Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Based Multiple Access (OFDMA) Zeeshan Asim SSUET 2 Outline 1. Background Multiple Access (MA) Methods. General wireless cellular systems are multi-users systems radio resource are limited limited number of channels the radio resource must be shared among multiple users.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Based Multiple Access (OFDMA) Zeeshan Asim SSUET 2 Outline 1. Background Multiple Access (MA) Methods. General wireless cellular systems are multi-users systems radio resource are limited limited number of channels the radio resource must be shared among multiple users.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Based Multiple Access (OFDMA) Zeeshan Asim SSUET 2 Outline 1. Background Multiple Access (MA) Methods. General wireless cellular systems are multi-users systems radio resource are limited limited number of channels the radio resource must be shared among multiple users.
(OFDMA) Zeeshan Asim SSUET 2 Outline 1. Background Multiple Access (MA) Methods 2. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Based Multiple Access (OFDMA) Orthogonality Principle OFDM OFDM-FDMA 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of OFDMA 4. Conclusion Multiple Access (MA) General wireless cellular systems are multi-users systems Radio resource are limited Limited Bandwidth Limited number of channels The radio resource must be shared among multiple users Multiple Access Control (MAC) needed Contention-based Non-contention-based 4 Contention-based Multiple Access(MA) Contention-based Each terminal transmits in a decentralized way No central controller (Base stations or access points) Example: ALOHA Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) Standard: GSM [l] uses the slotted ALOHA in the terminals initial access process IEEE 802.11 uses CSMA/CA based contention access scheme Non-contention-based Multiple Access (MA) A logic controller (BS or AP) is needed to coordinate the transmissions of all the terminals The controller informs each device when and on which channel it can transmit Collisions can be avoided entirely Two Subdivisions 1. Non-channelization 2. Channelization Non-channelization Non-contention-based MA Terminals transmit sequentially using the same channel Example: Polling based medium access Standard: IEEE 802.15(WPAN) IEEE 802.11(WLAN) Channelization Non-contention-based MA Terminals transmit simultaneously using different channels Most commonly used protocols in cellular systems Example: 1. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 2. Code Division Multiple Access( CDMA) 1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Standard 1. GSM (TDMA) 2. IS-95 (CDMA) 3. American Mobile Phone System, AMPS (FDMA) 8 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) GSM Time slot 0.577 ms Frame 4.6 ms 8 time slots per frame Frequency band 20 KHz
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) IS-95 Orthogonal Walsh codes 64 codes (channels) One pilot channel Seven paging channels 55 traffic channels Each carrier 1.25 MHz
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) American Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Total Bandwidth 25 MHz Each Channel 30 KHz
Objectives What is OFDM How OFDM works Types of OFDM Differences from other multiplexing techniques Applications What is OFDM Definition
The first OFDM schemes presented in 1966
Development of OFDM over years
A F How OFDM works It distributes the data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies. This spacing provides the "orthogonality" in this technique which prevents the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their own. Types of OFDM C-OFDM
MIMO-OFDM
V-OFDM
W-OFDM
Flash-OFDM C-OFDM Coded OFDM Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T)
COFDM offers real benefit in the presence of isolated narrow-band interfering signals
Multiple Input, Multiple Output OFDM (MIMO-OFDM) Developed by Iospan Wireless Uses multiple antennas to transmit and receive radio signals Spatial multiplexing V-OFDM Vector OFDM Developed by CISCO Increases subscriber coverage Lowers the cost of provisioning and deploying infrastructure Employs both frequency and spatial diversity Creates a robust processing technique for multi-path fading and narrow band interference
Subscriber Base Station Paths
W-OFDM Wideband OFDM Invented by Wi-LAN Large spacing between carriers Advantages: - Optimal performance against Multi-path - Less sensitive to carrier offset -Optimal power efficiency of the transmitter amplifier - More immune against fading Flash-OFDM Fast-hopped OFDM Wide-band spread-spectrum technology Avoids the compromises inherent in other mobile data systems Capability to work around interfering signals Differences from other multiplexing techniques OFDM versus WDM
-more flexible
-higher bandwidth efficiency
Differences from other multiplexing techniques OFDM versus TDM -number of carriers -synchronization -sensitivity -capacity/efficiency advantages -complexity and cost issues Applications Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Wireless Networking Power-line Technology
OFDM-FDMA (OFDMA) Each terminal occupies a subset of sub-carriers Subset is called an OFDMA traffic channel Each traffic channel is assigned exclusively to one user at any time user1 user2 user3 user4 OFDM-FDMA (OFDMA) The IEEE 802.16e/ WiMax use OFDMA as Multiple access technique Bandwidth options 1.25, 5, 10, or 20 MHz Entire bandwidth divided into 128, 512, 1024 or 2048 sub carriers 20 MHz bandwidth with 2048 sub carriers has 9.8 KHz spacing between sub carriers OFDM-FDMA (System View) 28 Advantages of OFDMA Multi-user Diversity broadband signals experience frequency selective fading OFDMA allows different users to transmit over different portions of the broadband spectrum (traffic channel) Different users perceive different channel qualities, a deep faded channel for one user may still be favorable to others Advantages of OFDMA cont.. Multi-user Diversity Advantages of OFDMA cont.. Efficient use of Spectrum
4/3 Hz per symbol 6/5 Hz per symbol Advantages of OFDMA cont.. Receiver Simplicity It eliminates the intra-cell interference avoiding CDMA type of multi-user detection Orthogonality of code destroyed by selective fading Only FFT processor is required Bit Error Rate performance is better only in Fading environment Disadvantages of OFDMA Peak to average power ratio (PAPR)
avg P t x PAPR 2 ) ( The large amplitude variation increases in-band noise and increases the BER when the signal has to go through amplifier nonlinearities.
33 Disadvantages of OFDMA cont.. Synchronization Tight Synchronization between users are required for FFT in receiver Pilot signals are used for synchronizations Co-channel interference Dealing with this is more complex in OFDM than in CDMA Dynamic channel allocation with advanced coordination among adjacent base stations Thank You Questions or Comments?