18-19 Circuit and Capacitors

Physics 12 Honors/Regular Notes Circuit and Capacitors V2.
0 (KWP) Page 1 of 16
For more information, refer to.
1. Giancoli - Physics: Principles with Applications (5th Edition): Chapter 17 Electric
Potential and Electric Energy; Capacitance; Chapter 18 Electric Currents; Chapter 19
DC Circuits
2. Materials regarding AP Physics B & C Exams
as well as other resources.

Electric Circuits
I : Current is amount of charge Q flowing through per second. It is measured in Amperes
(A) or (C/s)

1 V = 1 J/C

V : Voltage or potential difference . It is the energy change across the device in each
coulomb of charge. It is measured in Volts (V) or (J/C).

Ohms Law

where R is the resistance of the device. It is measured in Ohms ().
. Devices with a large resistance will have a small current flowing through it.
. Devices with a greater potential difference V across them will have more current going
through them.

Electric Power
Power is energy produced or energy used per unit time.

=

6
6
0

0
+

( )

1

=
=

It is measured in Watts (W) or (J/s).
1V = 1J/C
1J = 1VC
Physics 12 Honors/Regular Notes Circuit and Capacitors V2.0 (KWP) Page 2 of 16
Since

But

So

The power of the device can be determined from the product of the potential drop across
the device and the current going through it.

Question

Solution:
(a) the reading on the voltmeter
6V (potential difference of the battery)
(b) the reading on the ammeter

(c) how many electrons flow through the resistor every second

=
=

=
=
=
=
(
) (
) = (
)
or P =
2

or P =

2

=
voltage
Device
V
A
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Negligible potential
drop across the
ammeter (R > 0)
Negligible current
flows through the
voltmeter (R > )
Resistivity
=
0
(1 +())

=

Consider the blowing
of a light bulb.
(+) charge hole A 6V battery is connected to 220 resistor as shown.
Determine:
(a) the reading on the voltmeter
(b) the reading on the ammeter
(c) how many electrons flow through the resistor every
second
(d) the power given off by the resistor
(e) the power produced by the battery assuming
negligible resistance in the wires and the ammeter.
(f) the amount of hear energy produced in 5 minutes.

V
A
+

I
=
=
6
220
= 0.0273A = 27.3 mA
0.0273 = 0.0273
0.0273

1
1.60 10
19
= 1.7 10
17
/s
*Refer to Notes P.4 for
details of resistivity.
(d) the power given off by the resistor

(e) the power produced by the battery assuming negligible resistance in the wires and the
ammeter.

(f) the amount of heat energy produced in 5 minutes.

In other words, heat produced by the circuit can heat up 1 kg of water by 85.4! Wow!
Question

Calculate:
(a) the current flowing through the light bulb.
(b) the current flowing through the hair dryer.
(c) the house circuit is connected to a 13A circuit breaker which will allow a maximum of
13A to flow though the main circuit. How many hair dryers can be connected to the
circuit.

Solution:
(a)

(b)

(c)
Only one hair dryer can be connected to the circuit at one time.
Read p.573 and p.574 on Electric Hazards.
= = (6V)(0.0273A) = 0.16 W
= 0.16 W
= = (0.16 W)(5 mins) (
60
1 min
) = 48
Bonus: Using the equation of specific heat: =
=

=
(1 kg) (4186
J
kg
)
49
= +85.4
120
120
120
~
120
circuit
breaker

breaker
. .
60
closed
circuit
Device
connected
in parallel
Also see: Ex 18-10 P541
1000
=
=
60
120V
= 0.5A
=
=
1000
120V
= 8.3A
8.3 13
1
Resistivity,
=
0
(1 + ())

Resistivity is a material property. It tells us how easily charge flows through the material.
e.g. Copper
Glass

Resistance, R

Equivalent Resistant, R
e
(i) Series resistances

Conservation of energy: Kirchhoffs Second Law
Sum of emfs (due to the batteries) is equal to the sum of
potential drops (due to the resistors) around one loop
In this case,

Then with Ohms Law: or

p.534
constant at a
certain reference
temperature
temperature
coefficient
0
= 1.68 10
8
m = 0.0068
0
= 10
9
10
12
m 20
A

What is its resistance, R?
=

1

2

3

1

2

3

(Electromotive force),

=
1
+
2
+
3

=

=
=
1
+
2
+
3

=
1
+
2
+
3

=
1
+
2
+
3

(ii) Parallel resistances

Conservation of charge: Kirchhoffs First Law
At any junction, sum of currents going in is equal to the sum of
currents coming out.

In this case, at junction A,
Each resistor in the parallel circuit has the same potential drop which is equal to the
potential difference of the battery, V.
But and (Ohms Law)

Therefore

When two resistors are connected in a parallel circuit, we know that

2

Potential: +V volts
Potential: 0 volts

Potential Difference

=
1
+
2
+
3

=

1
+

2
+

3

1
=
1
1
+
1
2
+
1
2

1
=
1
1
+
1
2

1
=

2
2
+

1
2

1
=

2
+
1
=

1
2
+
1

Question

Calculate
(a) the equivalent resistance, , of the circuit
(b) the current, I, produced by the battery

Solution:
(a) the equivalent resistance R
e
,

(parallel)

(series)

(b) the current, I, from the battery

(Ohms Law)

Question

What is the potential difference across the power supply?

1
2
3

6

=
1
1
+
1
=

1
2
+
1
=
1 2
1 + 2
=
2
3

+
3
=
2
3
+ 3 = 3.6

=

=
6
3.6
= 1.7
1
= 6
2
= 10
3
= 40
4
= 4

3
= 1.5
1

1

(
1
)
2

2

(
2
)
4

4

(
4
)
3
=
3
3

(
3
=
3
3
)

Solution:
Method 1 Kirchhoffs Laws and system of equations.
(Kirchhoffs 2
nd
Law)

(Kirchhoffs 1
st
Law)

At A,

Method 2 Kirchhoffs Laws II
(Ohms Law)
Parallel circuits:
Ohms Law

Kirchhoffs 1
st
Law:

Ohms Law

Kirchhoffs 2
nd
Law:

=
2
+
3
=
2
+ 1.5A (2)
=
2

=
1

=
1
1
+
3
3
+
4
4

= (
1
+
4
) +
3
3
= (6+ 4) +(1.5)(40) = 10 +60
(
1
=
4
= [])
(1)
=
1
1
+
2
2
+
4
4

(
1
=
4
= [])
= (
1
+
4
) +
2
2
= (10) + (
2
)(10) = 10 +10
2

= 10 + 10( 1.5) = 10 +10 15 = 20 15
(3)
(2): (4)
(1) (4):
10 +60 = 20 15 10 = 75 = 7.5
=
1
+
2
+
4
=
1
+
2
2
+
4
= 7.5(6+4) +(1.5)(40)
= 75 +60 = 135
3
=
3
3
= 60
2
= 60
2
=

2
2
=
60
10
= 6

=
2
+
3
= 6 +1.5A = 7.5A At A,
1
=
1
= (7.5)(6) = 45
4
=
4
= (7.5)(4) = 30
=
1
+
2
(
3
) +
4
= 45 +60 + 30 = 135
=
2

(part A)

(part B)

Method 3 R
e
(Equivalent Resistance)

In a parallel circuit:

In a series circuit:

Ohms Law:

Method 4 Conservation of energy

and

Question: Solving circuit problems with Kirchhoffs Laws
Determine I
1
, I
2
and I
3
in this circuit.
Solution:
KI: at a junction.
At A,
KII:

As with method 2 (part A) to determine
the current I out of the battery,
I = 7.5 A

Useful to find current leaving
the battery when solving circuit
problems.

1
=
1
2
+
1
=

2
2
+
3
=
10 40
10 +40
= 8
=
1
+
+
4
= 6 +8 +4 = 18
=
= (7.5)(18) = 135
As with method 2 (part A) to determine
the current circuit,
I = 7.5 A ; I
2
= 6A; I
3
= 1.5A

= =
2

=
2
1
+
2
2
2
+
3
2
3
+
2
4

(7.5A) = (7.5A)
2
(6) +(6A)
2
(10) + (1.5A)
2
(40) + (7.5A)
2
(4)
=
337.5 +360 +90 +225
7.5
= 135V
1
=
2
+
3
(1)

9 =
1
4
+
2
2
+
2
3
+
1
5

9 = 4
1
+2
2
+3
2
+5
1

9 = 9
1
+5
2
(2)

Pay attention to the assumed direction of the loops, which leads to some (-) signs here.

(2) + (3):

Substitute (4) into (1):

Substitute (5) into (2):

Substitute I
1
into (5):

From equation (1):
As a result, current I
3
is in fact flowing opposite of the assumed direction, with a
magnitude of 0.60A.

Emf, , and Internal Resistance, r, of a Battery

6 =
3
1
+ (
2
)
2
+(
2
)
2

6 =
3
2
2
3
2
=
3
5
2

(3)
3 = 9
1
+
3

3
= 3 9
1
(4)
1
=
2
+(3 9
1
)
10
1
=
2
+3
2
= 10
1
3 (5)
9 = 9
1
+ 5
2

9 = 9
1
+ 5(10
1
3)
(2)
9 = 9
1
+50
1
15
1
=
24
59
= 0.407
2
= 10 (
24
59
) 3 = 1.07
3
=
1

2
= 0.407 1.07 = 0.60
V
I
R

Battery

r is the internal resistance of the
battery

Voltmeter measures the terminal
voltage, V
T
of the battery.

(External Resistance)

What is emf, ?
It is the terminal voltage of the battery when zero current flows through it.
, when (So internal resistance [r] = 0)
*where I = 0*

Question
Determine the internal resistance of a battery which has an emf of 12 V and a terminal
Voltage of 8.8 V when the external resistor draws 60A from the battery. Then find the
external resistance.

A special case
In fact, the following equation is true in specific conditions.
, when a battery is being charged (current flowing to the positive
side of the battery)

=
= 0
=
0
V
T

I = 60A
R

= 12V
(External Resistance)

= 8.8V
Solution:
Since K2, =

= +

= +

So,
= (which is same as equation shown above)

So,

(*IR (potential difference
across the ER) is equal the
terminal voltage measured
by the voltmeter)
(8.8) = 12 (60)

So,

= 0.05

So,

=

, (Ohms Law)
=
8.8
60
= 0.15
= +
V
I
R

This equation summarizes all possible cases:

=
recall that V
T
is the terminal voltage recorded by
the voltmeter, is the electromotive force of the
battery, I is the current flowing through it and r is
the its internal resistance.
A concept question

Solution:
Parallel circuit:

Thus, the parallel pair of light R
1
|| R
2
has a resistance smaller than just a single light bulb R
1
.
As a result, V
1
is reduced in the parallel set up (R
P
< R
1
).
According to K2,

As stated above, V
1
is reduced in the parallel circuit, thus V
3
is increased. ( is constant)
Finally, since (Power determines the brightness, the higher the power the
brighter the light bulb.)

P
1
is reduced due to the drop of V
1
and thus is less bright;

P
3
is increased due to the increase of V
3
and thus is brighter.

Example

: symbol of a light bulb in circuits
3

What happens to the brightness
of the three light bulbs once the
switch is closed?
Explain.
(Note: all three light bulbs are
identical. In other words,
R
1
= R
2
= R
3
)
=

=
1
+
3

=

1
2
+
1
=
(
1
)
2
2
1
=

1
2
<
1

=

2
1
=
2
=

1
2
3
=

3
2
1

V
1
= 15

So,
3
= 7

So,
2
= 6

So,
5
= 5

So,
4
= 9

So,

= 8

So,

Find the potential
difference across the
6 resistor.

Moving on, we would then calculate the equivalent resistance R
e
of the circuit.

.and then the current flowing through the battery.

Capacitors
A capacitor is a pair of parallel plates often sandwiched by a material called a dielectric
which affects the charge storage capacity.

Compare these two circuit diagrams: why is it that electrons are travelling in different
directions in the two circuits? What components of the circuits result in the difference?
(Note: Battery [Charging] vs. Resistance [Charged Used Up])
The amount of charge stored depends on the capacitance, C of the capacitor.

Solution: In this section of the circuit,

=
1
+
2
+
3
= 15 +6 +9 = 30

+
4
=
30 7
30 + 7
=
210
37
= 5.68
+
5
= 5.68 + 5 = 10.68
=

=
8 V
10.68
= 0.75
5
= = (0.75)(5) = 3.75V
7
= 8 3.75 = 4.25
(loop and K2)
Outer Loop
=
7
= 4.25 (Parallel to 7)
Outer Loop
=

Outer Loop
=
4.25
30
= 0.14A
6
= = (0.14)(6) = 0.85

So,

+Q
-
-
-
-

Q
+
+
+
+

e

+Q
-
-
-
-

Q
+
+
+
+

e

=

where Q is amount of charge in C
C is capacitance in Farads (F)
V is the potential difference across the capacitor in V.

Capacitors in series

*Conservation of charge Q = Q = Q

Capacitors in Parallel
When two capacitors are connected in a parallel circuit,
(Conservation of charge)

Dielectrics and Capacitor

+Q

+Q

Q

Q

1

So,
2

So,
3

So,

+Q

Q

1

2

So,
3

So,

e

Note that charge distribution across
the capacitors.
Each capacitor stores the same
amount of charge Q.

So,

=
1
+
2
+
3

1
+

2
+

3

1
=
1
1
+
1
2
+
1
3

Capacitance in series:
+Q

Q

1
+Q

Q

1
=
1
+
2
+
3

=
1
+
2
+
3

(KII)
=
1
+
2
+
3

=

0

charge storage
capacity
Dielectric constant
depends on dielectric used
(For vacuum K=1)

A is the area of each plate, m
2

d is the separation distance, m
0
is the permittivity of free space,
= 8.85 10
-12
C
2
/Nm
2

Energy stored in a capacitor

(Energy)

or

*Compare with E
P
=
1
2
2

Charging and discharging a capacitor
(a) Charging

Example
A 1 nF capacitor is set up in series with a 200 resistor and a 12 V battery. How long does
it take for the capacitor to be charged up to 6V?
Solution:

=
Q
V
0
Q = CV
slope = C
E
=
=
1
2

=
1
2
2

+Q

Q

So,

So,

e

= [1
(

)
]
RC is called the time constant, , which affects
how quickly the capacitor gets charged up.

Large RC longer charging (and discharging)
= [1
(

)
]
6 = (12) [1
(

(200)(1nF)
)
]
6
12
= 1
(

2.0010
9
)

ln (0.5) = ln (
(

2.0010
9
)
)
= ln (0.5)(2.00 10
9
)
= 1.39 10
9

(b) Discharging

Example
If R = 220 resistor and C = 14 pF, determine
a) The half-life
b) Determine when t =

Solution:
(a) Half-life ->

(b) When t = ,

+Q

Q

So,

=
(

)

Math tip: Solving for t?
ln () = ln (
(

)
)
ln() = ln()

=

2

=
(

)
ln (
1
2
) = (

)
= ln (
1
2
)()
= ln(
1
2
)(220)(14 10
12
) = 2.1 10
9

=
1

=
1

Data Table
Charge on proton/electron e ().

Coulombs constant k 9.0 10
9
Nm
2
/C
2

Permittivity of free space
0
= (1/
2
0
) 8.85 10
12
C
2
/Nm
2

Electron rest mass
9.11 10
31
kg
Proton rest mass
1.6726 10
27
kg
Neutron rest mass
1.6749 10
27
kg

Equations
Ohms Law:

Power:

Resistance and Resistivity:

Kirchhoffs Law and equivalence resistance

Emf and terminal voltage:

Capacitance:

Charging and discharging:

=
= =
2
=

2

=
=

=
0
(1 + ())

=
1
+
2
+
3

1
=
1
1
+
1
2
+
1
=
=

1
=
1
1
+
1
2
+
1
=
1
+
2
+
3

=
1
2
=
1
2
2

=
(

)

= [1
(

)
]
=

0

18-19 Circuit and Capacitors

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Physics 12 Honors/Regular Notes Circuit and Capacitors V2.

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