed 1.5 million Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs) as a pilot project funded by World Bank (WB) and Garman aid agency GTZ (The Daily Star, 2009). The WB was funded US$ 50 million and GTZ was gave 100,000 to that project. The ECEs in domestic appliances have come in this scenario to see if there is any place for improvement or saving options.
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Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Findings In this research, there are two parts of data collection and data analysis. First part contains the data collected from the market to know about the ECEs and their price, lifetime and power ratings. From this part the efficient electronics have been selected and calculation on the cost benefit analysis of the lifetime use of those electronics is accomplished. Second part contains the data collected from the Households with a structured questionnaire about the usage of their electronics and unit consumption and billing for a year (October 2011 September 2012). However, major focus is given in the period from April to September the summer season as well as peak power usage period. 4.1 Data Description of Power Consumption Survey of Electronics The required information about the major domestic appliances has collected through market research. Using this information, the electronic goods have been putted in three categories. These three categories are called - Best Electronics, Medium Electronics and Worst Electronics depending precisely on their power rating. To understand those electronics identity, their company name has been collected. The electronics specification was kept same for understanding their models and general information. As an example, when the data of air condition has collected from different companies, the category remained same as 1 Ton. The price, power rating and company name of all the domestic appliances have been collected. The category is also depended on the electricity savings of the appliances. If appliances save electricity but not significantly then it falls in the Medium Zone and the most electricity saving appliance is marked as the Best Zone. The non-energy saving electronics are in the Worst Zone. Table 4.1 and 4.2 shows the data gathered from the market.
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Table 4.1 Appliance with Power rating and Price Appliances Power rating (Watt) Appliances Price Range (BDT) Best Medium Worst Best Medium Worst Light 23 40 63 300 150 125 Fan 50 75 80 4000 2950 2750 Television 65 95 102 45900 45000 49000 Refrigerator 120 135 140 51900 51000 37500 Air Conditioner 260 600 1190 76000 67000 63000 Washing Machine 360 380 420 35900 28500 23500 Oven 800 950 1050 15500 12000 12900 Source: Authors Survey From the Table 4.1, power rating vis-a-vis the price of electronic appliances can be seen. It shows a definite trend the more energy efficient devices are more costly to purchase. In Table 4.2, the identity of the Best, Medium and Worst products has shown. Table 4.2 Appliances and Company Description Appliances Appliance Description Best Medium Worst Light Phillips CFL Phillips Tube light electric blast Phillips Tube light magnetic blast Fan Havels BRB Lovely National Television Singer 32" LCD Panasonic 32" LCD Sharp 32" LCD Refrigerator Sharp 12 CFT Panasonic 12 CFT Singer 12 CFT Air Conditioner Panasonic 1 TON Inverter Econavi Panasonic 1 Ton Econavi Panasonic 1 Ton Washing Machine Whirlpool Sharp Singer Oven Panasonic Panasonic Singer Source: Authors Survey 4.2 Data Analysis of Power Consumption Survey of Electronics By going through each of the appliances of the above two tables and using the information given therein, a per day energy usage is calculated which is presented in Table 4.3. . The per 24
day average usage time is estimated from the HH survey. The daily energy usage is converted into unit consumption. Table 4.3 Appliances with per day usage converting into Unit (1KWh=1 Unit) Appliances Per day Average Usage (in hour) Best Electronics Per Day Electricity Consumption (in Unit) Medium Electronics Per Day Electricity Consumption (in Unit) Worst Electronics Per Day Electricity Consumption (in Unit) Light 6 0.14 0.24 0.38 Fan 10 0.50 0.75 0.80 Television 3 0.20 0.29 0.31 Refrigerator 24 2.88 3.24 3.36 Air Conditioner 6 1.56 3.60 7.14 Washing Machine 1 0.36 0.38 0.42 Oven 0.25 0.20 0.24 0.26 Source: Authors Survey From the Table 4.3, it is seen that if a best, a medium and a worst category light turned on for 6 hours in a day, the total electricity consumption will be .14, .24 and .38 unit respectively. As for other appliances, the equation remains same (Power rating * usage hours)/ 1000. The equation has to divide with 1000 because 1 KW = 1000 W. Thus for other appliances, the unit consumption per day has calculated same to this equation. Now the question rises that whether the best electronics are really cost effective than other electronics? Answering this question requires estimation of lifetime cost of the electronics. To understand a products lifetime cost (purchase plus energy cost in each year of service), the current year is considered as base year and the following years is regarded as the total lifetime. In this sense, the equation to measure cost effectiveness of any electronic goods would be: Total Bill = 1 st year + 2 nd year + 3 rd year + 4 th year + 5 th year + 6 th year + 7th year + 8 th year + 9 th year + 10th year. Where, 1 st year Bill = (365* unit per day* cost per unit), 2 nd year Bill = (365* unit per day* cost per unit)/ (1+r) 1 , 3 rd year Bill = (365* unit per day* cost per unit)/ (1+r) 2 , 25
...
n-th year Bill = (365* unit per day* cost per unit)/ (1+r) n-1 , r = non-food inflation rate; n = number of year in lifetime. As it was mentioned in chapter three that the present PTR has started from 3.33 BDT, so the Total Bill after the lifetime is measured using the equation. In the air conditions range, the cost per unit is measured with 4.93 BDT because the power consumption is always more than 300 units. Table 4.4 Total Bill of Best, Medium and Worst electronics after Lifetime usage Appliances Life Time (in Years, n) Non Food inflation rate ( r ) Best Electronics Total Bill (BDT) Medium Electronics Total Bill (BDT) Worst Electronics Total Bill (BDT) Light 3 0.1128 453.91 1243.33 1249.90 Fan 10 3936.42 5904.63 6298.27 Television 5 967.96 1414.71 1538.80 Refrigerator 10 22673.76 25507.98 26452.72 Air Conditioner 8 15916.13 36729.53 72846.91 Washing Machine 6 2043.42 2156.94 2383.99 Oven 5 992.78 1191.33 1313.86 Source: Authors Survey As it was mentioned in chapter three that the present PTR has started from 3.33 BDT, so the Total Bill after the lifetime is measured using the equation. In the air conditions range, the cost per unit is measured with 4.93 BDT because the power consumption is always more than 300 units. Now the total cost effectiveness of each electronic goods is to be measured by summing up the purchase price and life-time electricity consumption cost. This number is then needs to be compared over the three categories - Best, Medium and Worst electronics. If the Total cost of any model is less than other model, then in terms of rational choice, the lowest total cost model would be the logical choice from the consumers point of view. So the Total Cost of 26
each electronic has been calculated and compared with other such appliances in each of the appliance type. Table 4.5 Total Cost of Appliances after lifetime usage Appliances Total Cost (after lifetime) (BDT) Best Electronics Medium Electronics Worst Electronics Light 754 1393 1375 Fan 7936 8855 9048 Television 46868 74508 50539 Refrigerator 74574 76508 63953 Air Conditioner 91916 103730 135847 Washing Machine 37943 30657 25884 Oven 16493 13191 14214 Source: Authors Survey The total cost of the appliances calculation shows that most of the Best electronics are cost effective, other than Refrigerator, Washing Machine and Oven. The Worst range refrigerator is not significantly behind in terms of energy consumption in compared to the Best one. However, the price of the Worst refrigerator is almost 15000 BDT less than the Best option. This price range makes the key difference. The similar trend is manifested in the Washing Machine sector. The price of the Worst product is almost 13000 BDT less than the Best one. In the Oven range, the Medium appliance is more effective than the Best appliance because of the price range is pretty low. The usage time of the appliance is also needed to be kept in mind. Washing Machine and Oven are running very less times and the Refrigerator is running is 24 hours in every day. So the cost effectiveness is also depended on the usage of these appliances. But when a consumer is going to the market to buy an appliance, that person usually does not care about the power rating. Rather s/he cares the lifetime and the price of the appliances. So the consumers are not aware of the power rating and how they can save their money in the long term rather spending much money in the initial stage.
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Table 4.6 Initial savings and Lifetime loss between Best and Worst appliances Appliances Initial Savings (BDT) Lifetime loss (BDT) Price - Best Price Total cost - Best Total cost Light -175 621 Fan -1250 1112 Television 3100 3671 Refrigerator -14400 -10621 Air Conditioner -13000 43931 Washing Machine -12400 -12059 Oven -2600 -2279 Source: Authors Survey From Table 4.6, it is clear that how the people are saving their money initially without thinking about the future savings. The Best appliances are obviously cost more than Worst appliances. Therefore, the price of these appliances varies between different price ranges. As shown in Table 4.1, the difference in prices among the appliances is clear. Initial saving of light is 175 BDT, fan is 1250 BDT, television is 3100 BDT, refrigerator is 14400 BDT, air conditioner is 13000 BDT, washing machine is 12400 BDT and oven is 2600 BDT. But after the lifetime use of the Best appliances, they save money almost 50 percent from the initial prices. As for light, the initial saving is 175 BDT, but total cost after the lifetime of 3 years of usage, the consumer will save 621 BDT by using the Best appliance. The significant change will happen in the air conditioner sector. The initial saving is 13000 BDT, but after the lifetime use the consumer can save 43931 BDT. As the data collection from the HHs are taken to estimate the daily average usage of air conditioner, for a business user of air conditioner the saving would be much more assuming the general understanding that they use air conditioner for far more longer periods. 4.3 Data Description of Power Consumption Survey of Households In this part, electricity consumption data is collected from 30 HHs. The HHs had been selected randomly but using a pre-requisite information - surveyed HHs must have air condition in the house. As air conditions consume more electricity, it is one of the key factors 28
in addressing the increase in electricity bill currently faced by the HHs. After the recent rise in the PTR, the electricity bills in those HHs have jumped from around 2000 BDT to more than 5000 BDT. In the previous section, it is found that adoption of ECE would significantly reduce the rise of electricity bill. In this section, the real world scenario has been analyzed using the HH electricity bill from April to September 2012 and the information found from the previous section. The survey has collected HHs electricity bill from October 2011 to September 2012. However, the focus is given to the April to September 2012 period when the electricity consumption rises and thereby creating load to the power generation and causing more load shedding. Table 4.7 HHs Electricity Consumption and Average Bill (AprilSeptember, 2012) Household ID (HH) Average Consumption of Electricity per Unit (From April - September 2012) Average Billing per month in BDT 1 917.0 7849.67 2 703.0 5754.67 3 1192.0 10115.17 4 705.0 9055.00 5 817.0 4981.00 6 824.5 6745.67 7 433.0 3164.83 8 340.0 1670.83 9 422.5 2883.17 10 453.0 3874.17 11 367.0 2010.00 12 389.0 2538.83 13 495.0 4190.50 14 2815.5 23696.00 15 275.8 1304.17 16 1471.7 11259.50 17 419.8 3102.83 18 660.0 4726.00 19 1023.0 7741.00 20 1004.0 8073.50 21 282.8 1352.83 22 352.0 2422.33 23 547.7 4597.67 29
24 284.0 1523.67 25 554.7 4469.33 26 819.0 7072.17 27 615.7 4798.67 28 1730.7 8055.00 29 528.0 4094.00 30 1071.0 8270.83 Source: Bangladesh Power Development Board, 2012 From the Table 4.7, it is understandable that how much money each HH is paying per month on average. In the questionnaire, details about domestic appliances have also been collected to understand the consumption behavior of the HHs. In the questionnaire, there are options for both major and minor domestic appliances. 4.4 Data Analysis of Power Consumption Survey of Households This research has covered part of minor and part of major appliances. They are - lights, fans, televisions, air conditions, refrigerators, washing machines and ovens. Each HH has reported no. of such electronic goods that they use. These numbers are then calculated for each of the Best, Medium and Worst categories of the appliance based on the findings of previous section. As an example, one of the surveyed HH has 18 lights, 10 fans, 3 air conditioners, 2 televisions, 3 refrigerators, 1 washing machine and 1 oven. All these numbers are calculated with the help of Table 4.3 and after summing up; the total unit consumptions per month have been estimated. This calculation has done for all the HHs with the Best, Medium and Worst options. Table 4.8 HHs calculated with Best, Medium and Worst appliance options Household ID Best Electronics Usage of Unit per Month Medium Electronics Usage of Unit per Month Worst Electronics Usage of Unit per Month 1 654.00 1006.20 1429.20 2 370.80 644.10 1018.50 3 476.40 767.10 1154.70 4 428.40 729.30 1124.70 5 249.60 380.10 531.90 6 564.60 912.00 1368.90 7 323.40 536.70 812.40 8 340.20 488.40 644.10 30
9 477.60 702.30 972.00 10 577.20 939.00 1404.60 11 376.20 553.20 750.30 12 378.00 544.50 723.00 13 497.40 779.10 1116.30 14 516.00 831.00 1230.00 15 380.40 559.80 736.50 16 811.80 1300.50 1912.50 17 461.40 744.60 1130.70 18 538.20 876.90 1268.70 19 713.40 1185.90 1793.10 20 595.20 1037.40 2038.50 21 314.40 441.90 583.80 22 876.00 978.30 1465.80 23 366.60 605.10 911.70 24 469.80 690.60 912.30 25 435.60 667.80 949.80 26 958.20 1558.50 2375.70 27 556.80 898.50 1339.50 28 364.20 597.90 896.70 29 486.60 752.70 1054.80 30 646.80 1187.70 1962.30 Source: Authors Survey From the Table 4.8, it is obvious that the Best appliances are consuming less electricity than other appliances with the same number of appliances in the HHs. But the main focus is how the Best appliances can affect the average electricity consumption in the HHs. If the Best consumption is substituted from the average consumption, then a clear picture can be found. Table 4.9 Average expenditure of the HHs regarding Best appliances Household ID A= Average consumption Best consumption A% of Average Expenditure 1 263.00 28.68 2 332.20 47.25 3 715.60 60.03 4 276.60 39.23 5 567.40 69.45 6 259.90 31.52 7 109.60 25.31 8 -0.20 -0.06 9 -55.10 -13.04 31
10 -124.20 -27.42 11 -9.20 -2.51 12 11.00 2.83 13 -2.40 -0.48 14 2299.50 81.67 15 -104.60 -37.93 16 659.90 44.84 17 -41.60 -9.91 18 121.80 18.45 19 309.60 30.26 20 408.80 40.72 21 -31.60 -11.17 22 -524.00 -148.86 23 181.10 33.07 24 -185.80 -65.42 25 119.10 21.47 26 -139.20 -17.00 27 58.90 9.57 28 1366.50 78.96 29 41.40 7.84 30 424.20 39.61 Source: Authors Survey From the Table 4.9, it is clear that most HHs can enjoy the benefits of using Best appliances where they can save both money and energy. However, there are few exceptions in the Table 4.9. HH ID 10, 15, 22, 24 and 26 came up with contrasting results. The results are different because in those HHs the average daily use time of appliances is much lower than the average. This situation has been created because the HHs prudent uses of high power consuming electronics in fear of high electricity consumption and thereby large monthly electricity bills. But if they have the Best appliances, they would able to use these appliances more frequently without the fear of electric bill reprisal. This implies consumers were not aware of the ECE and their implication on future electricity billing when they purchased those appliances. It should be acknowledged that sellers also have a role in explaining the benefits of ECE to consumers. This reveals that there exists a clear gap in the understanding of the implications of ECE between the consumers and sellers. However, it is the primary responsibility of the sellers to present the financial benefits of 32
ECE to consumers, give related information about their products and always reminding the long-term consequences. If the information about conservation of electricity and saving of money goes clearly to the consumers, they will think before buying any appliances. The next chapter has discussed some recommendations in this regard.
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Chapter 5 Recommendation and Conclusion The low level of energy use and the ongoing above average economic growth implies that household electricity demand will rise by several folds as more HHs will buy increasing number of appliances as their income rises. It has been mentioned that at current trend the demand of energy is projected to rise to 20GW in the year 2020. This tests GOBs capability to materialize the generation of such large amount of electricity and thereby ensure energy security for future generations. From the Chapter four, it is now clear that ECE can play an important role to influence the demand equation through conservation of electricity. For Bangladesh, the traditional fossil fuel based power generation and RE sector are both costly. The current experience shows that slight irresponsible decision in the energy sector can create various unhealthy changes in the life of general people. It not only confines to monthly electricity bill but also spreads to the inflation. For these reasons, the GOB should find out some way to encourage the people to use ECE instead of regular or non--saving electronics. In this sense it is very much important for the GOB to understand how the other countries around the world are promoting such practices and gaining in the challenge of conservation. Other than financial benefits, low electricity consumption has several linkage benefits - cleaner air and a healthier environment, and also assisting to protect the climate by reducing Green House Gases (GHGs). 5.1 Energy Conservation Scenario around the World Energy Conservation is now one the most important issues around the world but mostly in the developed countries. United States of America (USA), Canada, European Union (EU), Japan, Australia are the regions and countries who are focusing on energy conservation so that the future can be more livable with less environmental impact from the power generation. It is easy to understand that countries having positive population growth rate will need more future energy for consumption. However, a large number of developed countries and regions are now facing population decline or only a meager growth rate in population. The population growth rate in USA is 0.96, in Canada 0.79, in Japan -0.28, Australia 1.15 and in the EU countries; most of their population growth rate is under 1 percent (CIA World 34
Fact Book, 2011). These countries have already adopted various policies to conserve energy and set specific targets for 2020. They are all trying to consume less fossil fuel based energy in 2020 than they consumed in 1990. For example - EU is aiming to cut its current carbon emission by 20 percent and use energy mix about 20 percent by 2020. The energy mix means the mixture of RE with traditional resources. The EU and its energy commission are now giving emphasize on new technologies to improve the consumer behavior and ECE (EU, 2011). EU had a plan in 2006 called Energy Efficiency Action Plan (EEAP) which is now upgraded to 2020 plan. The EU commission of Energy has proposed several measures to increase efficiency at all stages of the energy chain: generation, transformation, distribution and final consumption (EU, 2011). The measures focus on the public transport and building sectors, where the potential for savings is greatest. Other measures include the introduction of smart meters and clearer product labeling (EU, 2011). In Japan, they plan to use mix energy up to 30 percent by 2020. However, Tokyo's universities are canvassing that the country still has room for energy savings. The University of Tokyo, for example, has cut peak power usage by 3040% by turning off lights and air- conditioning, shutting down extra lifts and running energy-intensive experiments at night (The Nature, 2011). Japan also has a very precise act on energy saving which was enacted from 1979 and last revised on 2008. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan was also gave a policy in 2010 where it was stated that how the low energy intensive economic growth can be achieved. In USA, the government has introduced many new ideas for conserving energy. In 2008, Americans saved more than $19 billion and avoided greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to those of 29 million cars through choices they made with energy-saving measures and energy- efficient homes (EPA, 2011). Homeowners can save energy while improving their home's comfort level by adopting energy-efficient building practices. Substantial savings are possible whether building a new home, renovating an existing one, or simply updating some features to improve the home's efficiency. At the same time, homeowners can use green power for their home to reduce further their consumption of energy from fossil fuels and lower their carbon footprint. The USA has recently approved some tax credits for the 35
purchase of energy efficient homes and products. For the most part, these products are air conditioning and heating units and solar energy products. The tax credits for appliances are available for the manufacturers of washing machines, dryers, and refrigerators. The government sponsored Energy Star program is already working to save peoples money on energy costs and to understand a stake in the environmental concerns too. There are also tax benefits and incentives for them who will buy the energy efficient electronics and goods. New technologies are always welcomed in USA. Now a new concept of energy efficient home is also gaining popularity in USA. The technologys concept is very clear; use as much natural light as possible. Even in USA, there are now new concepts and researches for more efficient housing and more efficient use of energy in domestic level. The private business sector in USA has in recent times become aggressive in energy conservation as it improves their profitability. For example - International Business Machines (IBM) had saved US$ 43 million just in electricity expanses in 2011 (Clean Technica, 2012). The government of Australia and Canada are also concerned of the energy conservation and they also have enacted various benefits for consumers to promote ECE either in new purchase or in a replacement purchase. This research has only covered the domestic appliances and therefore the finding is valid for HH electricity consumption and conservation. However, the other sectors of the economy also uses many of these appliances which implies that if ECE could be incorporated in all sectors, there would be more opportunity for cutback in energy demand. From the previous discussion, it is now clearly understood that having a negative growth in population made the job of energy conservation easy for the developed countries. For Bangladesh, the population growth is now 1.78 percent (CIA World Fact Book, 2011). So it is very crucial for the people of Bangladesh to understand the importance of conserving energy. The GOB also has to understand the other geo-political motivations of the developed countries governments in this regard. As most of the fossil fuels are imported in Bangladesh, more usage means more spending of foreign currency. Therefore, the country must give needed importance to this issue urgently. 36
5.2 Conclusion With average GDP growth above 6 percent, each sector of the Bangladesh economy - industrial, commercial and housing sectors - is significantly growing. These sectors demands increasing energy consumption to continue their growth rate. In this research, 30 HHs have been studied to understand whether and how much energy conservation opportunity exists in Bangladesh at household level. The research shows that there are very good chance of conserving electricity in the domestic or residential sector. It can also be said that the finding implies similar energy conservation opportunities in the industrial and commercial sectors. The research also shows that currently the HHs is using the high electricity consumption electronics and awareness about the life-time financial benefits of ECE are not present amongst consumers. . Bangladesh has set some noteworthy examples in the HH solar PV sector for the users who are not connected with electricity grid. However, PV is not economically beneficial in the cities. As major part of population now live in cities and urban migration is a still a large trend, PV cannot be a medium term solution for energy conservation. This research has reviewed some advance strategies to conserve energy which are now being implemented by the developed countries. If GOB can afford more projects like CFL light project in 2009 to promote ECEs, Bangladeshs endeavor for energy conservation can be achieved in a relatively short period. Thus the development of Bangladesh will become sustainable and a secure energy future can be ensured. 37
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Appendix
Questionnaire for Household Survey Respondent Serial No:
1. How many lights are in your house? . 2. How many fans are in your house? . 3. How many Air Conditioners are in your house? . 4. How many Televisions are in your House? . 5. How many refrigerators in your house? .. 6. How many washing machines in your house? . 7. Other appliances: Name .......................... No. ............... Name .......................... No. ............... Name .......................... No. ... Name .......................... No. ............... 8. Total electricity consumption and bill (last 12 months) October ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... November ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... December ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... January ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... February ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... March ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... April ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... May ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... June ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... July ................ Unit .................... Total bill ....................... August ................ Unit ..................... Total bill ....................... September ................. Unit ..................... Total bill ....................... 42
Check List for collecting Electronic Appliances Data (From sellers) 1. Brand Name: . 2: Appliance Name: . 3: Power Rating: . 4: Price: .
(Asia - Pacific - Perspectives) Hinsch, Bret - The Rise of Tea Culture in China - The Invention of The Individual-Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (2016)