1

TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006

Bioengineering 280A
Principles of Biomedical Imaging
Fall Quarter 2006
Ultrasound Lecture 2
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Depth of Penetration
!
Assume system can handle L dB of loss, then
L = 20log
10
A
z
A
0
"
#
$
%
&
'
We also have the definition
( = -
1
z
20log
10
A
z
A
0
"
#
$
%
&
'
and the approximation
( =(
0
f
Total range a wave can travel before attenuation L is
z =
L
(
0
f
Depth of penetration is
d
p
=
L
2(
0
f
2
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Depth of Penetration
2 20
4 10
8 5
13 3
20 2
40 1
Depth of
Penetration(cm)
Frequency
(MHz)
Assume L = 80 dB; !
0
= 1dB/cm/MHz
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Pulse Repetition and Frame Rate
!
Need to wait for echoes to return before transmitting new pulse
Pulse repetition interval is
T
R
"
2d
p
c
Pulse repetition rate is
f
R
=
1
T
R
If N pulses are required to form an image, then the
frame rate is
F =
1
NT
R
3
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Example
!
N = 256, L= 80dB, c =1540m/ s, "
0
=1dB/cm/ MHz
What frequency should be used to achieve a frame rate of 15 frame/sec?
T
R
=
1
FN
= 0.26ms
T
R
#
2d
p
c
=
L
"
0
fc
f #
L
acT
R
=1.99MHz
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Huygens Principle
http://www.nk.com/thesis/chapter2.html
http://www.cbem.imperial.ac.uk/ardan/diff/hfw.html
4
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Huygens Principle
Anderson and Trahey 2000
!
Wavenumber
k =
2"
#
!
Oliquity Factor
r
01
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Small-Angle (paraxial) Approximation
Anderson and Trahey 2000
r
01
5
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Fresnel Approximation
Anderson and Trahey 2000
Approximates spherical wavefront with a parabolic phase
prole
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Fresnel Approximation
!
U(x
0
, y
0
) =
exp( jkz)
j"z
##
exp
jk
2z
x
1
$ x
0
( )
2
+ y
1
$ y
0
( )
2
( )
%
&
'
(
)
* s x
1
, y
1
( )dx
1
dy
1
=
exp( jkz)
j"z
s(x
0
, y
0
) ++exp
jk
2z
x
0
2
+ y
0
2
( )
%
&
'
(
)
*
%
&
'
(
)
*
6
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Fraunhofer Approximation
!
kr
01
" kz 1+
1
2
x
1
# x
0
z
$
%
&
'
(
)
2
+
1
2
y
1
# y
0
z
$
%
&
'
(
)
2
$
%
&
&
'
(
)
)
= kz 1+
1
2z
2
x
1
2
#2x
1
x
0
+ x
0
2
( )
+
1
2z
2
y
1
2
#2y
1
y
0
+ y
0
2
( )
$
%
&
'
(
)
= kz +
k
2z
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
+
k
2z
x
0
2
+ y
0
2
( )
#
k
z
x
1
x
0
+ y
1
y
0
( )
" kz + +
k
2z
x
0
2
+ y
0
2
( )
#
k
z
x
1
x
0
+ y
1
y
0
( )
Assume this term
is negligible.
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Fraunhofer Condition
!
k
2z
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
Phase term due to position on transducer is
Far-eld condition is
!
k
2z
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
<<1
z >>
k
2
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
=
"
#
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
For a square DxD transducer, x
1
2
+ y
1
2
= D
2
/ 4
z >>
"D
2
4#
$
D
2
#
7
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Fraunhofer Approximation
Anderson and Trahey 2000
Quadratic phase term
Fourier transform of the
source with
!
k
x
=
x
0
"z
k
y
=
y
0
"z
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Plane Wave (Fraunhofer) Approximation
z
x
0
x
1
"
"
d
r
01
!
d = "x
1
sin#
sin# =
x
0
r
01
$
x
0
z
d $ "
x
0
x
1
z
8
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Plane Wave Approximation
!
1
r
exp( jkr) "
1
z
exp jk z + d ( ) ( )
=
1
z
exp j
2#
$
z %
x
0
x
1
z
&
'
(
)
*
+
&
'
(
)
*
+
U(x
0
) = s(x
1
)
%,
,
-
1
r
exp( jkr)dx
1
" s(x
1
)
%,
,
-
1
z
exp j
2#
$
z %
x
0
x
1
z
&
'
(
)
*
+
&
'
(
)
*
+
dx
1
=
1
z
exp j
2#z
$
&
'
(
)
*
+ s(x
1
)
%,
,
-
exp %
j2#x
0
x
1
$z
&
'
(
)
*
+ dx
1
=
1
z
exp j
2#z
$
&
'
(
)
*
+ s(x
1
)
%,
,
-
exp %j2#k
x
x
1
( )dx
1
=
1
z
exp j
2#z
$
&
'
(
)
*
+ F s(x) [ ]
k
x
=
x
0
$z
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Plane Wave Approximation
!
In general
U(x
0
, y
0
) =
1
z
exp j
2"z
#
$
%
&
'
(
) F s(x, y) [ ]
k
x
=
x
0
#z
,k
y
=
y
0
#z
,
Example
s(x, y) = rect(x / D)rect(y / D)
U(x
0
, y
0
) =
1
z
exp( jkz)D
2
sinc Dk
x
( )sinc Dk
y ( )
=
1
z
exp( jkz)D
2
sinc D
x
0
#z
$
%
&
'
(
) sinc Dk
y
y
0
#z
$
%
&
'
(
)
Zeros occur at x
0
=
n#z
D
and y
0
=
n#z
D

Beamwidth of the sinc function is
#z
D

9
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
!
"z
D
1
!
D
1
!
"z
D
2
!
D
2
2
"
!
D
1
2
"
!
D
2
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Example
Anderson and Trahey 2000
!
rect
x
D
"
#
$
%
&
' rect
x
d
"
#
$
%
&
' (
1
d
comb
x
d
"
#
$
%
&
'
)
*
+
,
-
.
/ Dsinc(Dk
x
) ( dsinc(dk
x
)comb(dk
x
) [ ]
Sidelobes
Question: What should we do to reduce the sidelobes?
10
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Transducer Dimension
Anderson and Trahey 2000
!
Goal : Operate in the Fresnel Zone
z < D
2
/ "
D
opt
# "z
max
Example
z
max
= 20 cm
" = 0.5 mm
D
opt
=1 cm
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Focusing in Fresnel Zone
!
U(x
0
, y
0
) =
exp( jkz)
j"z
##
exp
jk
2z
x
1
$ x
0
( )
2
+ y
1
$ y
0
( )
2
( )
%
&
'
(
)
* s x
1
, y
1
( )dx
1
dy
1
=
exp( jkz)
j"z
##
exp
jk
2z
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
+ x
0
2
+ y
0
2
( )
$2 x
1
x
0
+ y
1
y
0
( )
( )
%
&
'
(
)
* s x
1
, y
1
( )dx
1
dy
1
=
exp( jkz)
j"z
exp
jk
2z
x
0
2
+ y
0
2
( )
%
&
'
(
)
*
exp( jkz)
j"z
##
exp
jk
2z
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
%
&
'
(
)
* exp $
jk
z
x
1
x
0
+ y
1
y
0
( )
%
&
'
(
)
* s x
1
, y
1
( )dx
1
dy
1
!
Use time delays to compensate for this phase term
!
U(x
0
, y
0
) =
exp( jkz)
j"z
exp
jk
2z
x
0
2
+ y
0
2
( )
#
$
%
&
'
( F exp
jk
2z
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
#
$
%
&
'
( s x
1
, y
1
( )
)
*
+
,
-
.
11
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Focusing in Fresnel Zone
!
U(x
0
, y
0
) =
exp( jkz)
j"z
exp
jk
2z
x
0
2
+ y
0
2
( )
#
$
%
&
'
( F exp
jk
2z
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
#
$
%
&
'
( s x
1
, y
1
( )
)
*
+
,
-
.
Make
!
s x
1
, y
1
( ) = s
0
x
1
, y
1
( )exp "
jk
2z
0
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
#
$
%
&
'
(
!
U(x
0
, y
0
) =
exp( jkz
0
)
j"z
0
exp
jk
2z
0
x
0
2
+ y
0
2
( )
#
$
%
&
'
(
F s x
1
, y
1
( ) [ ]
At the focal depth z =z
0
Beamwidth at the focal depth is:
!
"z
0
D
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Acoustic Lens
!
"z
0
D
= "F
D
c > c
0
z
0
12
TT Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Depth of Focus
!
When z " z
0
, the phase term is #$ = exp %
jk
2z
0
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
&
'
(
)
*
+
exp %
jk
2z
x
1
2
+ y
1
2
( )
&
'
(
)
*
+
and the lens is not perfectly focused.
Consider variation in the x- direction.
#$=
kx
2
2
1
z
%
1
z
0
&
'
(
)
*
+
For transducer of size D,
x
2
2
=
D
2
4
If we want #$ =
,D
2
2-
1
z
%
1
z
0
&
'
(
)
*
+
<1 radian then
1
z
%
1
z
0
<
2-
,D
2
The larger the D, the smaller the depth of focus.