Pure substances have a fixed composition and fixed properties.
They cannot be decomposed by
simple physical separation techniques. Impure Substances are mixtures. They have variables composition and variable properties. They can be separated into their components by various physical separation techniques. Pure substances can be further classified into elements and compounds. Elements are the simplest pure substances consisting of only one type of atom. They cannot be broken down (or decomposed). Compounds are also pure substances. They composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded together. They are composed of a fixed number of atoms of each component element. They can be decomposed into their component element or into simpler compounds. Lithosphere Solids and Rock found in the crust Hydrosphere All the water (ocean, ice, lakes, and rivers) found on earth Atmosphere Mixture of Gases Biosphere All living things Elements Compounds Mixtures Oxygen (O) Water (H2O) Air Sliver (Ag) Silver Oxide (Ag2O) Brass Magnesium, (Mg) Magnesium Sulfide (MgS) Steel Silicon (Si) Silicon Dioxide (SiO2 Sand Homogeneous Mixture A mixture in which all the particles are uniformly distributed Heterogeneous Mixture A mixture in which the particles are not uniformly distributed Atom the smallest part of an element that can take part take part in a chemical reaction Molecules The smallest part of a pure substance that can exist separately. Molecules are usually composed of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. E.g. Helium and Argon Ion- Charged atoms or charged molecules. Tons can be positively (Cations) or negatively (anions) charged. Protons Positively charged atoms Neutrons Have no charge Electrons Negatively charged particles Atomic Number Number of protons in the nucleus Mass number Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Isotopes Atoms of an element that have different masses due to difference in the number of neutrons present in the nucleus. E.g. Carbon Octet- Elements that have 8 electrons in their outer shell Valence shell - The outer shell of an atom Metals lose electrons to achieve configuration. They form negative Ions. Non Metals gain electrons. To achieve noble gas configuration they form negative ions. Matter can be classified according to the state in which it is found at the temperature of 25. The three states of matter are Solid, Liquid and Gas. Particles in a solid: Are constantly vibrating Stay in fixed positions Are close together Particles in a liquid: Slide around each other Are close together Particles in a gas are: Moving fast Far Apart
Changing of State (a) How can a solid be changed to a liquid? Heating or Melting (b) How can a liquid be changed to a gas? Heating or Boiling (c) How can a liquid be changed to a gas? Cooling or Condensing (d) How can a liquid be changed to a solid? Cooling or Freezing Mixture Separated Process used Difference in property which enables separation Examples Solid and Liquid Filtering Liquids of different densities separate into different layers Decanting Clear solution poured off after solids sink to the bottom Particle Size Sediment from wine Dissolved solid in liquid Evaporation One component of the mixture evaporates more readily Crystallisation liquid evaporated off leaving crystals Boiling points/evaporation (Volatility) Salts and fresh water salt water Liquids dissolved in liquid Distillation & Fractional Distillation (20-30) separation of components with different boiling points in a liquid mixture by boiling the mixture Boiling points Petroleum fractions from crude oil Liquids that do not mix Separating Funnel Different densities Oil and water Gases Liquefaction ( Cool Gases to liquid) then fractional distillation Gases have different boiling points Nitrogen and oxygen in the air Solid + Magnetic solid Magnetic Separation Separation of components with different magnetic properties by passing the mixture through a magnetic field Magnetic Vs. Non- Magnetic
Solid + Solid Sieving Passing components according to size through a perforated barrier Particle size Solids in liquid Centrifugation Use of a spinning motion to separate components of a mixture that have different densities or exist in different states Different Densities Cream from milk Magnetic solid + Magnetic solid Chromatography Separation of components with different magnetic properties by passing the mixture through a magnetic field Different magnetic strengths Chemical laboratory