1

Review of Chapter 2, Plus Matlab Examples (Part II)

2.7 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Let 1 120 a =
o
. Clearly then
2 *
a a = and
3
1 a = . The triple (1, a ,
2
a ) form a set of balanced phasors, thus
2
1 0 a a + + = . This triple
represents the three cube roots of 1.


Y-connected generator, positive sequence:

0
An p
E E =

2
120
Bn p An
E E a E = =
240
Cn p An
E E aE = =

Here
p
E is the "phase" voltage. Note that if we know
An
E we can
find the other two voltages in terms of
An
E .

It is noted that line-to-line voltage
L
V is larger than the phase voltage by a factor of 3
and is ahead by 30
o
, i.e. 3 30
L L p
E E

=
o
. However, line current and phase current
are identical, i.e.
L p
I I = .


Y-connected generator, negative sequence:

0
An p
E E =
120
Bn p An
E E aE = =

2
120
Cn p An
E E a E = =

The negative sequence connection is obtained by "interchanging" any
two phases of the positive sequence connection. Power systems use only positive
sequence connected generators. Also, every effort is made to maintain balanced voltages
and loads.



1
a
a
2
E
An
E
Bn
E
Cn

t
E
An
E
Cn
E
Bn

t
2
V
an
n
V
bn
V
cn
V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
2.8 Y-Connected Loads

0
An p
V V =

2
120
Bn p An
V V a V = =
240
Cn p An
V V aV = =

The line-to-line voltages are found as follows:

( ) 1 0 1 120 3 30
ab an bn p p
V V V V V = = =

Similarly we find:


3 90
bc p
V V =
3 150
ca p
V V =




Note: all these results apply provided the
reference phasor is as shown. This is
arbitrarily chosen, for example above, it is
assumed that V
an
is the reference vector (at
zero degrees). If a different reference is
chosen, the diagram stays the same though it
will be rotated.

2.9 Delta Connected Loads

In a similar way we see that
L p
V V = (line voltage and phase voltage are the same for
delta connected loads) and

3 30
a p
I I =
3 150
b p
I I =
3 90
c p
I I =
and in general:
3 30
L p
I I =
V
an
V
bn
V
cn
V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
3
2.10 -Y Transformation for Balanced Loads

3 / 3
Y Y
Z Z Z Z

= =

2.11 Per-Phase Analysis

1. It is assumed that everything is "balanced".
2. Change all delta connected loads/sources to Y connections, this provides a neutral
point.
3. All the neutral points are at the same potential, hence all the neutral points may be
connected
4. This breaks up the circuit into three entirely separate circuits, one for each phase.
5. Solve the single-phase circuit for phase "a". The other phases are the same after a
phase shift of 120
o
.


2.12 Balanced Three-Phase Power

Recall that single phase instantaneous power was sinusoidal and had a frequency twice
that of the line. Its average value was called the real power. Here is the single phase
power equation:

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 cos2 sin 2
v v
p t P t Q t = + + + +

**Single phase**

The three-phase instantaneous power equation will be derived below.

Suppose the voltages of a three-phase supply are given by:

( ) 2 cos
an p v
v V t = +

( )
2 cos 120
bn p v
v V t = +
o


( )
2 cos 240
cn p v
v V t = +
o


Assume the currents are given by:

( ) 2 cos
a p i
i I t = +

( )
2 cos 120
b p i
i I t = +
o


( )
2 cos 240
c p i
i I t = +
o


The instantaneous power is then found by adding the powers for the three phases:

4

( )
3 an a bn b cn c
p t v i v i v i

= + +
Thus we have:


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
2 cos cos
2 cos 120 cos 120
2 cos 240 cos 240
p p v i
p p v i
p p v i
p t V I t t
V I t t
V I t t

= + +
+ + +
+ + +


Using the identity ( ) ( )
1 1
cos cos cos cos
2 2
A B A B A B = + + we have:


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
cos cos 2
cos cos 2 240
cos cos 2 480
p p v i v i
p p v i v i
p p v i v i
p t V I t
V I t
V I t

= + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +



Note that the terms involving time are a balanced set hence add to zero and we have:

( ) ( )
3
3 cos
p p v i
p t V I

=

If we let
v i
= (the impedance angle) then:

( )
3 3
3 cos
p p
p t P V I

= =

It is interesting to note that the RHS is independent of time! Each
phase by itself has a pulsating power, but when the three are added,
the result is a constant power compare with single phase!

The concept of complex power is now extended to three phase, thus we define


3
3 sin
p p
Q V I

=


3 3 3
S P jQ

= +

In terms of phase voltages and currents, we also have:


*
3
3
p p
S V I

=

5
Since in the Y-connection we have
3
L
p
V
V = and
p L
I I = , then we have:


( )
3 3
3 cos
3 cos
p p
L L
p t P V I
V I

= =
=



3
3 sin
L L
Q V I

=

In case of the -connection
p L
V V = and
3
L
p
I
I = giving rise to the same equations
above. The two equations above are valid for - as well as Y-connected circuits: They
involve line-to-line quantities.

Very Important: The angle in the power equations above is the angle between the
phase voltage and phase current (not line voltages nor line currents). Failure to
recognize this fact can lead to serious computational errors.

Example 2.7

A three phase line has an impedance of 2 4 j + . The line-to-line voltage is 207.85 V.
Two three-phase loads are connected to this line in parallel: one is a -load, the other is a
Y-load. Each leg of the -load has an impedance of 60 45 j , and each leg of the Y-
load has an impedance of 30 40 j + . Taking the phase voltage
a
V as a reference,
determine:

(a) The current, real power, and reactive power drawn from the supply.
(b) The line voltage at the combined loads.
(c) The current per phase in each load.
(d) The total real and reactive powers in each load and the line.

The Matlab program follows:

V1 = 207.85/sqrt(3);
ZL = 2 + j*4; Z1 = 30 + j*40; % Note ZL is
BETTER than Zl, which looks like Z1
Z2 = (60-j*45)/3; % Z2 is Z/3
Z = ZL + Z1*Z2/(Z1+Z2);
I=V1/Z, S=3*V1*conj(I)
V2 = V1- ZL*I
V2ab =sqrt(3)*(cos(pi/6)+j*sin(pi/6))*V2
I1=V2/Z1, I2=V2/Z2
Iab=I2/(sqrt(3)*(cos(pi/6)-j*sin(pi/6)))
S1=3*V2*conj(I1), S2=3*V2*conj(I2)
SL = 3*ZL*abs(I)^2
Stotal=S1+SL+S2
V
1
V
2
Z
L
Z
Y
Z

/3
I I
1
I
2
+
+
- -
6

I =
5.0001
S =
1.8001e+003
V2 =
1.1000e+002 -2.0000e+001i
V2ab =
1.8232e+002 +6.5264e+001i
I1 =
1.0000 - 2.0000i
I2 =
4.0001 + 2.0000i
Iab =
1.4227 + 2.1547i
S1 =
4.5002e+002 +6.0002e+002i
S2 =
1.2000e+003 -9.0003e+002i
SL =
1.5001e+002 +3.0001e+002i
Stotal =
1.8001e+003


Example 2.8

A three-phase line has impedance of 0.4 2.7 j + per phase. The line feeds two balanced
three phase loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is absorbing 560.1 kVA at
0.707 power factor lagging. The second load absorbs 132 kW at unity power factor. The
line-to-line voltage at the load end of the line is 3810.5 V. Determine:

(a) The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line.
(b) Total real and reactive power losses in the line.
(c) Real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the line.

The Matlab program follows:

V2 = 3810.5/sqrt(3);
Zl = 0.4 +j*2.7;
S1 = 560.1*(cos(pi/4) + j*sin(pi/4)); S2 = 132;
SR = S1+ S2
I = conj(SR)*1000/(3*conj(V2))
V1 = V2 + Zl*I
V1L = sqrt(3)*abs(V1)
SL = 3*Zl*abs(I)^2/1000
SS = 3*V1*conj(I)/1000
SS = SR + SL

SR =
5.2805e+002 +3.9605e+002i
I =
80.0079 -60.0078i
V1 =
7
2.3940e+003 +1.9202e+002i
V1L =
4.1599e+003
SL =
12.0026 +81.0179i
SS =
5.4005e+002 +4.7707e+002i
SS =
5.4005e+002 +4.7707e+002i



Note on units. In reality, P, Q, and S, all have unit of Watt, but to distinguish them apart
we assign units as follows:


S=VI*=P+jQ P Q |S|=|V||I|
NAME Complex Power Real Power Reactive Power Apparent Power
unit W+jvar or VA at
power factor
W, kW, MW var, kvar, Mvar VA, kVA, MVA