INTRODUCTION TO URBAN INTRODUCTION TO URBAN

SANITATION STATUS IN SANITATION STATUS IN

HUE CITY, VIETNAM HUE CITY, VIETNAM
Pham Khac Lieu D Eng Pham Khac Lieu D Eng Pham Khac Lieu, D.Eng. Pham Khac Lieu, D.Eng.
Head, Faculty of Environmental Science
H U i it f S i Vi t Hue University of Sciences, Vietnam
E-mail: pklieu@yahoo.com
Contents Contents Contents Contents
Introduction to Hue city Introduction to Hue city
Hue urban sanitation
Water supply
Sewer systems
Household sanitation Household sanitation
Solid waste management
Hue city Hue cityyy
Provincial capital of Thua Thien Hue province
An ancient capital of Vietnam
A World Cultural Heritage (since 1993 by
UNESCO) UNESCO)
Area: 71 km
2
(Da Nang urban area: 213 km
2
)
P l ti 333 700 (D 2007) Population ~ 333,700 (Dec. 2007)
24 administrative units (wards and communes)
M j d l t ti iti Major development activities:
tourism and services,
small industries small industries,
agriculture,
per capita GDP ~ 1,000 USD/yr (2009) pe cap ta G ,000 US /y ( 009)
Thua Thien Hue Province Thua Thien Hue Province Thua Thien Hue Province Thua Thien Hue Province
Administrative units: Hue city and 8 districts
Area: 5060 km
2
Population: 1,1 million (as of 2009)
Hue city Hue cityyy
Famous sceneries in Hue city
Ancient palace
The Citadel
Ancient palace
Huong (Perfume) River Huong (Perfume) River
The Kings Tomb
Trang Tien Bridge
Hue citadel (old city) Hue citadel (old city) Hue citadel (old city) Hue citadel (old city)
Hue urban: Water supply Hue urban: Water supply Hue urban: Water supply Hue urban: Water supply
Existing status
In Hue city: 3 water treatment plants, total capacity of
114,500m
3
/d, operated by Hue Construction and Water
Supply Company (HUEWACO) Supply Company (HUEWACO).
(HUEWACO has 12 treatment plants on the whole province with total
capacity of 130,000 m
3
/d). p y )
Water source: surface water from Huong river
Service coverage: 100% of area and 99% of population
S l 120 140 L/ /d Supply: 120 140 L/cap/day
Tap water quality meets National Technical Regulation
on drinking water quality (QCVN 01:2009/ BYT on drinking water quality (QCVN 01:2009/ BYT
Declared water safety plan in June, 2008 (one of
three companies in South-East Asia))
(Source: HUEWACO, 2009)
Water purification plants in Thua Thien Hue province Water purification plants in Thua Thien Hue province
Quang Te 1 : 20,000m3/d
Quang Te 2 : 82,500m
3
/d
D Vi 12 000
3
/d
Hoa Binh Chuong: 2,000m
3
/d
Da Vien: 12,000 m
3
/d
Chan May: 6,000m
3
/d
Bach Ma: 100m
3
/d
Tu Ha: 12,000m
3
/ d
Binh Thanh: 250m
3
/d
TOTAL CAPACITY: TOTAL CAPACITY:
130,000 m 130,000 m
33
/d /d
Phu Bai : 5 000m
3
/d
130,000 m 130,000 m /d /d
Nam Dong : 2,000m
3
/d
Phu Bai : 5,000m
3
/d
Loc Bon: 250m
3
/d
9
Nam Dong : 2,000m /d
Vinh Hien: 100m
3
/d
Hue urban: Water supply Hue urban: Water supply Hue urban: Water supply Hue urban: Water supply
Raw water
PAC
Coagulation& Flocculation
PAC
Water
Sedimentation
treatment
technology
Rapid sand filter
Javel Javel
Disinfection
Distribution reservoir
Supply network
Hue urban: Sewer system Hue urban: Sewer system Hue urban: Sewer system Hue urban: Sewer system
Existing status Existing status
Only drainage function
No wastewater collection and treatment No wastewater collection and treatment
system
Issues Issues
Low service coverage
I d ti Inundation
Surface water pollution
F t l i Future planning
Water environment improvement project
Sewer system Sewer system Sewer system Sewer system
Drainage system = sewers + canals and rivers + Drainage system = sewers + canals and rivers +
lakes
Total length 150 km: Total length ~ 150 km:
61 km of D400~D1200 sewer pipes
52 k f B400 B600 t l l t 52 km of B400-B600 rectangular culverts
20 km of soil ditches
16 km of canals and rivers
Service coverage: 30% of population.
Operational principle: natural flow
(Source: HEPCO, 2009) ( , )
Sewer network in Hue city Sewer network in Hue city
Huong rivers
north-bank area
Citadel
Huong rivers Huong river s
south-bank area
Sewer system: Hue Citadel case Sewer system: Hue Citadel case Se e syste ue C tade case Se e syste ue C tade case
Components of sewer system inside Hue Citadel Components of sewer system inside Hue Citadel
Ward
Soil
Rectangular concrete culvert (m) Sewer pipe (m)
Manhole
Ward
ditch (m) (unit)
B300 B400 B500 B600 B800
B>
1000
D< 600 D> 800
Thuan
950 997 2 3373 2 1260 1 337 6 0 4 5 5931 6 1583 595
Hoa
950 997.2 3373.2 1260.1 337.6 0 4.5 5931.6 1583 595
Thuan
Thanh
2302 0 1669.9 573 346 393 149 4915.6 814 485
Thuan
Loc
2987 0 2209.5 251 143.2 56.3 106.3 3511.6 1555 383
Tay Loc 2423 0 20 413.3 3827.4 0 526 7565.8 1381.5 2.423
Total 8662 997.2 7272.6 2497.3 4654.2 449.3 785.8 21924.5 5333.5 3886
Sewer system: Hue Citadel case Sewer system: Hue Citadel case Se e syste ue C tade case Se e syste ue C tade case
Three ways of wastewater discharge by ward Three ways of wastewater discharge by ward
100%
To public sewer To lakes and canal Soil percolation
Connection rate
to p blic se er
80%
100%
to public sewer
inside Citadel is
higher than the
60%
higher than the
whole city (56%
vs. 30%).
40%
Thuan Hoa Ward
had a highest
0%
20%
g
connection rate
(>70%)
0%
Thuan Hoa Thuan Thanh Thuan Loc Tay Loc
Sewer system: Hue Citadel case Sewer system: Hue Citadel case
Types of domestic wastewater discharge: average percentage for Citadel area yp g g p g
To publ i c sewer
56.4%
Soi l percol at i on
26 6% 26.6%
To l akes and
canal
17.0%
Lakes and canal inside Hue Citadel Lakes and canal inside Hue Citadel
Lakes and canal system play an important a es a d ca a sys e p ay a po a
role
41 lakes total area ~42 ha (2007) 41 lakes, total area 42 ha (2007)
Ngu Ha canal (Royal canal), length ~ 3,000 m
Functions of lake and canal system Functions of lake and canal system
drainage most important
beauty spots beauty spots
navigation
irrigation irrigation
cultivation and fish culture
waste assimilation waste assimilation
1 B 21 S
Locationmapoflakes
insideHuecitadel
Military zone
1. Beo
2. Tay
3. Kham
4. Doai
5 V
21. Sau
22. Te Sanh
23. Hoa Phao
24. Nhan Hau
25 C M 5. Vom
6. Tien Bao
7. Ta Bao
8. Vuong
9 Ch
25. Cay Mung
26. Long Vo
27. Tan Mieu
28. Phu Van
29 R M
Hue Citadel
9. Chua
10. Hau Bao
11.Ky Vo
12. Tran Binh Dai
13 H Nh
29. Rau Muong
30. Xa Tac
31. Vo Sanh
32. Kim Thuy Ngoai
33 Ki Th T
Royal palace
13.Hung Nhue
14. Moc Duc
15. Thanh Ninh
16. Tinh Tam
17 H H i
33. Kim Thuy Trong
34. Ngoc Dich
35. Thai Dich
36. Lap
37 Th h H
y p
17. Hoc Hai
18. Giam Thanh
19. Tien Y
20. Phong Trach
37. Thanh Hoang
38. Ho Ve
39. Dong Thai
40. Duc Hung
41 B Vi 41. Ba Vien
Lakes and canal inside Hue Citadel Lakes and canal inside Hue Citadel
Drainage
fl flow
direction:
N H
Thuy
Luong
Y Gate
Ngu Ha
canal
Quan
Gate
serves as a
main axis
Lakes and canal inside Hue Citadel Lakes and canal inside Hue Citadel
Recent issues of lakes and canals: Recent issues of lakes and canals:
Declining water surface area g
Silting (deposition of solids)
Clogging of water inlet (Thuy Quan Clogging of water inlet (Thuy Quan
gate)
Lake-lake and lake-canal
disconnection disconnection
Water pollution (esp. eutrophication)
Declining surface area of lakes Declining surface area of lakes gg
01 lake (Rau Muong) was filled completely for 01 lake (Rau Muong) was filled completely for
building a market remain 40 lakes in 2010
Total area of lakes reduced by: 18 1% from 2003 Total area of lakes reduced by: 18.1% from 2003
to 2007; 16.0% from 2003 to 2010
An increase in total area of 11450 m
2
(2 6%) An increase in total area of 11450 m (2,6%)
from 2007 to 2010
From 2007 to 2010 there were 15 lakes having From 2007 to 2010, there were 15 lakes having
area reduction and 8 lakes being isolated
completely. p y
Some lakes have been rehabilitated: Thanh
Hoang, Moc Duc, g
Drainage system Drainage system Hue Citadel case Hue Citadel case g y g y
Water spinach cultivation
Combined water spinach cultivation and fish culture
Drainage system Drainage system Hue Citadel case Hue Citadel case g y g y
Thanh Hoang Thanh Hoang
Lake is under
rehabilitation for rehabilitation for
conserving
Sewer system Sewer system Inundation problem Inundation problem yy pp
Inundated after heavy rain (Oct., 2007)
Inundated after heavy rain (Oct., 2009)
Sewer system Sewer system Inundation problem Inundation problem yy pp
Street inundation
during flood
Sewer system Sewer system Planning for improvement Planning for improvement yy g p g p
Project Water environment improvement in Hue city j p y
Project owner: Hue Urban Environment and Public Works
Co. Ltd. (HEPCO).
Project budget:
24.008 bill.JPY (222 mill.USD); 87% loaned from Japan
Project location: Huong rivers south bank area
Duration: 2009 2016 (just commenced on June 25 2010)
Major work-loads
- Construction of 250 km partially combined sewers
- Dredging small rivers and culverts (400,000 m
3
)
- Construction of WWTP (20,000 m
3
/d capacity)
(Source: Thua Thien Hue People Committee, 2007)
Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue
Existing status g
Percentage of households having toilets: 92.9%
(the whole province: 78.3%) ( p )
Percentage of hygienic toilets: 95.6%
(Classified according to the criteria in Decision No. ( g
08/2005/Q-BYT issued by Ministry of Health)
Type of hygienic toilets
Septic tank : 86.5%
Sulabh : 5.6%
Double-vault composting latrine: 2.7%
Vented pit latrine: 0.8%
Household sanitation facilities in Thua Thien Hue province Household sanitation facilities in Thua Thien Hue province
City/District
No. of
HHs
No. of
HHs
having
Type of sanitation facility
Septic
Sulabh
Double- Pit
Oth
HHs having
toilet
Septic
tank
Double
vault latrine
Pit
latrine
Other
Hue 57,519 53,450 46,219 3,022 1,428 426 2,355
Phong Dien 20,979 15,773 5,252 2,430 3,157 1,807 3,127
Quang Dien 18,693 15,284 4,469 3,355 1,665 4,839 956
Huong Tra 22 454 18 827 6 332 2 870 1 380 4 257 3 988 Huong Tra 22,454 18,827 6,332 2,870 1,380 4,257 3,988
Phu Vang 34,574 22,210 12,035 1,168 1,469 1,207 6,331
Huong Thuy 19,626 16,455 7,410 943 4,070 1,379 2,653
Phu Loc 29,725 16,803 6,443 5,090 965 2,649 1,656
Nam Dong 4,516 3,946 732 15 59 132 3,008
A Luoi 8,580 6,882 650 510 631 381 4,710
Total 216,666 169,630 89,542 19,403 14,824 16,357 28,784
S Th Thi H C t f P ti M di i Source: Thua Thien Hue Center for Preventive Medicine.
Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue
Septic tank effluents: mainly discharged Septic tank effluents: mainly discharged
into the drainage network.
Sludge from septic tanks (septage): mainly
landfilled; a small fraction is co-composted ; p
with solid waste.
Percentage of septic tank increased from Percentage of septic tank increased from
80.4% in 2006 to 86.5% in 2009.
Household sanitation in Hue: the Citadel case Household sanitation in Hue: the Citadel case
Sanitation in the Citadel is better than other areas of the cityy
99% of households having toilets (whole city: 92.9%)
98.5% are hygienic toilets (whole city: 95.6%)
Type of sanitation facility No. of HHs %
Septic tank
9232
74.4
Sulabh
2607
21 0 Sulabh 21.0
Double-vault latrine
426
3.4
Other
129
1 0 Other
129
1.0
No toilet 13 0.1
Total 12407 100 Total 12407 100
Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue
Issues Issues
- Some people still have no sanitation facilities:
who live on boats (floating communities) - who live on boats (floating communities)
- who live on the river/canal banks
- Inappropriate design of septic tanks (inadequate Inappropriate design of septic tanks (inadequate
capacity)
- 78% septic tanks have never been desludged, 78% septic tanks have never been desludged,
even some of them were more than 30 years old.
- Lack of management policies and technology for Lack of management policies and technology for
septic tanks
Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue Household sanitation in Hue
Floating communities
Basic facts about MSW in Hue city Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityyy
MSW generation
Generation rate: 0.98 kg/cap/day (MONRE, 2009)
Est. generation weight: 305 ton/d (MONRE, 2009)
(This value is much higher than estimated value of 205 ton/d from (This value is much higher than estimated value of 205 ton/d from
HEPCO. Reasonable value at present may be about 250 ton/d)
MSW collection
Collection capacity: 200 ton/d (HEPCO, at present)
Collection service coverage: 95-97% (AIT, 2009)
Collection rate (urban area only): 98% (AIT, 2009)
Recycled and reused waste: 18-20% (AIT, 2009)
N ti t No separation at source.
Percent of solid waste billed: 100% (AIT, 2009)
Collection fee: 0.38 USD/household/month (AIT, 2009)
Basic facts about MSW in Hue city Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityyy
MSW disposal and treatment:
B f 2005 l l dfill ( t Th Ph S it L dfill) Before 2005: only landfill (at Thuy Phuong Sanitary Landfill)
2005 2007: 50% for landfill and 50% for the Waste Treatment
Plant
2007 to present:
Landfill (on weekend)
Treatment Plant (on week days)
Treatment Plant
Monday~Friday
Recycling
products
Collected waste:
200 ton/d
~10%
i i
Landfill
200 ton/d
Saturday-Sunday
remainings
Landfill
Basic facts about MSW in Hue city Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityyy
Composition of MSW in Hue city (2006)
No. Waste category Composition (%)
1 Degradable organic wastes 74.50
2 Cardboard, paper 3.00
3 Plastics (PE, PVC, PET,) 6.90
4 Clothes 2.60
5 Rubber 0.60
6 Leather 0 55 6 Leather 0.55
7 Glass 0.75
8 Metals 0 89 8 Metals 0.89
9 Others 10.21
Sum 100
S HEPCO 2006
Sum 100
Source: HEPCO, 2006
Basic facts about MSW in Hue city Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityyy
Composition of household solid waste in Hue city (2010)
No. Waste category Generation rate (g/cap/d) Composition (%)
1 Food waste 208.51 80.55
2 Plastics 19.29 7.45
3 Paper 12.37 4.78
4 Grass/wood 11.61 4.48
5 Glass 2.53 0.98
6 Metals 1 12 0 43 6 Metals 1.12 0.43
7 Textiles 0.96 0.37
8 Rubber/Leather 0.30 0.12
9 Ceramic 0.73 0.28
9 Miscellaneous 1.44 0.56
Sum 258.86 100
Source: Thanh N.P. et al., 2010
Basic facts about MSW in Hue city Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityyy
Thuy Phuong sanitary landfill
Location: about 12 km southern from Hue city
Operator: Hue Urban Environment and Public Works
Company (HEPCO)
Started operation since1998
Capacity 1.2 MT, 2 landfill sites:
first site was closed in 2007.
second site is under operation.
Type of waste: domestic waste (major) + others
(demolition industrial ) (demolition, industrial)
Leachate treatment: A pond system is currently used to
treat landfill leachate However the efficiency is very treat landfill leachate. However, the efficiency is very
low.
The new landfill site The new landfill site
The closed landfill site
Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment Plant Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment Plant
Located nearby Thuy Phuong Landfill, area of 4.2 ha
Operated by Tam Sinh Nghia Co.Ltd.
Applied ASC

technology for waste separation and

t i l f 2007 material recovery from 2007
Capacity: 200 ton of waste/day
Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment Plant Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment Plant
ASC

technology:
Totally domestic technology and equipment
Separating waste into many categories using Separating waste into many categories, using
multiple stages and devices for separation .
Recovery products:
plastic material for recycling, plastic material for recycling,
soil conditioner,
t b d f tili compost-based fertilizer.
Low residual to landfill (<10%). ( )
Raw mixed MSW
Manual separation
Raw mixed MSW
Manual separation
Inert materials
Bulky recyclable
matters
Bulky combustible
matters
Sale for
recycling
Breaking
Air classification
to landfill
Mixed MSW
Explosive waste
Hazardous waste
to special
treatment
Incineration
Inert materials
Bulky recyclable
matters
Bulky combustible
matters
Sale for
recycling
Breaking
Air classification
to landfill
Mixed MSW
Explosive waste
Hazardous waste
to special
treatment
Incineration
Air classification
Mixed organic waste Mixed plastic waste
Trommel screen Trommel screen
Air classification
Mixed organic waste Mixed plastic waste
Trommel screen Trommel screen
Grits, small-sized
org-waste
Large-sized
organic waste
Vibration screen Magnetic separation
Mixed plastic waste
Small-sized
org-waste
Manual separation
Grits, small-sized
org-waste
Large-sized
organic waste
Vibration screen Magnetic separation
Mixed plastic waste
Small-sized
org-waste
Manual separation
Grits,
sand,
Humic
particles
Large-
sized
humus
Organic waste
(large-sized)
Vibration screen
Ferrous
metal
Plastic material
for recycling
products
to landfill
for soil
conditioning
Grits,
sand,
Humic
particles
Large-
sized
humus
Organic waste
(large-sized)
Vibration screen
Ferrous
metal
Plastic material
for recycling
products
to landfill
for soil
conditioning
Organic waste
Shredding
Other metallic
materials
conditioning
Organic waste
Shredding
Other metallic
materials
conditioning
Trommel screen
Compostable organics
Composting
Fibrous materials
Trommel screen
Compostable organics
Composting
Fibrous materials
Material recovery at Thuy Phuong
Waste Treatment plant
Raw compost
Fertilizer
Additives
Raw compost
Fertilizer
Additives
Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment
Pl t Pl t Plant Plant
Manual waste separation
Composting house
Plastic recycling products Compost and block products
Waste recycling through scrap pickers and Waste recycling through scrap pickers and
buyers buyers buyers buyers
A survey from March to May 2010 found in A survey from March to May 2010 found in
Hue city there are:
61 primary scrap stores (buying wastes 61 primary scrap-stores (buying wastes
collected by pickers and buyers)
11 secondary scrap stores (buying wastes 11 secondary scrap-stores (buying wastes
from primary stores)
400 450 scrap pickers and buyers among 400-450 scrap pickers and buyers, among
them 5% pick only, 36% buy only and 59% do
both activities both activities.
120-125 HEPCOs workers picking wastes
during their working during their working
Waste recycling through scrap pickers Waste recycling through scrap pickers
and buyers and buyers and buyers and buyers
Structure of waste picking and buying system in Hue
secondary scrap-stores
(some stores also do processing waste) (some stores also do processing waste)
primary scrap-stores
(buying and classification of waste)
scrap pickers and buyers
Waste recycling through scrap pickers Waste recycling through scrap pickers
and buyers and buyers and buyers and buyers
S i k d b Scrap pickers and buyers
Primary scrap-stores
Waste recycling through scrap pickers Waste recycling through scrap pickers
and buyers and buyers and buyers and buyers
Secondary scrap-stores and their products available for recycling
Waste recycling through scrap pickers Waste recycling through scrap pickers
and buyers and buyers and buyers and buyers
Waste categories and their weights to be recycled
through scrap pickers and buyers: through scrap pickers and buyers:
Waste category Weight (kg/d) Ratio (%)
Metals 14,377 40.3
Paper and cardboard 15,830 44.4
Pl ti d 2 750 7 7 Plastic goods 2,750 7.7
Plastic bags 685 1.9
Others 2 015 5 7 Others 2,015 5.7
Total 35,657 100
Scrap pickers and buyers have contributed a recycling p p y y g
ratio as: 35,657/250,000 = 14,3%
Concluding remarks Concluding remarks Concluding remarks Concluding remarks
In Hue city In Hue city
Good water supply (quantity as well as quality);
S Sewer system should be upgraded, especially,
wastewater collection and treatment;
Household sanitation should be improved in terms
of technical design and management.
Hue city has a high potential in waste recycling
and resource recovery. y
References References References References
1. Thua Thien Hue People Committee (2007). Report on progress of the p ( ) p p g
project Water environment improvement in Hue city No.02/BC-UBND.
2. HEPCO (2009). Personal communication.
3 HUEWACO (2009) Presentation at the Workshop on applying the 3. HUEWACO (2009). Presentation at the Workshop on applying the
advance of technical science and new technology. Hue, August, 2009.
4. Asian Institute of Technology (2009). Benchmarking on environmental
infrastructure management in selected cities of Southeast Asia Final infrastructure management in selected cities of Southeast Asia. Final
report of the JAR (Join Action Research) project, under CIDA-AIT
Partnership through Southeast Asia Urban Environmental
Management Applications (SEA-UEMA) Project Management Applications (SEA UEMA) Project.
5. Pham Khac Lieu and Nguyen Bac Giang (2010). Water quality
concerns of lake and canal system inside Hue citadel. Presentation at
the International Workshop: Wateralong community Hue; Tokyo the International Workshop: Wateralong community, Hue; Tokyo,
January 11, 2010.
6. Phan Xuan Thanh (2007). Assessment of the existing status of lakes in
Hue citadel B Sc Thesis Dept of Environmental Science Hue College Hue citadel. B.Sc.Thesis, Dept.of Environmental Science, Hue College
of Sciences.
References References
7. MONRE (2009). Draft version of National strategy on
waste reduction, reuse and recycling until 2020. Ha Noi.
8. N.P. Thanh, Y. Matsui, N.T.M.Yen, P.K.Lieu and
T N T (2010) A t d f th h h ld lid t T.N.Tuan (2010). A study of the household solid waste
generation and characteristic in a North central Vietnam
City-Hue City Abstrat submitted to the International City-Hue City. Abstrat submitted to the International
Conference on EcoBalance 2010, Tokyo - Japan.
9 Pham Thi Nguyet (2010) Waste recycling through waste 9. Pham Thi Nguyet (2010). Waste recycling through waste
pickers and scrap-buyers in Hue city. B.Sc.Thesis,
Dept.of Environmental Science, Hue College of Sciences.
10. Thua Thien Hue People Committee (2007). Decision on
approvement of Strategy on socio-economic
f 2006 2020 development of Hue city period 2006-2020.