Sustainable Energy and Human Development - Annex

Annex 1: Energy Access - Overview of data gaps
Significant data gaps were identified throughout the research and analysis process, these data
gaps are summarised below:

Table A1.1: Data Gaps

Data Gap Possible solutions
Insufficient inforation on absolute
nuber of people wit!out access to
electricity and t!eir effect upon poverty
and econoic developent in t!e
region"
Collection of this information by
goernment agencies through national
household sureys, processing of this
information by goernments and
deelopment agencies. This information
will be needed in order to trac! progress
towards achieing the goals of S"#A$$
Insufficient data on t!e fre#uency and
duration of blac$outs and supply
interruptions and t!eir effect upon
poverty and econoic developent
%wit! t!e exception of &a'i$istan and
(yrgy)stan*"
Collection of this information by
goernment agencies through national
household sureys and also from utility
proiders will be needed in order to trac!
progress towards achieing the goals of
S"#A$$
Insufficient inforation to calculate t!e
+Index of Access, to electricity as
outlined by t!e trac$ing et!odology
publication
1

The information re%uired includes the
annual aerage household consumption of
electricity in &ilowatt 'ours and can be
supplied from utility companies. (n
addition the suggested household surey
in Anne) * can be used.

1
See: World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking methodology
Annex -: Energy Access - &rac$ing

&rac$ing Access to Electricity: +irstly, the e)isting definition and proposed methods for
measuring access to electricity under the Trac!ing ,ethodology,
-
such as household sureys
.see Anne) /0, which commonly as! respondents %uestions such as 1Do you hae grid2supplied
electricity access34 although conenient, fail to capture seeral important aspects of electricity
supply problems, such as interruptions, and off2grid solutions, such as diesel generators, which
are both common in the region. Secondly, a ran!ing tier system of access to electricity is
proposed whereby greater leels of electricity access, assessed by the ability to operate
appliances with increasingly higher electricity re%uirements, means the higher the tier ran!ing
of the country. 5an!ing leels of access in this manner would tend to indicate higher
consumption as faourable clashing with the energy efficiency goals of the region. The tier
ran!ing methodology, whilst proiding a conenient means for measuring aspects of access to
electricity and ran!ing countries accordingly, can fail to capture important aspects of supply
and may proide misleading measures of electricity access.

The 6orld 7an! -81/ S"#A$$ Trac!ing ,ethodology proposes a multi2tier measurement, which
attempts to encompass the following trac!ing indicators for access to modern coo!ing solutions
in the immediate and medium term.
&able A-"1: &rac$ing .raewor$ for Access to /oo$ing
Iediate 0ediu &er
Global &rac$ing 9se of non2solid
fuels in coo!ing
fuel : access
0easuring &ec!nical Perforance:
,ulti2tier technical measurement of the
primary coo!ing solution in two steps. +irst at
global leel trac!ing.

10 Three leel measurement based on
coo!stoe type:
Self2made coo!stoe
,anufactured coo!stoe
7$"; coo!stoe
and
+uel type:
7iogas<$=G<"lectricity<
;atural gas
7iomass<coal<charcoal<
&erosene<ethanol
/ountry 1evel &rac$ing ;il 0easuring &ec!nical Perforance:
Secondly at country leel trac!ing
-0 According to certification ,anufactured
and 7$"; coo!stoes are categorised in
three grades based on four technical
attributes:

2
World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking methodology
"fficiency
(ndoor =ollution
>erall =ollution
Safety

0easuring Practicality:
,easurement of additional aspects of access
beyond technical performance by three
attributes:
Conformity
Conenience
Ade%uacy .+uel stac!ing0
Source: 6orld 7an! -81/ S"#A$$ Trac!ing methodology

Access to 0odern /oo$ing 2olutions: The trac!ing indicators of access to modern coo!ing
solutions ealuate on the one hand the technical performance of the primary coo!ing solution
.including the fuel and the coo!stoe itself0, and on the other hand assess how this solution fits
with households? daily life. The combination of the two metrics offers a comprehensie
measurement of access to coo!ing. As with electricity, the methodology is based on multiple
tiers and is fuel neutral. The immediate and medium2term trac!ing indicators for access to
modern coo!ing solutions can be found in: Anne) /. 9nfortunately the e)isting definition and
measurement of access to coo!ing is confined to fuel type, and omits the role of the coo!stoe.
This fails to capture important information related to the human deelopment goals of S"#A$$,
such as reducing associated negatie health effects, increasing energy efficiency and decreasing
greenhouse gas emissions through employing different types of coo!stoe. (t is the
combination of the fuel and coo!stoe type that determines the leels of efficiency, pollution
and safety outcomes of the coo!ing solutions.
/
+urthermore, limiting the definition and
measurement of access to coo!ing solely to the primary coo!ing solution will fail to capture the
comple) phenomenon of fuel stac!ing, when multiple fuels may be used, therefore additional
measures are needed to capture and ensure the ongoing monitoring of this data.

(n the medium term, the global trac!ing framewor! recommends the following additional
methodologies be deeloped for trac!ing access to energy, including access to electricity and
coo!ing solutions:

Access to 3eating:
As case studies hae shown, energy for heating is a ma@or re%uirement in the "C(S region.
9nfortunately the trac!ing framewor! identifies no suitable data on energy for heating that
would allow the compilation of a global database.
#
(n the medium term S"#A$$ enisions the
deelopment of a trac!ing framewor! to measure access to heating.
*

3
4
Ibid
5
Ibid
/ounity Energy and Productive 4ses of Energy:
The household2based definition of access to energy e)cludes the opportunity to measure access
to energy used for community serices such as health and education and productie uses such
as enterprises.
A
The Trac!ing ,ethodology identifies lac! of data as a ma@or constraint in
measuring access to energy for community serices and productie uses. >nly recently hae
attempts been made by the ("A, 6'>, 9SA(D and 9;"SC> to measure access to energy for
public serices and productie uses.
B
The methodology suggests no immediate term data
indicators, whilst in the medium term it will be necessary to deelop framewor!s to measure
energy access across community serices and productie uses.

The 6orld 7an! -81/ S"#A$$ Trac!ing ,ethodology proposes a multi2tier measurement, which
attempts to encompass the following trac!ing indicators for access to electricity in the
immediate and medium term:

&able A-"-: &rac$ing .raewor$ for Access to Electricity
Iediate 0ediu &er
Global &rac$ing 'ousehold
connection rates
2ource of Electricity:
To be defined by the following three
categories:
;o electricity
Solar $antern
'ome system
,ini grid or grid connection
/ountry 1evel &rac$ing 'ousehold
connection rates
.regardless of the
type of electricity
supply or the type
of electricity
serices0
Access to Electricity 2upply:
7ased on a +ie Tier framewor! ran!ed on the
following si) attributes of electricity supply
Cuantity of supply .60
Duration of Supply .'rs0
"ening Supply .'rs0
Cuality of Supply .Doltage0
Affordability
$egality of connection

Access to Electricity 2ervices:
Defined by the use of an increasing number of
!ey electricity serices. This is measured by the
ownership of increasingly adanced appliances
following the e%uialent tier of electricity
supply needed for their ade%uate operation.

EDepending on aailability of data, it is
suggested these indicators are customiFed for
country leel trac!ing.

6
7
UNDP 2010 Energy and Communal Services in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: A Poverty and Social Impact
Assessment
E (t is suggested a similar framewor! for
heating, productie uses and community
serices are enisaged to be deeloped and
implemented oer the medium2term.
Source: 6orld 7an! -81/ S"#A$$ Trac!ing methodology

Annex 5: Energy Access - Draft 6uestionnaires for 0easuring 3ouse!old Access to
Electricity

&able A5"1: 0easuring Access to Electricity 2upply
Part 1

0easuring Access to Electricity 2upply
2urvey 6uestion 7esponse &rac$ing
1evel
1 Source of "lectricity
C
o
u
n
t
r
y

$
e
e
l

T
r
a
c
!
i
n
g

G
l
o
b
a
l

$
e
e
l

T
r
a
c
!
i
n
g

6hat is the primary source of electricity supply
in the household
;o "lectricity
Solar $antern
5echargeable 7attery
'ome System
,ini2Grid or Grid
Connection
- Cuality of Supply
6hat is the capacity of the household
electricity supply system3
$ess than -8w
,ore than -8w
,ore than 188w
,ore than *88w
,ore than -,*88w
/ Duration of Supply
'ow many hours of electricity supply do you
get per day3
$ess than # hours
At least # hours
At least 18 hours
At least 1A hours
At least -- hours
# "ening Supply
Do you get electricity supply for # hours in the
eening for at least * days in a wee!3
$ess than - hours
At least - hours
At least # hours
* $egality of connection
Do you receie utility bills3 Ges
;o
A Cuality of Supply
Do you face oltage problems3 Ges
;o
B Affordability
(s your income higher thanH3 ;o
Ges

Part -

2urvey 6uestion 7esponse
Does your house own
1 Tas! lighting Ges<no
- "lectric 5adio Ges<no
/ =hone Charging Ges<no
# General $ighting Ges<no
* Teleision Ges<no
A "lectric fan Ges<no
B $ight and discontinuous load of thermal or mechanical applications .e.g.
washing machine, food processor, rice coo!ing, etc.0
Ges<no
I ,edium and<or continuous load of thermal applications .e.g. refrigeration, etc.0 Ges<no
J 'eay and<or continuous load of thermal or mechanical applications .Air
conditioning0
Ges<no

Source: 6orld 7an! -81/ S"#A$$ Trac!ing ,ethodology

Annex 8: Energy Access - Draft 6uestionnaires for 0easuring 3ouse!old Access to
/oo$ing 2olutions

&able A8"1: 0easuring Access to 3ouse!old /oo$ing 2olutions
Source: 6orld 7an! -81/ S"#A$$ Trac!ing ,ethodology
Annex 9: Energy Access - 0apping Data

7EGIO: /ountry
Immediate tracking
Eletrification /oo$ing 2olution
2olid /oo$ing 2olution
rural;urban
&otal
4se of solid
fuel
4se of non-
solid fuel
7ural 4rban
E4
7ulgaria JJ
Cyprus 188
CFech 5epublic JJ 1.B/ JB.#/ #.*1 8.J#
'ungary JJ
$ithuania JJ
=oland 188
Sloa!ia JI -.II J/.#J #.1A -.11
5omania JJ --.J BB.1 #1.I -.*
/E:&7A1 A2IA
&aFa!hstan 188 1J.8/ I8.JI #8.BJ A.I*
&yrgyFstan 188 /B.-A A-.# *A.- 1-./A
Ta@i!istan JB./ /#.JI A#.JI #I.#- B.*#
Tur!menistan 188 8.- JJ.I 8.* 8
9Fbe!istan JJ.B 1*.AB I#.-B -#.B* 8.AA
<E2&E7:
=A1(A:2 A:D
&47(E>
Albania 188
Croatia JJ 1-.-- IA.J -/.AI A.IB
7osnia and 'erFegoina JI.* #I.B *1.-J AB.1* 1I.#B
&osoo
,ontenegro /1.IA AI.1* *A.-- 1B.IA
Serbia 188 //.*# AA.1# A1./ 1/.B*
,acedonia JB.# /A.#J A/./I **.1/ -#.#A
Tur!ey JJ.J 11 IJ
<E2&E7: /I2
9!raine 188 #.1A J*.A/ I.AA -.-/
,oldoa JI.A 1#.B- I#.JB -/.BB 1.1B
5ussian +ederation JJ /.#/ JA.*B J.// 8.#
7elarus 188 /.#- JA.*I J./ 8.#
/A4/A242
Armenia JJ.I #.# J*.#B 11.BB
AFerbai@an 188 J.BJ J8.8B --.A* 8.IB
Georgia 188 #1.JB *A.-- BB.-1 I.*B

Formatted: Font: +Body, 11 pt, Font color:
Background 1, English (United States)
Annex ?: Energy Access - Additional 7egional Data and Inforation

Table AA.1: 5egional Data

Gear "ent 5emar!s
-88I<-88J (yrgy)stan:
Drought conditions
reduced water olumes
at To!togul to
e)tremely low leels
(n -88I, there was a decrease in the water reseres at the ;aryn
hydropower plants. This led to a sharp decline in electricity
production and resulted in systematic scheduled power cut2offs
in businesses and houses across the country for a couple of
months. This occurred again in -88J.
-88J<-818 (yrgy)stan:
7lac!outs during winter
Growing public dissatisfaction in the &yrgyF 5epublic, in part due
to rolling blac!outs and energy price hi!es during the winter of
-88J2-818, culminated in the iolent replacement of =resident
&urmanbe! 7a!iye with a new interim goernment. The shoc!
of these eents suggests that a stable and affordable electricity
supply, particularly during the winter, will ac%uire een greater
precedence for the &yrgyF leadership and efforts to achiee this
are li!ely to include stricter management of the arious
hydropower stations throughout the country.
-88B<-88I &a'i$istan:
9nusually cold winter
brought the energy
sector to the brin! of
collapse
(n the winter of -88B2-88I unusually cold weather brought the
energy sector to the brin! of collapse with rolling<scheduled and
unscheduled blac!outs. The international financial crisis and
rising food prices compounded the crisis, the most pronounced
aderse effects of which were felt by the poor and ulnerable.
-811 &a'i$istan:
"nergy rationing due to
cold winter
An une)pected cold snap led to the reintroduction of nation2
wide electricity rationing in ,arch -811. (ncreased electricity
imports were not an option due to the collapse of the Central
Asia distribution networ!.
-888<-881
-88A<-88B
Albania:
=ower crises due to lac!
of rainfall
Since nearly all domestic production comes from hydropower
plants, the power system is ulnerable to ariations in rainfall.
$ac! of rainfall caused a power crisis characterised by seere
load2shedding from -888 to -88- and a second crisis from late
-88A through -88B. Seasonal ariances in rier flow olumes
also affect the country?s electricity generation, with August and
September historically being 1dry4 months. The second crisis
was e)acerbated by a steep increase in the price of imported
electricity. Aerage daily electricity outages amounted to /.B
hours in -88B, with a daily shortfall of appro)imately -.* G6.

-88I<-88J 4$raine@ 2lova$ia@
3ungary@ /)ec!
7epublic and 15 ot!er
European countries

Gas dispute with between 9!raine and GaFprom in Kanuary
-88J. This disagreement resulted in supply disruptions in many
"uropean nations, with 1I "uropean countries reporting ma@or
drops or complete cut2offs of their gas supplies transported
through 9!raine from 5ussia. 9!raine, Sloa!ia, 'ungary and the
CFech 5epublic were most affected.

Source: All information obtained from 5"""=<5eegle -81/ Clean "nergy (nfo =ortal L Country Source: =rofiles
adapted from http:<<www.reegle.info<countries

Annex A: Energy Efficiency - Additional 7egional Data

.igure AA"1: /opound annual growt! rates of t!e total priary energy supply %&PE2* by decade@ 1BBC--C1C

Source: Author?s calculations based on .("A online0.

.igure AA"-: /ontribution of energy-using sectors to final energy consuption by region@ 1BBC - -C1C

;otes: a0 for Central Asia, 1JJ* data is used instead of 1JJ8 data,
b0 no data for the commercial and public buildings sector of &yrgyFstan.


3.8%
-2.5%
-3.5%
-9.9%
-4.0%
-4.1%
3.3%
2.1%
3.3%
0.7%
1.0%
1.3%
Turkey
Western Balkans
Central Asia
Caucauses
Other CIS
Total, exc. Turkey
2000-2010
1990-2000
15
20
28
6
7
9
8
5
5
19
24
32
155
190
178
11
20
23
10
5
6
13
3
1
26
19
30
289
162
157
9
12
15
4
4
7
4
1
3
8
9
10
136
85
108
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
T
u
r
k
e
y
W
e
s
t
e
r
n

B
a
l
k
a
n
s
C
a
u
c
a
s
u
s
C
e
n
t
r
a
l

A
s
i
a
O
t
h
e
r

C
I
S
Share of final energy consumption
F
i
n
a
l

e
n
e
r
g
y

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
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n

b
y

s
e
c
t
o
r
,

m
t
o
e
buildings industry transport agriculture & fishery non-energy & non-specified
.igure AA"5: /ontribution of energy-using sectors to final electricity consuption@ 1BBC - -C1C

;otes: a0 for Central Asia, 1JJ* data is used instead of 1JJ8 data,
b0 no data for the commercial and public buildings sector of &yrgyFstan.

"nergy consumption by the agricultural sector represents a region2specific challenge in Central
Asia. (n -818, the agricultural sector consumed -/2//M of national electricity in 9Fbe!istan,
Tur!menistan, Ta@i!istan and &yrgyFstan. 9ne%ual distribution of water resources and poor
water management represents one of the most acute problems in the Central Asia region.
6hile &yrgyFstan and Ta@i!istan hae abundant water resources and generate about J8M of
their electricity from hydropower stations .("A online0, 9Fbe!istan and Tur!menistan
e)perience ongoing water shortages especially during the pea! irrigation season. As a result,
the countries are inoled in transboundary disputes oer water resources and hae tense
geopolitical relationships. "nergy efficiency in agriculture is therefore a priority in Central Asia.

.igure AA"8: 2!are of electricity for agriculture in total final electricity consuption@ -C1C

1.4
4.0
7.4
2.1
3.3
4.2
0.6
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.9
2.4
16.6
21.2
30.7
2.4
4.0
6.6
2.5
1.1
1.8
1.7
0.2
0.4
4.3
4.0
6.0
54.3
32.1
33.8
0.2
10.2
6.0
8.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
2.9
2.2
2.0
8.4
3.0
1.6
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
T
u
r
k
e
y
W
e
s
t
e
r
n

B
a
l
k
a
n
s
C
a
u
c
a
s
u
s
C
e
n
t
r
a
l

A
s
i
a
O
t
h
e
r

C
I
S
Share of final electricity consumption
F
i
n
a

e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
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b
y

s
e
c
t
o
r
,

m
t
o
e
buildings industry transport agriculture & fishery non-specified
-/M
/1M
/-M
//M
&yrgyFstan
Tur!menistan
Annex D: Energy Efficiency E 2ector

&ransforation sector
The efficiency of the energy transformation sector could be measured as the ratio of final to
primary energy consumed by economies.
and illustrates that the efficiency of the transformation sector increa
,acedonia, ,oldoa, and Georgia during 1JJ8
the transformation sector declined during this period of time. The changes in the efficiency
leels of the transformation sector could be
its final energy products .electricity s
energy carriers consumed .fossil fuels, biomass, nuclear s
efficiency of primary energy carriers into final energy carriers at respectie facilities.

.igure AD"1: 7atio of t!e total final energy consuption to t!e total priary energy supply@ 1BBC vs
t!e direction of tie*
Source: 6orld 7an!, -81/

84%
50%
72%
61% 61%
74%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
A
l
b
a
n
i
a
B
o
s
n
i
a

a
n
d

H
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r
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o
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a
,

F
Y
R
Western Balkans
94%
76%
63% 63%
70%
81%
2ector-2pecific Data %ot!er t!an t!e =uilding 2ector*
primary energy consumed by economies. +igure AI.1 presents these ratios for "C(S countries
illustrates that the efficiency of the transformation sector increased in Albania, Croatia,
,acedonia, ,oldoa, and Georgia during 1JJ82-818. (n all other countries, the efficiency of
leels of the transformation sector could be e)plained through the changes in the structure of
its final energy products .electricity s. heat s. refinery products0, the structure of primary
energy carriers consumed .fossil fuels, biomass, nuclear s. hydro0, and the transformation
imary energy carriers into final energy carriers at respectie facilities.
: 7atio of t!e total final energy consuption to t!e total priary energy supply@ 1BBC vs" -C1C %arrows indicate
74%
72%
64%
57%
67%
87%
71%
58%
89%
57%
T
u
r
k
e
y
B
e
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F
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k
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CIS Central Asia
70%
81%
75%
88%
70%
60%
71%
76% 76%
92%
2pecific Data %ot!er t!an t!e =uilding 2ector*
presents these ratios for "C(S countries
sed in Albania, Croatia,
-818. (n all other countries, the efficiency of
e)plained through the changes in the structure of
refinery products0, the structure of primary
hydro0, and the transformation
imary energy carriers into final energy carriers at respectie facilities.
-C1C %arrows indicate

73%
72%
58%
A
r
m
e
n
i
a
G
e
o
r
g
i
a
A
z
e
r
b
a
i
j
a
n
Caucasus
84%
61%
84%
/oercial and public buildings sector

+igure AI.- illustrates the energy intensity of
sector alue added and its compounded annual growth rates in 1JJ8
significant decline in commercial and public sector energy intensity throughout the whole
region, e)cept Tur!ey and 6estern 7al!ans.

.igure AD"-: Energy intensity of t!e coercial and public buildings sector per sector value added and its
annual growt! rate %/AG7*

Source: Author?s calculations based on
;ote: The figure does not contain the data for all 6estern 7al!ans without Tur!ey .1JJ80,
&osoo .-888, -8180, 7osnia and 'erFegoina .-888, -8180, ,ontenegro .-888, -8180,
&yrgyFstan .1JJ8, -888, -8180 and

11
/#
-1
1*
1B
B
11
1I
/
-8
Tur!ey
>ther C(S
6estern 7al!ans
Caucasus
Central Asia
"92-B
2
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i
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s

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@

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;
1
C
C
C

4
2
F

P
P
P

-
C
C
9
"( 1JJ8
ercial and public buildings sector
llustrates the energy intensity of the commercial and public buildings sector per
sector alue added and its compounded annual growth rates in 1JJ8 2 -818. The
region, e)cept Tur!ey and 6estern 7al!ans.
: Energy intensity of t!e coercial and public buildings sector per sector value added and its
based on .("A online0, .6orld 7an! online0 and .6"C online0
igure does not contain the data for all 6estern 7al!ans without Tur!ey .1JJ80,
80, 7osnia and 'erFegoina .-888, -8180, ,ontenegro .-888, -8180,
and &aFa!hstan .1JJ80.
11
/#
-1
1*
J8
1B
/B
11
*8
18J
1I
**
B8
1#1
-8
#M
21M
211M
2-M
21M
2#M
2/M
2/M
21M
"( -888 "( -818 CAG5 1JJ82-888 CAG5 -8882-818
commercial and public buildings sector per
-818. The figure shows a
: Energy intensity of t!e coercial and public buildings sector per sector value added and its copounded

.6"C online0.
igure does not contain the data for all 6estern 7al!ans without Tur!ey .1JJ80,
80, 7osnia and 'erFegoina .-888, -8180, ,ontenegro .-888, -8180,
#M
BM
JM
/
A
G
7

o
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s

e
n
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r
g
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i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Industry sector

+igure AI./ illustrates the energy intensity of industry in the "C(S region and its compounded
annual growth rates in 1JJ8 2 -818.
energy intensity during the last two decades
intensity grew in 1JJ82-888 and then declined in -888
intensities in Central Asia and the >ther C(S

.igure AD"5: Energy intensity of t!e industry and its copo

;otes: The figure does not contain data for &osoo .1JJ8, -888, -8180, 7osnia and 'erFegoina
.1JJ80, ,ontenegro .1JJ8, -8880, Croatia .1JJ80, Serbia .1JJ80

18*
-A
11*
J1
11-
18/
I8
18I
Tur!ey
>ther C(S
Caucasus
6estern 7al!ans
Central Asia
"92-B
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
y

e
n
e
r
g
y

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
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@

$
o
e
;
1
C
C
C

4
2
F

P
P
P

-
C
C
9
"( 1JJ8
illustrates the energy intensity of industry in the "C(S region and its compounded
-818. The Caucasus e)perienced a sharp decline in industrial
energy intensity during the last two decades, while in the other regions industria
-888 and then declined in -8882-818. (n -818, the industrial energy
intensities in Central Asia and the >ther C(S regions were more than double that of
: Energy intensity of t!e industry and its copounded annual growt! rate %/AG7*
igure does not contain data for &osoo .1JJ8, -888, -8180, 7osnia and 'erFegoina
.1JJ80, ,ontenegro .1JJ8, -8880, Croatia .1JJ80, Serbia .1JJ80 and &aFa!hstan .1JJ80.
18*
--8
-A
11*
-#I
J1
11-
//8
-8B
1//
/I#
18/
I8
-I/
*--
18I
--I
1/1
21M
2#M
21JM
21M
2#M
21M
2JM
2-M
"( -888 "( -818 CAG5 1JJ82-888 CAG5 -8882-818
illustrates the energy intensity of industry in the "C(S region and its compounded
Caucasus e)perienced a sharp decline in industrial
regions industrial energy
-818. (n -818, the industrial energy
that of the "92-B.

.6"C online0.
&aFa!hstan .1JJ80.
/M
-M
-M
*M
/
A
G
7

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i
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y

e
n
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y

i
n
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s
i
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y
&ransport sector

+igure AI.# illustrates the energy intensity of transport in the "C(S region and its compounded
annual growth rates in 1JJ82 -818. The
intensity of GD= in all regions, e)cept
the >ther C(S region, Central Asia, and
the "92-B.

.igure AD"8: Energy intensity of transport and its copounded annual growt! rate %/AG7*
.1JJ80, ,ontenegro .1JJ8, -8880

Turkey
Western Balkans
Caucasus
Other CIS
Central Asia
EU-27
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

e
n
e
r
g
y

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

k
o
e
/
1
0
0
0

U
S
$

P
P
P

2
0
0
5
EI 1990 EI 2000
illustrates the energy intensity of transport in the "C(S region and its compounded
-818. The figure illustrates the declining transport energy
intensity of GD= in all regions, e)cept the 6estern 7al!ans. The transport energy intensity of
the >ther C(S region, Central Asia, and the 6estern 7al!ans is considerably higher than that of
: Energy intensity of transport and its copounded annual growt! rate %/AG7*
.1JJ80, ,ontenegro .1JJ8, -8880 and Croatia .1JJ80.
16
30
26
46
33
23
19
25
34
58
62
25
21
17
52
59
64
27
-2%
-3%
-2%
-6%
-1%
-1%
-4%
0%
0%
-1%
EI 2000 EI 2010 CAGR 1990-2000 CAGR 2000-2010
illustrates the energy intensity of transport in the "C(S region and its compounded
igure illustrates the declining transport energy
ans. The transport energy intensity of
6estern 7al!ans is considerably higher than that of

.6"C online0.
2%
4%
C
A
G
R

o
f

t
r
a
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t

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g
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i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Agriculture sector

+igure AI.* presents the energy intensity of agriculture in the "C(S region and its compounded
annual growth rates in 1JJ8 2 -818. The energy intensity in the >ther C(S region, Central Asia,
and the 6estern 7al!ans grew in 1JJ8
intensity in the Caucasus declined in
agricultural energy intensity e)perienced steady growth during the last two decades.

.igure AD"9: Energy intensity of agriculture and its copounded annua


.1JJ8, -8880, ,ontenegro .1JJ8, -8880, Croatia .1JJ80

30
14
26
Western Balkans
Turkey
Caucasus
Other CIS
Central Asia
EU-27
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e

e
n
e
r
g
y

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
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y
,

k
o
e
/
1
0
0
0

U
S
$

P
P
P

2
0
0
5
EI 1990 EI 2000
presents the energy intensity of agriculture in the "C(S region and its compounded
-818. The energy intensity in the >ther C(S region, Central Asia,
and the 6estern 7al!ans grew in 1JJ8 L -888 and then declined in -888 L -818
Caucasus declined in the 1JJ8s and increased in the -888s. (n Tur!ey,
: Energy intensity of agriculture and its copounded annual growt! rate %/AG7*
based on .("A online0, .6orld 7an! online0, and .6"C online0
.1JJ8, -8880, ,ontenegro .1JJ8, -8880, Croatia .1JJ80 and Serbia .1JJ80.
30
64
64
118
112
89
40
46
37
152
146
105
14
26
96
83
145
119
-3%
3%
6%
-2%
-3%
-2%
6%
-9%
6%
0%
-1%
EI 2000 EI 2010 CAGR 1990-2000 CAGR 2000-2010
presents the energy intensity of agriculture in the "C(S region and its compounded
-818. The energy intensity in the >ther C(S region, Central Asia,
8, while the
-888s. (n Tur!ey,

.6"C online0.
3%
6%
11%
6%
6%
0%
C
A
G
R

o
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a
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r
i
c
u
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t
u
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e

e
n
e
r
g
y

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Annex B: Energy Efficiency - 7esidential =uildings 2ector

The intensity of the residential sector could be measure
of the residential sector per capita or, better, per household.
aailable as an indicator than household number statistics because the l
census fre%uency .typically one per decade0.
residential sector per capita in 1JJ8, -888, and -818 as well
rates in the regions. Analysis reeals
capita is considerably lower for all
region.

.igure AB"1: Energy intensity of t!e residential sector

online0.
;otes: a0 +or Central Asia, the figure contains 1JJ* data instead of 1JJ8N
b0 The figure does not contain the data for: &osoo .1JJ8, -888, -8180 and ,ontenegro
.1JJ8, -888, -8180.

+igure AJ.- plots the energy intensity of the residential sector per ho
data aailable, it is possible to conclude that the energy intensity per household decline
beginning of 1JJ8s, but changed
-818 was more aailable than for 1JJ8
intensity per household increased in &aFa!hstan, Armenia,
and 7osnia and 'erFegoina, while in
Table AJ.1 for the annual rates of decline0. The difference
interplay of factors such as population changes, person per household changes, the growth of
Tur!ey
>ther C(S
6estern 7al!ans
Caucasus
Central Asia
"92-B
7
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
n
e
r
g
y

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
@

$
o
e
;
c
a
p
i
t
a
"( 1JJ8
7esidential =uildings 2ector-2pecific Data
The intensity of the residential sector could be measured in the total final energy consumption
of the residential sector per capita or, better, per household. =opulation statistics
indicator than household number statistics because the latter is dependent on
census fre%uency .typically one per decade0. +igure AJ.1 presents the energy intensity of the
in 1JJ8, -888, and -818 as well as its compounded annual growth
Analysis reeals that final energy consumption of the residential sector
is considerably lower for all the "C(S regions than for the "92-B, e)cept for the
Energy intensity of t!e residential sector per capita
based on .("A online0, .6orld 7an! online0
+or Central Asia, the figure contains 1JJ* data instead of 1JJ8N
igure does not contain the data for: &osoo .1JJ8, -888, -8180 and ,ontenegro
plots the energy intensity of the residential sector per household. +rom the limited
data aailable, it is possible to conclude that the energy intensity per household decline
beginning of 1JJ8s, but changed to an upward trend at the end of 1JJ8s. The data for -888
-818 was more aailable than for 1JJ82-818 and reealed different trends. The energy
intensity per household increased in &aFa!hstan, Armenia, AFerbai@an, 7elarus, 9!raine, Tur!ey,
, while in Georgia, Ta@i!istan, 5ussia, and &yrgyFstan it declined .see
the annual rates of decline0. The difference in trends could be e)plained
as population changes, person per household changes, the growth of
/8J
B1*
/8B
-BB
/8B
A1/
-BB
I1A
-I8
-#J
/1I
*JA
-AI
*B1
-A-
/I#
/8B
*I8
1M
21M
1M
1M
8M
8M
8M
#M
1M
2#M
1M
8M
"( -888 "( -818 CAG5 1JJ82-888 CAG5 -8882-818
in the total final energy consumption
opulation statistics are more
is dependent on
presents the energy intensity of the
as its compounded annual growth
that final energy consumption of the residential sector per
for the >ther C(S

and ."95>STAT
igure does not contain the data for: &osoo .1JJ8, -888, -8180 and ,ontenegro
usehold. +rom the limited
data aailable, it is possible to conclude that the energy intensity per household declined in the
at the end of 1JJ8s. The data for -8882
different trends. The energy
7elarus, 9!raine, Tur!ey,
Georgia, Ta@i!istan, 5ussia, and &yrgyFstan it declined .see
trends could be e)plained by the
as population changes, person per household changes, the growth of
/
A
G
7

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f

t
!
e

r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
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a
l

e
n
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g
y

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
liing area, penetration of end2use technologies, fuel switching, energy efficiency, and
interruptions of energy supply.

.igure AB"-: Energy intensity of t!e residential sector per !ouse!old

Source: Author?s calculations based on .("A online0 and .9;"C" online0.

&able AB"1: Annual growt! rates of energy intensity per !ouse!old during -CCC--C1C
/ountry &ie interval /AG7
&aFa!hstan -8882-818 1-M
Armenia -8812-88I 11M
Tur!ey -88-2-88I #M
7elarus -8882-88J /M
7osnia and 'erFegoina -8882-88B -M
AFerbai@an -8882-818 1M
9!raine -8882-818 1M
Georgia -8882-818 21M
Ta@i!istan -8882-818 2-M
5ussian +ederation -88-2-818 2/M
&yrgyF 5epublic -8882-88J 2AM
Source: Author?s calculations based on .("A online0 and .9;"C" online0.

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
R
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

s
e
c
t
o
r

e
n
e
r
g
y

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

k
o
e
/
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Macedonia, FYR
Moldova
Russian Federation
Serbia
Tajikistan
Turkey
Ukraine
+igure AJ./ proides an estimate of space heating intensities per household and per m
-
in
5ussia during 1JJ/2-818. During this period space heating intensity per household declined by
-.#M<year and in -818 was A*M of its 1JJ/ leel. The space heating intensity per m
-
declined
by #.8M<year and in -818 was *8M of its 1JJ/ leel. The intensity per household differed from
the intensity per m
-
because the liing area per person changed significantly .increased0 during
the last two decades.

.igure AB"5: Dynaics of estiated space !eating intensity per !ouse!old and per
-
@ 7ussia@ 1BB5 - -C1C

Source and notes:
The space heating intensity per household was calculated as the residential energy consumption .("A online0
diided by the number of households .9;"C" online0 minus residential electricity consumption per household for
electrical appliances and lighting .6"C online0. Since the number of persons per household aailable for -88- and
-88J has not changed significantly, the constant number of -.B person<household was assumed for the whole
period. +or the space heating intensity per m
-
, the obtained space heating intensity per household was
recalculated bac! to intensity per person and diided by the liing space per person .5osstat -81-0.

8
*
18
1*
-8
-*
/8
/*
8
188
-88
/88
#88
*88
A88
B88
I88
1JJ/ 1JJ# 1JJ* 1JJA 1JJB 1JJI 1JJJ -888 -881 -88- -88/ -88# -88* -88A -88B -88I -88J -818
0
<
!
;
!
o
u
s
e
!
o
l
d
(
<
!
;
-
Space heating intensity per m- Space heating intensity per household
"lectrical intensity per household increased during 1JJ8 L -818 in the countries for which
information was aailable .+igure AJ.#0. This is because the growing number of electrical
appliances and e%uipment outweighed electrical efficiency gains achieed in the sector.

.igure AB"8: Electrical intensity of !ouse!olds and its copounded growt! annual rates@ 1BBC - -C1C

Source: .6"C online0.

As a result of the growing number of electrical appliances and e%uipment oer the last two
decades, electricity consumption in the residential buildings of the "C(S region grew
1./#.A times .+igure AJ.*0.

.igure AB"9: Index of total final electricity consuption in t!e residential and coercial and public sectors %1BBC G 1"C*

1978
718
2113
1992
1154
1683
2675
2297
1961
2781
2378
2536
-5.2%
8.9%
2.4%
1.4%
5.4%
5.1%
-1.2%
1.0%
Kazakhstan
Turkey
Russia
European Union
CAGR, %
kWh/household
2010 2000 1990 2000-2010 1990-2000
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Households
Turkey
Western
Balkans
Central Asia
Caucauses
Other CIS
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Commercial and public sectors
Turkey
Western
Balkans
Central Asia
Caucauses
Other CIS
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Households
Turkey
Western
Balkans
Central Asia
Caucauses
Other CIS
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Commercial and public sectors
Turkey
Western
Balkans
Central Asia
Caucauses
Other CIS
+igure AJ.A represents the dynamics of energy efficiency on the refrigerator mar!et in 6estern
"urope, "astern "urope, and 5ussia. The figure reeals that in 5ussia during -88# L -811 the
share of AO class refrigerators increased from -M to -1M and the share of A class refrigerators
grew from /*M to **M. (n contrast, in 6estern "urope and "astern "urope, AO class
refrigerators were already dominating the mar!et by -811 .#AM and A*M respectiely0.

.igure AB"?: Dynaics of energy efficiency on t!e refrigerator ar$et over tie in <estern Europe@ Eastern Europe@ and
7ussia

Source: based on .Gf&, -8110 and .9;D=, Goernment of 5ussian +ederation, and G"+ -88J0.

A 9;"= country lighting assessment of the 5ussian +ederation .9;"=, -81-0 concluded that the
transition to energy efficient lighting in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors as
well as outdoor uses may result in numerous benefits. ,ore specifically, e)changing lamps on a
national scale .see +igure AJ.B for installed stoc! of lamps before and after transition0 allows
reducing electricity consumption for lighting by #A./M or *.IM of total national electricity
consumption .see +igure AJ.I for details0.

.igure AB"A: Installed 2toc$ of 1aps %by sector@ by lap type*
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
W
e
s
t
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
E
a
s
t
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
R
u
s
s
i
a
W
e
s
t
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
E
a
s
t
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
R
u
s
s
i
a
W
e
s
t
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
E
a
s
t
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
R
u
s
s
i
a
W
e
s
t
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
E
a
s
t
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
R
u
s
s
i
a
2004 2007 2010 2011
A++
A+
A
B
Other

Source: 9;"=, -81-

.igure AB"D: &otal Electricity /onsuption %by sector@ by lap type*

Source: 9;"=, -81-

Annex 1C: Energy Efficiency - 1egislation and Policies in t!e E/I2 7egion

&able A1C"1: Overview of energy efficiency legislation and targets in t!e E/I2 region

/ountry
1egislation %if t!e 1aw is issing@ t!e
presence of Energy Efficiency 2trategy
was c!ec$ed*
&argets
Albania,
7osnia and
'erFegoina,
&osoo, fG5
,acedonia,
,ontenegro,
Serbia,
,oldoa,
9!raine
These countries are Contracting
,embers of the "nergy Community
Treaty and thus are obliged to
introduce "9 energy efficiency
legislation. 7y today, they hae
adopted or in the process of adoption
of three "9 energy efficiency
Directies: -88A</-<"C on "nergy "nd2
9se "fficiency and "nergy Serices
."SD0, -818</1<"9 on the "nergy
=erformance of 7uildings ."=7D0 L
5ecast -88-<J1<"C, -818</8<"9 on
$abeling of "nergy25elated =roducts
.5ecast Directie J-<B*<""C0 and
implementing directies and delegated
acts.
The targets of the "9 "nergy
Serices Directie -88A</-<"C
."uropean Commission -88A0 apply,
namely energy saings as JM of total
energy sales in -81I s. -818
.delayed implementation as
compared to the "9 by - years0.
Albania
The "nergy "fficiency $aw was adopted
in 1JJ*.

7osnia and
'erFegoina
As of -81/, the "nergy "fficiency $aw
was in the public hearing procedure.

Croatia
As a ,ember of the "uropean 9nion
since Kuly -81/, the "9?s energy
efficiency legislation is mandatory for
Croatia. This includes the !ey directies
listed aboe and "nergy "fficiency
Directie -81-<-B<"9 ."uropean
Commission -81-0. Additionally, the
"nergy Strategy of Croatia adopted in
-88- contains energy efficiency
proisions.
The targets of the "9 "nergy
Serices Directie -88A</-<"C
."uropean Commission -88A0 apply,
namely energy saings as JM of total
energy sales in -81A s. -88I.
+ollowing the adoption of "nergy
"fficiency Directie, 1.*M<yr. energy
.sales0 saings s. recent / year2
period should be achieed with
utility obligation or alternatie
approach. 7an on incandescent
lamps in the residential sector since
-81/.
Serbia
The "nergy $aw adopted in -88#
contains some energy efficiency
Additionally to aboe, the "nergy
Sector Deelopment Strategy
/ountry
was c!ec$ed*
&argets
proisions. The $aw on "fficient 9se of
"nergy was adopted in -81/.
re%uires the intensity reduction
-M<yr. in -88*2-81*.
fG5
,acedonia
The "nergy $aw adopted in -811
contains some energy efficiency
proisions.

,ontenegro
The $aw >n "nergy "fficiency was
adopted in -818.

&osoo
The $aw on "nergy "fficiency was
adopted in -811.

,oldoa
The "nergy "fficiency $aw was adopted
in -818

9!raine
The "nergy Strategy of 9!raine to -8/8
adopted in -88A contains some energy
efficiency proisions.
The "conomic =rogramme on
"nergy "fficiency for -8182-81*
re%uires a -8M reduction in GD=
energy intensity .or /./M<yr.0 by
-81* s. -88*.
The -88A "nergy Strategy to -8/8
re%uired that the Goernment of
9!raine set a *8M reduction target
for energy intensity by -8/8.
Armenia
;o "nergy "fficiency $aw. The ;ational
Security Strategy of 5A .-88B0 contains
the aim of ma)imal possible utilisation
of energy saing potential.
n<a
AFerbai@an
;o "nergy "fficiency $aw. The ;ational
Strategy in the field of alternatie and
renewable energy sources until -8-8
was deeloped, but has yet to be
adopted. The Strategy contains energy
efficiency proisions.
The mentioned Strategy also
contains the target of a -8M
improement in energy efficiency by
-8-8.
7elarus
The $aw >n "nergy Saing, enacted in
1JJI and last amended in -88A,
re%uires that the Goernment establish
the promotion of energy efficiency as a
national priority.
The ;ational "nergy Saing
=rogramme for -8112-81* re%uires
reducing GD= energy intensity by
-J2/-M during -8112-81*.
Georgia n<a n<a
&aFa!hstan
The $aw on "nergy Saing and "nergy
"fficiency (mproement was adopted in
-81-. The $aw contains the main
directions of national energy efficiency
The "nergy Saing =lan adopted in
-811 re%uires a 18M reduction of
energy intensity in -81* s. -88I.
/ountry
was c!ec$ed*
&argets
and conseration policies.
&yrgyFstan n<a
5ussian
+ederation
The $aw on "nergy Saing and on
(ncreasing "nergy "fficiency and on
(ntroduction of Changes in Selected
$egislatie Acts of the 5ussian
+ederation, was enacted in -88J and
replaced the $aw on "nergy "fficiency
of 1JJA.
The "nergy Strategy of the 5ussian
+ederation to -8/8 re%uires a *8M
GD= energy intensity reduction in
-8/8 s. -88*. The +ederal
=rogramme 1"nergy Conseration
and (mproement of "fficient
"fficiency4 for the period until -8-8
re%uired B.*M oerall intensity
reduction in -81* s. -88*. The
programme also contained sector
specific targets in -8-8 s. -811
.public sector, transport, industry,
energy suppliers0. 7an on
incandescent lamps since -81/.
Ta@i!istan
The $aw on "nergy "fficiency and
"nergy saing is to be adopted in -81/
and will replace the $aw on "nergy
saing of -88-.
n<a
Tur!ey
The "nergy "fficiency $aw was
deeloped and adopted in -88B. The
$aw contains the main direction of
national energy efficiency and
conseration policies.
The "nergy "fficiency Strategy
re%uires a -8M GD= energy intensity
reduction in -8-/ s. -811N the
target is further split by sectors. The
"nergy Strategy =lan re%uires
oerall -8M energy saings in -8-/
s. -88I. 7an on incandescent lamps
since -811.
Tur!menistan
;o "nergy "fficiency $aw. The $aw of
Tur!menistan on "nergy Saing is
currently being drafted.
n<a
9Fbe!istan
The $aw on 5ational 9se of "nergy was
adopted in 1JJB.
n<a
Source: based on .6"C online0, .5""G$" online0, .&ogalniceanu and 7or!o, -81/0, 9;D=
country office %uestionnaires

&able A1C"-: Policy tools except 1abels and 0iniu Energy Perforance 2tandards %to be cont"*
&yp
e
0easure 2ector
Alban
ia
/roatia 2erbia &ur$ey 4$raine
7ussian
.ederation
+
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l

"nergy audits
'ouseholds G
Commercial and
public
G
(ndustry G G
Subsidies
'ousehold
e%uipment
G .S6'0 G .lamps0
Dwellings G .e)isting0
Commercial and
public
G .e)isting0 G .e)isting0
(ndustry G .el. motors0
Soft loans
'ouseholds
G .refr., AC, $amps,
S6', wood stoes0

Dwellings G .e)isting0
Commercial and
public
G .e)isting0
(ndustry G .el.motors0
G .el.
motors0
+
i
s
c
a
l

Ta) reduction
Dwellings
")isting:
DAT$

S6' .import ta),
DAT0
;ew
dwellings
Transport
Cars: purchase ta), incl.
DAT

Accelerate
depreciation
(ndustry G
5
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

.
e
)
c
e
p
t

l
a
b
e
l
s

a
n
d

,
"
=
S
0

>ther
regulatory
instruments
'ouseholds ,"A ,"A ,"A ,C5
(ndustry ,"A, ,C5 ,",,,C5 ,"A,,",
Transport ,C5
=ublic ,"A
,"A,,
C5
,",,,C5 ,C5
Commercial ,"A
,"A,,
C5
,",,,C5
(ncandescent
lamps phase2
out
; G .-81/0 G .-8110 ; G .-81#0
,andatory
training for
professionals
; G .engineers0
G .audit,
managers0

>
t
h
e
r
s

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
Doluntary
agreement
(ndustry DA .11B* Co0
Transport G
=ublic G
Commercial DA .IJ8 Co0
"SC>
;umber - 18 /B /8
Turnoer P 18 mil
Certification
Auditor
certification
; G G G G
Source: based on .6"C online0

&able A1C"5: 1abels and 0iniu energy efficiency perforance standards %to be cont"*

2ector 3ouse!olds &ransp
ort
Indust
ry
/oercial and public
End-use
7
e
f
r
i
g
e
r
a
t
o
r
s

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a
s
!
i
n
g

a
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i
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i
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i
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i
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1
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s

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l
a
r

w
a
t
e
r

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e
a
t
e
r
s

/
a
r
s

I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l

e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

o
t
o
r
s

A
i
r

c
o
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i
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i
o
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i
n
g

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f
f
i
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i
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e
w

d
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:
e
w

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o
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a
l

:
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x
i
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i
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g

d
w
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l
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i
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g

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i
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i
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c
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i
a
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i
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p
u
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i
c

/ountry 1abels
Albania $7.,0 $7.,0 $7.
,0
$7.
,0
$7.,0 $7.,0 $7.,0 $7.,0
/roatia $7.,,-8
8B0
$7.,,-8
8B0
$7.,,-8
8B0
$7.,,-8
8B0
$7.,0 $7.
,0
$7.,,-8
8J0
$7.,,-8
8J0
$7.,0 $7.,,-8
8J0
2erbia
&ur$ey $7.,,-8
8-0
$7.,,-8
8/0
$7.,0 $7.
,0
$7.,,-8
8I0
$7.,,-8
8I0
$7.=,-8
1B0
$7.=,-8
1B0
4$raine $7.D0 $7.D0 $7.=0 $7.=
0
$7.=0 $7.=0
7ussian
.ederation
$7.,,-8
110
$7.,,-8
110
$7.,,-8
110
$7.=
0
$7.D,-8
180
$7.D,-8
180

/ountry 0iniu energy efficiency standards
Albania ,S ,S ,S ,S ,S ,S
/roatia ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.
=0
,S.-8
8I0
,S.-88
I0
,S.-88
I0

2erbia ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.
=0
,S ,S.=0 ,S.=0
&ur$ey ,S.-88
*0
,S.-81
10
,S.-88
/0
,S.-8
1-0
,S.-8
880
,S.-88
80
,S.-88
80

4$raine ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.=0 ,S.=0
7ussian
.ederation
,S.-81
10
,S.-8
8/0
,S.-8
8/0

Source: based on .6"C online0

Annex 11: Energy Efficiency - .inance

The 5eiew of the +inancial Support +acilities Aailable for "nergy "fficiency and 5enewable
"nergy .6estern 7al!ans (nestment +ramewor!, -8110 identified twenty2fie indiidual funds
which proide financial and technical assistance to improe energy efficiency in the 6estern
7al!ans. The total funding aailable was estimated as around "95 I/8 million, JIM of which is
loan financing, including associated technical assistance and grants .see Table A11.10.

&able A11"1: 0ain energy efficiency and renewable energy financing facilities in t!e <estern =al$ans
:o" E47
il"
H of
total
5egional Total 11 A-J./ B*.IM
Regional Loan Funds (with Technical Assistance and grants)
8 616.9 74.!
Regional Technical Assistance "rogra##es and Funds 1$.4 1.%!
Country $oan +unds .with Technical Assistance and grants0 Total * A#.1 B.BM
&roatia 1 'ot
included
(ontenegro 1 7.7 ).9!
*er+ia %6.4 6.8!
Country ,i)ed<"nergy "fficiency $oan Total - J1.A 11.8M
*er+ia $ 91.6 11.)!
Country Technical Assistance +unds Total - /.8 8.#M
(ontenegro 1 1.% ).$!
,oso-o 1 1.% ).$!
Country Grant +unds Total / 1-./ 1.*M
.osnia and /er0ego-ina 1 1%.) 1.8!
12R (acedonia 1 1%.) 1.8!
T>TA$: -* I/8.# 188M
Source: .6estern 7al!ans (nestment +ramewor!, -8110.

Annex 1-: 7enewable Energy E &otal energy supply

&able A1-"1: Total of renewable energy in total primary energy supply .TK0 and share of 5" .M0
24=-
7EGIO:
/ountry
&otal of All
Energy 2ources
%&I*
&otal of
7enewable
Energy 2ources
%&I*
&otal of
7enewable Energy
excluding !ydro
power %&I*
2!are of 7E
including
!ydropower
%H*
2!are of
!ydro
power %H*
2!are of 7E
excluding !ydro
power %H*
<E2&E7:
=A1(A:2
A:D
&47(E>
Albania IA,JB-.B/ /A,1*1.*J I,IA-.-I #1.*BM /1./IM 18.1JM
7osnia and
'erFegoina -AI,1A1.11 /A,**-./1 B,A*/.*1 1/.A/M 18.BIM -.I*M
Croatia /*B,/*A.A1 #B,/IJ.*1 1B,/JJ.B1 1/.-AM I./JM #.IBM
&osoo n<a n<a n<a n<a n<a n<a
,ontenegro n<a n<a n<a n<a n<a n<a
Serbia A*/,*J*.A1 I*,JIA.JJ #/,1B1.AJ 1/.1AM A.**M A.A1M
fG5 ,acedonia 1-8,JBJ.I* 1B,I*/.AJ J,18B.B1 1#.BAM B.-/M B.*/M
Tur!ey #,#81,B1/.81 #IA,B#1.// /88,-#-.1B 11.8AM #.-#M A.I-M
/A4/A242
Armenia 18-,/I1.J1 J,-B8.#* AB.- J.8*M I.JJM 8.8BM
AFerbai@an #J*,A#8.B1 1-,#11.#/ /.A -.*8M -.*8M 8.88M
Georgia 1/8,***.I* *8,ABI.8/ 1A,J*8.BA /I.I-M -*.I/M 1-.JIM
<E2&E7:
/I2
7elaurus 1,1A1,881.J# A1,#B8.*1 A1,/8I.#J *.-JM 8.81M *.-IM
9!raine *,#A#,#J*.I* 18J,/-8.IB A1,JA*.1# -.88M 8.IBM 1.1/M
,oldoa 18I,JAB./B /,-I1.IB -,JJB.#1 /.81M 8.-AM -.B*M
7.
5ussian +ederation -J,/B1,/A*.AI B#8,IB1.IJ 1#1,#-*.-1 -.*-M -.8#M 8.#IM
/E:&7A1
A2IA
&aFa!hstan /,1#8,#/-.#B /8,JJ#.88 -,18J.A8 8.JJM 8.J-M 8.8BM
&yrgyFstan 1--,1BB.*B /B,/##.AB 1#J.JB /8.*BM /8.##M 8.1-M
Ta@i!istan JA,A-B.*/ *B,8*-.-B 8 *J.8#M *J.8#M 8.88M
Tur!menistan IJ-,8B-.8A 18.I 8 8.88M 8.88M 8.88M
9Fbe!istan 1,I//,-IB.1I /J,8#1.8/ 18.81 -.1/M -.1/M 8.88M
E/I2 7egion 8D@DCA@AD9"C8 1@D?-@8-5"-8 ?A5@8-8"8?? 5"D-H -"88H 1"5DH
Source: ("A .-8180.

Annex 15: 7enewable Energy E &otal 7E2 electric installed capacity by tec!nology

24=-
7EGIO:
/ountry 3ydroelectricity =ioass 2olar <ind 23PP Geot!eral
/E:&7A1
A2IA
&aFa!hstan
-,-1B 8 Q 1 ,6 - 11* 8
&yrgyFstan
-J18 8 8 8 #1 8
Ta@i!istan
#,8/B 8 Q 1 ,6 8 1/- 8
Tur!menistan 1
8 8 8 * 8
9Fbe!istan
1,B/A - Q 1,6 Q 1,6 /J# 8
<E2&E7:
=A1(A:2
A:D
&47(E>
Albania
1#B* 8 8 8 ## 8
7osnia and
'erFegoina -11B 8 Q 1 8 A8 8
Croatia
1,J1I B * -1B / /
&osoo
n.a
,ontenegro
A*I 8 Q 1 Q 1 J 8
Serbia
-,--* 8 - 8 /1 8
,acedonia *B/
8 B 8 A8 8
Tur!ey
1B,IIB 8 J -,/1- 1,#J8 -/I
<E2&E7:
/I2
7elarus /8
A Q 1 - 1A 8
9!raine
*,A88 I /B/ -BA 11- 8
,oldoa
A# / Q 1 Q 1 8 8
7. 5ussian +ederation
#A,IJ- 8 Q 1 1B -*8 I-
/A4/A242
Armenia
1-8B Q 1,6 Q1 ,6 / -1I 8
AFerbai@an
JBB 8 - / n.a 8
Georgia -I*8
8 Q 1 Q1 *8 8
E/I2 7egion
B9@5A8 -9 5BD -@D51 5@C5C 5-5

Annex 15 is based on data accessed fro t!e following sites:

Albania
5enewable +acts, -81#. Qaailable online at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<albania
Albania "nergy Association .A"A0, -81/: Albania 6ind "nergy. Aailable at: http:<<aea2al.org<albania2wind2energy<
;ational Agency of ;atural 5esources, -81-. /3dropower *ituation 4 Al+ania. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.a8+n.go-.al7i#ages7pd17hidroenerg9eti8e7/3dropower:*ituation:and:&urrent:*ituation.pd1
Repu+lic o1 Al+ania; The <=F and >'?"; $)1$6 ?ra1t Al+anian Renewa+le =nerg3 Action "lan.

Arenia
7abayan, T., -81-: 5enewable "nergy in Armenia. Aailable at: http:<<www.energy2
community.org<pls<portal<docs<1AAI1JJ.=D+
9;D= and The G"+, -81-: Armenia: Situational analysis and assessment in the conte)t of Sustainable "nergy for All (nitiatie:
5apid Assessment L -81-. Aailable at: http:<<www.nature2
ic.am<res<ThirdM-8;ationalM-8Communication<6"7<S"#A$$M-8ArmeniaR5eportM-8R";GR.pdf
5enewable +acts, -81#. Qaailable online at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<armenia
The ,inistry of "nergy and ;atural 5esources of the 5epublic of Armenia, -81/. Aailable at: http:<<www.minenergy.am<

A)erbai'an
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<aFerbai@an
State Agency on Alternatie and 5enewable "nergy Sources of the 5epublic of AFerbai@an .A5"S0, -81/: ")perimental 'ybrid
=olygon. Aailable at: http:<<ares.aF<gobustan2polygon<
The 6orld 6ind "nergy Association .66"A0, -81/: -81- Annual 5eport.
Aailable at: http:<<www.wwindea.org<webimages<6orld6ind"nergy5eport-81-Rfinal.pdf

=elarus
"nergy Charter Secretariat ."CS0 -81/: (n2Depth 5eiew of the "nergy "fficiency =olicy of the 5epublic of 7elarus, aailable at:
http:<<www.encharter.org<fileadmin<userRupload<=ublications<7elarusR""R-81/R";G.pdf
5aslaicius, $., -81-: 5enewable "nergy Sector in 7elarus L A reiew, in: Renewa+le and *ustaina+le =nerg3 Re-iews .1A0: */JJ2
*#1/.
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<belarus

=osnia and 3er)egovina
7osnia and 'erFegoina State "lectricity 5egulatory Commission, -81-. Report @n Acti-ities o1 the *tate =lectricit3 Regulator3
&o##ission. TuFla, 7osnia and 'erFegoina.
=aloic, T. ,., ,ilosal@eic, D. D., ,ir@anic, D., =antic, $. S., 5adon@ic, (. S., and D. =irsl, -81/: Assessments and perspecties of
=D solar power engineering in the 5epublic of Srps!a .7osnia and 'erFegoina0. (n6 Renewa+le and *ustaina+le =nerg3 Re-iews,
1I: 11J21//.
http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<bosnia2and2herFegoina
State "lectricity 5egulator Commission .S"5C0, -81-: 5eport on Actiities of the State "lectricity 5egulatory Commission.
Aailable at:
http:<<www.der!.ba<Documents=D+s<D"5&RiF@esta@RoRraduR-81-2en.pdf
The "uropean 6ind "nergy Association ."6"A0, -81/: Annual 5eport -81-. Aailable at:
http:<<www.ewea.org<fileadmin<files<library<publications<reports<"6"ARAnnualR5eportR-81-.pdf

/roatia
The ,inistry of "conomy, $abour and "ntrepreneurship .-81/0: (nteractie 5enewable ,ap. Aailable at: http:<<oie2
apli!aci@e.mingo.hr<(ntera!tina&arta<
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<croatia

Georgia
"nergy Charter Secretariat ."CS0, -81-: (n2Depth 5eiew of "nergy "fficiency =olicies and =rogrammes: Georgia. Aailable at:
http:<<www.encharter.org<fileadmin<userRupload<=ublications<GeorgiaR""R-81-R";G.pdf
Green Georgia. Aailable at: http:<<www.greengeorgia.ge<
,inistry of "conomy and Sustainable Deelopment of Georgia .,"SD0 L Sustainable Deelopment Department, -81/:
5enewable "nergy. Aailable at: http:<<www.greengeorgia.ge<
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<georgia
Aailable at: Shttp:<<www.wwindea.org<webimages<6orld6ind"nergy5eport-81-Rfinal.pdf
=romotion of Small 'ydro retrofitting and (mplementation in the Caucasus and Carpathian region .S'GCA0, -818: ")isting and
prospected small hydro power plants in the Caucasus and Carpathians L S'= state2of2the2art in Georgia. Aailable at:
http:<<www.shyca.org<results<6=-<wp-sureyG".pdf

(a)a$!stan
"nergy Charter Secretariat ."CS0, -81/: (nestment Climate and ,ar!et Structure 5eiew in the "nergy Sector of &aFa!hstan.
Aailable at:
http:<<www.encharter.org<fileadmin<userRupload<=ublications<&aFa!hstanR(C,SR-81/R";G.pdf
"nergy Charter Secretariat ."CS0, -81/: (nestment Climate and ,ar!et Structure 5eiew in the "nergy Sector of &aFa!hstan.
Aailable at:
http:<<www.encharter.org<fileadmin<userRupload<=ublications<&aFa!hstanR(C,SR-81/R";G.pdf
.based on cf :8.# with o.# bln !w2h produced electricity from S'==0
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<!aFa!hstan

(yrgy)stan
Desertec &nowledge =latform. -81-: Aailable at: http:<<!nowledge.desertec.org<wi!i<inde).php*<&yrgyFstanT"lectricity
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<!yrgyFstan

f>7 0acedonia
"nergy Agency of the 5epublic of ,acedonia, -81/: 5egister of =lants for the production of electricity from 5"S. Aailable at:
http:<<www.ea.go.m!<inde).php3option:comRcontentUiew:articleUid:ABJU(temid:1-#Ulang:m!
"D; ,acedonia, -81/: Generation. Aailable at: http:<<www.en.m!<Va2nas<=roiFodsto.asp)
See 2Change ;etwor! .S""C;0 c, -81/: (nest in 'aste, 5epent at $eisure 2 Are (+(s behaing as if "9 accession criteria and
e)treme energy losses do not e)ist in South "ast "urope. Aailable at: http:<<ban!watch.org<sites<default<files<S""2(+(2
energy.pdf
"D; Group "D; ,acedonia, -81/: Generation. Aailable at: http:<<www.en.m!<Va2nas<=roiFodsto.asp)
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<macedonia

0oldova
9;"C", -88J: 5"S Deelopment and =otential ,oldoa. Aailable at:
http:<<www.unece.org<fileadmin<DA,<energy<se<pp<ee-1Rsc<-8scKune8J<#R@uneRmorn<IRcebanRe.pdf
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<moldoa

0ontenegro
9nited ;ations Deelopment =rogramme, -81-. ,ontenegro in the conte)t of Sustainable "nergy for All (nitiatie: 5apid
Assessment and Gap Analysis.

,inistry of "conomy, -81-: 9pdate < 9pgrade of 1"nergy Deelopment Strategy of ,ontenegro by -8/8. .Green 7oo! and draft
6hite 7oo!0. Aailable at: http:<<www.seaeds.me<images<1-8A-BR>utputR/21RGreenR7oo!RfinalRdraftR";G.pdf
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<montenegro

7ussian .ederation
,inistry of "nergy of the 5ussian +ederation, -81/. Aailable at: http:<<minenergo.go.ru<actiity<ie<
5enewable "nergy =olicy ;etwor! for the -1th Century .5en-10, -81/: 5enewables -81/ Global Status 5eport. Aailable at:
http:<<www.ren-1.net<5";-1Actiities<GlobalStatus5eport.asp)
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<russia
Tatiana, D., -818: 5enewable "nergy in 5epublic of ,oldoa. Aailable at:
http:<<www.potsdam.ih!-#.de<lin!ableblob<18B1-*#<.#.<data<=raesentationRConsultGroup2
data.pdfN@sessionid:+C8-AB1J7##+IAC7I8/I#*8+17*1"AD/.repl-
9;"C", -88J: 5"S Deelopment and =otential ,oldoa. Aailable at:
http:<<www.unece.org<fileadmin<DA,<energy<se<pp<ee-1Rsc<-8scKune8J<#R@uneRmorn<IRcebanRe.pdf

2erbia
"uropean 6ind "nergy Association ."6"A0, -81/: "astern winds L "merging "uropean wind power mar!ets. Aailable at:
http:<<www.ewea.org<fileadmin<files<library<publications<reports<"asternR6indsRemergingRmar!ets.pdf
&atic, D., Corba, V., ,iliceic, D., Dumnic, 7., =opdic, 7., and A. "geni@e, -81/: >eriew of Solar =D "nergy in ,ar!et in Serbia.
=resented at the Ath =S929;S (nternational Conference on "ngineering and Technology .(C"T2-81/0, Aailable at:
http:<<www.psu2uns-81/.com<material<papers<Session1/<Session1/21/I8B.pdf
=anic, ,., 9rosec, ,., ,ilanoic, A., 7ran!o, K., and V. 7@el@ac, -81/: Small hydropower plants in Serbia: 'ydropower potential,
current state and perspecties. (n: Renewa+le and *ustaina+le =nerg3 Re-iews, -/: /#12/1#J.
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<serbia

&a'i$istan
"nergy Charter Secretariat ."CS0, -818: Ta@i!istan 2 (n2Depth 5eiew of the (nestment Climate and ,ar!et Structure on the
"nergy Sector. Aailable at:
http:<<www.encharter.org<fileadmin<userRupload<=ublications<Ta@i!istanR(C,SR-818R";G.pdf
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<ta@i!istan
9nited ;ations Deelopment =rogramme .9;D=0, -81/. Sustainable "nergy for All 5egional Cuestionnaire on 5enewable
"nergy, Ta@i!istan

&ur$ey
7enli, '. -81/: =otential of renewable energy in electrical energy production and sustainable energy deelopment of Tur!ey:
=erformance and policies. (n: Renewa+le =nerg3, *8: //2#A.
7ritish =etroleum .7=0, -81/: 7= Statistical 5eiew of 6orld "nergy -81/. Aailable at:
http:<<www.bp.com<en<global<corporate<about2bp<statistical2reiew2of2world2energy2-81/<reiew2by2energy2
type<renewable2energy<solar2energy.html
Capi!, ,., GilmaF, A. >., and (. Causoglu, -81-: 'ydropower for sustainable energy deelopment in Tur!ey: The small
hydropower case of the "astern 7lac! Sea 5egion. (n: 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews, 1A: A1A82A1B-.
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<tur!ey

&ur$enistan
(;>GAT", -81-: "nergy =ortal L "nergy cooperation between the "9, "astern "urope, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Aailable
at: http:<<www.inogate.org<inde).php3option:comRinogateUiew:countrysectorUid:I*Ulang:en
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<tur!menistan

4$raine
"uropean =hotooltaic (ndustry Association ."=(A0, -81/: Global ,ar!et >utloo! +or =hotooltaics -81/2-81B. Aailable at:
Shttp:<<www.epia.org<inde).php3e(D:t)RnawsecuredlUu:8Ufile:<uploads<t)Repiapublications<G,>R-81/R2
R+inalR=D+R81.pdfUt:1/B1*#*JAJUhash:bIaAbB8a-*aAf**AfI#JeefBdeAb-b##8//e1#/aW
(nstitute for 5enewable "nergy at ;AS of 9!raine, -81-: Deelopment or renewable energy in 9!raine as a contribution to
enironmental stability in "urope and deelopment of new models of cooperation in energy sector. =resented at the -1st >SC"
"conomic And "nironmental +orum first =reparatory meeting. Aailable at: http:<<www.osce.org<eea<JJ1J/
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<u!raine

4)be$istan
9;D=, -88B: The >utloo! for Deelopment of 5enewable "nergy in 9Fbe!istan. Aailable at:
http:<<www.undp.uF<en<publications<publication.php3id:BJ
The American 9Fbe!istan Chamber of Commerce .A9CC0, -81-: 9Fbe!istan starts construction of new hydro power station.
Aailable at: http:<<www.aucconline.com<news.php3newsRid:/1J
The Goernmental =ortal of the 5epublic of 9Fbe!istan, -818: 6ind "nergy =lant 7uilt in Tash!ent 5egion. Aailable at:
http:<<www.go.uF<en<press<economics<*##-
5enewable +acts, -81#. Aailable at: http:<<www.renewablefacts.com<country<uFbe!istan

Annex 18: 7enewable Energy E Potential for renewable energy in t!ousands of 0< by type
of tec!nology

Table A1#.1: 5enewable "nergy =otential

7egion /ountry
Potential in 0<
&otal
Potential
%0<*
=ioass 2olar <ind 23PP Geot!eral
<E2&E7:
=A1(A:2
A:D
&47(E>
Albania
#-/ -A,1** -,888 #,*88 n<a 55@CAD
7osnia and
'erFegoina A88 #I,AI- -,888 *B1 A 91@D9B
Croatia
1,#J8 */,#1A A,J88 1BB n<a. ?1@BD5
&osoo
n<a. 18,/J- n<a. n<a n<a 1C@5B-
,ontenegro
*BI 1-,I/J #88 -/- n<a 18@C8B
Serbia
*,#/I I/,#I* /J8 #,*1# 8.1 B5@D-D
fG5 ,acedonia
#A- -#,8B# /B* --* n<a -9@15?
Tur!ey
1*,JJ* /,IB1,#B-
11#,1B
/ A,I#J 1,*88 8@CCB@BDB
<E2&E7:
/I2
7elarus
-,/JJ -I-,I## JA,B*B -JB n<a 5D-@-BA
9!raine
-#,#I1 I8B,*/B -A,BJ/ 1,JA/ 1#,I** DA9@?-B
,oldoa I88 #*,BJA -,B// -*1 n<a 8B@9DC
5ussian +ederation
**,JI# --,I-I,/A# /J,8#I
/*,1A
8 /,888 --@B?1@99?
/A4/A242
Armenia
n<a /J,AJJ #J* /8* n<a 8C@8BB
AFerbai@an
1,*88 11*,--8 #,*88 /*8 I88 1--@5AC
Georgia
1,B1J JA,IA* -,/88 #,#*- n<a 1C9@55?
/E:&7A1
A2IA
&aFa!hstan
/-8 /,BA/,-1I
/*#,88
8 #,BJ* n<a 8@1--@555
&yrgyFstan
1BJ -AB,/*I 1,*88 1,I-A 1* -AC@DAD
Ta@i!istan
-B* 1J*,8JA -,888
--,I/
1 n<a --C@-C-
Tur!menistan
n<a A**,8*# 18,888 1,/-# A,A88 ?A-@BAD
9Fbe!istan
I88 *J-,JI- 1,*A- 1,I-A /8# 9BA@8A8
E/I2 7egion
115@885
55@D-C@98
D
??A@B-
?
B-@88
D -A@CD1 58@A-1@88A

Annex 18 is based on data accessed fro t!e following sites:

6orld 7an!, -811. 6orld deelopment indicators: $and area .s%. !m0 Qaailable online at:
http:<<data.worldban!.org<indicator<AG.$;D.T>T$.&-X
"nergy (nformation Administration ."(A0, -811. =lectric "ower Annual $))9. Assistant Administrator for "nergy Statistics. >ffice of "lectricity,
5enewables, and 9ranium Statistics, 9.S. Department of "nergy. 6ashington L 9S.

7eference for solar energy
The technical solar potential is estimated by using 'oogwi@! U Graus .-88I0 and 'oogwi@! .-88#0 aerage land use factors for centralised solar
=D installations and K5C?s .-8110 assumption that 1 &6 installed capacity re%uires a surface A.A mY. This e%ualises an aerage conersion
efficiency factor of about 1AM.
Due to illustratie reasons the technical solar =D potential for the 5ussian +ederation is cut at *,888 G6. 'oweer it is around --,888 G6.

Albania
7iomass: &ara@, S., 5ehl, T., $eis, '., ,uller, K. -88J. Analysis of biomass residues potential for electrical energy generation in Albania.
9niersitaZt 'ohenheim, (nstitute of Agricultural "ngineering .##8e0, Garbenstr. J, B8*JJ Stuttgart, Germany. 5enewable and Sustainable
"nergy 5eiews, "$S"D("5.
6ind: Albania "nergy Association .A"A0, -81-: 5enewable "nergy 5esources and "nergy "fficiency in Albania, aailable at: Qhttp:<<aea2
al.org<wp2content<uploads<-81-<8#<5";"6A7$"2";"5GG2A$7A;(A.pdfX
S'==: 67C2(;C>, -81-: ;ational bac!ground report on "nergy for Albania. Aailable at:
Qhttp:<<wbc2inco.net<attach<67C2(;C>.netRA$25eportR"nergyR-81-R8-.pdfX

Arenia
6ind: Armenia 5enewable 5esources and "nergy "fficiency +und .5-"-0 and The G"+, -88I: 6ind =ower Deelopment in Armenia. Aailable
at: Qhttp:<<r-e-.am<wp2content<uploads<6indpowerRinRArmenia.pdfX
S'==: Danish "nergy ,anagement A<S, -811: 5enewable "nergy 5oadmap for Armenia. Aailable at:
Qhttp:<<rewee!.am<9ser+iles<#**ABaaef/I--f/Idfd1-/A*B1J11-ee5enewableM-8"nergyM-85oadmapM-8forM-8Armenia.pdfX

A)erbai'an
7iomass, wind, Geothermal and S'==: 9nited ;ations Deelopment =rogramme .9;D=0, -81/. Sustainable "nergy for All 5egional
Cuestionnaire on 5enewable "nergy, AFerbai@an

=elarus
7iomass: "uropean 7an! for 5econstruction and Deelopment, -88-: 5enewable "nergy 5esource Assessment 2 5enewable "nergy Country
=rofile 7elarus. Aailable at:
Qhttp:<<ws-2-/.myloadspring.com<sites<renew<SharedM-8Documents<CountryM-8;otes<oldM-8websiteM-8countryM-8profiles<7elarus.pdfX
6ind and S'==: 5aslaicius, $., -81-: 5enewable "nergy Sector in 7elarus L A reiew, in: 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews .1A0: */JJ2
*#1/.

7iomass: "nergy Charter Secretariat ."CS0, -81-: (n2Depth 5eiew of "nergy "fficiency =olicy and =rogrammes L 7osnia And 'erFegoina.
Aailable at: http:<<www.encharter.org<fileadmin<userRupload<=ublications<7i'R""R-81-R";G.pdf
6ind and S'==: &ara!osta, C., +louri, ,., Dimopoulou, S. and K. =sarras, -81-: Analysis of renewable energy progress in the western 7al!an
countries: 7osniaL'erFegoina and Serbia. (n: 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews, 1A: *1AA2*1B*
Geothermal: &ara!osta, C., +louri, ,., Dimopoulou, S. and =sarras, K. Analysis of renewable energy progress in the western 7al!an countries:
7osniaL'erFegoina and Serbia. 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews 1A .-81-0 *1AAL*1B*. "$S"D("5.

/roatia
7iomass and S'==: $alic, D., =opows!i, &., Geces!a, D., Dasiles!a, S. =., and V. Tesic -811: Analysis of the opportunities and challenges for
renewable energy mar!et in the 6estern 7al!an countries. (n: 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews, 1*: /1IB2/1J*.
6ind: &ra@acic, G., DraFen, $., Duic, ;., Vel@!o, ,., Arantegui, 5. $., $oisel, 5., and (. 5aguFin, -81/: Analysis of financial mechanisms in support to
new pumped hydropower storage pro@ects in Croatia. (n: Applied "nergy, 181: 1A121B1.
Geothermal: $alic, D., =opos!, &., Geces!a, D., =opos!a, D. and Tesi, V. Analysis of the opportunities and challenges for renewable energy
mar!et in the 6estern 7al!an countries. 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews 1* .-8110 /1IBL /1J*. "$S"D("5.

Georgia
7iomass: 9SA(D, -88I: 5enewable "nergy =otential in Georgia and the =olicy >ptions for its 9tiliFation. Aailable at:
http:<<www.greengeorgia.ge<3%:node<1-/
6ind and S'==: 5aslaicius, $., -81-: 5enewable "nergy Sector in 7elarus L A reiew, in: 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews .1A0: */JJ2
*#1/.

(a)a$!stan
7iomass: The "uropean 7an! for 5econstruction and Deelopment ."75D0, -88J: &aFa!hstan L Country =rofile. Aailable at: Qhttp:<<ws-2
-/.myloadspring.com<sites<renew<countries<!aFa!hstan<profile.asp)X
6ind: 9;D= and The Gef, -81-: Transforming on2Grid 5enewable "nergy ,ar!ets L A 5eiew of 9;D=2G"+ Support for +eed2in Tariffs and
5elated =rice and ,ar!et2Access (nstruments. Aailable at:
http:<<web.undp.org<gef<document<9;D=R+(TR=ortRTransforming5",ar!etsR1*oct-81-.pdf
S'==: "nergy Charter Secretariat ."CS0, -81/: (nestment Climate and ,ar!et Structure 5eiew in the "nergy Sector of &aFa!hstan. Aailable at:
Qhttp:<<www.encharter.org<fileadmin<userRupload<=ublications<&aFa!hstanR(C,SR-81/R";G.pdfX

(yrgy)stan
7iomass and S'==: ,inistry of "nergy of the &yrgyF 5epublic, -818: Deelopment of the 5enewable "nergy Sector in the &yrgyF 5epublic.
Aailable at: http:<<www.unece.org<fileadmin<DA,<energy<se<pp<eneff<AstanaR""+orumRSep-818<d-s-R/RStamalie.pdf
6ind: The "uropean 7an! for 5econstruction and Deelopment ."75D0, -88J: &yrgyFstan L Country =rofile. Aailable at:
http:<<ws-2-/.myloadspring.com<sites<renew<countries<!yrgyFstan<profile.asp)Tsolar

f>7 0acedonia:
7iomass and S'==: $alic, D., =opows!i, &., Geces!a, D., Dasiles!a, S. =., and V. Tesic, -811: Analysis of the opportunities and challenges for
renewable energy mar!et in the 6estern 7al!an countries. (n: 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews, 1*: /1IB2/1J*.
6ind: Goernment of the 5epublic of ,acedonia, -818: The strategy for renewable energy resources e)ploitation up to -8-8. Aailable at:
http:<<www.uncsd-81-.org<content<documents<ABBStrategyRforRutiliFationR5"SR,acedonia.pdf

0oldova
7iomass and 6ind: 5epublic of ,oldaia, -811: "nergy policy of 5epublic of ,oldoa. Aailable at: http:<<ene!en.iee@.or.@p<data</J-/.pdf
S'==: 9nited ;ations "conomic Commission for "urope .9;"C"0 "nergy "fficiency -1 =rogramme, -88J: 5epublic of ,oldoa L "nergy =rofile.
Aailable at: http:<<energyeficiency.clima.md<public<files<"nergy=rofile,oldoa.pdf

0ontenegro:
7iomass: &oaceic, (., -818: 5enewable "nergy Sources in ,ontenegro. Aailable at: http:<<www.energy2
community.org<pls<portal<docs<*AA1J#.=D+
6ind: 5epublic of ,oldaia, -811: "nergy policy of 5epublic of ,oldoa. Aailable at: http:<<ene!en.iee@.or.@p<data</J-/.pdf
S'==: 9nited ;ations Deelopment =rogramme, -81-. ,ontenegro in the conte)t of Sustainable "nergy for All (nitiatie: 5apid Assessment and
Gap Analysis.

7ussian .ederation:
7iomass, 6ind and S'==: The "uropean 7an! for 5econstruction and Deelopment ."75D0, -88J: 5ussia L Country =rofile aailable at:
http:<<www.ebrdrenewables.com<sites<renew<countries<5ussia<default.asp)

2erbia:
7iomass, 6ind and S'==: 5epublic of Serbia, -81/: ;ational 5enewable "nergy Action plan of the 5epublic of Serbia. Aailable at:
http:<<www.energy2community.org<pls<portal<docs<-1##1I*.=D+
All energies: &ara!osta, C., +louri, ,., Dimopoulou, S. and =sarras, K. Analysis of renewable energy progress in the western 7al!an countries:
7osniaL'erFegoina and Serbia. 5enewable and Sustainable "nergy 5eiews 1A .-81-0 *1AAL*1B*. "$S"D("5.

&a'i$istan:
7iomas: Dou!as, '., ,arina!is, D., &ara!osta, C., and K. =sarras, -81-: =romoting 5enewables in the energy sector of Ta@i!istan. (n: 5enewable
"nergy, /J: #112#1I.
6ind: The "uropean 7an! for 5econstruction and Deelopment ."75D0, -88J: Ta@i!istan L Country =rofile. Aailable at: http:<<ws-2
-/.myloadspring.com<sites<renew<countries<ta@i!istan<profile.asp)
S'==: "urasian Deelopment 7an! ."7D0, -811: Small 'ydropower in the C(S L Current Status and Deelopment =rospects. Aailable at:
http:<<www.eabr.org<general<<upload<reports<fullM-8ersionR1#.pdf

&ur$ey
7iomass and S'==: 7enli, '. -81/: =otential of renewable energy in electrical energy production and sustainable energy deelopment of
Tur!ey: =erformance and policies. (n: 5enewable "nergy, *8: //2#A.
6ind and S'==: 7aris, &., and S. &ucu!ali, -81-: Aailability of renewable energy sources in Tur!ey: Current situation, potential, goernment
policies and the "9 perspectie. (n: "nergy =olicy, #-: /BB2/J1

&ur$enistan:
6ind: Deutsche Gesellschaft f[r Technische Vusammenarbeit .GTV0, -88J: Country Chapter L 5epublic of Tur!menistan. Aailable at:
http:<<www.giF.de<Themen<en<do!umente<gtF-88J2en2regionalreport2tur!menistan.pdf
S'==: +ood and Agriculture >rganiFation of the 9nited ;ations .+A>0, -81-: A%uastat L Tur!menistan Country =rofile. Aailable at:
http:<<www.fao.org<nr<water<a%uastat<countriesRregions<T&,<inde).stm.
Geothermal: Deutsche Gesellschaft f[r Technische Vusammenarbeit .GTV0, -88J. Country Chapter: 5epublic of Tur!menistan. Department
6ater, "nergy, Transport Dag2'ammars!@\ld26eg 12*. "schborn, Germany

4$raine:
7iomass, 6ind and S'==: (nstitute for 5enewable "nergy at ;AS of 9!raine, -81/: Deelopment or renewable energy in 9!raine as a
contribution to enironmental stability in "urope and deelopment of new models of cooperation in energy sector. =resented at the -1st >SC"
"conomic And "nironmental +orum +irst =reparatory meeting. Aailable at: http:<<www.osce.org<eea<JJ1J/.

4)be$istan:
7iomass: Center for "conomic 5esearch .C"50, -811: 5enewable "nergy =otential. Aailable at:
http:<<www.cer.uF<upload<ibloc!<b-I<pbR-811R8/Renergiy.pdf.
6ind: 9;D=, -88B: The >utloo! for Deelopment of 5enewable "nergy in 9Fbe!istan. Aailable at:
http:<<www.undp.uF<en<publications<publication.php3id:BJ
S'==: Deutsche Gesellschaft f[r Technische Vusammenarbeit .GTV0, -88J: Country Chapter L 5epublic of 9Fbe!istan. Aailable at:
http:<<www.giF.de<Themen<en<do!umente<gtF-88J2en2regionalreport2uFbe!istan.pdf

Annex 19: 7enewable Energy - 7E2 Policy instruents in t!e E/I2 7egion

Albania
(nternational "nergy Agency .("A0, -81/. Law )%A$)1$ on general regulation o1 the electricit3 su+ sector. =olicy
and measurements: 5enewable energy; $)1.

5epublic of Albania, -81/: $aw ;o. 1/I<-81/ >n 5enewable "nergy Sources.
5enewable "nergy =olicy ;etwor! for the -1th Century .5en-10, -81/: Renewa+les Bnteracti-e (ap Renewa+les
"olic3 Ta+le6 Renewa+le =nerg3 "ro#otion "olicies. 5A-aila+le online at6
http:<<www.map.ren-1.net<pdf<renewablepolicytable.asp)X

Arenia
,inistry of "nergy and ;atural 5esources. The Action =lan of the Goernment of 5epublic of Armenia Aimed at the
(mplementation of the ;ational =rogram on "nergy Saing and 5enewable "nergy of 5epublic of Armenia.

,inistry of "nergy and ;atural 5esources, -88B. ;ational =rogram on "nergy Saing and 5enewable "nergy of
5epublic of Armenia. 5A-aila+le online at
http://www.minenergy.am/images/stories/documents/national__program_english.pdfC

,inistry of "nergy and ;atural 5esources, -88#. The Law o1 the Repu+lic o1 Ar#enia on =nerg3 *a-ing And
Renewa+le =nerg3. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.parlia#ent.a#7legislation.phpDselEshowFB?E$119FlangEengC

9;D= and The G"+, -81-: Armenia: Situational analysis and assessment in the conte)t of Sustainable "nergy for All
(nitiatie: 5apid Assessment L -81-. 5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.natureA
ic.a#7res7Third!$)'ational!$)&o##unication7G=.7*=4ALL!$)Ar#enia:Report!$):='<:.pd1C

A)erbai'an
"nergy Charter Secretariat ."CS0, -81/: (n2Depth 5eiew of the "nergy "fficiency =olicy of AFerbai@an. 5A-aila+le
online at6
http677www.encharter.org71ilead#in7user:upload7"u+lications7A0er+ai9an:==:$)1:='<.pd1C
(;>GAT", -81-. *tatus report $)116 An =nerg3 Re-iew o1 the Bnogate "artner &ountries. 7russels, 7elgium.
5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.inogate.org7#edia7docu#ents7B'@<AT=!$)*tatus!$)Report!$)='.pd1C

,inistry of (ndustry and "nergy, -818. Rules o1 Bssuing *pecial "er#ission to Acti-it3 &oncerning Alternati-e and
Renewa+le =nerg3 *ource.

,inistry of (ndustry and "nergy of the 5epublic of AFerbai@an, -88#. The *tate "rogra# on >se o1 Alternati-e and
Renewa+le =nerg3 *ources. 5A-aila+le online at6 http://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/docs/AZE-Renewale-
Energy-!trategy-en.pdfC

=elarus
Council of ,inisters of 7elarus, -811. ;ational "nergy Saing =rogramme -8112-81*. 5A-aila+le online at6
http://www.pra"o.y/main.asp#$guid%&'()*p+%,-)++)''-*p-%./R0A1C

"conomy Committee of ,ins!, -88B. 'ydropower and wind deelopment programme 2 ,ins! >blast. 5A-aila+le
online at6 http://law.y/work/Engl0ortal.nsf/+/23232+&22A(,,-4,,--3(&5+++53(E67$8pen9ocumentC

"uropean 7an! for 5econstruction and Deelopment, -88-: 5enewable "nergy 5esource Assessment 2 5enewable
"nergy Country =rofile 7elarus. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677ws$A
$.#3loadspring.co#7sites7renew7*hared!$)?ocu#ents7&ountr3!$)'otes7old!$)we+site!$)countr3!$)pro1ile
s7.elarus.pd1C

,inistry of "conomy of 7elarus, -811. Resolution on FeedAin Tari11s 1or electricit3 generated 1ro# renewa+le energ3
sources.

Goernment of +ederation 7i', -811. 5egulation amending regulation on use of renewable energy and co2
generation 5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.1+ih-lada.go-.+a7+osans8i70a8oni7$)117ured+e711hr-.ht#lC

(nternational "nergy Agency .("A0, -81-. ?ecision on the a#ount o1 the 1ee to encourage electricit3 generation
1ro# renewa+le energ3 sources and e11icient coAgeneration; Repu+lic o1 *rps8a. =olicy and measurements:
5enewable energy, -81/.


/roatia

The Goernment of the 5epublic of Croatia, -81-: The Tariff System for "lectricity =roduction from 5enewable
"nergy Sources and C'=. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677narodneAno-ine.nn.hr7clanci7slu0+eni7$)1$:)6:6:1%)8.ht#lC

The Goernment of the 5epublic of Croatia, -88B. Regulation on Bncenti-e Fees to "ro#ote =lectricit3 "roduction
1ro# R=* and cogeneration. =ursuant to Article -I, paragraph / of the "nergy Act .>fficial GaFette AI<-881 and
1BB<-88#0. 5A-aila+le online at6 http677releel.#ingorp.hr7>ser?ocsB#ages7$:Bncenti-es:1or:R=*:&/"::)7.pd1C

The 5epublic of Croatia ,inistry of "conomy, $abour and "ntrepreneurship, -88J. =nerg3 *trateg3 o1 The Repu+lic
@1 &roatia. Vagreb, Croatia

Georgia
"nergy Charter Secretariat, -81-. BnA?epth Re-iew o1 =nerg3 =11icienc3 "olicies and "rogra##es6 <eorgia. 7russels,
7elgium. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.encharter.org71ilead#in7user:upload7"u+lications7<eorgia:==:$)1$:='<.pd1C


T+ilisi; B-ane Ha-a8hish-ili; $)11. Renewa+le =nerg3 in => 4 <eorgia6 Legal and Regulator3 "erspecti-e. *tate
>ni-ersit3ABnstitute o1 =uropean *tudies; ,hatuna ?id+arid0e.

9SA(D, -88I: 5enewable "nergy =otential in Georgia and the =olicy >ptions for its 9tiliFation 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.greengeorgia.ge7DIEnode71$C

(a)a$!stan

5epublic of &aFa!hstan, -81-: The $aw of the 5epublic of &aFa!hstan on Amending Certain $egislatie Acts
5egarding the (mproement of the 5egulatory Approal System. Aailable at:
http:<<www.monda%.com<)<1BJI*#<$awO>nOAmendingOCertainO$egislatieOActsO5egardingO(mproementO>fOT
heO5egulatoryOApproalOSystemOChangesO(nO$awO>nOArchitectureOTown=lanningOAndOConstructionOActiity

5epublic of &aFa!hstan, -88J: The $aw of the 5epublic of &aFa!hstan about support of use of Sources of "nergy.
Aailable at:
http:<<www.!aFembassy.org.u!<img<881M-8$awM-8ofM-8theM-85&M-8onM-8supportM-8ofM-8useM-8ofM-8r
enewableM-8sourcesM-8ofM-8energy.10.pdf

(yrgy)stan

&yrgyF 5epublic, 1JJA: $aw on "nergy. Aailable at: http:<<www.hydroinest.biF<en<laws2and2regulations<1/A2
energy2law2!yrgyFstan

&yrgyF 5epublic, -88I: $aw of the &yrgyF 5epublic on 5enewable "nergy Sources. Aailable at:
http:<<www.hydroinest.biF<en<laws2and2regulations<1/I2res2law2!yrgyFstan

&yrgyF 5epublic, -88I: ;ational "nergy =rogramme, Aailable at:
http:<<www.carecprogram.org<uploads<pages<countries<&GV2;ational2"nergy2=rogram2-88I2-8182en.pdf

f>7 0acedonia
"nergy 5egulatory Commission of the 5epublic of ,acedonia, -81/: Tariffs for 5enewable "nergy Sources -81/.
5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.erc.org.#87pages:en.aspJDidE16$C

Goernment of the 5epublic of ,acedonia, -818: The strategy for renewable energy resources e)ploitation up to
-8-8. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.uncsd$)1$.org7content7docu#ents7677*trateg3:1or:utili0ation:R=*:(acedonia.pd1C


See 2Change ;etwor! .S""C;0 c, -81/: (nest in 'aste, 5epent at $eisure 2 Are (+(s behaing as if "9 accession
criteria and e)treme energy losses do not e)ist in South "ast "urope. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677+an8watch.org7sites7de1ault71iles7*==ABFBAenerg3.pd1C

0oldova
5epublic of ,oldaia, -811: "nergy policy of 5epublic of ,oldoa. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677ene8en.iee9.or.9p7data79$.pd1C

0ontenegro
5egulatory "nergy Agency of ,ontenegro, -811. Regulator3 1ra#ewor8 1or renewa+le. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.oieAres.#e7indeJ.phpDpageE0a8onAoAenergeticiC

The Goernment of ,ontenegro, -811. ?ecree on Tari11 Bncenti-es 1or Renewa+le =nerg3 and =11icient
&ogeneration. =ursuant to Article -8, =aragraph - of the "nergy $aw .1>fficial GaFette of
,ontenegro4, ;o. -I<180. 5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.oieA
res.#e7uploads7archi-e7'ews!$)$)1)7=:?ecree!$)on!$)the!$)tari11!$)s3ste#.pd1C

7ussian .ederation
,inistry of "nergy of the 5ussian +ederation, -818. =nerg3 *trateg3 o1 Russia 1or the "eriod up to $)). Approed
by Decree ;]1B1*2r of the Goernment of the 5ussian +ederation dated 1/ ;oember, -88J L ,oscow, 5ussia
+ederation. QA-aila+le online at6 http677www.energ3strateg3.ru7pro9ects7docs7=*A$)):(=ng).pd1X

,inistry of "nergy of the 5ussian +ederation, -88J. *tate "olic3 <uidelines 1or "ro#oting Renewa+le =nerg3 in the
"ower *ector.


2erbia
,inistry of (nfrastructure and "nergy, -88J. +eed2in tariffs for renewable energy sources and combined heat and
power generation. 5A-aila+le online at6 http://www.ssl-
link.com/mre/cms/mestoZa:pload7a;lo"e/9ecree_on_feed_in_tariffs_-_8<_22--++2.pdfC

5epublic of Serbia, -81/: ;ational 5enewable "nergy Action plan of the 5epublic of Serbia. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.energ3Aco##unit3.org7pls7portal7docs7$14418%."?FC


Serbian "nergy Agency .A"5S0, -81/: Decree on incentie measures for priileged power producers. 5A-aila+le
online at6
http677www.aers.rs7FBL=*7@B=7=ng7$)1A)$A
)$!$)?ecree!$)on!$)Bncenti-e!$)(easures!$)1or!$)"ri-ileged!$)"ower!$)"roducers.pd1C

Tesic, ,., &iss, +., and V. Vaargo, -811: 5enewable energy policy in the 5epublic of Serbia. (n: Renewa+le and
*ustaina+le =nerg3 Re-iews, 1*: B*-2B*I.

&a'i$istan

The "uropean 7an! for 5econstruction and Deelopment ."75D0, -88J: Ta@i!istan L Country =rofile. Aailable at:
http:<<ws-2-/.myloadspring.com<sites<renew<countries<ta@i!istan<profile.asp)

9;D=, -81-: Sustainable "nergy +or All LTa@i!istan 5apid Assessment and Gap Analysis. Aailable at:
http:<<www.undp.t@<files<reports<S"#A$$RTAKR5apidRAssessmentR+inalR"nglish.pdf

&ur$enistan
5enewable "nergy =olicy ;etwor! for the -1th Century .5en-10, -81/: 5enewables -81/ Global Status 5eport.
Aailable at:
http:<<www.ren-1.net<5";-1Actiities<GlobalStatus5eport.asp)

&ur$ey
7enli, '. -81/: =otential of renewable energy in electrical energy production and sustainable energy deelopment
of Tur!ey: =erformance and policies. (n: Renewa+le =nerg3, *8: //2#A.
&=,G (nternational Cooperatie, -81-. TaJes and incenti-es 1or renewa+le energ3. 5A-aila+le online at6
http:<<www.!pmg.com<Global<en<(ssuesAnd(nsights<Articles=ublications<Documents<ta)es2incenties2renewable2
energy2-81-/.pdfX

The 5epublic of Tur!ey =rime ,inistry (nestment Support and =romotion Agency; -88*. Law'o.6)946 Law on
A#end#ents on the Law on >tili0ation o1 Renewa+le =nerg36 Resources 1or the "urpose o1 <enerating =lectrical
=nerg3. Tur!ey. 5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.in-est.go-.tr7enA
>*7in1ocenter7pu+lications7?ocu#ents7R='=GA.L=.='=R<2.pd1C

5enewable energy policy database and support .5es$egal0, -81/: An initiatie of the "uropean Commission L
Tur!ey. 5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.resAlegal.euC

5epublic of Tur!ey, -88*: $aw on 9tiliFation of 5"S for the =urpose of Generating "lectrical "nergy 5A-aila+le
online at6 http677www.eie.go-.tr7eieA
we+7english7announce#ents72=,:8anunu7LawonRenewa+le=nerg3Reources.pd1C

5epublic of Tur!ey, -88-: "lectricity ,ar!et $icensing 5egulation. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.ongurergan.a-.tr7enA='7#e-0uat7=lectric!$)(ar8et!$)Licensing!$)Regulation.docC

Tur!ish "lectricity Transmission Company .T"(AS0, -81/: Tur!ish "lectricity =roduction =lanning Study .-88*2-8-80.
5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.teias.go-.tr7=ng7ap8ureti#plani7-eriler.ht#K:Toc86$194$)C

4$raine
(nternational "nergy Agency .("A0, -88*. $aw on Combined 'eat and =ower .cogeneration0 and 6aste "nergy
=otential in 9!raine. 5A-aila+le online at6
http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/ukraine/name=&'65(=en.phpC

,inistry of +uel and "nergy, -88/. $aw on Alternatie "nergy Sources. 5A-aila+le online at6
http://>akon).rada.go".ua/laws/show/333-)3C

>"CD, -81-: =riate Sector Deelopment =olicy 'andboo! 2 Attracting (nestment in 5enewable "nergy in 9!raine.
5A-aila+le online at6 http677www.oecd.org7countries7u8raine7>8raineRenewa+le=nerg3.pd1X


4)be$istan
5epublic of 9Fbe!istan, 1JJB: $aw on the 5ational 9se of 5enewable "nergy Source, Aailable at:
http:<<www.unescap.org<esd<publications<energy<compend<ceccpart#chapter1-.htmT/ "conomic

Annex 1?: 7enewable Energy - 7E2 Policy instruents in t!e E/I2 7egion
Indicator Definition
/apital subsidy@ grant@ or
rebate
>ne2time payments by the goernment to
coer a percentage of the capital cost of an
inestment.
&ax incentives
(ncludes all ta) incenties such as: inestment
ta) credits, production ta) credits or
reductions in sales, energy, carbon, e)cise,
DAT, etc.
Public copetitive
bidding
Tendering system for contracts to construct
and operate a particular pro@ect, or a fi)ed
%uantity of renewable capacity in a country or
state.
Public investent@ loans
or financing
=roides infrastructure pro@ects and use of
public benefits, funds, loans etc.
.eed-in-tariff
Set a fi)ed, guaranteed rate that power
producers will be paid through a standard ==A
for eery !6h fed into the grid and usually
guarantees grid access to 5" generators.
Electric utility #uota
obligation; 7P2
Generally called 5enewable =ortfolio Standard
.5=S0, renewables obligations or %uota
policies. A standard re%uiring that a minimum
percentage of generation sold or capacity
installed be proided by renewable energy.
>bligated utilities are re%uired to ensure that
the target is met.
&radable renewable
Certificates proide a tool for trading and
meeting renewable energy obligations among
consumers and<or producers, and also a
means for oluntary green power purchases.
They operate by offering ^green certificates^
for eery !6h or ,6h generated by a
renewable producer. The alue of these
certificates, which can be traded on a mar!et,
is added to the basic payment for the
renewably generated electricity.
1aw in renewable energy
The 1$aw on renewable energy4 is considered
a specific legislation such as legally binding
targets for 5", defined feed2in2tariffs for 5"S,
preferential grid2access for 5"S or as part of
other legislation on energy.
2ource: Aut!orJs creation"

Annex 1A: 7enewable Energy E 7enewable Energy &argets

Annex 1A is based on data accessed fro t!e following sites:

Albania@ =osnia and 3er)egovina@ /roatia@ .orer >ugoslav 7epublic of 0acedonia@ 0oldova@ 0ontenegro@ 2erbia@ 4$raine and (osovo:
"nergy Community ."C0, -81-: =nerg3 &o##unit3 (inisterial &ouncil adopts Renewa+le =nerg3 $)$) targets. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.energ3Aco##unit3.org7portal7page7portal7='&:/@(=7'=G*7'ews:?etailsDp:new:idE64$C

4elarus:
5epublic of 7elarus, -81/. (n2Depth 5eiew of the "nergy "fficiency =olicy of T'" 5"=97$(C >+ 7"$A59S. Aailable online at Q
http:<<www.encharter.org<fileadmin<userRupload<=ublications<7elarusR""R-81/R";G.pdfX

(a)a$!stan:
9nited ;ations Deelopment =rogramme .9;D=0, -81/. Sustainable "nergy for All 5egional Cuestionnaire on 5enewable "nergy, &aFa!hstan.
=rogramme for "nergy Generation Deelopment of 5& , -8182-81#. .http:<<www.mint.go.!F<0

&ur$ey:
5epublic of Tur!ey =rime ,inistry 9ndersecretariat of State =lanning >rganiFation, -88J. =lectricit3 =nerg3 (ar8et and *uppl3 *ecurit3 *trateg3
"aper. Secretariat of the 'igher 7oard of =lanning. 5A-aila+le online at6
http677www.ener9i.go-.tr73a3inlar:raporlar:='7Ar0:<u-enligi:*trate9i:.elgesi:='.pd1C

A)erbai'an:
5enewable "nergy Target of AFerbai@an, -811. Aailable at:
http:<<www.abemda.aF<uploads<A7",DAM-8preFintation.pdf

7ussian .ederation:
(nternational +inancial Corporation, -811, Renewa+le =nerg3 "olic3 in Russia AGa8ing the <reen <iant. Russia Renewa+le "nergy =rogramm and
The G"+.

Annex 1D: 7enewable Energy E Evolution of renewable energy in t!e E/I2 7egion

&able A1D"1: "olution of renewable energy between -888 and -818 and the component annual growth

Source: ("A .-8180.

2ub-region
3ydroelectricity 2olar <ind Geot!eral =ioass
-CCC -C1C /AG7 -CCC -C1C /AG7 -CCC -C1C /AG7 -CCC -C1C /AG7 -CCC -C1C /AG7
<= and &ur$ey -1#,A/I /-#,-/I 8"-H 11,811 1I,*I- 9"8H 11J 11,888 9A"5H -I,A1I I/,/8J 11"5H /#I,-A* -AJ,AAA --"9H
</I2 #8,J88 #B,I8- 1"?H 8 8 C"CH -- 1I# -5"BH 8 8 C"CH #B,**1 1-#,*JJ 1C"1H
/aucasus /1,1A# **,//I 9"BH 8 8 C"CH 8 -J C"CH -*8 8 -1CCH -B,8*1 1*,8B8 -9"AH
/entral Asia 1#I,8AJ 1A-,1B/ C"BH 8 8 C"CH 8 8 C"CH 8 8 C"CH /,--I -,-B8 -5"9H
7ussia *J8,BI# *JJ,##B C"1H 8 8 C"CH B 1# A"-H 8 1B,JII C"CH 1A/,8I- 1-/,#-/ --"AH
E/I2 7egion 1@C-9@999 1@1DD@BBB 1"9H 11@C11 1D@9D- 9"8H 18D 11@--A 98"-H -D@D?A 1C1@-BA 15"8H 9DB@1AA 959@C-D -1"CH
Annex 1B: 7enewable Energy E Iports and exports in ters of renewable and non-
renewable in t!e E/I2 7egion

&able A1B"1: (mports and e)ports in terms of renewable and non2renewable and the share of 5" by
country

7EGIO: /ountry &PE2 in 7E
7enewables %&I* :on-7enewable %&I*
I0PO7&2 EKPO7&2 I0PO7& EKPO7&
/E:&7A1
A2IA
&aFa!hstan
/8JJ#.881 8 8 #I*,AI8 2/,I-A,#-1
&yrgyFstan
/B/##.AA* 8 8 JB,1IJ 2B,-A#
Ta@i!istan
*B8*-.-AI 8 8 /A,--* 21,A*-
Tur!menistan
18.I8- 8 8 /,AI8 21,8/*,JA*
9Fbe!istan
/J8#1.8/1 8 8 AI,/-/ 2*#/,J#*
<E2&E7:
=A1(A:2
A:D
&47(E>
Albania
/A1*1.*J# 8 8 **,1/- 2/1,**/
7osnia and
'erFegoina /A**-./1/ 8 8 1/B,1BJ 2**,AIB
Croatia
#B/IJ.*1 -JI.BB 2#*1#.A-A -JB,I/* 218*,#-*
Serbia
I*JIA.JJ1 #1.JJ# 21-*.JI1 -*I,8*1 2/I,I//
fG5 ,acedonia
1BI*/.AII /#-.J#1 2BA.A1I AB,1BB 21#,/JA
Tur!ey
#IAB#1./// 8 8 /,/J-,1-* 2-JB,BIB
<E2&E7:
/I2
7elarus
A1#B8.*1# 8 8 1,#A*,/-B 2#IA,-1*
9!raine
18J/-8.IA* 8 8 -,1/*,B#I 2/B8,*-#
,oldoa
/-I1.IA* 8 8 18#,1AB 2*8/
5ussian
+ederation B#8IB1.IIA -.81 2#.81J J*I,--/ 2-*,-8/,J#8
/A4/A242
Armenia J-B8.#*#
8 8 B*,8#/ 2/,J-#
AFerbai@an 1-#11.#/# 8 8 1,#*- 2-,-8A,#/I
Georgia
*8ABI.8/- 8 8 I*,1#J 2B,B-I
E/I2 7egion 1D?-8-5"-8? ?D9"A19 -8A-1"-88 B@A-5@AC9 -58@-5D@-C-
Source: ("A .-8180

Annex -C: 7enewable Energy - &rac$ing Issues

&able A-C"1: $ist of indicators used for analysis in the 5enewable "nergy chapter ."C(S 5egion0
Indicator 4nit Definition
&otal priary renewable energy supply L TK According to ("A .-81-0
I
, Total =rimary "nergy Supply .T="S0 is e%uialent to total
primary energy demand. This represents inland demand only and, e)cept for
world energy demand, e)cludes international marine and aiation bun!ers.
&otal priary renewable energy supply
%excluding !ydroelectricity*
TK The same definition with T="S, but e)cluding hydroelectric power
2!are of 7E in &PE2L M The percentage of renewable energy in the T="S
2!are of 7E in &PE2 %excluding
!ydroelectricity*
M The same definition as the Share of T="S, e)cluding hydroelectric power.
Electricity output G6h 5epresents the gross electricity production in terms of renewable energy, and is
measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a stationN it therefore includes
the energy ta!en by station au)iliaries and losses in transformers that are
considered integral parts of the station.
Electricity output %excluding
!ydroelectricity*
G6h The same definition as "lectricity output, e)cluding hydroelectric power
2!are of renewable energy in electricity
output
M The percentage of renewable energy in the total electricity output
2!are of renewable energy in electricity
output %excluding !ydroelectricity*
M The same definition of Share as 5" in electricity output, e)cluding hydroelectric
power
3eat output TK According to ("A, heat output .production0 includes all heat produced by main
actiity producer C'= and heat plants, as well as heat sold by auto producer C'=
and heat plants to third parties.
/oponent annual growt! rate %/AG7* M 5epresents the eolution of renewable energy supply from -888 to -818. The
indicator shows the year2oer2year growth rate of eoling renewable energy in
ten years. The compound annual growth rate is calculated by ta!ing the root of
the total percentage growth rate, where n is the number of years in the period
being considered. The calculation is: CAG5 : ."nding alue<beginning
alue0_.1<n. of years021.
/oponent annual growt! rate %/AG7*
%excluding !ydroelectricity*
M The same definition as the CAG5 in Share of 5" in electricity output, e)cluding
hydroelectric power
Policy targets ")isten
ce of
Countries with specific target for renewable energy in final energy consumption
and electricity production or consumption.
.eed-in-tariff L ")isten
ce of
+eed2in2tariffs is an economic policy created to promote actie inestment in and
production of renewable energy sources. (t typically ma!es use of long2term
agreements and pricing tied to costs of production for renewable energy
producers.
2pecific legislation for 7E2L ")isten
ce of
;umber of countries with specific legislation or regulations supporting the
deelopment of renewable within the electricity, heat sectors.
7enewable energy installed capacity ,6 (nstalled capacity is the amount of energy that a power station is able to
produce
J
.
&ec!nical potential of renewable energy ,6 Technical potential is defined by (=CC .-81-0 as the amount of renewable energy
obtainable by full implementation of demonstrated technologies or practices.
Technical potential represents the achieable energy generation of a particular
technology .in this case solar, hydroelectricity, wind and biomass0 gien system
performance, topographic limitations, enironmental, and land2use constraints.
7enewable energy supply per capita ,6h<
capita
5epresents the 5" in T="S per capita.
&otal priary energy supply per capita ,6h<
capita
5epresents the T="S per capita .Total energy0.
7enewable installed capacity per capita ,6h<
capita
5epresents the installed capacity of 5" per capita.
&ec!nical potential of renewable energy
per capita
,6<
capita
5epresents the technical potential of renewable energy per capita.
;ote: The use set of indicators mar!ed 1E4 is recommended by the S"#A$$ GT+. The rest were specifically deeloped to
illustrate, as efficiently as possible, the state of affairs in renewable energy in the "C(S region with a social element embedded.

8
IEA, 2012 Definition of Total Primary Energy Supply (Online at: http://www.iea.org/stats/defs/Tpes.asp)
9
According to the GTF methodology, Small, distributed grid-connected generation, such as small-scale photovoltaic (PV) or
wind and solar water heating. These may not be included in statistical reports, and a correction based on installed capacity may
be needed. Indeed, current practice is inconsistent across countries (Banerjee, 2013).

&able A-C"-: $ist of indicators used for the 5enewable "nergy chapter ."C(S 5egion0 and the indicators
suggested from the Global Trac!ing +ramewor!.
Indicator Definition 4nit >ear 2ource
G&.
1C

2ituation
&otal priary renewable energy
supply %&PE2*
According to ("A, Total =rimary
"nergy Supply is e%uialent to
total primary energy demand.
This represents inland demand
only and, e)cept for world energy
demand, e)cludes international
marine and aiation bun!ers.
TK -818 ("A ` 9tilised
&otal final energy consuption
%&.E/*
Total +inal "nergy Consumption
.T+"C0 figures heat and electricity
are reported directly in the form
ready for consumption.
11

TK 2 ("A ` ;ot utilised
Deployent diversification According to GT+ 1;umber of
countries e)ceeding threshold
capacity leels for !ey
technologies, which would
identify only those countries with
a larger absolute and globally
significant leel of production
.188 ,604.
,6 -818 ("A ` 9tilised
&otal priary renewable energy
supply %excluding
!ydroelectricity*
The same definition of total
primary energy supply, but
e)cluding hydroelectricity.
TK -818 ("A 9tilised
2!are of 7E in &PE2 The M of renewable energy in the
total primary energy supply
M -818 ("A ` 9tilised
2!are of 7E in &PE2 %excluding
!ydroelectricity*
The same definition of Share of
T="S, but e)cluding
hydroelectricity of the account.
M -818 ("A 9tilised
Electricity output 5epresent the gross electricity
production in terms of renewable
energy, and is measured at the
terminals of all alternator sets in
a stationN it therefore includes the
energy ta!en by station au)iliaries
and losses in transformers that
are considered integral parts of
the station.
G6h -818 ("A ` 9tilised
Electricity output %excluding
!ydroelectricity*
The same definition of "lectricity
output, but e)cluding
hydroelectricity.
G6h -818 ("A 9tilised
2!are of renewable energy in
electricity output
The M of renewable energy in the
total electricity output
M -818 ("A 9tilised
2!are of renewable energy in
electricity output %excluding
!ydroelectricity*
The same definition of Share of
5" in electricity output, but
e)cluding hydroelectricity.
M -818 ("A 9tilised
3eat output According to ("A, heat output
.production0 includes all heat
produced by main actiity
producer C'= and heat plants, as
well as heat sold by auto
producer C'= and heat plants to
third parties.
TK -818 ("A 9tilised
/oponent annual growt! rate 5epresents the eolution of M -8882 ("A 9tilised

10
Represents the indicator suggested in the Global Tracking Framework (GTF).
11
According to GTF, advantages of TFC are: heat and electricity in form ready for consumption; closer to useful energy output
valued by end-users and better balance for directly produced RE. Disadvantages are: Losses need to be allocated.
%/AG7* renewable energy supply from
-888 to -818. The indicator
shows the year2oer2year growth
rate of eoling renewable
energy in ten years. The
compound annual growth rate is
calculated by ta!ing the root of
the total percentage growth rate,
where n is the number of years in
the period being considered. The
calculation is: CAG5 : ."nding
alue<beginning alue0_.1<n. of
years021.
-818
/oponent annual growt! rate
%/AG7* %excluding
!ydroelectricity*
The same definition of
Component annual growth rate
.CAG50 Share of 5" in electricity
output, but e)cluding
hydroelectricity.
M
-8882
-818
("A 9tilised
:uber of countries wit! policy
targets
Countries with specific targets for
renewable energy in final energy
consumption and electricity
production or consumption.
2 2
,any
sources
` 9tilised
&ec!nology costs Costs of e%uipment for each
technology
2 2 2 ` ;ot aailable
&otal installed pro'ect cost Total installed pro@ect cost,
including fi)ed financing costs
&!e levelised cost of energy
%1/OE*
&!e levelised cost of energy
%1/OE*
Investent on renewable
energy

:uber of countries wit! .eed-
in-tariff
Set a fi)ed, guaranteed rate that
power producers will be paid
through a standard ==A for eery
!6h fed into the grid and usually
guarantees grid access to 5"
generators.
2 2
,any
sources
9tilised
:uber of countries wit! a
specific legislation for
renewables
;umber of countries with specific
legislation or regulations
supporting the deelopment of
renewables within the electricity,
heat sectors.
2 2
,any
sources
` 9tilised
7enewable installed capacity
%excluding large !ydroelectricity
and including sall
!ydroelectricity*
(nstalled capacity is the amount
of energy that a power station is
able to produce.
1-

,6 -81-
,any
sources

9tilised
7enewable installed capacity
%including large !ydroelectricity
and excluding sall
!ydroelectricity*

,6 -81-
5enew
able
+acts

9tilised
&ec!nical potential in ters of
renewable energy
Technical potential is defined by
(=CC .-81-0 as the amount of
renewable energy obtainable by
full implementation of
demonstrated technologies or
practices. Technical potential
represents the achieable energy
generation of a particular
technology .in this case solar,
hydroelectricity, wind and
biomass0 gien system
performance, topographic
,6 -81-
,any
sources

9tilised

12
According to the GTF methodology: Small, distributed grid-connected generation, such as small-scale photovoltaic (PV) or
wind and solar water heating. These may not be included in statistical reports, and a correction based on installed capacity may
be needed. Indeed, current practice is inconsistent across countries.
limitations, enironmental, and
land2use constraints
7enewable energy supply per
capita
5epresents the 5" in T="S per
capita.
!6h<
capita -818
("A,
6orld
7an!

9tilised
&ec!nical potential in ters of
renewable energy per capita
5epresents the technical
potential of renewable energy
per capita.
,6<
capita -8882
-81-
6orld
7an!,
many
sources

9tilised
Source: Authors creation based on .-81/0

Annex -1: 4:DP - 2E8A11 7egional 6uestionnaire on 7enewable Energy %Indicator
Definitions and 4nits for 7enewable Energy*

1" 7enewable Energy policy instruents
a. .inancial incentives: adoption of fiscal, financial and economic incenties at the country leel .please
describe the financial incentie0N
b. 7egulatory policies in 7enewable Energy: specific legislation or regulation supporting the
deelopment of the renewables within the electricity, heat and transport sector .please specify the
legislation0N
c. Policy targets %H;year*: policy target in renewable energy and leel of that target in each country

-" /ountries reac!ing target levels of renewable energy as a proportion %H* of energy deand: (f a country
proportion .M0 target for renewable energy e)ists, is this target yet achieed3 .yes<no0

5" &ec!nology progress
a" &ec!nology cost %42D*:
- "%uipments costs .9SD0: aerage of e%uipment cost for each renewable technologyN
- Total installed pro@ect cost .9SD0: total installed pro@ect cost, including fi)ed financing costsN
- The leelised costs of electricity L $C>" .9SD0: is the price of electricity re%uired for a pro@ect
where reenue would e%ual costs.
b. Evolution of renewable energy per tec!nology %G<!;year*: The progress of technology for each
renewable in the past of years

#. Investent in 7enewable Energy %42D*: Total inestment in renewable energy from public and priate
sectorN
9" Potential for 7enewable Energy %G<!;year*: =otential for renewable energy in terms of hydro, biomass,
solar, geothermal and windN

A. Inforation on =ioenergy use: =articularly relating to 1traditional biomass
1/
4 (ssues with 7iomass L
Traditional ersus ,odern:
a. 7iomass used for coo!ing and heating .G6h<year0N
b. 7iomass used to produce household electricity more efficiently L ia improed coo!ing and heating
appliances. And if possible, to produce heat efficiently for commercial and industrial needs, as well
as electricity and transport .G6h<year0.

1/
Traditional solid fuels consisting of: wood, charcoal, coal, dung, crop wastes

Sustainable Energy and Human Development - Annex

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Sustainable Energy and Human Development - Annex

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Annex 1: Energy Access - Overview of data gaps

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