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13
1. (a)
63
5. (a) Gradient =
4 1
= 1
y
3
2
1
0
(b)
52
(b) Gradient =
1 4
= 1
3
2
3 1
2. (a) Gradient =
3 1
= 1
y-intercept = 0
Equation of the line is y = x.
2
q = 2 2
= 4
3. (a) y = 1.5
(b) x = 1.7
7. (a) yx = 4x2 + 5x
yx
4x2
5x
= +
x
x
x
y = 4x + 5
5
x = (2 3.4)
4
= 1.75
1 q + 5.
Equation of line RS is p =
2
6. (a) When y = 2, 2 = x + 2
x = 0
4 , y-intercept = 3.4
(b) Gradient =
5
4 x + 3.4
Equation of the line is y =
5
Equation of line PQ is
r 5 = 1(t 1)
= t + 1
r = t + 6
5
(c) Gradient =
10
1
=
2
1
0
Equation of line AB is
y 3 = 1(x 1)
y = x + 2
OR
yx = 4x2 + 5x
yx
4x2
5x
=
+
x2
x2
x2
y
1
= 4 + 5
x
x
1 2
1 2
1 +4
= 5
x
5 3x
(b) y =
x
xy = 5 3x2
= 3x2 + 5
OR
5 3x
y =
x
y
5
3
=
x
x2
y
1
3
= 5
x
x2
k
log10 y = log10
pnx2
= log10 k log10 pnx2
= log10 k (log10 p + log10 nx2)
= log10 k log10 p x2 log10 n
= (log10 n)x2 + log10 k log10 p
(j)
abx
y =
k
1 2
(k)
y 4 = abx
log10 (y 4) = log10 (abx)
= log10 a + x log10 b
= (log10 b)x + log10 a
1
7
=
+
x
x
x2
ABy
1
7
= x2
+
x
x
x2
xAB
y = 1 + 7x
xAB
y = 7x + 1
(d) y = 8x 5x
y2
8x2
5x
=
x
x
x
y2
= 8x 5
x
2
(e)
k
y =
pnx2
abx
log10 y = log10
k
= log10 abx log10 k
= log10 a + log10 bx log10 k
= log10 a + x log10 b log10 k
= (log10 b)x + log10 a log10 k
k
y =
px 1
log10 y = log10 k log10 px 1
= log10 k (x 1) log10 p
= log10 k x log10 p + log10 p
= (log10 p)x + log10 k + log10 p
x2
y = pk(x + 2)
log10 y = log10 p + log10 k(x + 2)
= log10 p + (x + 2) log10 k
= log10 p + x log10 k + 2 log10 k
= (log10 k)x + log10 p + 2 log10 k
ABy
(g)
(i)
ABy
1 2 1
y = kxn
log10 y = log10 k + log10 xn
= log10 k + n log10 x
= n log10 x + log10 k
(h)
1 2
1
7
(c) =
+
x
x
x2
ABy
1
7
x = x
+
x
x
x2
1
AB y =
+7
x
OR
(f)
OR
y2 =
y2
=
x2
y 2
=
x
1 2
(l)
8x2 5x
8x2
5x
x2
x2
1
5 + 8
x
1 2
y = 5 + axn
y 5 = axn
(m)
1 2
y = pk
log10 y = log10 pkx
= log10 p + log10 kx
= (log10 k)x + log10 p
x
1 2
OR
y
6
4
=
x
2
x2
y
6
4
2x = 2x
x
2
x2
12
xy = 8
x
1
xy = 12 + 8
x
1 2
8. (a) y = ax2 + bx
y
ax2
bx
= +
x
x
x
y
= ax + b................................... 1
x
a = Gradient
62
=
5 1
4
=
4
= 1
1 2
1 2
OR
xy2 = 3AB
x + 5x
Therefore, a = 1 and b = 1.
5x
3AB
x
xy2
= +
ABx
ABx
ABx
y2AB
x = 3 + 5AB
x
x +3
= 5AB
2x
y =
3+x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + yx = 2x
3y + yx
2x
=
y
y
2x
3 + x =
y
x
1
3
= x +
y
2
2
OR
xy = ax + c................................. 1
a = Gradient
5 1
=
1 4
4
=
3
4 into 1,
Substitute x = 1, xy = 5 and a =
3
4 (1) + c
5 =
3
4
c = 5 +
3
19
=
3
19 .
4 and c =
Therefore, a =
3
3
(c)
y = abx
log10 y = log10 (abx)
= log10 a + log10 bx
= (log10 b)x + log10 a
2x
y =
3+x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + xy = 2x
3y + yx
2x
=
x
x
3y
+ y = 2
x
3y
= y + 2
x
y
1 y+
2
=
x
3
3
c
(b) y = a +
x
c
x(y) = x a +
x
(o)
y
Substitute = 2, x = 1 and a = 1 into 1,
x
2 = 1(1) + b
b = 1
log10 b = Gradient
52
=
30
= 1
b = 10
log10
a = log10 y-intercept
= 2
a = 102
= 100
(d)
y = axn
log10 y = log10 a + n log10 x
= n log10 x + log10 a
y
x
14
12
n = Gradient
1 3
=
1 0
= 2
(e)
y = abx2
log10 y = log10 a + log10 bx2
= log10 a + x2 log10 b
log10 y = (log10 b)x2 + log10 a............. 1
log10 b = Gradient
73
=
6 1
4
=
5
= 0.8
b = 100.8
= 6.310
10
8
6
4
2
0
9. (a) (i)
(ii) h = yAB
x -intercept
= 2
k = Gradient
13 (2)
=
60
5
=
2
4
Substitute log10 y = 3, x2 = 1 and log10 b =
5
into 1,
4 (1) + log a
3 =
10
5
4
log10 a = 3
5
11
=
5
a = 158.5
x
1
(b)
(i)
y = axn
log10 y = log10 axn
= log10 a + n log10 x
log10 y = n log10 x + log10 a
log10 x
0.3
log10 y
log10 y
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.2
2.8
4.0
5.0
5.3
yAB
x
3.1
4.8
8.0
11.2 13.0
1.2
1.0
h
y = kAB
x +
ABx
yAB
x = kx + h
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
log10 x
n = Gradient
1.08 0.4
=
0.44 0.2
= 2.833
10. (a)
140 22
12. (a) Gradient =
42
= 59
F
6
1
0
10
12
2.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
v2
120
100
(b)
y = axn
y = 100(x)2
Y = mX + c
Y = y , X = x2, c = 0, m = 100
Therefore, Y = 100X
80
60
40
When Y = 5, X = a,
5 = 100a
5
a =
100
1
=
20
20
y
Substitute x2 = 2, = 22 into 1,
x
22 = 59(2) + c
c = 96
y
Therefore, = 59x2 96
x
y = 59x3 96x
x
2
y
= 59x2 + c................................ 1
When Y = b, X = 4,
b = 100(4)
= 400
1 , b = 400 and c = 0.
Hence, a =
20
1.
4
y = 3x +
x2
4
x2(y) = x2 3x +
x2
x2y = 3x3 + 4
Y = mX + c
4. y = 2x2 3
y
2x2
3
=
x2
x2
x2
y
1 +2
= 3
x2
x2
Y = 3X + c
1 2
1 and Y =
y .
Therefore, X =
x2
x2
5. (a)
x2
1 0
h 4 = 3
h = 7
x
2.0
m = 3
44
4 = 3
k0
3k = 40
40
k =
3
1.5
1.0
2.
y = px3 + qx2
1 (y) =
1 (px3 + qx2)
x2
x2
y
= px + q.................................... 1
x2
Y = mX + c
0.5
(b) (i)
p = Gradient
45 7
=
3 1
38
=
2
= 19
y
Substitute x = 1,
= 7 and p = 19 into 1,
x2
7 = 19(1) + q
q = 12
3. (a)
y = k 10
log10 y = log10 (k 10x)
= log10 k + log10 10x
= log10 k + x log10 10
log10 y = x + log10 k
Y = mX + c
(b) (i)
log10 k = 1
k = 10
(ii) Gradient = 1
p 1
= 1
20
p 1 = 2
p = 3
0.05
0.10
p
q
y = + x
x
p
y
p
q
=
+
2
x
p
x
q
1
+
= p
p
x2
Y = mX + c
1 2
p = Gradient
1.6 1.5
=
0.05 0
=2
q
y
(ii) = -intercept
p
x
q
= 1.5
2
q = 3
0.15
0.20
x2
6. (a)
log10 y
ABx
log10 y
1.5
8. (a)
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
(b)
y = pkABx
log10 y = log10 pkABx
= log10 p + log10 kABx
log10 y = (log10 k)AB
x + log10 p
Y = mX + c
(i)
7. (a)
log10 y
0.5
2.0
2.0
x
1.5
1.0
0.5
x1
log10 y
kx
y =
p
kx
log10 y = log10
p
= log10 kx log10 p
log10 y = (log10 k)x log10 p
Y = mX + c
(b) (i)
2.0
1.5
1 2
1.0
0.5
1.
y = kxn 1
log10 y = log10 (kxn 1)
= log10 k + log10 xn 1
= log10 k + (n 1) log10 x
= (n 1) log10 x + log10 k
x1
(b)
(i)
y = pk
log10 y = log10 p + (x 1) log10 k
log10 y = (log10 k)(x 1) + log10 p
Y = mX + c
log10 p = x 1-intercept
= 0.5
p = 3.16
x 1
Gradient = n 1
Vertical intercept = log10 k
5.
y = ax5
log10 y = log10 a + 5 log10 x
log10 y = 5 log10 x + log10 a
Y = mX + c
13 3
2. Gradient =
6 1
10
=
5
=2
Therefore, AB
y = 2x2 + c....................... 1
Substitute x2 = 1, AB
y = 3 into 1,
3 = 2(1) + c
c = 1
Gradient = 5
k 4 = 5
30
k 4 = 15
k = 19
3. y = px + qx 2
y
=
x
=
=
Y =
px
qx
+
x
x
p + qAB
x
qAB
x + p....................................... 1
mX + c
52
6. (a) Gradient =
30
= 1
Vertical intercept = 2
q = Gradient
84
=
46
4
=
2
= 2
y
x = 4, = 8, q = 2 into 1,
Substitute AB
x
8 = (2)(4) + p
p = 16
Therefore, p = 16 and q = 2.
(b)
x = a 10y 1
log10 x = log10 a + (y 1) log10 10
log10 x = log10 a + y 1
y = 1 log10 a + log10 x
\ 1 log10 a = 2
log10 a = 1
a = 0.1
10 4
7. (a) Gradient =
3 1
=3
Equation of the line is log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + c
4.
y = 102x + 3
log10 y = log10 102x + 3
= (2x + 3) log10 10
log10 y = 2x + 3
Y = mX + c
log10 y-intercept = 3
Gradient = 2
43
For point A, = 2
q0
1 = 2q
1
q =
2
p3
For point B, = 2
1 0
p 3 = 2
p = 5
1.
Therefore, p = 5, q =
2
(b)
8.
1 2
1
3 +x
x x
3 + 1
x2
1 = 3
1 + 1........................... 1
y
x2
1 2
1 = 3 and
1 = k into 1,
Substitute
y
x2
1 = 3
1 + 1
y
x2
k = 3(3) + 1
= 10
1 2
Substitute x = 3, y = 36 into 1,
36 = r(3)2 + t
9r + t = 36.................................... 3
3 2, 8r = 32
r = 4
Substitute r = 4 into 2,
4 + t = 4
t = 0
Therefore, log10 y = 2x + 3
y = 102x + 3
Substitute x = 1, y = 4 into 1,
4 = p(1)2 + q
p + q = 4...................................... 2
Substitute x = 3, y = 12 into 1,
12 = p(3)2 + q
9p + q = 12................................... 3
3 2, 8p = 8
p = 1
Substitute p = 1 into 2,
1 + q = 4
q = 3
= 1 +
x2
x2
y
1
= 3
+ 1
x2
x2
1 2
x
x
y
= 4x
x
Therefore, gradient is 4.
1 = p and
1 = 16 into 1,
Substitute
y
x2
16 = 3(p) + 1
3p = 15
p = 5
11 7
10. (a) The gradient of the straight line =
42
=2
r7 =2
Gradient =
32
r 7 = 2
r = 9
x =
3 +x
y
x
1
x =
x y
1 =
For A,
y
4
=
x2
12
=4
1
1
=
x2
12
= 1
For B,
y
12
=
x2
32
12
=
9
4
=
3
1
1
=
x2
32
1
=
9
(b) (i)
x2
14. (a)
q = y2-intercept
= 0.6
yAB
x
A(1, 4)
1
y2 = px + q
p = Gradient
6 1
=
7 0.5
10
=
13
x2
20
B, t2(7) = 14t
7t2 = 14t
7t = 14
t = 2
x
2.5
4.5
6.5
7.0
8.5
9.5
y2
2.5
4.0
5.6
6.0
7.1
7.9
y2
10
20
p = vertical intercept
=2
q + 1 = Gradient
82 34
=
25 10
= 3.2
q = 2.2
2
0
10
10
30
p
y = + (q + 1)AB
x
ABx
p
AB
x (y) = AB
x + (q + 1)AB
x
ABx
yAB
x = p + (q + 1)x
yAB
x = (q + 1)x + p
(b) (i)
Substitute p = 14 into 1,
x2y = 14x
2
For A, 1 r = 14(1)
r = 14
40
20
60
1 2
16
80
x2y = px........................................ 1
1 2
1
(x y) =
(px)
x2
x2
1
y = p
x
13. (a)
y
x
1 4
B ,
9 3
12.
For
yABB
10 = 34
34
y =
ABB
10
= 10.75
25
82.0
15. (a)
(i)
log10
log10
2.5
2.0
log10 a = Gradient
2.1 0.8
=
5.4 1
= 0.2955
a = 1.975
(ii)
When x = 5.6,
log10 y = 2.15
y = 141.3
Therefore, p = 141.3
log10 y
0.6
2.26
lg y
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
lg x
(b)
y = px 2
n
log10 y = log10 p + log10 x
2
n
log10 y = log10 x + log10 p
2
log10 p = Intercept of log10 y
= 0.6
p = 3.981
17. (a)
26.8
32.9
38.0
42.9
46.5
ABl
4.5
5.5
6.3
7.1
7.7
n
= Gradient
2
2.2 1.0
=
0.8 0.2
= 2
n = 4
50
40
30
x
log10 y
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Old
20
New
10
5.0
5.6
2.0
1.5
Therefore, T = 6AB
l
T2 = 36l
(c) (i)
1.0
0.5
30 0
(b) Gradient =
50
=6
10
y = k ax 1
y = log10 k + (x 1) log10 a
= log10 k + x log10 a log10 a
y = (log10 a)x + log10 k log10 a
(b)
log10 x
11
T = 6AB
l 6
l = 2.1
(ii) When T = 6.5, AB
l = 2.12
= 4.41
l
18. (a)
y = k(x 1)n
log10 y = log10 k + n log10 (x 1)
log10 y = n log10 (x 1) + log10 k
Y = mX + c
log10 y
0.7
log10 (x 1)
lg y
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
lg (x 1)
12
(b)
(i)