Table 1-dependence of absorbed energy (for crack propagation) over temperature

The table above shows the fracture behavior of Fe-0.4wt% carbon as a function of
temperature. The temperature is in the range of 20C (room temperature) and
-70C.

Heat treatment Energy(J)
Normalized 20C 50
Heated to 950C and quenched 2
heated to 950C, quenched then tempered to
680C and allowed to cool in air
123
Table 2-dependence of fracture behavior over heat treatment
The table shows how the energy absorption changes when different heat
treatment is applied to the samples. On sample 2 the low absorption of energy is
due to the martensite formed which is extremely brittle. After tempering, some
20, 50
0, 39
-20, 30
-40, 29
-70, 26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
E
n
e
r
g
y

J

Temperature C
Fracture dependence on heat treatment
Specimen (Number) Temperature (C) Energy (J)
1 20 50
2 0 39
3 -20 30
4 -40 29
5 -70 26
the carbon has formed Fe
3
C. This process allows the material to become more
ductile and as a result more energy is needed during propagation of cracks.
Percentage carbon in steel Energy (J)
0.1 wt% 114
0.4 wt% 50
Table 3- dependence of energy absorption on percentage carbon in steels at room temperature
Ferrite - iron
It is a solid solution of carbon and iron, where the iron is the main element. Ferrite has a body-
centered cubic crystal structure (packing fraction 0.68) which explains the medium strength (=
280 N/mm
2
). This structure is stable at low temperature and remains in this phase up to 910 C.
Then it transforms to austenite (

iron) with FCC structure. Ferrite contains very little carbon due
to the size of the C atoms (twice as big as Fe atoms) as carbon atoms are interstitial impurities in
Fe structure. So at 0 C there is only 0.005 wt% C and the highest amount of C that can be
dissolved is 0.022 wt%, reached at 727 C. Other key property is that ferrite is hard (80 kgf/m
2
)
and ductile. It also has high electrical resistance and high magnetic permeability.
Cementite - Fe
3
C
Is a chemical compound with crystal lattice structure. Its carbon content exceeds 6.67 wt%. This
compound could be formed during cooling of austenite or tempering of martensite. Due to the
high amount of carbon this compound is very hard and brittle. Also it is solid and inert as a
result it could withstand crushing forces, chemical erosion as well as very high temperatures.
This intermetallic compound is metastable, it remains as a compound at room T, but
decomposes (very slowly, within several years) into -Fe and C (graphite) at 650 - 700 C
Pearlite
Pearlite is formed when cooling austenite below 727C with 0.77 wt% of carbon-an eutectoid
reaction. At that point when the temperature drops, austenite transforms to a particular
mixture of cementite (11%) and ferrite (89%). The process requires diffusion of all carbon
atoms. Thus the formation of pearlites takes time and the process is considered relatively slow.
This material is extremely strong (due to the small grain size of the ferrite) and brittle.


2
a) Ferrite starts to form at 880C
b) Austenite (37%) and ferrite (63%)
c) Pearlite- 11% Fe
3
C and 89% ferrite
3 Martensite
Martensite is formed when austenite of high temperature is cooled very quickly so the carbon
does not have time to diffuse during the transformation and as a result it remains trapped in a
low temperature ferrite structure. This iron phase is called martensite. The carbon inside the
structure creates a lot of disturbances and impacts the movement of dislocations. Once unable
to distort the material becomes extremely strong, hard and brittle.
a) 0.8 wt% carbon steel is known to be unweldable. This is because its CEV is over 0.4 wt%.
In this case, the cooling rate of the steel is very high and allowed to cool a hard and
brittle phase will easily develop. The formation of martensite may lead to failure of the
steel when load is applied. However, there are ways to make 0.8 wt% carbon steel more
receptive to welding. The first one is preheating. Preheating protects the parent metal
by helping prevent hardening of the weld as brittle phases form. So creating softer, more
ductile structure better resists cracking. Another method of improving 0.8 wt% carbon
steel is by post heating. When the martensite has formed, tempering will result in
increase of toughness as the amount of carbon trapped in the structure forms cementite
and hence increase the ductility of the HAZ.
b) 0.1% carbon steel is highly weldable. Its CE value is under 0.4 wt% following a formation
of strong and very ductile material in the heat affected zones, if welded. Because of all it
properties it could be used in nearly all welding processes with high quality results.
c) The 300 series of austenic stainless steel are the most weldable of the stainless steels.
There are two things to be considered when welding the 300 series. The first is
avoidance of solidification of cracks and the next is preservation of corrosion resistance
of the weld in the HAZ. The 300 series of stainless steel are modified and they contain
max of 0.03 wt% Sulfur and 0.04 wt% Phosphorus since increased amount of S and P
increases the material brittleness. So containing low amounts of P and S in the
composition decreases the likelihood of solidification cracking. As far as the corrosion
resistance is concerned, there are two approaches. One is lowering the carbon amount
so that not much Cr would react with C and in this way disturb the Cr layer that prevents
corrosion. So the range of C in the 300 series is from 0.01-0.08 wt%.The other method is
to add elements that react more readily with C than Cr does. Such elements are Niobium
and Titanium. Finally, the amount of Cr must be greater so that the losses would not
affect the percentage of the Cr to be over 11wt%. The Cr range in the 300 series is 17-26
wt%.
4 Youngs modulus
Hookes law of elasticity defines Youngs modulus as the ratio of stress to corresponding strain
below the elastic (proportional) limit

. The load obtain in this experiment are at the

yield load (the point at which plastic deformation starts) and at the tensile load (the maximum
load that the sample can withstand).The yield load is measured as 0.2% offset proves. That
point is determined by human who leaves great possibility for errors. Also the point is in the
plastic region which makes the data even more invaluable to determine Youngs modulus.
Moreover, in the experiment we measure the length and the cross section area of the sample
before and after the tensile test. This gives as the overall extension whereas for the Youngs
modulus we are interested in extension in the linear-elastic part of the stress strain graph. To
enable the experiment output data to be manipulated in order to obtain result for youngs
modulus the apparatus should enable us to take several measurement of the load and the
extension of the sample in the elastic region.