Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic
nig
²Nëècink~¬gq~S 2000
[ saklºg ]
karp§ayrbs'G~kniBnì
rk§asiTì
Garm¸kfa
v^PaKTand*v^essv^salEdlCnCatiExµrm~ak'@ Gacp¶l'cMeJHmatu¨b-
eTsrbs'xÂçn edImºI[Catirbs'xÂçnenAKg'vg§Cév^tk~¬gbN¶aPUmiPaKmYyEdl¨b
kbedaye¨KaHf~ak'enaH KWkarsðal't«mÂvbºFmá Gar´Fmá nigCaBiess¨bvti¶
saås¶CatixÂçnenHäg .
¨bvti¶saås¶kt'¨taTuk¨Kb'kMhus EdldUntaeyIgVn¨b¨Bwt¶rYcmkehIy
k~¬gGtItkal ¨BmTSgPaBfû¬÷efûégrugerOgEdlVneFÃI[vasna¨bCaCatiExµr nig
vbºFmáExµrGEN¶t¨tEstxõg'xõs' k~¬gBBk«nBnÂW¨tcH¨tcg'. GMeBIɨBwt¶ikarN_
TSgenHeTaHCap¶l'dl'¨bCaCatieyIgnUvekr¶i_eQµaHrnæWsuHsayk¶I Ék*PaBGamas
muxBn'¨bmaNk¶I EdlmanEcgenAelI¨Kb'TMB&r«nBg§avtarCati k*GMeBITSgLay
enaHägCaekr¶i_mrtk²tkat't«mÂVnEdleyIgTTYlGMBIdUntaeyIgmk .
KWGMeBI ɨBwti¶karN_TSgenHehIy EdlbegûItnUvsmºCJï:Exµr. CnCati
Exµrsm¥H CalTìpl«nGtItkal ÉCalTìpl«nsmºCJï:ExµrenHäg .
BitEmnehIyEdlfak~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨beTseyIg eyIgVnqÂgkat'nUv
PaBGamasmuxy"age¨cIn cab'tSgBIstvt§TI13 rhUtdl'sm&ybcͬbºn~kal
enH e¨kayBIVnsðal'PaBrugerOgGs'ry:eBld*yUr (BIstvt§TI8 mk
stvt§TI13) k¶I, Et¨bCaCatieyIg, BUCsasn_eyIg, vbºFmánigGar´FmáeyIg
minVnrlaysUn´ Vt'¨semalBIsaklelakeLIy. Gar´FmáCae¨cInk~¬g
elakenH EdlFÂab'Vnsðal'PaBrugerOg¨tcH¨tcg'k~¬gGtItkal xÂH¨tèvTTYl
vasnaGa¨kk'FÂak'cuHeTAk~¬gBiPBggwt«nkarePÂcPÂSgrbs'mnus§ Ék*rlayVt'
¨semalsUn´sugBIsmºCJï:mnus§Cati dUcmanGar´Fmákaled (Chaldée),
Gas§¬IrI (Assyrie), ¨kik (Grèce), É rU"m (Rome) .l.
dUec~H ¨bCaCatieyIg Gar´FmáeyIg EdlVntsUßTb'Tl'nwgkarQÂanJn
²tQb'QrGMBIG~kC^txag²tsbº¬rsFmá tSgBICag 6 stvt§rYcmkehIy
Etmin¨BmcuHcaj' min¨BmTmÂak'GavuFcuHj"mvasnaGP&BÃrbs'xÂçnenaH enHCa
x
KMnitEdlelakG~kGannwgeXIjk~¬gesovePAd*tUcenH ¨bEhlCaelOn
eBk Ék*hßaneBk ÉmYyk*GacbN¶al[mankar¨sgakcit¶xÂHk*swgman . G~k
GanxÂHGacecaTG~kniBnìfa CaG~kmanKMnitTuTid½^niym .l.
G~kniBnìTMB&rTSgenH CaExµrmYyrUbmankMeNItenAcm©ay 6 KILèEm"¨tBI
Ggðrvt¶ VnTTYlkarGb'rMminq©aybu"nµanBIGgðrvt¶ Vnsðal'ehIy¨sLaj'Ggðr
vt¶dUcCa¨TB´smºti¶rbs'xÂçnpæal' VnFMeBjv&ycMeNammha¨Vgðsila Ca
kMNb'«nvbºFmá Gar´Fmá ¨bvti¶saås¶Exµr suTìswgCaekr¶i_mták«nPaBrugerOg
sm&yedImmhanKr . CakarFmµta karsðal'nigkar¨sLaj'¨bPB«nGar´Fmá
Exµr nig¨bCaCatiExµrenH C¨mujcit¶[mankarnwk¨seNaHdl'GtItkal cg'
eXIj¨bCaCatiExµrkÂayeTACaBiPBmYyrugerOg¨tcH¨tcg'dUcEdlExµrFÂab'sðal'
k~¬gGtItkalsm&y \mhanKr| dUec~aHEdr .
X
nùXù
g
André MASSON
in « Histoire du Vietnam »
P.U.F, Paris, 1960
c
nYn-eXOn
dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic
nig
²Nëècink~¬gq~S 2000
bMeBjv^CØamF´mPUmienAv^T´al&y«nTIrYmext¶ rYceTAbn¶karsik§aenAmhav^T´al&yKruekasl´
nig enAmhav^T´al&yGk§rsaås¶ nig mnus§saås¶«nsaklv^T´al&y¨kugP~MeBjeTot .
Vn¨bLgCab'Casis§salaKruekasl´Can'xõs' ( Ecole Normale Supérieure ) CMnan'TI1
k~¬gq~S 1965 rYcCab'briJïab&¨txag¨bvti¶saås¶enAq~S 1968 . sBëf©Casaås¶acar´
¨bvti¶saås¶ .
k~¬gBiPBelakmYyEdlxÃHesck¶IBit nigxÃHesÄrPaBCaGci«ån¶y_pgenaH sÄanPaBPUmi-
saås¶«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca Ca¨beTsmYytUcruMB&TìCMuv^jeday¨beTsC^txagFM @ manbN¶aCne¨cIn
elIslb'EbbenH KWBitCasÄanPaBmYy¨bkbedaye¨KaHf~ak'Cak'Es¶g ehIyCakarKMramkMEhg
mYyd*sahaveTAelICév^t«n¨beTseyIgeTotpg . Ga¨s&yehtuenH bJúakarKg'vg§Cév^t«nrd½
Exµrk~¬gPUmiPaK²temt¶aenH ¨tèvEtCnCatiExµrm~ak'@cab'GarmµN_elIsGÃI@TSgGs'k~¬gqakCév^t
rbs'xÂçn .
- esck¶Iep¶ém -
etICneyokNam nwgkÂayeTACaCnCatiGalWÂm"gd_k~¬gPUmiPaKGasIuEb"k
GeK~y_ ehIyCaBiess cMeJHkmõ¬CaeyIgÉ?
xƬMBuMGacnwgecaTnUvbJúaenHeLIg edayxÃHkarQWcab'exÂacp§ak~¬gsmº
CJï:rbs'xƬMVneLIy .
menaseJÍtnalnÂg'lenÂac¨segH¨segac s¶IBuMecj EtgEtekIteLIg
k~¬gsmºCJï:xƬM kalebIyUr@m¶g xƬMnwkKiteTAdl'bJúad*FMeFgnigsµ¬KsµajenH
CaBiessKWbJúa«nkarKg'vg§Cév^trbs'kmõ¬CaeyIg k~¬gzan:Ca¨bCaCatimYy
(Nation) k~¬gPUmiPaKGasuIEb"kGeK~y_enH . m´"ageTot, enHCabJúa«nGnaKt
kal EdlBiVknwg¨bemIlemIledayBit¨VkdTukCamun ehIymYycMENk
eTot ¨bvti¶saås¶GacmankrNIelIkElgEdrù ù ù ù .
EtebITukCay"agdUcem¶cm¶ak¶I eyIgGac¨tiHriHVncMeJHbJúaenH edayGag
eTAelIFmµPaB«n¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati P&s¶¬tag¨bvti¶saås¶ EdlknÂgrYcmk
ehIy nigehtukarN_Casarvn¶xÂH@ EdleyIgVneXIjk~¬g{kasfµé@ Ék~¬g
bcͬbºn~kalenH .l.
2
emeron«n¨bvti¶saås¶KWGÃI?
X X
4
¨beTseyokNamnigeyIgk~¬gGtItkal
(1) eyageTAtamesovePArbs' (Lế Thánh Khōi, Le Viet-Nam, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1955.)
6
X X
7
GaNaniKmniymTSg3 b"HTgðicK~aenA²Nëècin
karEdleyIgykGtItkald*CUrct'enH mkrM®kk~¬gTIenHeqÂIynwgeKal
bMNgmYycºas'las'Nas' KWedImºIbMPÂWdl'karv^vDón_«n¨bvti¶saås¶k~¬gPUmi
PaK«nBiPBenHEtbu"eNöaH ¨Kan'CaBnÂWdl'smºCJï: «neyIgral'K~a. karv^nicÏ&y
[t«mÂÉdak'eTas eTAelICnNam~ak' ¨bCaCatiNamYy Épæ¬yeTAv^j kar
sresrk¶I ÉkarjSug[mankarsíb'exõIm rvagCatimYynigCatimYyeTotùùù TSg
Gs'enHminEmnCaeKaledA«n¨bvti¶v^TUeT. dUcenH karrM®kCakarcSVc'xagpÂèv
bJïa (Besoins de l'intelligence) edImºIBn´l'Etb"ueNöaH .
tSgBIedImerogmk GaNaniKmniymnigkarB¨gIkTwkdIniym «n esom
ehIynig yYn CakarKMramkMEhgd*e¨KaHf~ak'bMput dl'GayuCév^t«n¨beTs kmõ¬Ca
nig lav . munkarmkdl'«nCnCatiEsºksk~¬gPUmiPaKenH enAedImstvt§TI 19
kmõ¬Ca nig lav swgEtsðal'nUvvasnaGP&Bën cmº"a nig¨beTsd*e¨cIneTot«n
BiPBelakeTAehIy. EteBlenaH ¨bvti¶saås¶hak'dUcCaedIrelOn, ¨sbeTA
tamelº¯n«n¨bvti¶saås¶ nigbecÍkeTs«nbcÍwm¨beTs.
k~¬graC´¨BHVT mij m"ag (Minh Mang) (1820-1841) ¨beTskmõ¬Ca
TSgmUl¨tèvEbgEckCaBIrPaK EdlmanTl'EdnenA¨tg'Ex§bnæat'x&NëEx¨teJFi
sat'nigVt'dMbg ehIyEx§enHqÂgbwgTenÂsabeLIgeTAdl'mÂ諨B munnwgt¨mg'
eqõaHeTAsæwgE¨tg eTAdl'¨BM¨beTsExµr-evotNamsBëf©enH. dUcenH dI1PaK3
«nkmõ¬CaPaKxageCIgTenÂsabkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨tesom. 2PaK3 «nEpndI
Exµr e¨kamEx§bnæat'dEdlenaHkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨tyYn eQµaH ¨tan tay faj'
(Tran Tay Thanh) EdlmanemT&B e¨TOg mij y"ag (Truong Minh Giang) Caes¶c
¨taj'manFanIenA NSy"ag (P~MeBj) .
enH¨VkdCa dMeNIreqõaHmkTisxaglic v^j edayehtu dMeNIrsMrukcuHmke¨kam
Vnse¨mcdl'eKaledA e¨JHeday TwkexµA (Camau) CaEdndIxagtºègbMput«n
8
X X
9
äNae¨KaHf~ak' ?
¨beTseyokNamrYbrYmK~aùùù e¨KaHf~ak'dl'kmõ¬Ca !
ebI¨beTseyokNamxageCég nigxagtºègrYbrYmK~av^j ¨beTsenHnwgeTA
Ca¨beTsCatiy"agFM«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_ (40 lannak') .
ebI¨bsinNaCacMnYnbN¶aCnCakt¶amYybnæab'bn§M cMeJHmhiTiìriTìneya
Vy (la puissance politique) «nrd½nImYy@ KuNsmºti¶«n¨bCara¨s¶ (les qualités
d'un peuple) nigkarv^vDón_«nbN¶aCn (L'évolution de la population) ¨VkdCakt¶a
EdlsMxan'CageKbMput . cMENkäkt¶aTSg3enH CnCatievotNammanTSg
Gs' eday²t¨bEkkVn -TI1 bN¶aCne¨cInGacelb²NëècineTAGnaKtVn,
TI2 karekInd*elOnrh&s«nbN¶aCnenH, nigTI3 sMxan'bMputKWKuNsmºti¶Ca
Biess«n¨bCaraås¶evotNamenHäg . cMeJHkrNIxage¨kayenH ebImanCn
CatiäNa EdleKGac¨bdUcVnCamYynwgCnCatiyYn KWCnCatiCb"unnigGalÂW-
m"g'enHäg . CnCatieyokNam Ca¨bCaraås¶mYy¨bkbeday¨VCÆafamBl
11
(1)-GtÄbTenHsresrk~¬gq~S1969 KWmunGn¶raKmn_«nkgT&BeyokNamxagtºègk~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Cae¨kay
«f©TI18mIna1970
12
GaNaniKmniymB¨gIkTwkdI É GaNaniKmniymesd½kicÍ
( Colonialisme territorial ou Colonialisme économique ? )
karQÂanJnvaydeN¶ImykTwkdI edaykmÂSgT&Bk~¬gsm&ystvt§TI
20 enH hak'dUcCahYssm&yniymeTAehIy . nabcͬbºn~kalenH sÄab&nCa
e¨cIn«nmnus§Cati manGgðkarsh¨bCaCati, mtisaFarNCnGn¶rCati Ggðkar
karJrsn¶iPaB neyaVysmõnìmit¶ .l. suTìswgEtCakmÂSgxagpÂèvcit¶ Ca
ÓbsKðdl'karrMelaPdeN¶ImykTwkdIeday¨sYl GMBIsMNak'CatimYy eTAelI
CatimYyeTot .
k*bu"En¶GaNaniKmniymsm&yfµé EdleyIgKYrVrm¸ KWGaNaniKmtam
ry:esd½kicÍ . eyokNamxageCég ¨bkbedayÓs§ahkmµd*xÂSgkÂa nig eyok
NamxagtºègsmºèrN_FnFanksikmµ GacbMeBjK~aeTAv^jeTAmk ehIykÂay
eTACaesd½kicÍmYylUtlas'elOn«nGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . PaBsmºèNáeTAeday
vtĬFatuedImCatiEr" nigfamBl PaBcMerInlUtlas'«nv^T´asaås¶ p§ard*FMeFg
KuNsmºti¶rbs'ksikmµ .l. EdleKsegûteXIjmanenA¨beTseyokNam
sBëf©enH suTìswgCakt¶a«nkarrIkcMerInlUtlas'«nÓs§ahkmµCati «n¨beTs
enH . fÃIebIb"unµanq~SenH ¨beTseyokNam¨tèvxUcxatexæcxæIswgEtTSgGs' nUv
sgÅarN:¨Kb'Ebby"agk¶I shrd½GaemrikminGaccakecjBIeyokName¨kay
Edlsågðamcb' ehIyedayTuk[¨beTsenHsÄitk~¬gsÄanPaBdundabdUec~H
eLIy . sùrùGaù ¨VkdCasÄabnaeyokNameLIgv^j edImºIlublagxÂçn
cMeJH¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati . dUec~HehIy esd½kiceÍ yokNammuxCaelb
esd½kicÍ«n¨beTsd«T@ CitxagminElgeLIy . enHCaCMhaneTAkan'karVt'
bg'nUväkraCPaB«neyIg .
KWeBlenHehIy Edl¨bvti¶saås¶nwgEcgnUv \dMeNIreqõaHmkkan'Tisxag
lic| «n¨bCaraås¶eyokNamCaBit¨Vkd .
X
X X
13
neyaVy Çmha¨beTseyokNamÈ ?
La politique du Grand Vietnam?
X
X X
17
etIeyIg¨tèveFÃIdUcem¶c ?
karEdleyIgelIkyke¨KaHf~ak'd*FMeFgenH mkBicarNaBn´l'bMPÂWdl'smº-
CJï:«neyIgral'K~ay"agdUec~H minEmnVnesck¶Ifa eyIgcat'¨bCaCatieyokNam
Cas¨tèvBIdUntaGs'mYyCév^tCatieyIgeLIy (Ennemi hériditaire) . äeyIgv^j k*
dUec~aHEdr eyIgmin[¨bCaraås¶yYndEdlenH cat'eyIgTukCas¨tèvGs'mYyCév^t
dUcK~aEdr . GtItkalKWGtItkal eyIgmin¨tèv¨cLMGtItkal CamYynwgbcͬbºn~
kalÉGnaKtkalesaHeLIy . Ót¶mKtieyIg k*dUcCaÓt¶mKtiCnCati manGar´-
Fmánanak~¬gelakEdr eyIgedAeTArkkarksag GnaKtmYyEdlPÂWsÃag Edllí
¨b«B edayBwgEpíkeTAelIkareyaKyl'K~aeTAv^jeTAmkrvagCatinigCati . kar
TSgenHnwg¨tèvse¨mceLIgedayeyageTAtamemeron¨bvti¶saås¶ EdleyIgmin
cg'[¨bvti¶saås¶enH vilfye¨kayesaHeLIy . eyIghak'dUcCaVnTTYlkar
kk'ek¶Ae¨cInNas' GMBIsMNak'G~kneyaVy¨beTsyYnsm¥H edayeK
Vnsn´afanwgmineFÃI \GukL¬k| dl'¨beTseyIgeLIy(1) eKnwgeKarBTTYl
sðal'GFibety´PaBnigbUrNPaBTwkdIeyIg . eyIgk*yl'EdrnUvsn¶ancit¶«n
G~kC^txageyIgenH . EtKYrKbIºeyIgyl'faenHCa bcͬbºn~kal cuHdl'
GnaKtkal yUreTA ? etIyuvCnɨbCaraås¶yYnenH enAEtrk§anUvesck¶IeKarB
nigkarTTYlsðal'enHteTAeTot ? sm&ymYyxussm&ymYyeTot ehIykar
edaH¨saybJúak*sMerceTAelI karvivt¶n_ enHEdr . k*bu"En¶CakarBitNas' Tuk
NaCaG~kdwknSyYnTSgLayenHmansn¶ancit¶lídUcem¶cm¶ak¶I cMeJHeyIg k*G~kTSgenH
BuMGacrarSgXat'XSg min[e¨KaHf~ak'enHmancMeJHmatu¨beTseyIgVneLIy e¨JHenH
Cacºab'FmµCati CalTìpl«nkarvivt¶n_Gar´FmáBIr Edlmant«mÂmindUcK~a (Ce serait
l'aboutissement logique d'un long processus d'évolution de deux civilisations voisines de
valeur inégale).
(1)- GtÄbTenHsresrmun«f©18mIna1970
18
mUld½and*v^essv^sal ¨T¨Tg'nUvlTiìCatiniymesd½kicÍrbs'rd½ExµreyIg ?
eyIgman¨Kb'¨Kan'ehIymUld½anTSgenH eyIgenAxÃHEtqnæ: e¨bobVnnwgEdk É
kareb¶CÆacit¶TSg¨sugEtbu"eNöaHeToteT Edlesd½kicÍksikmµeyIgnwg¨tèvcab'
ep¶émedIreTAmux . 10 É 20 q~SeTot neyaVyenH¨VkdCa[plCak'Es¶gCa
Bit¨Vkd .
m´"ageTot 30q~SeTot bN¶aCneyIgekIndl'eTA 15lannak' ¨beTs
eyIgnwgkÂayeTACa¨beTsFMsmºèrsbºaymYy Camha¨beTsmYyk~¬gPUmiPaK
GasuIEb"kxagtºègminElgeLIy .
eBlenaHehIy Edl¨bCaCatieyIgQb'mane¨Bob eGanfyCageK
(Complexe d'infériorité) manmuxmat'Ca¨beTsmYy EdlmanC&yCMnHeTAelIPaB
x§t'ex§ay VnerIb¨mHecjBInwm«n¨bvit¶sa¨s¶ e¨kaysm&ymhanKr ( Ce
sera la libération définitive de notre peuple de tant de siècles de décadence et
d'écrasement physique et moral ) .
eFÃIy"agenH KW¨VkdCaeyIg¨bKl'eTA[¨bCaCatieyIgv^jnUvesck¶IkÂa
han famBl nigesck¶I«fÂf~èrEdlVt'bg'Gs'ry:eBlCag 6 stvt§rYc
mkehIy .
X
X X
21
esck¶IbJÍb'
enAk~¬gBiPBmYyEdlkmÂSgesd½kicÍ E¨bkÂayeTACakmÂSgelIslb'k~¬g
kar¨T¨Tg'nUvkarKg'vg§Cév^t ( la survie ) Cati, ehIym´"ageTot enAk~¬gPUmiPaKenH
EdlsPaBrMeBItrMeBInxÃHesÄrPaBCaGci«ån¶y_ eFÃI[eyIgBiVk¨bemIlnUvGna-
Ktkal ¨beTskmõ¬CasÄitenAk~¬gsÄanPaBPUmisa¨s¶nigneyaVymYy Edl
manlkÅN:sµ¬Ksµaj rkGÃI¨bdUcminVneLIy . sÄanPaBenH BitCae¨KaHf~ak'
mYyEdlKMramkMEhg¨beTseyIgral'CMhan «nkarv^vt¶n_«n¨beTs . edImIºnwg
karJrmatu¨beTs¨bqSgnwge¨KaHf~ak'enH eyIg¨tèvEt¨bmUlnUvkmÂSgcit¶kmÂSg
kay edImIºsÄabna¨beTskmõ¬Ca[kÂayeTACa ¨beTsmYylUtlas' mankmÂSg
esd½kicͨKb'¨Kan' GacTb'Tl'nwgkarp§BÃp§ay«nkmÂSgesd½kicÍrbs'¨beTs
Citxag EdlsuTìswgEtCa¨beTsFM@ mankmÂSgesd½kicÍnigneyaVyKYr[
eyIgmankar¨BYyVrm¸ .
karKg'vg§Cév^t«n¨bCaCatieyIg k~¬gsÄankarN_d*lMVkenH vae¨scTSg
¨sugeTAelImUld½anEdlmanlkÅN:¨Vkdniym ehIymSTSrwgbuwgeTotpg .
ämUld½anenaH eyIgrM®km¶gehIym¶geTotcuH KWKµanGÃIe¨kABIFnFanksikmµ eLIy.
ksikmµeyIglUtlas' Vnesck¶Ifaesd½kicÍCatieyIglUtlas' Vnesck¶I
eTotfa eyIgmanGavuF¨Kb'¨Kan' edImIº¨byuTì¨bqSg niwg karsgût'sgûin xag
pÂèvesd½kicÍGMBIsMNak' «nc¨kBti¶niym nig GaNaniKmsm&yfµé nigGMBI
sMNak'«nG~kC^txageyIg .
eyIgsUmdk¨sg'Jk´bNëitenru ( Nehru ) edImIºbJÍb'GtÄbTenH Ð
22
nYn eXOn
TSgGaNikCnbreTscinmkeTotpg nwgGacmanplv^VkmYyeTotF©n'F©r«¨k
Elg k~¬gGnaKtkal. ¨Kan'EtsBëf©enH CnbreTsTSgLayenH mancMnYn
C^t ÉCagmYylannak'eTAehIy k~¬gcMnYnbN¶aCneyIgTSgGs'Cag8lannak' . ebIeyIg
niyay[Vncºas'eTAeTot KWk~¬gExµrTSgGs' 7 nak' manbreTscin-yYn 1
nak' . ehtukarN_enH GacnwgbN¶al[maneLIgCa bJúasasn_ ( un problème
racial ) ehIyEdlnwgmanlkÅN:CabJúapÂèvsgðmeTotpg . enA¨beTs
ma"LayUfµé @ enH manpæ¬HerOgsasn_enH bN¶al[mankarvwkvr xUcxatnUvesÄr
PaBxagpÂèvneyaVy ehIysBëf©enHk¶I bJúaenHk*minTan'cb'sBèKb'eTA
ehIyEdr . GaNikCnbreTsCatiyYn enA¨sukeyIgsBëf©enH BuMEmnenA
es©¿ms©at'bu"nµaneLIy eKmanGgðkarsm©at'¨Kb'Ebby"ag xagpÂèvsasna k*dUc
CaxagpÂèvneyaVy . erOgGs'enHnrNak*dwg¨Kb'@ K~aehIyEdr .
sBëf©enH eKeXIjBYkeK enAhak'dUcCaes©¿ms©at' BIe¨JHeBlenH yYn
kMBugCab'eFÃIsågðam enA¨beTsev¿tNam ehIyCa ¨beyaCn_rbs'eKFMNas' Edlt¨mUv
[eKmankarTak'Tgy"ag¨b«B CamYyGaCÆaFrExµreyIg . cuHdl'eKcb'sågðameTA
¨beTseKrYbrYmK~av^jÉeT ?
ebIminrYbrYmxagpÂèvneyaVyk*xagpÂèvesd½kicÍ vbºFmáEdr ehIy¨beTs
eKnwgkÂayeTACamhaGMNacGasIumYy EdlBiPBelakVnTayrYcmkehIy
enaH CnCatiev¿tNamenA¨sukExµr cºas'CanwgmansmºCJï: cMeJHkmÂSgrbs'
xÂçnminElgeLIy ( La prise de conscience de leur force en tant que minorité
ethniquement et politiquement dominante ) ehIynigmankarTamTarGÃIep§g@ xag
pÂèvsgðm ÉpÂèvneyaVyminElgeLIy .
enHCae¨KaHf~ak'mYyFMGenk BIe¨JHnwgGacbN¶al[karlík' k~¬gkarTak'
TgExµr-yYn eTAGnaKtkalminecHcb' minecHehIy. VnCaeyIghßanGHGag
y"agenH minEmnedayeyIgmanKMnitsíb'CnCatiyYnBIdUnta ( une haine hérédi-
taire ) enaHmkeT KWmkGMBIkarEdleyIgeFÃIv^PaKk~¬gbJúaExµr-yYnenHEtm¶g. enH
Cakarv^vt¶imYy EdlmanlkÅN:CakarcSVc' e¨JH¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati Vn
¨bTHbJúaEbbenHe¨cInNas'mkehIy k~¬gstvt§TI 20 enHEtm¶g .
27
äNakaredaH¨say ?
sù m"anI
}NÚÐcin
kñúgqñaM2000¿¿¿
30
bN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaD
La surpopulation
¨BmTSgKMramkMEhgdl'GaNaext¶xÂH«nshPaBsUevotpg ehIybN¶al[
ekItmansågðamy"agyUr BIq~S 1936 eTATl'nwgq~S 1945 rvagcinnigCb"un .
ä¨beTsGalÂWm"ajv^j k*VnGnuvt¶neyaVyQÂanJnTwkdItSgBIq~S
enA²Nëècin bN¶aCnExµrGacTb'
nwgbN¶aCnyYnnigesomVnÉeT ?
X X
34
eyIgVnniyayCa¨tçs@rYcmkehIy GMBIEdndIPUmiPaKxÂHk~¬gBiPBelak
eyIgenH EdlVnsðal'nUvkMeNInbN¶aCnCaGtibrma ¨BmTSgplv^Vk«n
¨Bwti¶karN_enHeTotpg. eyIgk*GacBicarNadl'plv^VkEbbenHEdlnwgGac
ekItmaneLIg enAelIPUmiPaK²Nëècin ebI¨bsinCakarv^vt¶n_bN¶aCnenAelIEdndI
enHmanlkÅNCaFmµta ( un évolution normale ) KWfaebIKµansågðamÉGsn¶isux
ɨBwti¶karN_d«TeTot mkeFÃI[sÄankaB«nkarv^vt¶n_enHpÂas'b¶èreT .
EdleyIgrM®kdl'bJúaenH minEmneyIgyl'sb¶ienaHeT, KWeyIgniyay
k~¬gzan:Camnus§ EdlmansmºCJï:¨Kb'¨Kan'Camnus§ ÇFmµtaÈ Edl
BicarNarkehtupl .
eyIgGacKn'KrU eFÃIelxrkcMnYnbN¶aCnExµreyIg k~¬grvagq~S 2000 Vn
edayykG¨ta«nkMeNInbN¶aCn ( le taux d'accroissement démographique ) 2,5
É 2,6 PaKry(1) mkeFÃImUld½an. ehtudUec~HeyIgGacsµantamv^FIv^T´asaås¶
fa rvagq~S 2000 bN¶aCneyIgnwgeLIgeTAdl' 14 É 15 lannak'ehIy enH
¨bsinebIKµansågðamelak ÉGsn¶isuxNamYymkrMxankarv^vt¶n_enHeTenaH. ä
cMnYnbN¶aCneyIgnwgeLIgeTAdl'80nak'k~¬g 1 Kùmù eTÃKuN . ebIy"agenHEmn
eyIgGacsn~id½anVnfa k~¬g30q~SeTotEdndIeyIgmincegí¿tcgíl'enAeLIyeT.
m´"ageTotEdndIeyIgCavalTMnab smºèreTAedayClFa manTenÂemKgðCaedIm,
eyIgnwgGaceFÃIrebobGaCévkmµksikmµ( méthodes d'exploitation agricole ) rwtEt
¨besIreLIg edayeFÃI[se¨mcnUvkarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s ( l'irrigation ) ädIdS
dMNSeyIgenAesssl'e¨cIn . sBëf©enH dIdSdMNSeyIgmanEt 18% «n«pæ
(1) eyageTAtamsÄitiq~S 1962, G¨taenHman 2,3% Etb"ueNöaH EtebItamG~kC÷najkar G¨taEdl¨twm
¨tèvCag KW 2,5% É 2,6% enHäg sUmemIl ( Les facteurs de croissance démographique au Cambodge thèse de
doctorat de 3e cycle, Sorbonne Paris 1967.)
35
X X
36
37
e¨KaHf~ak'rbs'eyIgenATisxagekIt
Cag 80ù000ù000 nak'rs'enAelIEpndImYyy"agcegí¿tcgíl'
enATisxagekItnigxagtºèg¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg CnCatiyYnVncuHs¨muk
mkBITisxageCég tameq~rsmu¨TGtItnKrcmº"a ehIyVneFÃIkarTånæanluk
luydeN¶ImdIFÂIBIdUntaeyIg tSgBIcugstvt§r_TI 17 mkemÂ"H ¨Kan'Etk~¬gry:
150 q~SVÂyEtb"ueNöaH yYnVnmkvatTItSg ¨BmTSgkÂayxÂçneTACamÍas'TwkdI
kmõ¬Cae¨kam eBjTICae¨sc (k~¬g Kùsù 1840). KYrEteyIgrM®kEdrfa CnCati
yYnTSgenHEdlVnelbsIuTwkdIeyIgmYyPaKy"agFM manTMhM 64ù000 Kùmù
eTÃKuNKWesµInwg¨beTslgûa (Ceylan) TSgmUlenHVn k*edaysarsm¥aH
bN¶aCneyIgenAkmõ¬Cae¨kam mancMnYnticBn'eBkNas' fÃIebIEdndItMENldUn
taeyIgenH CaEdndImYyEdl¨bkbeTAedayCICatid*v^essv^sal rkdIäNa
mk¨bdUcBuMVneLIyk*eday .
cMENkäkarEdlyYns¨mukcuHmkxagtºègenaH bN¶almkBIbuBÃehtufa
bN¶aCnekIte¨cIneBk yYnBuMGacmandIlí¨Kb'¨Kan's¨mab'ciJÍwmK~aeKVn
eLIy . ehtuenHehIyVnCayYnVneFÃIneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym mkelI
raCaNac¨kExµr²tQb'Qr rhUtdl'sm&ybcͬbºn~kalenHeTot k*yYnBuM¨Bm
bJÎb'GMeBIlYccUlmktSgenAelIdIEdlTMenrrbs'eyIgeLIy .
sBëf©enH ¨beTsevotNamman«pæ¨kLa¨bEhl 330ù000 Kùm2 KWFM
Cag¨beTseyIgcMnYnC^t2dg. KWCa¨beTsmYyEdlmanbeN¶ayd*EvgcMgay
BIxageCIgmktºègC^tEt 2ù000 Kùmù . naq~S 1970 bN¶aCnTSgGs'«n¨b
eTsenH mancMnYnC^teTA 40ù000ù000 nak' KW 20 lan Eb"kxageCIg nig 18
lan Eb"kxagtºèg . ¨beTsevotNam CaEdndImYysmºèreTAeday«¨B¨Bwk§a
nigP~M. «¨BnigP~MenH¨KbdN¶b'elI«pædI 80% «n«pæ¨kLaTSgGs' KWesµInwg«pæ
¨kLa 260ù000 Kùmù eTÃKuN . ehtudUec~HehIyVnCa, mnus§TSg 38 lan
nak'enHrs'enAelI«pædIEt 20% Etb"ueNöaH KWesµInwg«pæ¨kLa 60ù000 Kùm
38
X X
etInwgmanplviVkF©n'F©rGÃIxÂH
(sUevot) .
dUceyIgeXIj¨sab'ehIy lkÅN:TwkdI nigPUmisaås¶eyokNam nig
Cb"unmansPaB¨bhak'¨bEhlK~a . dUec~H¨bEhlCaKµankmÂSgGÃIGacmkrarSg
min[¨beTseyokNamkÂayeTACamha¨beTsesd½kicÍVneLIy, ehIyp§ar
d*sMxan'«nesd½kicÍÓs§ahkmµenH KWEdndIGasuIEb"kGeK~y_Etm¶g .l.
ebI¨bsiny"agenHEmnenaH ¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgnwg¨tèvTTYlrge¨KaHCa
dMNM nwgminGaceKcputVneLIg GMBIkmÂSgeyokNamenH e¨JHkarv^vt¶n_va
¨tèvEty"agdUec~aH ! cMeJHeyIg ebIesd½kicÍenAEteGanfy eyIgnwgkÂayeTACa
p§aresd½kicÍyYnEtm¶g. enHehIyCaTid½PaBfµémYyeTot«nlTìiGaNaniKmniym
sm&yfµé EdlmanPaBsahav minxusBIGaNaniKmniymneyaVy ÉTwkdI
enaHesaHeLIy. enHk*rebobm´"agEdlnwgnS¨beTseyIg[eFÃIdMeNIreqõaHeTA
rkkarVt'bg'äkraC´pgEdr .
Etk~¬gry:evlasBëf©enHk*edaycuH k*KYrEteyIg¨BYyVrm¸Tuk[ehIy
e¨JH¨Kan'EteyokNamxagtºègb"ueNöaH eKbJØènnis§iteKeTAbreTsk~¬g mYy
(1)
q~Srab'Jn' nak' [eTAsik§aÓt¶mv^CØaenAGWr"ubÉGaemrik. äeyokNamxageCIg
(1) eyageTAtamesovePAelak B. Fall, <Les deux Vietnam>, Payot, 1967, Paris, TMB&r ( 361 )
41
TI 2 - ÉmYyk*¨beTseyokNam nwgGnuvt¶neyaVybnÄycMnYnekµgkuM
[ekIte¨cIneBk ( limiter les naissances ) karenHGacnwgse¨mcVn k*e¨sceTA
elIkaryl'eXIj«nG~kneyaVyyYnk~¬gGnaKtEtb"ueNöaH . ebITukNaCa
neyaVyCayfaehtuEbbenH Gnuvt¶eTA¨bkbedayeCaKC&yk¶I, k*cMnYnbN¶a
CnenAe¨cInCadrab. ¨beTseyokNamenAEtB¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍ Ós§ahkmµ
dEdl e¨JHenHCakatBÃkicÍxanBuMVn . ehtudUec~aH e¨KaHf~ak'enAEtmanlkÅN:
F©n'F©rdEdl mkelIvasna«nkmõ¬CaeyIgeTAGnaKt .
TI 3 - Et¨bsinCapæ¬yeTAv^j kmÂSgesd½kicÍrd½eyokNamBuMVnlUtlas'[
¨Kb'¨Kan'eTenaH ehIyneyaVybnÄykMeNItkUnekµg k*BuM¨tèvVnGnuvt¶eTot
enHmhn¶rayrwtEtmanTMhMKuNBIrdgùùù db'dg .l. xÂSgNas'eTAeTot mk
elIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .
ehtudUcem¶cVnCakarenHvaeTACay"agdUec~aHv^j ?
ÇsågðamÈ nwg ÇGacÈ pæ¬HeLIgrvagExµrnigyYn BiVknwgecosvagVn
e¨JHbN¶aCnyYnkan'EtekIneLIgCalMdab'lMeday 50 60 70 80 90 lan
nak'k~¬g30q~SeTot. äFnFanxagesd½kicÍ nigxagksikmµenAdEdlÉlUtlas'
yWteBk CaehtuBuMGacnwgGnuJïat¶[ciJÍwmmnus§Vnk~¬gPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eLIy .
karenHnwgbegûIt[manv^bti¶pÂèvsgðm rYcv^bti¶pÂèvneyaVy bgûbegûéteLIg
edayesck¶Iminsbºaycit¶ ÉPaB¨kevTnarbs'CnCatiyYnenaHäg. eBlenaH
ehIy nwgmanG~kneyaVyyYnxÂH EdlCaG~kCatiniymhYsehtu ( Les
Vietnamiens Ultra-nationalistes ) bgûbegûét[man¨Tws¶IB¨gékTwkdIniym tam
rebobGalÂWm"ajC÷nan' hIuEtÂr ( Hitler ) TamTarnUvTwkdImYyEdleKnwgsnµtfa
¨Kb'¨Kan' s¨mab'karrs'enArbs'¨bCaCneK ( une nouvelle théorie de l'Espace
Vital ) . ehIyEdndIEdleK¨tèvkarenaH KWmanEtkmõ¬Ca-lav Éesom(?) Et
b"ueNöaH . edImIºnwgse¨mcnUvKe¨magkarenHVn neyaVyQÂanJnbgûerOg
ehtu [ekIteTACasågðam²Nëècin ÇTI 3È(?) eKBuMgaynwgecosvagVneLIy.
ebIy"agenHEmn enAäeCIgemX«nGnaKtEdndI²NëècinnwgmanBBkexµA
ggwt mkbiTVMgesck¶Isgwômrbs'eyIgrlt'esaHsUn´ KYr[¨seNaHGa
eNacGaFmµ«¨keBk.
43
X X
44
¨beTsesomnwgmanbN¶aCn 70 lannak'
etIbN¶aCnesomGacnwgman²TìiBl
GÃIeTAelIGnaKt«nEdndIrbs'eyIg
plviVk bN¶almkGMBIkMeNIn
bN¶aCnk~¬g¨beTsesom
etIrd½aPiVlesomnwgedaH¨sayEbbNa cMeJHbJúakMeNIncMnYnbN¶a
CnenH ?
¨Kan'Etk~¬gsBëf©enH EdlbN¶aCnminTan'TSgekIndl' 40 lannak'pg
enaH VnbegûIn[mankar¨BçyVrm¸mYyy"agFMeFgk~¬gcMeNamG~kdwknSesom.
naq~S 1957-58, tamesck¶IsuMBIrd½aPiVlesom ebskkmµmYy«n FnaKar
BiPBelak ( la B.I.R.D. ) VnmkeFÃIkarsik§anigesck¶IraykarN_mYy GMBI
sÄanPaBesd½kicÍesom . eyabl'rYm«nesck¶IraykarN_enH Vnbgúaj[
eXIjnUvkgÃHxat nig PaBx§t'ex§ayCae¨cIncMeJHGnaKtesd½kicÍesom .
pæ¬yeTAv^j, karB¨gékFnFanesd½kicÍ KWbegûénplitplksikmµnig
Ós§ahkmµCakarcSVc' edImIºedaH¨saybJúakMeNInbN¶aCnenH, edImIºrk§akuM
[kMritCévPaB«n¨bCaraås¶FÂak'cuHCalMdab' rhUtdl'PaBevTna¨kx§t' xÃHcMNI
GaharbriePaK .
sm&ybcͬbºn~enH FnFanesd½kicÍxÂH@ EdlBImunGac¨tèveKnSecjeTA
breTsVn k*kan'EtmancMnYneGanfyCalMdab' maneQI«m"sak', sMN,
V"hSg, ekAsUß, ehIyBiesseTAeTot KWGgûrenHEtm¶g .
ehtudUec~HehIy VnCakarB¨gIkesd½kicÍ[VnelOnqab'rh&s Vn
kÂayeTACaGaTiPaBTImYy «nneyaVyesom .
KWk~¬gKMnitenHehIy Edlrd½aPiVlesomsBëf©enH kMBugEtsÄabna
Ke¨magkarN_FM@ Cae¨cIn mansMNg'TMnb'ClaKðIsnI EdlGac[se¨mcCa
mYypg nUvkarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s ( l'irrigation ) nwgGagGacB¨gIknUv«pædIdS
dMNSfµé@eTot . rIäxagv^s&yÓs§hkmµv^j mUlFnbreTs (les capitaux
étrangers) Cae¨cInVn¨tèveKe¨bI¨Vs'k~¬g¨beTs edImIºse¨mc[mannUvkarcMerIn
lUtlas'. k~¬gcMeNammUlFn¨beTsEdleKVneFÃIv^nieyaKk~¬g¨beTsenH KW
manmUlFnCb"une¨cInCageK, bnæab'mkmUlFncintay-va"n' ehIyTI3 KWmUl
48
X
X X
50
esck¶IbJÍb'
nYn eXOn