Cooper

Best Education 03
FACULTY
GraduateInstituteof Ferrous Technology, POSTECH
02 Best Education
FACULTY
1.What makesyoudecidetojoin
GIFT?
I have worked for about 30 years in
KIMS (Korea Institute of Materials
Science) which is a national institute
positioned between industry and
university. Though I carried out research
on some non-ferrous alloys, my research
was mainly focused on special steels like
stainless steels, high temperature steels
and TRIP-aided low alloyed steels. My
dream as a researcher was to develop a
new structural steel which can be applied
in wide area and used for long time in
many fields, like STS 304 stainless steel.
However, it was not so easy owing to the
position of the institute. I think GIFT is
the best place to realize my dream, since
GIFT is very closely linked with
POSCO, one of the most competitive
steel companies in the world. Students in
GIFT are outstanding and have a passion
for obtaining good results, and the
research facilities and environments are
almost perfect. So, Id like to do my best
to implement my idea into the
development of new special steels, and
contribute to bring up excellent steel
researchers and engineers as well as
enhance the technology level of GIFT
and POSCO.
2. What will be the research
activities of Special Steels
Laboratoryin GIFT?
First of all, Id like to study high
nitrogen stainless steels and develop a
new alloy having high strength-high
ductility with excellent corrosion
resistance. High nitrogen steels have
been extensively studied in major steel
companies, since the optimum
combination of manganese and nitrogen
can replace the expensive nickel very
effectively without losing corrosion
resistance and good mechanical
properties. As a matter of fact, I have
studied high nitrogen steels for the last
decade, and I got some fruitful results
from the research. So, Id like to
continue the research on HNS and
realize the mass production of HNS in
POSCO. I hope they can be used in the
oil industry, marine plants, etc.
Secondly, I want to apply solution
nitriding technology to commercial
grade ferritic and austenitic stainless
steels in order to enhance the corrosion
or wear properties of the surface. The
other materials I am interested in are
martensitic and ferritic stainless steels,
and Id like to expand the application of
those alloys through the development
of new alloys and/or the modification
of existing ones. In order to achieve
those goals in SSL, we need sound
knowledge of thermodynamics, phase
transformation, plastic deformation,
and material characterization.
3. What can you tell us about
thefutureof Specials Steels?
Special steels cover a wide variety of
chemical compositions, they usually
contain more than 5% of alloying
elements, and they are used for special
purpose in many fields. Stainless steels,
high temperature steels, die steels and
tool steels are the typical examples of
special steels. As Korean industry
enters the advanced stage, the need for
new special steels is growing more and
more, especially in the oil industry,
power sector, marine engineering, etc.
Enormous amounts of oil and gas are in
deep seas, polar areas, and oil shale, so
materials are exposed to more severe
environments than those being used
nowadays. Thus, new alloys should be
developed in order to cope with that.
4. Tell usabout your graduatelife.
I got my master degree from KAIST
(Korea Advanced Institute of Science
and Technology). Every student lived
in the dormitory on the Hongneung
campus in Seoul, and professors were
young, in their early forties, so that we
spent almost all our time in the
laboratory. Since I worked on the
hydrogen embrittlement and room
temperature creep of pure iron, I started
my research life with ferrous metal.
After getting my MS degree, I entered
KIMS and spent 3.5 years there. At
KIMS, my first project was
Development of Ni-free austenitic
stainless steel, which was similar to
the high nitrogen steel. During my Ph.
D. period at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, USA, I studied the
alloy design and material
characterization of maraging steels,
where the target was replacement of
expensive cobalt with cheap manganese
and titanium. I carried out lots of TEM
work, and 6 papers were published
from the research. In the weekends, I
enjoyed playing tennis with Korean
friends and watching Chicago cubs
baseball games. Almost 5 years of life
in USA always remains as a good
memory in my mind. Looking back
over my graduate life, being a steel
researcher seems to be my fate.
5. What should be professors
approach todevelopstudents?
Basically, I think graduate students and
professors are colleagues, since both
sides are giving and taking idea and
experiences. In that sense,
communication between professor and
student is very important. As a professor,
Id like to deliver my knowledge and
experience to students through diverse
routes like seminars, lectures, discussions
and daily life. On the students side, the
most important things are motivation and
passion for his or her research. In GIFT, I
hope all students could concentrate all
the efforts on their study and hope I can
be a part of their success. all the efforts
on his study, and I wish I could be a part
of their success.
6. Howdoes it feel to work with
foreigner students? Is there
any difference in working
stylebetween foreigners and
Koreans?
I dont feel a great difference in
working style between foreigners and
Koreans, though there may be cultural
differences. Generally, foreign students
are more active in the class room, that
is, they ask more questions and express
their opinion without hesitation, and
Koreans usually feel shy and stay calm.
However, GIFT provides a friendly
environment for them to come along
easily and not feel any inconvenience.
Thus, Id like to support their
cooperation and building up of
friendship.
7. What do you expect for the
futureof GIFT?
GIFT is the only institute in the world
which focuses all resources on steel
research. Thus, its necessary for GIFT
to find the most important agenda in
steel industry and lead in developing
the technology. Since GIFT has almost
all the fields related with steel research,
GIFT can carry out integrated research
with little help from outside. I guess
this is a strong point of GIFT. If all the
members of GIFT do their best, I am
sure that the GIFT will become the
most prominent steel research institute
in the world.
Interview with
Prof. Sung-Joon Kim,
Director
of Special Steels
Laboratory
04 Best Education
LABORATORY
Best Education 05
LABORATORY
1. Development of high nitrogen alloyed stainless steels
Nitrogen has become one of the most important
alloying elements in the stainless steel industry over
the last several decades because it can replace
expensive nickel very effectively without
deteriorating mechanical and corrosion properties of
stainless steels. So far, only a few high nitrogen
stainless steels such as 18Cr-18Mn-(0.5~0.9)N
steels, have been commercialized and applied in
some specific fields such as the power and aerospace
industries. However, high nitrogen stainless steels
have great potential in the next generation energy
industry and marine plant since the alloys provide
high strength, high ductility, excellent corrosion
resistance, and wear resistance.
In this study, a new class of nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steels and duplex stainless steels will be
developed by alloy design with the assistance of thermodynamic calculations. The process technology and
characterization of the newly developed alloys will be investigated by various methods.
2. Microstructural control and design of multiphase special steels
Its well known that the performance of metals or
alloys is closely related with their microstructure,
so microstructural control is very important in
determining material properties. Nowadays, dual
phase is increasing by applied in high alloyed
special steels. Duplex stainless steel consisting of
nearly same portions of austenite and ferrite is the
most representative example. In addition, utility
ferritic stainless steel consisting of ferrite and martensite is also a good candidate for a new application in oil
and mining industry. The major alloying elements of utility ferritic stainless steels are Cr and C, so they are
very cost effective and the application will be expanded soon.
Phase distribution and morphology, stress and strain partitioning between different phases, and precipitation
control will be controlled in this research. Moreover, the improved analytical techniques should be improved.
3. Material characterization of special steels
In order to be used as structural materials in wide
range of diverse industries, alloys have to be able
for long times in a variety of environments. The
properties required include mechanical properties
like tensile, compressive, impact, fatigue, creep,
and wear properties and corrosion properties.
Thus, in this research, the mechanism for each
behavior and the effect of alloying elements will
be identified using various experimental tools and
theoretical approaches.
4. Identification of process controlling mechanism
In producing stainless steels and various kinds of special steels, many problems may arise, which we did not
expect in the beginning. In order to solve those problems, we need to analyze the phenomena accurately and
to find out the mechanism which controls the phenomena. After indentifying the mechanism, we can correct
the problems. The results from this research will provide us the important knowledge on developing new
steels also.
Alkan, Gkhan
Master program 1
st
year student
Special Steels Lab
GIFT, POSTECH
W
riting this article gives me a great opportunity
to express my gratitude towards POSTECH
for accepting me. Being the first Turkish
student is an honor and I am looking forward to working
hard and making a mark.
Being a foreign student, I was very nervous at first, but after
observing the warm attitudes and welcoming affection
which was showered on me on my first day, I felt very
settled and at ease. The Dean, Professor Nack Joon Kim
himself was and still is very helpful, and I would like to
thank him for his help and support. I wasnt aware of some
of the procedures for foreign students here in Korea, and for
that matter the admission office staff was very helpful and
guided me through everything, every step of the way.
The classes that I am scheduled to take are extremely
thorough and the teachers are absolutely wonderful,
especially Professor Sung-Joon Kim, with whom I am
conducting research on High Nitrogen Stainless Steels. I
am also assisting him in building a Special Steels Lab and
making it come up to the mark of all the other well
equipped labs in GIFT. He is very accommodating and
his encouraging attitude is an assurance for my future
success. The language barrier is a problem that needed to
be solved, so for that we are being offered a Korean
Language class, which is very laborsaving for me, and I
am hoping to learn a lot from it.
Academia aside, for a student to be good at what they do,
there needs to be fun activities that help keep them focused
as well as relaxed. Here at GIFT I observed that there are a
number of opportunities available for students for just that
purpose. There are a number of clubs (like the Sports Club,
Hobbies Club etc.), which focus on different aspects but
give the students an opportunity to unwind. I particularly
enjoy the Wine Class taught by Professor Frdric Barlat
who is an exceptional teacher. I am also told that there are
two festivals that happen every fall and spring semester,
which I am looking forward to being a part of.
Although the studies are hectic, I am positively certain
that, in the end, everything will pay off and result in a
successful and bright future for me. They say Success
doesnt come to you, you go to it. I think I have arrived
to gather mine up!
Success Doesnt Come to You, You Go to It!
Transmission electron microscopy of twins and intersections in
stainless steel
Introduction of
Special Steels Laboratory
Global Class 08
EXCHANGE PROGRAM
Having the stay at NIST confirmed with my host, I was
so glad and confident that I thought I could get through
anything ahead of me. I even read a huge bunch of
documents word by word, which only stated my legal
status, health insurance, visa and security issues related
with staying in the USs oldest national laboratory.
Communicating with my host about the experimental
system they have made me even more excited. A new
experimental system that my hosts group would install
turned out to be extremely sophisticated and interesting.
Meanwhile, I also tried to sharpen the project and tasks
to perform with that experimental system during the stay
at NIST.
A
bout a year ago, my advisor brought me in his
office talking about sending me to the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
At that time, I did not even know what NIST is. So, I
had to study it. I found that NIST is a huge research
institute under the United States Department of
Commerce. For reference, in the 2012 fiscal year, 750
million dollars are approved as its total budget. NIST,
initially established as National Bureau of Standards has
been functioning more than one hundred years. It is the
USs oldest national lab. Among the departments in
NIST, the metallurgy department where I was invited is
again the oldest one.
07Global Class
EXCHANGE PROGRAM
My Stay at NIST,
Doing Research from a Totally Different View
Jeong, Young Ung
Doctoral program 3
rd
year student
Materials Mechanics Lab
GIFT, POSTECH
After the long travel via New York to Washington D.C.,
I finally arrived at the Gaithersburg, Maryland, where
the main campus of NIST is located. Gaithersburg is
about 25 miles away from D.C. As I was getting to
know the city better, I could see why America is called
the Salad Bowl. There are many ethnic groups who are
speaking English with their own accents as I speak it
with my Korean one. Although there are many different
kinds of restaurant around the town, it took a while for
me to find an authentic Korean restaurant. There were
many Asian marts, too. All Asian marts I know of
around the town are running and owned by Korean
people. For this reason, I could easily cook for myself,
and, occasionally, for my French roommate who never
tried Korean cuisines before but became a big fan of
kimchi jjigae.
When I arrived, there were already some other guests in
the group. There was one German, who became a good
friend and introduced some other good German friends
to me, then left earlier than I did. There was also a
Chinese student from Carnegie Mellon. It didnt take a
long time for us to notice that our research topics are
quite similar. Later while attending a conference held in
India, I happened to meet her lab mate and advisor,
which was an interesting experience. I also met a lot of
people from many other countries over the world.
People coming to NIST for a short period like I did have
maintained their own community. They help foreign
guest researchers and organize various kinds of social
gatherings, as well.
The research group where I worked was smaller than my
team at GIFT. However, even though the size is a bit
small their research area was astoundingly varied. One
of the reasons I figured out is that it is because they are
always working with people from various fields. It was
possible mostly because they are encouraged to co-work
between groups, departments, some other national labs,
and even with external research institutes and
universities not only in US but also in other countries.
The group specifically aims at technically supporting the
US automotive industry. By establishing a accurate
experimental system, they try to help the carmakers
understand the advanced models, recent theories, and the
actual behaviors of sheet metal products being formed in
the industry. The group leader, together with his team
members, has been working for years to construct an
experimental system. Their needs were so unique and
specific that they had to design the system themselves.
They have worked for years to fulfill various demands
from people seeing various aspects. The system would
have been only conceptually plausible such constant
eagerness. I have seen and learned all the small details
they look at in order to reduce the size of the error bar
for every single data point. I could easily tell that they
are outstanding experimentalists.
While staying six months, I learned so much about the
culture and customs of this country. This country seems
to be a huge aggregate of heterogeneous constituents,
which again reminds of me my research area, since I
have been trying to devise a tool to homogenize the
heterogeneous microstructural features in sheet steels.
Before leaving I had a couple of small talks with my
host. I also reviewed my stay. He said it is good to see
people doing the same research from a totally different
view, which I agreed with. I hope I do not forget this
lesson and keep reminded of my stay at NIST. I also
would like to express my sincere thanks to my advisor
and GIFT for giving me such a prestigious experience.
Global Class 09
EXCHANGE PROGRAM
08 Global Class
EXCHANGE PROGRAM
F
or the last two months, we had an opportunity to visit the
University of Cambridge in UK through the GIFT research
exchange program. We continued our researches on -
TRIP steel with professor Bhadeshia, who is our co-advising
professor as well as the director of the PT group in the material
science engineering department of the University of Cambridge.
The first impression of UK and Cambridge was just as I had
imagined - typical English weather with misty rain, antique
architecture, joggers along the River Cam and so on. People were
eating at pubs with a glass of beer, even at lunchtime. The peaceful
scenery of a weekend seemed to get back to normal on Monday,
our first day at the university. We were introduced to PT group
members and then we had to finish some paperwork including
taking a safety exam to get a key to access the laboratory. They
have tea-time twice a day with some refreshments but they seemed
to concentrate completely on their work at other times. Usually we
had everyday conversation during tea-time but sometimes the
subject naturally moved to things about studies. It was impressive
that students appeared to be interested in the research of other
people, even though it is not directly related with their work. Also,
there was a continuous interchange of ideas with visitors from a
variety of places with diverse background and social status.
Everyone in the group could casually discuss and share opinions
with the visitors invited to the tea-time. These things may give
students a broadening and educational influence.
Life in Kaetsu centre, our accommodation, also gave us various
experiences. The guests are mostly from Asian countries and it was
ordinary to see them prepare meals of using their own cuisine. In
particular, it lingers in my memory to have a conversation with a
researcher from Mongolia who could speak four languages,
including Korean.
Short trips on weekends were another fascinating part of UK life.
We visited various museums as well as tourist attractions. It was
amazing that there was no charge for admission even for the most
famous one, the British Museum. Small museums inside the
universities were also impressive in that they have a great
collection of articles including old laboratory apparati which I have
seen in textbooks. Each of them seems to show the history of the
department as well as that of its subject.
The visit left us with great experiences and happy memories. We
would like to express our gratitude to our professors and GIFT for
giving us such a good opportunity.
A Great
Experience in University of
Cambridge, UK
Choi, Young-Joo and Jung, Geun-Su
Master program 2
nd
year students
Computational Metallurgy Lab
GIFT, POSTECH
Global Class 11
GIFT SUMMER INTERNSHIP
10 Global Class
Summary
The corrosion potentials and equilibrium potentials of Cu in 1M CuSO4 and 3.5% NaCl
as well as the potentiodynamic polarization curve of carbon steel and copper in 1%,
3.5% and 5% NaCl were studied. This experiment should give an understanding of
basic terminology of corrosion science as well as experience of basic electrochemical
apparatus and experiments such as potential measurement and potentiodynamic test.
Equilibrium potential, corrosion potential as well as standard potential and corrosion
current are important keywords of this study. The standard potentials of Cu have been
measured respectively in deaerated 1M CuSO4 and it gave a very similar value of
potential in case of Cu with reference value from literature. On the other hand the
corrosion potential of Cu in aerated 1M CuSO4 was measured but the results dont
differ a lot in comparison to measured equilibrium potential. In the second part of this
experiment the corrosion potential of Cu in 3.5% NaCl was measured. For the
deaerated conditions the potential results differ strong. For the aerated test the values
are similar and fit well to potential values of literature research. The main case of the
experimental study was to analyze the differences between aeration and deaeration
condition. Due to the additional oxygen reduction for the aerated case because of the
existence of O2 the value for potential should change. The potentiodynamic
polarization curves of carbon steel and copper in 1%, 3.5% and 5% NaCl solution
under aerated condition were measured to get the corrosion potential and corrosion
current. The corrosion potential should decrease with increasing concentration of NaCl.
In all test for copper and carbon steel we could observe this effect. The differences in
results could be influenced by temperature, concentration differences, gas pressure on
the surfaces, movements of the testing set up, turbulences in the solution, roughness
and contamination of the sample surface.
Introduction
Corrosion is the reaction of a material with its environment and influences the quality
of the material due to degradation. Corrosion science is important nowadays to
investigate failure mechanism, determination of limiting applications of materials,
predictions about lifetimes, about properties and limits of corrosion protections systems
to avoid problems. Due to high corrosion costs for the industry states technical
development for more resistance materials are interesting.
Corrosion consists in most cases of two half reactions, the oxidation (Me Me
2+
+ 2e
-
) and the reduction (for example: 2H
+
+ 2e
-
H2). Oxidation takes place at the anode
and reduction at the cathode. Every electrochemical reaction involves transfer of charge
in aqueous solution. Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode and charge balances
by ion flow in electrolyte. During the anodic reaction solid and dissolved corrosion
products can be formed
Many anodic reactions are accompanied by a decrease of pH and therefore increase of
corrosion rate.
During cathodic reaction normally hydrogen is developed and yield to an increase of
pH at the cathode.
If dissolved oxygen is existing:
Metals corrosion returns the metals to its ion and corrosion products can be formed.
Due to the relation between free Gibbs Energy and corrosion reaction, direction of
minimizing free Gibbs Energy is the force for the reaction. If the reaction products are
lower than reactants, G is negative in spontaneous reaction. This relation is explained
by this equation:
In Figure 1 the free Gibbs Energy for reaction of ferrous ions and iron is illustrated.
For potential measurement the Helmholtz-layer is important. Metals in solution form
an electrochemical double layer, the inner Helmholtz-layer and the outer Helmholtz-
layer. This electrochemical double layer is a capacity which hinders mass and charge
transport when an electrode reactions is happening according to change of free energy
correlating to change of potential. The potential is the sum of two half cell potentials
This potential describes the direction of the reaction. All metals have their own
electrochemical energy potentials about dissolution of their metals which can be
obtained by thermodynamics. These potentials represent equilibrium energy state
dissolution of metal which are impossible to measure the absolute value. Only potential
differences, therefore measurement against a constant potential (reference electrode)
are possible.
The difference potentials between two half cell electrode potentials provide the driving
force and control the spontaneous direction for a chemical reaction. A galvanic cell
with reduction and oxidation is shown in Figure 3. The equilibrium potential describes
potential when reaction rate is in both directions equal (Rate of dissolution = rate of
precipitation). Equilibrium potential for 1M solution and 25C is the standard potential.
The free corrosion potential (OCP, open circuit potential) is a mixed potential of
various electrodes reactions. But any way, the sum of cell potential does not exhibit
corrosion rate.
Standard half cell electrode potentials constitute the Electromotive Force Series (EMF-
series). The EMF-series describes the ranking of metals according to their redox
potential at standard condition (1molar solution, 25C). The metal is stable at more
negative potentials and the ion is stable at more noble potential. As shown in figure 2,
the noble end of EMF series represents noble metals and the active end represent active
metals.
Cell potentials are consisting of two half cell electrodes with reference point e
0
H+/H2.
Actual absolute value of e
0
H+/H2 assumed to be zero for convenience. The reference
half-cell electrode potential is established with standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). The
SHE consists of a Pt specimen which immersed in unit activity solution through which
is bubbled H2 gas at 1 atm pressure. The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is the most
popular reference electrode. Due to good control of the chloride activity at constant
level by maintaining saturation in KCl its an often used electrode in experiments.
Katharina, Babinsky
University of Leoben, Austria
2011 GIFT summer intern
Me
Me + 2H2O
Me + H2O
Me
2+
+ 2e-
MeO2
2-
+ 4H
+
+ 2e
-
MeO(s) + 2H
+
+ 2e
-
Acid media: 2 H
+
+ 2e
-
H2
Alkaline media: 2 H2O + 2e
-
H2 + 2OH
-
Acid media: O2 + 4H
+
+ 4e
-
2 H2O
Alkaline media: O2 + 2H2O + 4e
-
4 OH
-
Figure 1: Reaction of Fe according to G
Table 1: Relation of to E
For copper: Cu + H2O +
1
/2 O2 Cu(OH)2 G = -120 kJ [3]
4Cu + O2 2 Cu2O G = -198 kJ/mol
G
0
<0
>0
E
0
>0
<0
Spontaneous reaction
Equilibrium, not net reaction
Metal deposition
Corrosion
E = Ec + Ea
GIFT Summer Internship
on Corrosion
Study
Experimental Report
G = -nFE = -RT*lnK
G...Gibbs Energy
E... Potential
R...Gas constant
F... Faradays constant
Global Class 13
12 Global Class
During potential tests just potentials difference can be measured as shown in Formula 1.
To get an understanding of basics theory of corrosion science such as corrosion
potential and equilibrium potential as well as experience of electrochemical apparatus
and test these experiments were performed. Measured values were compared with
literature data and differences were discussed.
Equilibrium potential and corrosion potential of pure copper were measured in 1M
CuSO4 and 3.5 % NaCl solutions. Cooper is the noblest standard metal and has a
standard potential of 0.34V. At atmosphere or aerated conditions in aqueous solution
the protective CuO is formed or the copper oxide.
If the metal stays in an electrolyte the metal ions tend to leave the metal lattice and go
in solution (oxidation). This is called electrolytic solution pressure and the ambition to
be reduced is called precipitation pressure. The nobler the metal the higher the
precipitation pressure will be. According to this transfer the metal surface has excess
of electrons and will be charged negative to hold the last ions to the surface. The metal
and the ion cloud cause a electrical field, called the electrode potential E0, due to the
equilibrium of leaving and back moving ions. This field depends on the kind of the
metal, the concentration of solution and the temperature.
In case of aeration condition reduction of oxygen appears. Oxygen is almost as noble as
gold therefore it attacks like every metal. The reaction is diffusion controlled. Only
precious metals and oxide materials are stable under atmospherically conditions, all
other materials are oxidized.
However, the sum of cell potential does not exhibit corrosion rate. Corrosion rate is
related to the electrode kinetic parameters. Faraday law says that the moved amount of
substance is proportional to the moved charge. In reality the rate of e- is measured by
the current. Typically the current is expressed in terms of the current per unit area of
the working electrode, or the current density. In general cathodic current are considered
to be negative and anodic currents to be positive. It should be noted that in Evans
diagram (E vs. log(I)) the absolute value of the current density is plotted.
Standard potential and exchange current density are fundamental parameters of
thermodynamic and kinetic. They cannot be calculated they have to be measured. If the
electrode is not in equilibrium its potential differ from the equilibrium potential. This
is called overvoltage. Every electrode material has for any electrochemical reaction a
separate current density. The exchange current density is strong influenced by the
surface (G is not affected by surface), the temperature and the chemical environment.
The reaction may be controlled by two different kinetic phenomena. The first is charge
transfer or activation control. Polarization shifts the potential from the equilibrium half-
cell potential. The electrochemical reaction is the rate determining step and the driving
force is related to the current flow. As the driving force increases so does the reaction
rate. The other mechanism is called mass transfer, or diffusion. The reaction is
controlled by the mass transfer trough the electrolyte to the electrode surface. This
process cannot increase indefinitely as the driving force increase. The current will reach
a maximum and further increase in driving force will not result in any additional
increase of the reaction rate.
The exchange current density is proportional to the corrosion rate and can be replaced
to corrosion rate. The rates of the anodic and cathodic reaction are equal at corrosion
state. The rate of anodic dissolution, ia, is identical to the corrosion rate, icorr, in terms
of current density and
at Ecorr.
With the mixed potential theory with the 4 parameters a, c, i0 and Ilimit every
electrochemical reaction can be described. Charge balance makes sum of anodic and
cathodic currents equal to zero. The total rate of oxidation is the total rate of reduction.
During reaction two half cell electrode potential cannot exist separately on the
electrical conductive surface. Each must polarize or change potential to common value
(shown in Figure 5), the corrosion potential (Ecorr).
The potential dynamic polarization curve of carbon Steel in 1.0 %, 3.5% and 5.0 %
NaCl was recorded to get an idea of electrochemical kinetics. The potentiodynamic
graph of pure Cu and carbon steel was constructed with given corrosion current and
corrosion potential of each specimen.
The corrosion rate for many metals reduces strong due to formation of protective layers
on the surface, called passivation layers. The occurrence is strongly observed for ion,
chromium and titan. A thin layer is formed on the surface and hinders ion transfer
without reducing electron transfer. The electrode potential will move to more noble
values. This reaction is called passivation. If a metallic material passivates it can be
measure by a current density potential measurement. In the second experiment the
potentiodynamic curves of carbon steel and copper was measured for different NaCl
solutions. In case of copper at atmosphere or aerated conditions in aqueous solution the
protective CuO is formed. If a layer is developed on the surface of the sample the
copper is protective against corrosion. This phenomena can be observed in polarization
test. Passivation causes a change in corrosion current and potential. During these test
this effect was recognized for copper.
Experimental
Material
For these experiments copper (shown in Image 1) and carbon steel were used as testing
materials.
To get a clean, smooth and polished surface numbers of preparing steps were
accomplished.
While polishing, care should be taken to change the orientation of the sample
frequently. In additional, all the scratches from the precious paper should be removed
by the current one. The sample should be cleaned from previous gird before every new
step. After Ultrasonic cleaning the sample is intergraded into the sample holder
carefully. All used items for the test should be cleaned before with alcohol to prevent
contamination on the surface.
To kind of test were carried out:
a) Open circuit potential: Potential vs. time
b) Potentiodynamic polarization curve: E vs. log(I)
For both experiments the same testing set up was used. The operating cell was a round
bottom flask cell. Potentiostat/Galvanostat Model 263A was utilized to observe current
and potential by using the program PowerSuit. Potential vs. Elapsed Time curve
(Experiment a) and Potentiodynamic polarization curve (Experiment b) were obtained
by Potentiostat/Galvanostat Model 263A. Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE) which is
saturated with KCl was used for reference electrode.
Measurement of equilibrium and corrosion potential
For the first experiment copper was used as a specimen in a 1M CuSO4 and 3.5%
NaCl solution. The experiment was carried out at aeration condition to measure
corrosion potential and deaeration condition to measure the equilibrium potential. In
case of deaerated conditions, Argon gas was continuously purged into solution bath
almost 1 hour before the test and during the experiment. For the aerated condition the
operating cell wasnt closed that air can come inside.
To get a 1M solution 24,960 g of CuSO4.H2O were mixed with 89,067ml H2O.For the
second electrolyte 35g of NaCl were mixed with 965 ml of H2O.
The test was realized at least three times to guarantee the reproducibility. Testing time
was 3600 seconds except test 4 of the aerated condition which was 7200 seconds.
Measure of potentiodynamic curve
Carbon steel and copper are the testing materials in this experiment analyzed in 1.0%,
3.5%, and 5% NaCl solution. Test were carried out at ambient (aerated) conditions in a
potential range of -500mVOCP ~ 300mVOCP with a step size of 0.5. Each test was
realized 3 times to guarantee the reproducibili
Results and Discussion:
Experiment a: Open circuit potential
In this experiment we measured the potential of copper in two different solutions with
aerated and deaerated conditions. During a resting potential measurement no outer
effects influence the reaction between the electrodes. A saturated calomel electrode
(SCE) was used as the reference electrode with eSCE = 0.241V. According to the
solution and the conditions different reactions are dominant at anode or cathode (see
Table 5). Over this measurement the equilibrium and corrosion potential can be
determinate due to the dominated reactions for the half cells.
According to literature, nernst equation is used for explanation of corrosion potential of
Cu in NaCl and 1M CuSO4. For all test the average potential was calculated and the
graphs were constructed. The average potential value was calculated for the time range
when the potential is stable. An interval was set up for the average potential to take out
data points which scatter a lot.
According to the equation, E = Ea + Ec, the potential for each cell was calculated to get
to know the direction of the reactions. Before the cell potential can be calculated we
have to consider the main reactions in the cells. For the experiment in NaCl, deaeration
condition the potential is getting negative because standard potential for copper is
higher than the hydrogen formation potential (see see Table 5). Copper do not corrode
under hydrogen formation because water coexist with copper and its oxides.
Hg2Cl2 + 2e
-
= 2Hg + 2Cl
-
eSCE = 0,241 V
Image 1: Cu Sample
ia = ic = icorr
Figure 4: Mixed potential theory [3]
Figure 5: Theoretical polarization curve for passivation
Table 2: Grinding steps
Step
Grinding
Polishing
Cleaning
Ultrasonic cleaning
100 grit,, wet
400 to 4000 grit, wet
distilled water and ethylen
ethylen, 5 min
Table 3: experimental details
Material
Cu
Cu
Test 1
Test 2
Solution
1M CuSO4.H2O
1M CuSO4.H2O
3.5% NaCl
3.5% NaCl
Time
3600 sec
3600 sec
3600 sec
3600 sec
Air
conditions
aerated
deaerated
aerated
deaerated
Temp.
RT
RT
RT
RT
Realized
tests
4
6
4
8
Table 4: experimental details
Material Solution Air conditions Temperature
Carbon steel
1% NaCl
3.5% NaCl
5% NaCl
aerated
aerated
aerated
RT
RT
RT
1% NaCl
3.5% NaCl
5% NaCl
aerated
aerated
aerated
RT
RT
RT
Cu
Test 1
Test 2
Table 5: Half cell reactions for the experiment
Solution Aerated condition Deaerated Condition E0 E0
Half cell reactions
1M
CuSO4
Anode
Cathode
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
O2 + 4H
+
+ 4e
-
2 H2O
0.342V
0.342V
1.04V
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
0.342V
0.342V
3.5%
NaCl
Anode
Cathode
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
O2 +2H2O+4e
-
4OH
-
0.342V Cu2+ + 2e
-
Cu
2 H2O + 2e
-
H2 + 2OH
-
0.342V
-0.413V
Figure 3: Galvanic cell
Formula 1: Reduction of Cu and
Oxidation of Zn
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
2+
+ 3e
-
Cu
E = Ea + Ec = 1,1V
+0,762
+0,342
Figure 2: EMF-Series [1]
Noble
Active
Au
3+
+ 3e
-
= Au
Cl2 + 2e
-
= 2Cl
-
O2 + 4H
+
+ 4e
-
= 2H2O (pH 0)
Pt
2+
+ 3e
-
= Pt
NO
-
+ 4H
+
+ 3e = NO + 2H2O
O2 + 2H2O +4e
-
= 4OH
-
(pH 7)a
Ag
+
+ e
-
= Ag
Hg2
2+
+ 2e
-
= 2Hg
Fe
3+
+ e
-
= Fe
2+
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
-
= 4OH
-
(pH 14)
Cu
2+
+ 2e = Cu
Sn
4+
+2e
-
= Sn
2+
2H
+
+ 2e
-
= H2
Pb
2+
+2e
-
= Pb
Sn
2+
+ 2e
-
= Sn
Ni
2+
+ 2e
-
= Ni
Co
2+
+ 2e
-
= Co
Cd
2+
+ 2e
-
= Cd
2H2O + 2e
-
= H2 + 2OH
-
(pH 7)
a
Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
= Fe
Cr
3+
+ 3e
-
= Cr
Zn
2+
+ 2e
-
= Zn
2H2O + 2e
-
= H2 + 2OH
-
(pH 14)
Al
3+
+ 3e
-
= Al
Mg
2+
- 2e
-
= Mg
Na
+
+ e
-
= Na
K
+
+ e
-
= K
+1.498
+1.358
+1.229
+1.118
+0.957
+0.82
+0.799
+0.799
+0.771
+0.401
+0.342
+0.15
0.000
-0.126
-0.138
-0.250
-0.277
-0.403
-0.413
-0.447
-0.744
-0.762
-0.828
-1.662
-2.372
-2.71
-2.931
Reaction
Standard
Potential,e
0
(volts vs.SHE)
3
Global Class 15
14 Global Class
The value for potential of reduction of oxygen (cathodic reaction) in 1M CuSO4 with
pH of 3.06 can be calculated by this equation:
With pH = 3.06 and pO2 = 0.21 [atm] the potential is E = 1.04V.
Tests in the 1M CuSO4 solutions
For Cu in 1M CuSO4 and deaeration condition the main reaction is the reduction of the
copper (Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu).The measured potential is the equilibrium potential. Copper
is noble and its ions have a high precipitation potential. This causes an electron
deficiency and the potential is more positive. In acidic medium the standard potential of
Cu/Cu
2+
is more positives than the hydrogen evolution potential. Copper is therefore
located in the immunity region. After around 1500 seconds the reactions becomes
stable and reaches the equilibrium for the transfer of ions between solution and metal
(see Graph 2). This potential depends on the kind of the metal, the concentration of
solution and the temperature.
The deaeration test was realized 6 times but three results are not significant and failed.
For this reason they were taken out of the study. The deaereation condition experiments
shows an average equilibrium potential of e0 = 0.0732V according to the results in
Graph 1. The conversion from SCE to SHE gives a value of 0.3142V by adding the
standard potential of SCE (0.241V). Literature (Jones, Danny A.: Principles and
Prevention of Corrosion) give a value of e0 = 0.342V for standard potential of cooper.
In this case our values are 0.0278V lower than standard potential e0 = 0.342 V vs. SHE
as you can see in Table 6.
The deviation may cause of the distinction in activity of Cu
+
in the solutions.
Differences occur because of the low activity of copper ion in 1M solution. According
to the reference data (see Table 8: Activation coefficients of strong electrolytes [11])
the activity coefficient of Cu
2+
can have the value of 0.047 for 1M CuSO4. According
to this data, we can have an activity of copper ion, Cu
2+
=0.047 in 1M CuSO4 solution.
With substituting in Nernst equation, we can have followin
According to measurement from experiments, the measured potentials have the average
value of 0.3142V vs. SHE. Thus, equilibrium potential e, considering the activation of
Cu
2+
, is 0.3381V. The difference to the measured value is 0.0257V vs. SHE and we
think it is under the error range.
Also the pH and the temperature of the solution have an impact on the experimental
results. It could also be some oxygen in the round bottom flask cell although we put
argon gas inside. Maybe the surface was not clean enough and the differences appear
due to contamination. The roughness of the sample surface influences the test too.
In case of aeration condition of Cu in 1M CuSO4, copper will be oxidized and oxygen
reduced (O2 + 4H
+
+ 4e
-
2 H2O). The measured potential is the corrosion potential
of Cu in 1M CuSO4.The aeration test was accomplished 4 times but two of the results
are not significant and failed. For this reason they were taken out of the study. The
aeration condition experiment shows an average corrosion potential of Ecorr vs. SCE =
0.0719 V according to the results in Graph 1. This value is too low. It should be higher
than the equilibrium potential according to the formation of a protective layer on the
metal surface due to the additional cathodic reaction of oxygen. They are no significant
differences between the aeration and deaeration test.
The partial pressure of the gas (in this case O2) on the sample surface influences the
achieved values. For aeration test the same problems appear like for the deaeration
condition. The pH as well as the temperature of the solution has an impact on the
experimental results. Maybe the surface was not clean enough and the differences
appear due to contamination. The roughness of the sample surface influences the test
too. Additional, the experiment is really sensitive to movements. Little actions can
cause big differences in value points on the graph.
Tests in the 3.5% NaCl solutions:
For copper in 3.5% NaCl, a neutral solution, the mixed corrosion potential is
considered. For both conditions (aerated and deaerated) copper should be oxidized to it
ion. In neutral medium at aerated conditions a uniform and an adherent film is formed
at the copper metal surface by corrosion products which act as a barrier layer against
aggressive medium.
In case of deaerated conditions the anodic reactions should be the oxidizing of Cu to its
ion and the cathodic reactions the development of H2.
Oxidation: Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
e0= +0.342 [1]
Reduction: 2H2O + 2e
-
H2 + 2OH
-
e0 (pH 7) = -0.413 [1]
But the standard potential for copper is higher than the hydrogen standard evolution
potential. Due to this, the reaction for developing of H2 will not take part in this cell and
no reaction will happen. Copper do not corrode under hydrogen formation because
water coexist with copper and its oxides. But there could appear chemical reactions
with the chloride ions in the NaCl solution.
In deaeration test exists no reaction with oxygen because of realization just with argon
gas.
Whereas in aerated medium the reduction of dissolved oxygen take place.
Reduction: O2 + 2H2O + 4e
-
4 OH
-
e0 (pH 7) = +0.82 [1]
Parallel incase of aerated conditions the cuprous oxide will be also formed with similar
reaction, creating a protective layer on the surface. This will change the corrosion
potential to higher values.
4Cu + O2 2Cu2O G = -198 kJ/mol
Due to the oxidation of copper without inhibitors the Cu
+
ion reacts with chloride ion
from the solution and forms CuCl. This CuCl can react to produce cuprous oxide as
shown in Figure 6.
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
2+
+ Cl- + e
-
CuCl E0= 0.538V [13]
CuCl + e
-
Cu
2+
+ Cl
-
E0 = 0.137V [13]
The formed CuCl has poor adhesion and is unable to protect the copper surface and can
transform to the soluble cuprous chloride complex CuCl2
-
CuCl + Cl
-
CuCll2
-
The oxidation reaction of Cu with chloride ions is controlled by the concentration of
chloride ions. The pH of the solution plays an important role on the surface chemical
reaction of copper as you can see in Figure 7.
O2 + 4H
+
+ 4e
-
2 H2O
E = 1.229 - 0.0059 pH + 0.015 log (pO2)
e = e0 +
*
lg
2.3 RT
pO2+ [H
+
]
4
2.3 RT
nF
Table 6: Comparison of Cu potential
Cu in 1M CuSO4 :Deaeration condition
E
0
(vs. SHE) Cu literature 0.342 V [1]
E (vs. SHE) Cu measured 0.314 V
Potential Difference 0.028 V
Table 7: Comparison of Cu potential
E
0
(vs. SHE) Cu literature 0.338 V [1]
E (vs. SHE) Cu measured 0.314 V
Potential Difference 0.026 V
aA + mH+ + ne- bB + d H
2
O
Cu = Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
e = e0 - 0.0039 = 0.3381V
e = e
0
- ln
(B)
b
(H2 O)
d
(A)
a
(H
+
)
m
RT
nF
e = e
0
+ lg
(aCu)
(a
2
Cu
2+
)
2.3 RT
2F
e = e
0
+
*
log 21.277 = e
0
- 0.0039
0,059
2
Table 8: Activation coefficients of strong electrolytes [11]
Graph 2: potential vs. time for Cu in 1M CuSO4 , aerated and deaerated condition
Figure 6: General stratification scheme of species in a mature copper corrosion product
film in seawater after Bengough et. [12]
Figure 7: E-pH diagram for copper in seawater of salinity 3.5% at 25C (assuming an
activity of 10
-4
cuprous and cupric ions in solution after Bianchi and Longhi [12]
Graph 3: exponential approximation curve for Cu in 1M CuSO4 , aerated and deaerated
condition
1.test
2.test
3.test
EAVG vs. SCE = 0.0732 V
0.0781
0.0712
0.0704
1500
2000
1500
Test Potential vs. SCE
[V]
Stable time
[sec]
1.test
2.test
0.0702
0.0736
2500
4200
Cu in 1M CuSO4 :Aeration condition
[V]
Stable time
[sec]
Graph 1: Experimental results and average potential for Cu
in 1M CuSO4
1.test
2.test
3.test
4.test
5.test
EAVG vs. SCE = - 0.2689 V
- 0.1796
- 0.2129
- 0.2869
- 0.3872
- 0.2779
3000
2000
3000
3500
1500
Cu in 3.5% NaCl :Deaeration condition
[V]
Stable time
[sec]
1.test
2.test
3.test
- 0.2351
- 0.2599
- 0.2587
2500
3000
3300
Cu in 1M CuSO4 :Aeration condition
[V]
Stable time
[sec]
Graph 4: Experimental results and average potential for Cu
in 3.5% NaCl
Global Class 17
16 Global Class
The deaeration test was realized 8 times but three results are not significant and failed.
For this reason they were taken out of the study. The deaeration condition experiment
shows an average corrosion potential of E = -0.2689V vs. SCE (- 0.0279 V vs. SHE)
according to the results in Graph 4. Actually the results differ a lot although the
conditions, testing set up and sample preparations were the same every time. Compared
to researched values the average value is equal (see Graph 5)
In the literature research they used 3% NaCl. The average potential value is in-between
the standard potential for copper and the hydrogen evolution reaction in neutral
medium, close to zero. The standard potential of Cu is higher than for hydrogen
formation therefore no reaction occurs on the surface of the sample. The measured
value is the equilibrium potential. But it is never possible to remove all the oxygen
inside the cell and oxygen reduction will occur. This causes always a little corrosion
potential. But the Cu ions can also chemical react with the chloride ions in the solution.
The occurrence of oxygen inside the cell can change the results easily, due to additional
oxygen reduction, and describe the different results for the same experiment. In Graph
7 the deaerated test are represented.
I case of aerated condition the experiment was repeated 4 times but one of them show
bad results and failed. For this reason it was taken out of the study. The test shows
corrosion potential around Ecorrvs. SCE = -0.2512V and Ecorrvs. SHE = -0.0102V.
In the literature research they used 3.5% NaCl. The literature and measured results
dont differ a lot.
Due to theory the main reaction should be the reduction of oxygen and the oxidation of
copper. But also the CuCl formation, a chemical reaction, appears. Due to additional
oxygen reaction the measured value is the corrosion potential which is higher than the
equilibrium potential due to formation of protective oxide layers. The mixed potential
theory is adopted to explain the results. Also the partial oxygen pressure influences the
oxidation of copper. The orange curve in Graph 6 shows a different curve progression
compared to the other one. Maybe an insoluble layer was formed on the Cu surfaces
and changed the potential to higher (nobler) values. Experimental temperature and
concentration of the solution affect the results as well as gas pressure roughness of
sample surface and movements of the testing set up. The aspects for influences for the
test with Cu in 1M CuSO4 are important in this experiment too.
In Graph 8 the best result for aeration and deaeration test are shown. In this case its
possible to see that the additional oxygen reduction changes the potential to higher
values.
Measurement of potentiodynamic curve
In this experiment we took the potentiodynamic curve of carbon steel and Cu in 1.0%,
3.5% and 5% NaCl solutions with ambient condition. Polarization curves could be
obtained by changing the potential in steps to get corrosion current and corrosion
potential. Due to the increase of the concentration of the solution from 1% to 5% the
corrosion potential will decrease. The corrosion potential and corrosion current is
proportional to the corrosion rate and can describe the kinetic of the reaction. If the
current density increases the corrosion rate will increase too. Two effects influence the
corrosion rate. The first is charge transfer or activation control. The other mechanism is
called mass transfer, or diffusion. This process cannot increase indefinitely as the
driving force increase. The current will reach a maximum and further increase in
potential will not result in any additional increase of the reaction rate.
Each test for each solution was carried out three times to guarantee the reproducibility.
Due to the measured values the corrosion potential decreases with increasing NaCl
concentration, shown in Graph 12 and Graph 10. Due to theory, in case of carbon steel,
the increase of NaCl concentration decrease the solubility of dissolved oxygen and
therefore the corrosion rate beyond a maximum of 3% NaCl. [1]
The graphs just show the anodic polarization curves. For example Ecorr for carbon
steel in NaCl increases from -0.3655V until -0.4513V with increasing concentration.
Compared to literature [1] the maximum value for Ecorr should be at 3.5% NaCl but in
the test it is 5% NaCl. As you can see in the Graph 10 after a significant value of the
potential the current will not increase anymore. This effect occurs becomes of the two
kinetic phenomena which influences the corrosion rate. The current density is limited
because diffusion cannot increase indefinitely. Over the limit current density, the
potential can increase but the corrosion rate stays constant.
The measured values were compared with values from literature study as shown in
Table 10
In case of copper in NaCl the potential increase with higher concentration from -
0.17725V until -0.25437V.
In comparison to the measured corrosion potential of Cu in 3.5% NaCl for experiment
a) the values from this test fit really well together.
Experiment a: Cu in 3.5% NaCl Ecorr = - 0,2512V
Experiment b: Cu in 3.5% NaCl Ecorr = - 0,227V
The copper polarization cures differ from the carbon steel curves due to passivation
(see Graph 10). The anodic polarization curve of copper showed monotonic increase
of current with potential until current reached the maximum value. After this maximum
current density value, the current declined rapidly with potential increasing, forming an
anodic current peak that was maybe related to CuCl film formation (see Figure 6).
This process could be passivation. An oxide protective layer was created on the copper
surfaces and protected it, which causes a decrease in current density. After a while the
layer was broken and corrosion rate increased again unto reaching the maximum
current value again.
You can divide the curve into three parts as you can see in
Section I: Mixed charge transfer and mass mss transport control kinetics.
Section II: A potential window of film formation leading to a maximum peak current
density and subsequent film or metal dissolution giving a limiting current density.
Section III: A potential above which any increase in current density is due to the
formation of Cu(II) species. [12]
A small increase of current with increasing concentration of NaCl can be realized in all
tests. If the current increase the corrosion rate will increase too. The results match
really well together. But also during this experiment, external influences affect the
Graph 5: Comparison of results with literature [7]
Cu in 3.5% NaCl :Deaeration condition
Ecorr (vs. SHE) Cu Literature 0.02V [7]
Ecorr (vs. SHE) Cu measured - 0.0279V
Potential Difference 0.0079V
Table 9: Comparison of results with literature [5]
Cu in 3.5% NaCl :Aeration condition
Ecorr(vs. SCE) Cu Literature - 0.231V [5]
Ecorr (vs. SCE) Cu measured - 0.2512V
Potential Difference 0.0202V
Graph 6: Potential vs. time for Cu in 3.5%NaCl , aerated condition
Graph 7: Potential vs. time for Cu in 3.5%NaCl, deaerated condition Graph 10: Anodic polarization curves of carbon steel in NaCL solutions
Graph 12: Polarization curves of Carbon steel in NaCL solutions
Figure 9: Typical anodic polarization characteristics of copper in aqueous chloride media [12]
Figure 8: Effect of NaCl concentration on corrosion of iron in aerated solution. [1]
Graph 8: Potential vs. time for Cu in 3.5% NaCl , aerated and deaerated condition
Carbon Steel
1% NaCl
3.5% NaCl
5% NaCl
AVG Ecorr vs. SCE [V]
- 0.3655
- 0.4053
- 0.4513
Graph 9: Results of polarization curve of Carbon steel in
NaCl solutions
Copper
1% NaCl
3.5% NaCl
5% NaCl
AVG Ecorr vs. SCE [V]
- 0.1773
- 0.2270
- 0.2544
Graph 11: Results of polarization curve of copper in NaCl
solutions
Table 10: Comparison with literature [9]
Specimen
0.08% C steel
0.14% C steel
1.13% C steel
Solution
3.27 % NaCl with pH 6
Ecorr vs. SCE [V]
- 0.449
- 0.461
- 0.434
Specimen
copper
copper
copper
Solution
3.5%
3.5% NaCl
3% NaCl
Ecorr vs. SCE [V]
- 0.22
- 0.231
- 0.189
Reference
[10]
[5]
[4]
Table 11: Comparison with literature [10], [5], [4]
Global Class 19
18 Global Class
results. Concentration, temperature, surface of the sample and movements of the testing
set up can adulterate the values.
Conclusion
Two kinds of fundamental experiments have been carried out in order to have the basic
concept of the electrochemical potential measurements. Equilibrium potential,
corrosion potential as well as standard potential and corrosion current are important
keywords of this study. This assignment gave an understanding of basic
electrochemical apparatus and experiments such as potential measurements and
potentiodynamic test.
In the first experiments the standard potentials of Cu have been measured respectively
in deaerated 1M CuSO4. It gave a very similar value of potential in case of Cu with
reference value from literature (Jones, Danny A.: Principles and Prevention of
Corrosion). On the other hand the corrosion potential of Cu in aerated 1M CuSO4 was
measured. This potential should be a little bit higher than the standard potential in
deaerated condition due to the formation of oxide layers caused by the additional
oxygen reduction. In reality the value doesnt differ a lot. Summarizing the average
values of both tests the potential of the deaerated test is higher than for the aerated test.
This wrong result could be influenced by temperature, occurring of oxygen during
deaeration test, concentration differences, gas pressure on the surfaces, roughness of
the sample surface, movements of the testing set up and turbulences in the solution.
In the second part of this experiment the equilibrium potential and corrosion potential
of Cu in 3.5% NaCl was measured. For the deaerated conditions the potential results
differ a lot. For the aerated test the values are similar and fit well to potential values of
literature research. The corrosion potential should also be in this case a little bit higher
than the equilibrium potential due to the formation of oxide layers caused by the
additional oxygen reduction. The big differences of the results in the deaerated
condition appear because of the same problems as discussed before. You can never
remove all the oxygen inside the cell for deaeration conditions and so there will be
always oxidation of copper and reduction of oxygen.
In the next experiments we measured potentiodynamic polarization curves of carbon
steel and copper in 1%, 3.5% and 5% NaCl solution under the aerated condition to get
the corrosion potential and corrosion current. The corrosion potential is decreasing with
increasing concentration. In all test for copper and carbon steel we could observe this
effect.
In comparison to the first experiment the values of corrosion potential of Cu in 3.5%
NaCl are similar. Differences in the results appear because of the same problems as
discussed before in experiment 1.
References
[1] Jones, Danny A.: Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, 2
nd
ed.,
Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of
Nevada, Reno 1996, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
[2] Versuchsanleitung zur Korrosion im Rahmen des Materialwissenschaftlichen
Praktikums am Lehrstuhl fr Experimentalphysik I der Universitt
Augsburg
[3] Mori G.: Korrosionskunde/ Corrosion, Lecture no. 120.020, SS2009,
Department fr Allgemeine, Alnalytische und Physikalische Chemie,
Montanuniversitt Leoben
[4] K. Rahmouni, M. Keddam, A. Srhiri, H. Takenouti: Corrosion of copper
in 3% NaCl solution polluted by sulphide ions, Corrosion Science,
Volume 47, Issue 12, December 2005, Pages 3249-3266
[5] Weihua Li, Lichao Hu, Shengtao Zhang, Baorong Hou: Effects of two
fungicides on the corrosion resistance of copper in 3.5% NaCl solution
under various conditions, Corrosion Science, Volume 53, Issue 2,
February 2011, Pages 735-745
[6] K.F. Khaled: Studies of the corrosion inhibition of copper in sodium
chloride solutions using chemical and electrochemical measurements?,
Materials Chemistry and Physics, Volume 125, Issue 3, 15 February 2011,
Pages 427-433
[7] El-Sayed M. Sherif: Effects of 2-amino-5-(ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole on
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Surface Science, Volume 252, Issue 24, 15 October 2006, Pages 8615-8623
[8] http://www.seilnacht.com/Lexikon/29Kupfer.htm
[9] S.H. Sanad, A.A. Ismail, A.A. Khedr and K.M. El-Sobki: Corrosion and
galvanic corrosion of steels in aqueous NaCl., Department of
Electrochemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
[10] M. Yadav, Dipti Sharma:Dithiobiurets as Corrosion Inhibitors for Copper
in 3.5% NaCl Solution, Department of Applied Chemistry, Indian School
of Mines University, Dhanbad-826004. India
[11] Lecture of Professor, Director of SEL Kim, Kyoo Young
[12] G. Kear, B. D. Barker, F. C. Walsh: ?Electrochemical corrosion of
unalloyed copper in chloride media-a critical review, Corrosion Science,
Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 109-135
[13] Osvaldo Herreros, Roberto Quiroz, Ambrosio Restovic, Joan Vials:
Dissolution kinetics of metallic copper with CuSO4-NaCl-HCl
Hydrometallurgy, Volume 77, Issues 3-4, June 2005, Pages 183-190
Robot Arm Kinematics
Implementation for 7-DOF
Manipulators
GIFT summer internship
Internship Report
Shin, Donghoon
University of Minnesota, USA
2011 GIFT Summer Intern
Global Class 21
20 Global Class
III. Research Topic
The purpose of this project is to understand robot arm kinematics for 7-DOF redundant
manipulator. In this experiment, we compare the theoretical and experimental value for
both forward and inverse kinematics. First, for forward kinematics, we plug certain
angles into Linux based C-code and it will derive the corresponding end-effectors
position which is theoretical value. And we can check if the value is correct by two
ways. One is to measure real position of the robot arm with ruler. The other is to
compute homogeneous rotation matrix on the MatLab. Second, inverse kinematics can
be investigated by plugging desired end effectors position into C-code and it results in
corresponding orientation and position. And we can make sure the derived orientation
and position by measuring the real angle and position with ruler and protractor.
IV. Experimental Method
This experiment can be done with Controller-area network (CAN-bus) communication
between external PC loaded with Linux and WAM 7-DOF robot, using a purple
CANbus cable. Specifically, CANbus communications mean that robust, deterministic,
and addressable 2-wire-serial-communications protocol that operates up to 1
megabit/sec. The external PC fulfills the same function as the internal computer, but it
offers extra processing power and hard drive space. CAN communication is used for
connecting from external PC to WAM robot. And communications and commands
bypass the internal PC. Heartbeat status lights indicate the state of the communication
between the external PC and each motor. CANbus cable should be attached from
socket on the WAM labeled CAN to the external PC as shown in Figure 2 [3].
V. Experimental Results
Before do both forward and inverse kinematics experiments, we would have to know
D-H parameters and generalized homogeneous rotation matrix which are fundamentals
of the experiments computation.
A. Forward Kinematics
i. The core of the forward kinematics C-code is provided below.
The result of the C-code is
Figure 2-CANcable (purple)
cosi
sini
0
0
-sini cosi
cosi cosi
sini
0
sini sin
-cosi sini
cosi
0
aicos
aisini
di
0
Tii-1 =
Equation 1- D-H generalized homogeneous rotation matrix
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ai
0
0
0.045
- 0.045
0
0
0
i
- / 2
/ 2
- / 2
/ 2
- / 2
/ 2
0
di
0
0
0.55
0
0.3
0
0.06
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Table 2-7-DOF WAM D-H(frame) parameters
/* Start the joint space move */
vector = new_vn( wam->dof );
printf(\nPress the value for a joint 1 : );
scanf(%lf,&received_joint_val[0]);
printf(\n %lf %lf %lf %lf %lf %lf %lf \n,received_joint_val[0],
received_joint_val[1], received_joint_val[2], received_joint_val[3],
received_joint_val[4], received_joint_val[5], received_joint_val[6] );
const_vn( vector, received_joint_val[0], received_joint_val[1],
received_joint_val[2], received_joint_val[3],
received_joint_val[4], received_joint_val[5], received_joint_val[6] ); /* Note:
4-DOF will ignore these */
/*const_vn( vector, 0.1, -1.57, 0.79, 1.57, 1.57, -0.79, 0.79 ); Note: 4-DOF will
ignore these */
printf(Press [Enter] to start a joint space move,\n);
printf( to position <J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7>: %s\n, sprint_vn(vect_buf, vector));
printf( with velocity = %f, acceleration = %f., 0.5, 0.5);
while (getchar()!=\n) usleep(10000);
SetJointSpace(wam);
MoveSetup( wam, 0.5, 0.5 );
MoveWAM(wam, vector);
destroy_vn(&vector);
Figure 3-Forward Kinematics Result C-Code
ii. Second, we verify the end-position by measuring dimensions with ruler.
Figure 4-Forward Kinematics position of z
Figure 5-Forward Kinematics position of y
Figure 6-Forward Kinematics position of x
I. Introduction
This experiment is about robot arm kinematics implementation for 7-DOF redundant
manipulators. Specifically, this paper presents the comparison between theoretical
value and experimental value of both forward kinematics and inverse kinematics of 7-
DOF WAM robot. This experiment is motivated by the importance of understanding
kinematics since it deals with the analytical study of robot arms geometrical motion.
Figure 1 is the WAM robot that we use in this experiment. Figure 1 shows WAM 7-
DOFs dimensions and Denavit-Hartenberg frames [1].
II. Background Knowledge
To describe the translational and rotational relationships between adjacent links,
Denavit and Hartenberg (D-H) proposed a matrix method of systematically
establishing a coordinate system. The transformation is then described by the following
four parameters known as D-H Parameters:
Calculating the position of a body after a series of motions can be achieved by forward
kinematics. In contrast to forward kinematics, inverse kinematics calculates the
motions necessary to achieve a desired position and orientation. For the purpose of
increasing the dexterity and use of robot arms, redundancy can be exploited for a
variety of applications. Robot manipulators that have more joint degrees of freedom
(DOFs) than the minimum number needed to perform tasks of interest are referred to as
redundant manipulator. It will be discussed in the futur.
Figure 1: WAM 7-DOF dimension and Denavit-Hartenberg frames
d
Offset
Joint angle
Effective link length
Twist angle
offset along previous z to the common normal
angle about previous z, from old x to new x
length of the common normal. Assuming a revolute joint, this is
the radius about previous z.
angle about common normal, from old?z?axis to new?z?axis.
Table 1-Definition of D-H parameters
[ ]
Global Class 23
22 Global Class
B. Inverse Kinematics
i. The core of the inverse kinematics C-code is provided below.
The result of the C-code is
Discussion
Similar to forward kinematics experiment, we would be able to check if the Linux
based C-code does work as its supposed to be when we plug final orientation and
position through the measurement of end-effectors real position and orientation. As a
result, end-effectors position and orientation derived from C-code roughly correspond
to the measured value of robots real position and orientation. However, since the
camera and robot position are not exactly parallel, it is hard to derive the exactly same
end-effectors position and orientation value as the C-code has derived.
VI. Conclusion
In this report, two fundamentals of robot kinematics have been experimented. Derived
final values of both forward and inverse kinematics on the C-code can be checked in
following ways. For forward kinematics, by measuring the real position of end-effector
and computing homogeneous rotation matrix we would be able to verify the C-code
actually does work even if there is quite a bit of error due to the measurement
limitations. Finally inverse kinematics experiment can be verified by measurement of
final position and orientation.
For the future work, I would like to investigate the inverse kinematics of robot arm by
using MatLab computation. Also with respect to joint limit, redundancy analysis will
be treated in the near future.
vector = new_vn( 6 );
const_vn( vector, 0.0, 0.0, 0.65, -0.34, 1.11, 0.0);
printf(Press [Enter] to start a cartesian space move,\n);
printf( to position <X Y Z Rx Ry Rz>: %s\n, sprint_vn(vect_buf, vector));
printf(with velocity = %f, acceleration = %f., 0.5, 0.5);
while (getchar()!=\n) usleep(10000);
/* Convert from X, Y, Z, Rx, Ry, Rz to a homogeneous matrix */
matrix = new_mh();
RxRyRz = new_v3();
setrange_vn((vect_n*)RxRyRz, vector, 0, 3, 3); // Extract the rotations
XYZftoR_m3((matr_3*)matrix, RxRyRz); // Convert from RxRyRz to R[3x3]
ELEM(matrix, 0, 3) = vector->q[0]; // Insert the X position
ELEM(matrix, 1, 3) = vector->q[1]; // Insert the Y position
ELEM(matrix, 2, 3) = vector->q[2]; // Insert the Z position
SetCartesianSpace(wam);
MoveSetup( wam, 0.5, 0.5 );
/* In Cartesian space, MoveWAM() expects the full homogeneous matrix in
vector format */
MoveWAM(wam, (vect_n*)matrix);
destroy_vn(&vector);
destroy_mn((matr_mn **)&matrix);
destroy_vn((vect_n **)&RxRyRz);
Figure 7-Inverse Kinematics Result C-Code
Figure 8-Inverse Kinematics position of z and
orientation ry
Figure 9-Inverse Kinematics position of y and
orientation rx
Figure 10-Inverse Kinematics position of x and
orientation rz
ii. Second, we verify the end-position and orientation by measuring the position
and angles with ruler and protractor.
iii. Finally, by computing homogeneous rotation matrix on the MatLab we can
check if the end-effector is on the correct position.
Result
Discussion
Through the measurement of end-effectors real position, we would be able to
check if the Linux base C-code does work as its supposed to be when we plug final
orientation. As a result, end-effectors position derived from C-code quite
corresponds to the measured value of robots real position. However, since the
camera and robot position are not exactly parallel, it is hard to derive the exactly
same end-effectors position value as the C-code has derived. Furthermore,
computing homogeneous rotation matrix T_7^1 helps us analyze the experiment
mathematically.
T =
7
1 T
1
2 T
2
3 T
3
4 T
4
5 T
5
6 T
6
7
T =
7
1
[ ]
0.9553
0.2955
0
0
- 0.9553
0.9553
0
0
0
0
- 1
0
0
0
0
1
[
- 0.2583
0.9642
0.0595
0
0.8039
0.2487
- 0.5403
0
- 0.5358
- 0.0917
- 0.8394
0
]
- 0.4538
- 0.0934
0.2998
1
[
0.8385
- 0.1751
- 0.5161
0
- 0.5358
- 0.0917
- 0.8394
0
0.0997
0.9803
- 0.1707
0
]
- 0.4915
- 0.0855
0.3231
1
[
0.1383
0.1563
0.0595
0
- 0.0997
- 0.9803
0.1707
0
0.9854
- 0.1211
- 0.1200
0
]
- 0.4616
0.2086
0.2719
1
[
0.0248
- 0.5943
0.8038
0
0.9854
- 0.1211
- 0.1200
0
0.1686
0.7951
0.5826
0
]
- 0.4616
0.2086
0.2719
1
[
- 0.6158
- 0.6442
0.6821
0
0.7696
0.7648
0.4261
0
0.1686
0
0.5826
0
]
- 0.4515
0.2563
0.3068
1
[ ]
0.5162
0.1597
0.8415
0
- 0.2955
0.9553
0
0
- 0.8039
- 0.2487
0.5403
0
0
0
0
1
va = [0,0,0.045,-0.045,0,0,0];
valpha = [-pi/2,pi/2,-pi/2,pi/2,-pi/2,pi/2,0];
vd = [0,0,0.55,0,0.3,0,0.06];
vtheta = [0.3,-1,1.5,2,-2,0.8,-0.7];
tT=eye(4);
for i = 1:7
a = va(1,i);
alpha = valpha(1,i);
d = vd(1,i);
theta = vtheta(1,i);
T = [cos(theta),-sin(theta)*cos(alpha),sin(theta)*sin(alpha),a*cos(theta);
sin(theta),cos(theta)*cos(alpha),-cos(theta)*sin(alpha),a*sin(theta);
0,sin(alpha),cos(alpha),d; 0,0,0,1];
tT = tT*T
end
References
[1] Barrett Technology Inc. WAM Arm Users Manual. Cambridge, MA:
Barrett Technology, 2008, pp.59.
[2] Barrett Technology Inc. WAM Arm Quick-Start Guide. Cambridge, MA:
[3] Barrett Technology Inc. WAM Arm Users Manual. Cambridge, MA:
GIFT Diary 25
A PATH TO GRADUATION
24 GIFT Diary
A PATH TO GRADUATION
not over yet and that there was still a lot to research in
these areas. This was in contrast to the common belief
among the materials science and engineering students
who usually tended to pursue graduate studies in the
nano- and bio-materials fields.
Conducting a high quality research, however, is not
only about having the facilities and a good mentor. It
also requires concentration and mental readiness for the
assigned tasks. This mental readiness is indeed
influenced by so many factors one of the most
important of which being the financial status. GIFTs
self-sufficient scholarship ensured that the distractions
over the financial concerns were non-existent.
S
oon after joining the Materials Design Laboratory
(MDL), I became involved in a research project in
collaboration with the stainless steel research group of
POSCO. It was about the surface quality (ridging
resistance) and formability of the AISI 430, a ferritic
stainless steel grade widely used in automobile trims,
household appliances such as washing machine drums,
and so on. The project aimed to achieve a superior
combination of ridging resistance and formability
through the microstructure and texture control by
manipulating the conventional thermo-mechanical
processing route of this grade. In the course of this
project, I had the chance to familiarize myself with the
texture development of ferritic steels and gained a better
understanding of the correlation between the texture and
mechanical properties. The constant supervision of
professor De Cooman helped me get the most out of my
time in GIFT. In spite of his being a very busy person,
he was never busy for his students and always
encouraged discussions.
One of the great things about GIFT was that its state-of-
the-art equipments could be operated by students
themselves. It is through hands-on experience that the
theoretical knowledge of experimental techniques is
better understood. Besides, it allows users to become
acquainted with the limitations and errors associated
with experimental techniques. This is essential when it
comes to choosing which equipment to use and deciding
whether or not required information could be obtained
from a given experimental technique. This is in spite of
my being initially skeptical about the usefulness of the
self operation, by students, of facilities mainly because a
well-trained operator would hypothetically use them
better and faster and the chance of equipment failure
will be minimal.
D
uring my PhD period at GIFT I learnt a lot about
the Korean social etiquette and DOs and DONTs
which at times looked very different from what I had
seen before. It took me some time to digest some of it
but the things got better with time. The same thing was
true with the Korean cuisine; after experiencing a few
different foods, I could manage to make my list of
favorites. Having said this, being a married student, I
did not have the chance to appreciate the Korean food
as much as the singles did.
Although all GIFT classes are in English and it is
basically not a requirement to know any Korean in order
to study in GIFT, having a basic knowledge of Korean
can really promote the quality of life in Korea. My
relationship with Korean students was raised to a new
level after I could manage very simple everyday
conversations in Korean. Occasional switching to
English in such cases was indeed inevitable to avoid
misunderstandings. For more sophisticated scientific
concepts, however, English was primarily used. I started
to learn Korean in the GIFT Korean class which was
part of the curriculum for all GIFT foreign students.
Only one Korean class was offered every semester and it
was intended to satisfy the needs of students with
different levels of Korean, including the newcomers.
Therefore, I additionally registered for the Korean
classes in the POSTECH language center which was
offered in three different levels. Thanks to the better
interactivity of the classes in the POSTECH language
center, my Korean improved very quickly since then.
Now when I look back, although I still consider myself a
beginner, I think the effort that I put in learning Korean
was worth it and I am happy that my 4 years in Korea
was not merely devoted to research.
T
he first three years of my PhD studies was a very
smooth period; I settled down upon arrival in
Pohang and I knew that I was going to spend three to
four years on my PhD in GIFT. The life was so nice
and peaceful that my wife and I decided to have a baby
in the second year of my studies. In the fourth year,
however, I started to think about the transition that was
ahead. Professor De Cooman kindly introduced me to
some of his colleagues in the North America and
Europe and in Sept. 2011, I personally talked to some
of the delegates in the 7
th
European stainless steel
conference in Como, Italy, to inquire about the job
possibilities for me. I eventually ended up with three
different career paths: staying in GIFT as a post-
doctoral researcher, becoming a stainless steel market
analyst in an Austrian company, and joining the
Institute for Iron and Steel Technology of Technical
University of Freiberg in Germany as a scientific
assistant. After investigating about the two job offers
outside Korea, I eventually decided to join the Institute
for Iron and Steel Technology as a scientific assistant
on a six-year contract. Before making this decision, I
was invited by professor Piotr R. Scheller, dean of that
institute and an adjunct professor of GIFT, to have a
trip to Freiberg and visit his institute and some other
partner institutes on campus. During the visit, I
developed a favorable opinion of the institute, and the
TU Freiberg in general. Unlike GIFT in which almost
all required facilities are centralized in two buildings, it
is a routine in TU Freiberg to receive services from the
other institutes on campus.
According to the job description, the scientific
assistant position that I will hold in TU Freiberg is
equivalent to the assistant professor position as it is
called in many other countries and involves teaching,
research, and laboratory supervision. In spite of my
appreciation for the GIFT people and its research
environment, I see this position as a good opportunity
to put the knowledge and experience acquired in the
GIFT into practice and to learn new things from new
I
t was one and a half years through my PhD program
at the School of Metallurgy & Material Engineering
of University of Tehran, a top ranked university in Iran,
when I first heard about the GIFT from a close friend of
mine who was then considering joining the
Environmental Metallurgy Laboratory of GIFT. After
learning more about the GIFT from the information
available online, I decided to leave University of
Tehran in spite of the fact that I was almost done with
all course requirements. What encouraged me the most
was the availability of virtually all equipments needed
for testing and characterization, because this is an
important factor determining the quality of research in
the metallurgy and materials science fields. The lack of
appropriate materials characterization tools or the long
waiting time associated with the use of such equipment
was my biggest concern when I started my PhD
program at the University of Tehran.
The other encouraging factor about GIFT was to see so
many renowned scholars in the steel research field
gathered together in GIFT. This made me think that the
era of conventional metallurgy and steel research was
Research in GIFT
Career Options
Korean Culture
A Path to
Graduation
Mola, Javad
Doctoral student 4
th
year student
Materials Design Lab
GIFT, POSTECH
Ending up at GIFT
GIFT Diary 27
GIFT ACTIVITIES
26 GIFT Diary
FACULTY ACTIVITIES
Do Kyeong Han,master student and Prof. Kyoo Young Kim, director of
Surface Engineering Laboratory were awarded Best Poster Award upon
Corrosion behavior of Fe-Mn-Al Austenitic
steels in chloride solution at the Autumn
Meeting of the Corrosion Science
Society of Korea held on Nov. 4, 2011
Tae K
i Jeo
n
g
,doctoral student of Computational M
etallurgy
Laboratory has been generously rewarded for his work in the steel plant,
which led to a large reduction in the waste when steel sheet is rolled. He
led a team while employed by POSCO, which implemented better width
control on rolled sheet.
Faculty Activities GI FT Activities
2011 ACerS Spriggs Phases Equilibria Award
Prof. Hae-Geon Lee, Director of CSL and Dr. Dae-Hee Woo, graduated from GIFT in 2010 have been
awarded the Richard and Patricia Spriggs Phase Equilibria Award for the paper Phase Equilibria of the MnO-
SiO2-Al2O3-MnS System published in Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 90 [7] 2098-2106(2010)
Upon the recommendation of the Spriggs Phase Equilibria Award sub-committee, The American Ceramic
Society Board of Directors unanimously approved their selection. Recognition of this award was given at
the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet at the 113
th
Annual Meeting on Monday, October 17, 2011 in
Columbus, Ohio, USA
For more his activities:
- Delivering an invited lecture at the International Top Scientist Forum Wuhan 2011, Wuhan, China on
Nov. 11-14, 2011
- Delivering a keynote lecture at ISME(5
th
joint conference of the Iranian Foundry mens Society and the
Iranian Society of Metallurgical engineers), Isfahan, Iran, on Oct. 24-26, 2011
- Delivering an invited lecture at University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
on Sep. 27-29, 2011
- Delivering an invited lecture at Hunan Valin Steel, Changsha, China on Aug. 31, 2011
- Delivering an invited seminar at Central South University, Changsha, China on Aug. 30, 2011
- Delivering an invited lecture at Clean Steel Conference at Shenyang, China, on Aug. 24-26, 2011
- Receiving the THERMEC2011 Distinguished Award at THERMEC2011, Quebec, Canada on Aug 1-
5, 2011
Prof.
Bhadeshia, Harry
(Director of CML)
Prof. Hae-Geon Lee
(Director of CSL)
Deliveringainvitedlectureat theWinter School on
ChemistryandPhysicsof Materials,Dec.5-10,2011
DeliveringaninvitedlecturePOSCOCenter, Dec. 2,
2011,Seoul,Korea
DeliveringaInvitedLectureat theCBMMMeeting
ontheHeat AffectedZoneof PipelineWeld, Nov.
17-212011,Brazil
Giving a plenary lectureat theInternational Top
Scientist WuhanSteel Forum,Nov.11-14,2011
Givingakeynotelectureat International Unionof
Materials Research Society conferencein Taiwan,
Sept.19-22,2011
Delivering an invited seminar at KIASTSept. 27,
2011,Daejeon,Korea
Giving a keynote lecture at THERMEC 2011,
Quebec,Canada,Aug.1-5,2011
Prof.
Barlat, Frdric
(Director of MML)
Receiving the Lee Hsun Lecture Award by the
Instituteof Metal Research, ChineseAcademy of
Sciences(IMRCAS)andShenyangNational Labfor
Materials Science (SYNL), Nov. 20-22, 2011 and
delivered a lectureentitled Dislocation Density-
Based Modeling of the Stress-Strain Behavior
under Non-Proportional LoadingConditions
Co-Chair of the Numisheet 2011 conference,
August 21-26,Seoul
Prof.
De Cooman, C. Bruno
(Director of MDL)
Giving the course at the India Chapter of
Association of Iron and Steel Technology (AIST),
Dec.5-9,2011
Giving a keynotespeech at 2011 2nd Indonesian
Iron and Steelmaking Conference, Oct. 20-21,
2011
Teaching the course at Hanoi University of
Technology,Sept.10-23,2011
Prof.
Kim, Kyoo Young
(Director of SEL)
Giving a keynote speak at the 6th International
ConferenceonHighStrengthLowAlloySteel, May
31-June3,2011,Beijing,China
Delivering an invited lecture at Dong Kuk Steel
Mill Co., Ltd, Korea on Sept. 22, 2011, Pohang,
Korea
Invited as a session chair of International Ocean
and Polar Engineering (ISOPE) 2011, June17-27,
2011,Hawaii,USA
Prof.
Prof. Nack Joon Kim
(Dean, Director of MCL)
Givinganinvitedkeynoteaddressat the5th Joint
Congress of Iraian Metallurgical Engineering
Society& IranianFoundarymensSociety, Oct. 25-
26,2011
Deliveringan invitedlectureat Isfahan University
of TechnologyinIranonOct.24,2011
Invited a member of theInternational Advisory
Committeeat the1st WorldCongressonIntergrated
Computational Materials Engineering in Seven
Spring,USAonJul.10-14,2011
Prof.
SASAKI, Yasushi
(Director of EML)
Prof.
Won, Sangchul
(Director of CAL)
Prof.
Jung, Sung-Mo
(EML)
Givingakeynoteaddressat theIranianMetallurgy
and Foundry Conferencein Isfahan, Iran on Oct.
25- 27,2011.
Delivering an invited lecture at the Fruehan
symposiuminCarnegie-MellonUniversity
Invited as International Committee AT Fray
SymposiuminMexico,Nov.27-Dec.2,2011
Invited as General Chair at the 11th of 2011
International Conferenceon Control, Automation
andSystems(ICCAS)inKorea,Oct.26-29,2011
Invited as Advisory Committee at SICE 2011 in
Japan,Sept.12-16,2011
Delivering a presentation at Fray Symposiumin
MexicoonNov.24?27,2011
Delivering an invited lecture at BRUKER-AXS in
KoreaonSep.23,2011
Delivering an invited lecture at Korea Iron and
Steel AssociationinKoreaonSep.21,2011
Prof.
Kim, Chongmin
(MML)
Prof.
Lee, Seok Jae
(MDL)
Prof.
Suh, Dong Woo
(CML)
Prof.
Kang, Youn-Bae
(CSL)
Delivering an invited lectureat Glass Symposium
of theKoreanCeramic Society, Seoul, Korea(Dec.
2,2011)
Deliveringaninvitedlectureat School of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Ulsan,
Ulsan,Korea(Nov.24,2011)
Delivering an invited lecture at POSCOE&C,
Pohang,Korea(Nov.11,2011)
Presentation at 162th ISIJ Fall meeting, Osaka,
Japan(Sep.20~22,2011)
Presentationat Euromat 2011, Montpeller, France
(Sep.11~14,2011)
Organizing 2nd workshop on Tohoku university -
GIFT(POSTECH) Steelmaking Research, Pohang,
Korea(Aug.1~2,2011)
Deliveringthelectureat Universityof Waterloo,
Jul. 15th, 2011
Selected as the top 10 authors having papers
acceptedinScriptaMaterialia
Prof.
Lee, Myoung-Gyu
(MML)
Co-editor, Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference and Workshop on Numerical
Simulation of 3DSheet Metal Forming Processes
(Numisheet 2011),Auguest 21-26,Seoul
Organizing, Benchmark committee, NUMISHEET
2011
Appointedasasecretaryof theManufacturing&
MaterialsDivisioninKoreanSocietyof Automotive
Engineer (KSAE)
Deliveringainvitedlectureat IUMRS-ICA, Taiwan
onSept.20,2011
Delivering a Young Scientist invitation lectureat
KIMfall meeting,KoreaonOct.27,2011
Yu Mi Ha,Ki Hyuk Kwon, Il Cheol Yi, Kayoung Choi and Prof. Nack Joon Kim,
members of Microstructure Control Laboratory received the Best Poster Award on
Martensitic transformation in 12Mn steel at the 5th
Steel Sicence Forum of KIM in
Korea on June 30th
- July 2nd
, 2011.
KIM Best Poster Award 2011The Fall Meeting of Korean
Institute of Metals and Materials (KIM) was held on October 27 2011 in Daejeon,
Korea. At this meeting, two groups of GIFT were selected to be awarded the Best
Poster Award on Effect of Microstructure on Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Austenite-Base High Mn Steels written by Yu Mi Ha, Ki Hyuk
Kwon, Il Cheol Yi and Prof. Nack Joon Kim, members of Microstructure
Control Laboratory and Scaling Behavior of Surface Energy for FCC Metals
written by Young Won Choi, Min Ho Cho, Prof. Se Kyun Kwon and Prof.
Yang Mo Koo, members of Alternative Technology Laboratory
T
h
e
M
e
ta
llic
C
o
n
c
e
rt,an enjoyable perform
ance
by extrem
ely entertaining Luders m
em
bers from
GIFT
KIMS Best
Micrographs
Contest
Byoungkoo Kim, doctoral
student of Microstructure
Control Laboratory
received a prize at the Best
Micrographs Contest of
KIMS on Nov. 9
th, 2011
Jeong Yeon Lee,doctoral student of Materials
Mechanics Laboratory presented her work in the graduate
student session and was awarded for the best presentation at
the NUMISHEET international conference held in Seoul on
August 21-26, 2011.
Special Column 29
SPECIAL COLUMN
28 Special Column
SPECIAL COLUMN
The Generally
Happy but
Sometimes
Difficult Life
of an Old
Repatriate
Professor
Prof. Chongmin Kim
Materials Mechanics Lab
GIFT, POSTECH
is loaded with such heavy words as happy, difficult, old,
repatriate, and professor.
Till July of last year, I had been a happy retiree for a year,
busily engaged in such activities as attending graduate school
full-time in English literature and riding motorcycles, in
addition to spending more time with grandchildren and
catching up with old friends. In the previous year, 2009, I
retired from General Motors Research Laboratories. One
thing I give myself credit for is that, whereas many workers
do not prepare themselves for their life after retirement, I
methodically conditioned myself for it starting from 2004,
the year when my English literature phase began. My
neighbor, a child psycho-analyst, commented, Ah, you are
trying to heal your mind by yourself! Good luck! A good
friend of mine said, Why do you keep exploring new ways
to suffer! I read a lot and wrote a lot, including fictions,
poetry, even plays. As I retired, I set up a rough plan that I
wanted to write creatively for the following thirty years. Dr.
Wada, who had been my sensei figure throughout my
professional career, blessed me by saying, Do not call it
retirement! Consider it the next phase of your life! A
person like you must never stop writing, and I think you will
reach your peak as a writer in fifteen years.
The serious plan above halted abruptly when I got an e-mail
from Prof. Barlat one day during a visit of my mother in
Seoul in July of 2010, only two days before my return to
Detroit. We made the best use of what available time we had
and met at the Seoul KTX station the following day. It did
not take much time for me to accept his offer. I was
immediately fascinated by the risks and delicacies of the
assignment. I thought correctly that, in this job, I would have
to learn the modern Korea, her language, her music, and her
people and societal culture. Moreover, I had to conduct
myself adequately both as an American and as a Korean, and
both as a man who spent a company career at General
Motors and as a professor. Unlike a stable employment over
many years, in this new assignment I thought it undesirable
to make either too much contribution or too little, to be too
good or too average, and act too young or too old. In my
whole professional life, I had never declined an opportunity
which contained interesting challenges and risks. One factor
I
would like to start by thanking Ms. Ye Jin Lee for
giving me this unexpected opportunity. Right away I
accepted her invitation to contribute an article to GIFT
Newsletter, because this offered me a unique means to
complete my Hello, even though it started more than a year
ago, to the good people of GIFT. I gave her roughly the
above title over our first phone conversation. But, I
immediately realized the gravity of the task, because the title
words forty years ago, they make the breaks often between
syllables these days. I first hypothesized that this was all
influences from the all-popular American language, but have
since modified this to include influx of elements from the
languages of Jeon-La and Kyeong-Sang Provinces.
I was immediately hooked by the survival program,
(I am a singer). It showed me so much about the
diversity and the depth of the world of popular songs in
Korea: the composers, the singers, the businesses behind
all these; it showed me so much about the Korean
language, too; it showed me so much about the tastes and
standards of the general public too. The songs I liked most
included (Empty glass) by Jae-bum Yim, the duet
(the name escapes me) which Yun-A Kim sang with a
male vocalist, Abracadabra, again by Yun-A Kim, and
Hinari, by Bum-Soo Kim. But, my taste for songs is
clearly different from that of the general public, because
none of these songs received above-median votes. At first,
I was disturbed that the top vote-getters were screaming
songs which made the audience shed tears. In the States,
no one goes to concerts to cry. However, I saw recently
on TV a couple of young Caucasian women saying that
they liked K-Pops because, unlike Western songs which
are usually light-hearted songs heard in bars, K-Pop songs
come from the depth of the singers heart. It fascinated
me why rap, which is past its peak popularity in the
States, is still a rage in Korea. It fascinated me that the
ballad form is so popular in Korea. Then, recently, I came
to the stunning realization that Pansori, the most excellent
traditional Korean music, is basically a ballad and rap.
My daily life has gone through substantial changes, all good.
My favorite foods in the States included hamburgers, the
spiciest fried chicken wings, and pizza, and I preferred
Kentucky Bourbon and beer for drinking occasions. After I
stopped playing the time- and money-consuming game of
golf, my bodily exercise had been far below adequate. Here,
weekend visits to local temples, always situated high and
deep in the mountains, and villages have wonderfully
provided needed exercise. My diet went through a profound
change, and Pohang foods, such as and
, with a lot of vegetables, trimmed my previously
overweight body by 5 kg! I was happy to rediscover soju,
dongdongju and makgulli, and since coming to Korea last
year, I have never had a sip of American liquors. With all
this, other statistics of my health, like blood pressure, seem
better than ever.
Some of the cultural adjustments were interesting but,
more often than not, with some difficulty. One was
admitting and acting my age. In the States, I could go to
my favorite neighborhood bar, engage in conversation
with strangers of all ages, and even play a game of pool,
never noticing the age gap. As a graduate student of
English literature in the States, I could engage in long
discussion with students in a classroom, a library, or a
nearby bar. These sorts of social gathering had an
important side benefit. It was a precious chance for me as
a fiction writer to observe how young people of both
sexes feel, think and live. I could not dream of finding
such occasions in Korea. I miss the professors in the
English Department, Wayne State University, in Detroit,
Michigan. They welcomed me and watched me reading,
writing and becoming mature as a student and man. They
gently introduced me into next-level literature when I was
ready.
In my early years as a company man, an older Korean friend
advised me never to tell a Korean joke in English. After the
passage of many years, I became talkative and liberally told
my jokes. In my early months at GIFT, although the
situations did not need me to apologize or regret, I felt
sharply that I should be careful with jokes. For most jokes in
the States and Great Britain, the source of humor comes from
self-deprecation, that is, making fun of the speaker himself.
Watching television in Korea, on the other hand, it seems that
people laugh at the expense of a third party or even the
second party. I vividly remember the bewildered look on the
face of someone at GIFT when I told my self-deprecating
humor. I will never repeat the same mistake.
A strange thing happened during the Koreanization of my
brain. For about four months, after a couple of months of
living here, I found my brain in a semi-paralysis and had
no desire to read literature written in English. James
Joyce and Charles Dickens, to whom I used to liken
myself so much, seemed like distant stars. I tried to pick
up Homer, but his Iliad seemed even farther, like a
strange galaxy in a parallel universe. Only a month ago, I
started recovering from this agonizing numbness. I am
now reading short stories by John Updike, and his stories
brings back the senses and meaning of home in the States.
The human mind is remarkable for its ability to find
healing ways.
Ah, so much for my problems with English and Korean!
I must not forget to tell about my crazy and wonderful
journey into the French language. Soon after I came to
Pohang, I wanted to find something unusual to do, in
order to maintain my former wild and crazy guy image.
I thought about learning the Gyeong-Sang Province
language (Note that I did not use the word, dialect, here,
out of my respect to the proud people of the province!).
But, I did not think they would be happy to see a Seoul
person speaking their language and trying to break into
their world without permission. Even under the best
imaginable scenario, the situation would be quite
awkward. So, I decided to learn the safer French language
instead, and my caring daughter sent me a study book.
She said, when I complete the book, I would be ready to
go to the next, intermediate level. I regarded learning the
French language as crazy as, or even crazier than, riding a
motorcycle. I also want to say that the motivation to learn
French has little to do with the fact that Prof. Barlat is a
Frenchman or the fact that my first love affair more than
forty years ago was with a French literature major. As a
part of the learning experience, I also wished to sing at
least one French song at least once, because it itself was
such a crazy, potentially embarrassing idea. I learned Les
Feuilles Mortes and La Mer. The former is a lovely,
somewhat sad, song, and I sang it once at an MML outing
with all kinds of wrong pronunciation and once again
recently with Prof. Barlat at an MML party at Bu-Cheon-
Seong Chinese restaurant on December 21. The latter, a
sunny song, found an eagerly willing lead vocalist, Prof.
Barlat; he and I sang that song six times already! We sang
the song at the last MT at Yeong-Nam Alps, at Oo-Mi-
Hyang, at a sam-gyeop-sal place in Hyo-Ja Market, at a
beef pot place in E-Dong, and at a Wa-Bar. The latest was
at the recent faculty party in Gyeong-Ju. There, we
received some claps but no encore requests; this may
indicate the high artistic standard of professors in Korea.
Maybe God created His mankind to be ambivalent, to be
humble and proud at the same time. It did not take long
for me to give up learning modern Korean. But, my ugly
pride can never die and I have written a lot in Korean to
my friends on our internet blog. I find special satisfaction
in poetry. Some readers may have noticed that I
contributed an English translation to the lovely Korean
poem by POSTECH Facility Head, Mr. Soo-Gil Kwon, in
the spring time. I had the greatest pleasure discovering an
excellent poet, the late Mr. Gwang-Hyup Kim, who
happened to be an uncle of Mr. Hyun-Jin Kim, of MML.
His poetic language, full of Jejudo dialect, is stunning and
beautiful, and he experimented with so much creativity
and energy. I did an English translation of his most
famous poem, shown below. The poem shows sentiments
of a bygone time, and the fact that I love it tells something
about me. I wonder if this poem appeals to the present-
day young generations. I wonder if there will be Korean
people who will love this poem a century from now.
What fascinates me is that, written in English, the poem
seems to take on a timeless character of a sort. That is, the
poem will generate the same feeling to readers a couple of
centuries later. Where does it come from? Are all
languages like English in this sense?
that decisively pushed me to take this offer was that this
would give me the once-in-my-lifetime opportunity to live
close to my mother. After leaving Korea forty years ago, I
had never lived with or close to my mother, even though I
was her eldest son. My mother said about my returning to
Korea, In my 80-some years of life, I have never dreamed
that such a (good) thing would happen to me! I was also
curious about what adjustments my wife of thirty-seven
years would have to make in order to live in Pohang, Korea.
In the States, we had been a team who complemented each
other in all matters of life; there was no such division as
womans duty and mans duty. To make this part of the story
short, my wife has so impressively transformed herself into a
Korean professors wife that I am concerned her transition
back to an American wife will be difficult.
I have had to make many cultural adjustments. Sometimes it
was as simple as understanding the difference between
Korean and English yes. It took me many weeks,
however, to be convinced that a students conveys the
attitude of I will do my best, whereas yes promises the
result, I will deliver the result as agreed. Other adjustments
took longer. For example, after a couple of months in Korea,
my wife and I concurred that, whereas it takes about thirty
minutes of knowing each other before Americans start
talking about their personal lives, it takes Koreans a lot
longer, as much as several months before they start confiding
in us. In scientific language, Koreans are delta-functions,
while Americans are Gaussian functions.
We had to adjust our old ears to the phonetics of modern
Korean language, which is different from the standard
language spoken forty years ago. used to be close to j,
but, to my ear, it sounds closer to z these days, especially
when spoken by young people. I read once that dentists in
Europe could tell if a patient was an American by the
position of the lower jaw in relation to the upper. What the
dental industry in America has created over the past few
decades is the lower jaw to move forward. It seems to me
that the same has happened in Korea. When the lower jaw is
moved forward, it becomes more natural to speak z, instead
of j; you may try it. I have also noticed, especially in songs,
that, whereas people spoke Korean with breaks between
Professor and Mrs. Hosford At the Yang-Dong Village
Seasons greetings from
A
rthur,
Stephen and E
lizabeth K
im
FAQ_ Admissions 31
FAQ_ ADMISSIONS
30 Special Column
SPECIAL COLUMN
I wish to show a poem which I wrote recently, because its
sentiment shares certain feelings I have towards GIFT.
The poem could use a little explanation. On the third of
December, my closest friends and I, all five of us,
gathered in a non-descript restaurant in Seoul. We were
the only clients that night. The business owner, a beautiful
and pleasant woman in her 40s, showed up and chatted
with us. She said her home town was Yeong-Ju. That
reminded me of a beautiful prose written by Mr. Soon-
Woo Choi, a former director of the National Museum of
Korea, about the famous temple building known as Moo-
Ryang-Soo-Jeon, a part of the Bu-Suk-Sa Temple in
Yeong-Ju. I had converted a portion of it into poem form
several years ago. For my friends this time, I made extra
revisions in order that it be for the lady, not for the
building. I trust that no one related to Mr. Choi would
blame me for borrowing from his essay without
permission, because Mr. Choi would have certainly
allowed me to do so considering the hard work I did in
my high-school years cleaning up the mess left by him
and my father after lengthy partying.
Finally, I wish to talk more about the professor-student
relationship in Korea. It may also be related to the special
social status that professors are given in Korea. Initially I felt
quite uncomfortable whenever I was addressed as a
professor, but now I am used to it. I was very aware early on
of the long-lasting professor-student relationship in Korea
and had to think deeply about what should be my role.
Compounding this, because of my age, quite understandably
students tended to want to keep some respectable distance
from me. Dr. Erik Pavlina, a wonderful American who spent
a year at MML as a post-doc, beautifully summed up my age
problem, Chongmin, I am really shocked that the (Korean)
students seem to be afraid of you. I simply dont
understand! I do not know a solution to this problem, and I
do not want to even try to find one. As always, I remain
faithful that, in good time, enough positive interactions will
||

.

,

.
,

.
whereorangeflowersblossomed
apoemof Gwang-HyupKim
Atthevillageof myyouth,orangeflowersblossomedwhite.
Totheorangeblossompetals,bluewaterswavedandwaved.
Glidingovertheseawasaloneconnectorsteamboat.
Likeorangeblossompetalsfallenonawoodenporch,
Mysilvery-hairedgrandmaslumbers
Asmyyouthalsodesiresblissful dozing,
Eventheboh-bohsongof theconnectorsteamboat
Descendstomyvillageonthewingsof seagulls.
Orangeblossom,fallingwithconnectorsboh-bohsong
Orangeblossompetalshavetearstoshed,
Thesorrowof orangeblossompetals
be had and I will fondly remember the students and they, me.
I have been seriously aware of my personal character as a
professor, because in this regard, I could not help being
essentially American. I have observed and even asked
around how professors operate in Korea. Some nurture
students to be independent, while some micro-manage, I
found out. On the students side, some want to be
independent, while some wants to be instructed what and
how to do from world-class professors. Stephen Spielberg,
the famous movie director, publicly thanked his parents for
leaving him alone to own his young, growing years. One of
my children once said to me, It wouldve been easier for
me, if you wouldve been like other Korean parents and
scolded and punished me when I misbehaved or did not do
well at school. It was so hard for me to see you and mom
suffering in silence. One significant revelation I had a month
ago was about the professor-student relationship between
Prof. William Hosford and me. I was in the hardest period of
my life as a full-time employee, a full-time student and a full-
time daddy, and had exhausted my last calorie after I
completed all experiments, and my weight reached an all-
time low of 57 kg with a 26-size waist (Years later, these
numbers swelled to 75 and 34!). I had to recover for a year
before starting to write. It must have been so painful for my
advisor, the kind William Hosford, to see me in that
agonizing state in the final stage of doctorate work. Yet, he
waited in silence, with faith. I admit that there can be a
multitude of different teacher-student relationship. But, I am
firm in my belief that thesis students must be nurtured to
mature to individuals mostly on their own, like Spielberg
was. I have never thanked Professor Hosford face-to-face,
and he would be embarrassed if I did. Several years after I
graduated, at a party I told Mrs. Peggy Hosford about the
hardship I endured during my thesis work. She smiled and
said to me, Chongmin, dont even mention hardship in front
of me. When Bill was a graduate student, he and I had four
children in four years. I loved reading books, but there was
just no time for that! By the way, I dont think I ever
thanked my dear wife for never nagging how I was doing in
my graduate school work; if I did, I would be embarrassed.
In the same spirit, I wish GIFT students would cut down on
their sentimental words of acknowledgements in their theses.
I have read more than half dozen theses at GIFT, and the
acknowledgements were all so good and often so moving to
the point of bringing tears. But, remember that the theses are
public documents, and the writers must control how much
they want to tell the world about personal loves and
emotions.
Nearing the end of this essay, I recall one evening in a hotel
in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, earlier this year. I was driving
back from my sons new home in New Jersey, and it was a
convenient overnight stop on the way to Michigan. There
was an e-mail from Prof. Kwansoo Chung of Seoul National
University, requesting me to introduce the keynote speaker,
Dr. Sung-Ho Park of POSCO, at his upcoming NUMISheet
conference. It then dawned on me that Monroeville and
nearby Pittsburgh connected me, Professor Barlat, Dr. Park
and Professor Chung, in a way which seems more like a fate
than an accident. In the early1980s, I met Dr. Park, then a
graduate student, at a conference in Pittsburgh. We toured the
city and had an evening of dining and drinking. Ever since, I
tracked his rise in POSCO and we even collaborated on a
project one time. In the mid-80s, Dr. Chung and Dr. Barlat
were office mates at the ALCOA research laboratories. The
company hosted a lavish week-long celebration at a golf
resort for its 100
th
anniversary, and the invitation to GM
Research ended up on me, only because my bosses knew I
was not afraid to discuss metallurgy and computer science
together. Dr. Chung found me at the golf course, by pure
accident. When GM Research assigned me to create a
research collaboration the year GM was acquiring then Dae-
Woo Motors, it was the GM Research vice president who
picked Dr. Chungs proposal, even though I strongly wished
that there be a collaborative agreement with POSTECH, as
well. I felt so sorry that it did not happen, after such a
wonderful reception from POSTECH staff, including Prof.
Kyoo-Young Kim. Therefore, to me the appointment at
GIFT contained an element of redemption and face-saving.
Small world Fate Whatever, I am so fortunate to have known
these gentlemen and scholars.
It pains me that I have to leave the wonderful life in Pohang
and return to my home in the States some day. I have to
return to my five grandchildren, because my first goal in life
has been to be a good grandfather. My memory of
grandfathers is minimal. My children have been deeply
curious about my father, but their exposure to him was
minimal. Therefore, if I fail to spend enough time with my
grandchildren, my Kim family will be grandfather-less for
three or more generations in succession, an unthinkable
situation for a good family. What will my life be like after
returning to the States? The details do not worry me; I will
simply plunge myself into the arms of friendly people, like I
did in Pohang.

,

.

,
,
.
,

.

.

,
.
You
Melancholystreet
Wanderingaimless,myfeet,
Attractedtofireplaceswarmth?
WhereI stopped,appearedyour face!
Suddenlybrightenstheworld!
Asif inwaiting,your greetingface
Elegant andmysterious
Your beautydefiesmywords
Facingyour beauty,
Imoverwhelmedwiththanks,
I ponder themeaningof it all
Again,againandagain
Fromafar andfromnear
Still young,yet kind,
Nohint of haughtiness
Or nervousfragility
Far asmyeyesreach,
Morebeautiful thanapaintingor poem!
For whomareyoumeant,
Possiblyfor me?
FAQs (Related to Admissions)
GIFT reviews applications on a continuous year-round basis. Applicants are encouraged to submit their
applications as soon as possible because of this rolling admission process. Applications are accepted
throughout the year, and applications are reviewed individually in the order in which they are received.
- International students should consider the time required for the visa issuance and for completion of the
Korea Entry process.
- Completed Application Form
- Personal Statement along with study plan
- Two letters of recommendation
(M.S program_ International students only / Ph.D program_ All students required)
- CV (Curriculum Vitae)
* You can get the above materials from GIFT website:
http://gift.postech.ac.kr Admissions Application Materials
*Students must also complete an online application from the website
- Official University Transcripts (in English)
- Certificate of Degree (in English)
- Verification of English Proficiency:
TOEFL: 550(PBT), 213(CBT), 79(IBT)
IELTS : above 6.0
TEPS : 680 or higher
The additional documents for the doctoral program
- Certificate of masters degree or Certificate of enrollment
- Certificate of academic records of masters program
- Abstract of graduate thesis
- List of publications, if available
We try to make an admission decisions as soon as possible after receiving all materials, but it can take up to
six weeks to receive a response to your application. The Admissions Committee holds a meeting at the end of
each month; however, the date is flexible. The meetings are not held in August and January because of the
orientation session for new students. If your application is not submitted in time, it will be reviewed in the
following month.
GIFT seeks a highly motivated, academically well-prepared, and diverse student body. In making admission
decisions, candidates are evaluated on performance and potential demonstrated through their academic
record, letters of recommendation (in some cases), personal statements and research achievements. If
necessary, an oral test or interview may be required.
1. When should I submit my application for
admission to GIFT?
2. What are the required application
documents for admission?
3. How long will it take to receive an
admission decision after applying?
4. What does GIFT consider when making
admission decisions?
5. Does GIFT support any financial aid for
students?
6. When are new students assigned to their
new lab?
Semester Spring (First) Fall (Second)
International Domestic International Domestic
Early December Application Deadline
Orientation Session February August
Program Masters (2yr) Doctoral (4yr)
Tuition
Living Expense Assistance
KRW 12,000,000/yr
(~USD 11,100/yr)
KRW 18,000,000/yr
(~USD 16,700/yr)
End of June
GIFT provides scholarship to all GIFT students as follows:
Admitted students will have an individual interview with each lab director during the orientation session.
Students can restate their lab preference, regardless of whether their preference indicated on the application
has changed or remained the same, during the interview. Therefore, it is vital that students attend the session.
Students may also discuss their interests in the proposed field of study with professors. After the interviews,
lab directors will assemble and finalize the lab assignment for each student.
* GIFT Offers a GIFT Internship Program in the summer and winter session. 3rd and 4th year
undergraduate students, who are very interested in Ferrous Technology studies, systems and backgrounds,
and/or in GIFT lab activities, are encouraged to participate in our internship program
For more information, please visit our GIFT website:
http://gift.postech.ac.kr Admissions
Exempted (KRW 5,5650,000/semester)

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