E1

E1 atau sirkuit E-1 (Inggris: E-carrier) adalah nama format transmisi digital dengan 30 kanal
suara digital berkecepatan 2,048 megabit per detik. ! merupakan standar "ang dipakai di ropa
dan Indonesia. #tandar ! ini eki$alen dengan standar %! "ang dipakai di &merika, dengan
perbedaan %! menggunakan 24 kanal suara digital dengan kecepatan !,''4 megabit per detik.
#aluran ini berbentuk saluran telepon khusus dan digunakan pada a(aln"a untuk sambungan trunk
antar sentral telepon, namun sekarang mulai ban"ak dise(akan oleh perusahaan telekomunikasi
untuk )alur komunikasi data.
STM-4
%he STM-4 (Synchronous Transport Module) is a #*+ I%,-% fiber optic net(ork transmission
standard. It has a bit rate of .22.080 /bit0s.
%he #%/-4 specification is designed to carr" 1,.80 8-bit 2$oice2 frames e$er" !2' micro-seconds
for a total pa"load bit rate of 43!.'20 /bit0s. %he other le$els defined b" the #*+ standard are
#%/-!, #%/-!. and #%/-.4. 4e"ond this (e ha$e (a$elength-di$ision multiple5ing (6*/)
commonl" used in submarine cabling.
&lthough #%/-4 is comparable to 78-!2 the #*+ frame structure allocates more space to
o$erhead than that of #79%. 4ecause of this, #%/-4:s pa"load band(idth differs from that of
78-!2.
SDH Rates
#*+ is a transport hierarch" based on multiples of !''.'2 /bit0s. %he basic unit of #*+ is #%/-
!.
*ifferent #*+ rates are gi$en belo(:
#%/-! ; !''.'20 /bit0s
#%/-4 ; .22.080 /bit0s
#%/-!. ; 2,488.320 /bit0s (<2.' =bps)
#%/-.4 ; 3,3'3.280 /bit0s (<!0 =bps)
ach rate is an e5act multiple of the lo(er rate, therefore the hierarch" is s"nchronous.
STM-4 frame structure
%he basic #%/-4 carrier frame consists of eight o$erheads, four pointers and a space for the
pa"load. %he o$erheads are the regeneration section o$erhead (>#7+), associated (ith the
regenerators, and the multiple5 section o$erhead (/#7+), associated (ith the multiple5ers.
%he space for the pa"load carries the ?8-4 container, the first b"te of (hich is signaled b" the &,-
4 pointer, and (hich is allo(ed to mo$e in order to accommodate fre@uenc"
In pre$ious sections (e ha$e looked at an e5ample in (hich a !40 /bit0s signal (as mapped into a
?8-4, but the multiple5ing map lets the #%/-4 signal transport other t"pes of Alesiochronous
signals and e$en combinations of signals. &ll the possibilities are sho(n in the table belo(:
Composition 2 Mit!s "4 Mit!s 14# Mit!s
!5 ?8-4 0 0 !
35 ?8-3 0 3 0
2!5?8-!2 B 25?8-3 2! 2 0
425?8-!2 B !5?8-3 42 ! 0
.35?8-!2 .3 0 0
%he basic #%/-! transport rate is !''.'20 /bit0s and is defined in the I%,-% recommendation
=.101.
&s mentioned abo$e, the o$erhead of an #%/-4 signal (#7+) is di$ided into t(o parts: the /#7+
and the >#7+. %he o$erheads contain information from the s"stem itself, (hich is used for a (ide
range of management functions, such as monitoring transmission @ualit", detecting failures,
managing alarms, data communication channels, ser$ice channels, etc. %hese functions (ill be
described in more detail in the section on net(ork management ser$ices.
&n #%/-4 frame consists of 3. ro(s each containing 210 b"tes. %his is a direct multiple of #%/-
!, (hich consists of 3 ro(s each containing 210 b"tes. %he frame fre@uenc" of 32 k+C has also
been chosen as a 45 multiple of that of #%/-!, so that one b"te of frame corresponds to the
transmission capacit" of a .4 kbit0s channel.
%he first 3. b"tes of each ro( of a frame ((ith the e5ception of ro( !.) contain a #ection
7$er+ead. %he first 3. b"tes of ro( !. contain the &, pointer (pa"load address). %he field
consisting of !044D3. b"tes is for pa"load transmission (%he #%/ pa"load is kno(n as the
?irtual 8ontainer (?8) and consists of the actual pa"load, kno(n as the 8ontainer (8) and
additional o$erhead kno(n as Aath 7$er +ead (A7+), for path related information).
%he ?irtual 8ontainer is not located rigidl" in the frame but can mo$e around freel" in the pa"load
section. %he pointer indicates the position of the first b"te of the ?8 ((hich is al(a"s the first b"te
of the A7+). %his allo(s a ?8 recei$ed in the multiple5er to be matched to a pre-specified frame
phase of the #%/-4.