DESCRIPCION: VERIFICACION DE LA CALIDAD MEDIANTE ENSAYOS
MECANICOS, ANALISIS QUIMICO Y OTROS.
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.
INFORME TCNICO SIS N 56-1 / 2011
CLIENTE: COMPAA MINERA MANTOS DE ORO EQUIPO: MOLINO SAG DESCRIPCIN: VERIFICACIN DE LA CALIDAD DE 4 CONJUNTOS DE PERNOS Y TUERCAS. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.
1. INTRODUCCIN Mantos de Oro, ha considerado necesario verificar la calidad de los pernos y tuercas que se estan utilizando actualmente. Esto debido a que ha observado una mayor filtracin y sospecha que algo no esta funcionando adecuadamente en el apriete de los pernos. Para dicha investigacin Mantos de Oro procede a enviar 4 pernos 2 cabeza ovalada y 2 cabeza cuadrada con sus correspondientes 4 tuercas. Tambien adjunta hoja de especificaciones de TORQUE suministrada por el fabricante de los lifter. Adems informa que estos pernos se compran con especificaciones del fabricante segn las siguientes normas: Para Perno 2: SAE J 429 Grado 5 Tuerca 2: ASTM A-194 Grado 2H. El presente informe detalla los resultados de los anlisis qumicos, ensayos mecnicos, medicin de durezas y algunas metalografas realizadas a las tuercas, e Indica las conclusiones finales y agrega algunas recomendaciones.
2. COMENTARIOS SOBRE ENSAYOS DE TRACCIN A 4 PERNOS. Realizados los ensayos mecnicos a los 4 pernos se puede observar que los valores de: rea inicial, carga de fluencia, carga mxima, tensin de fluencia, tensin mxima, alargamiento y reduccin de rea: son cumplidos con largueza por las 4 unidades. Ms aun, estos pernos estn en un nivel superior a la Norma J 429 la cual no cubre el dimetro 2(solo alcanza a 1 ). Los 4 pernos segn sus propiedades mecnicas se clasifican en la norma ASTM-A-193-B7.
3. ANLISIS QUMICO A LOS 4 PERNOS. Los resultados de las 4 muestras son muy homogneas y nuevamente cumplen con las especificaciones validas para ASTM A-193 B7. Los anlisis indican que el material base de fabricacin es un acero SAE 4140. La norma J -429 solo indica C 0.28 0.55% y regularmente se utiliza un acero SAE 1040 en su fabricacin.
4. ANLISIS QUMICO DE LAS TUERCAS. La composicin qumica de las tuercas comparadas con la norma ASTM-A-194 Grado 2H indica:
Ninguna tuerca cumple con el mnimo de carbono, todas se encuentran levemente bajo el 0.40 especificado como mnimo. La composicin qumica de las tuercas indicara que se trata de acero SAE 4140.
5. DUREZA DE PERNOS. La dureza de pernos segn norma J -429 Grado 5 indica de 19 a 30 HRC. La dureza de pernos segn norma ASTM A-193 B7 indica solo el mximo 35 HRC. Las cuatro unidades medidas tienen en promedio entre 30.7 a 33.4 HRC. Esto nuevamente cumple con la norma ASTM A-193 B7.
6. DUREZA DE LAS TUERCAS. La norma indicada por el proveedor es la ASTM A-194 Grado 2H y especifica una dureza entre 25 34 HRC.
Una de las muestras tiene una dureza muy por debajo de la norma con un promedio de 19.9 HRC. Las tres muestras restantes estn levemente sobre el mnimo con 25.4; 25.8 y 27.1 HRC. Esto ltimo asociado a la composicin qumica estara indicando un acero con un tratamiento trmico deficiente, razn por la que se solicitan 2 metalografas a las tuercas para confirmar su estructura cristalina.
7. METALOGRAFAS DE LAS TUERCAS. El resultado de la metalografa es concordante con la dureza medida en la tuerca blanda. Presenta una estructura compuesta por perlita fina y presencia de ferrita en los bordes de grano. Por tanto no tiene tratamiento de temple y revenido y no cumple con la norma.
8. COMENTARIOS SOBRE EL TORQUE. Al estudiar la hoja de recomendacin de torque y procedimiento de instalacin suministrada por el proveedor, nuestros comentarios son: La tabla indica Recommended Torque Class 7.8 8.8 Grado 5 Standard Bolts 2800 Nm (2060 ft-lb) Llama la atencin la propuesta del fabricante de utilizar un torque al 50% correspondiente al perno Class 8.8. Se sabe que la aplicacin define el torque; para el caso de tan bajo torque, se tiende a pensar que se debe a unin con empaquetadura o al tipo de Lifter?
Ahora si consideramos que el perno que se esta utilizando ASTM A 193 B7 de 2 podemos indicar: El perno ASTM A 193 B7 ha demostrado la mejor performance en la aplicacin de corazas de molino, lo que le ha valido el uso generalizado por su excelente comportamiento a la fatiga. Su aplicacin molinos con corazas de acero con pernos de 2 de dimetro se realiza con torques entre 6000 y 7000 lb/pie. Este torque concuerda con la utilizacin de la norma SAE J 1701 donde el factor K utilizado alcanza 0.15 a 0.20. (Ver informe USACH) Por otra parte, para el perno ASTM A 193 B7 es nefasto trabajar con bajo torque, que en este caso solo alcanza al 33% del torque recomendado para l. El bajo torque en los pernos ASTM A 193 B7 causa bsicamente dos tipos de fallas: Soltura prematura y fractura por fatiga, al aparecer esfuerzos de flexin sobre el perno. Llama la atencin la utilizacin de pernos de alta resistencia y la recomendacin de torque tan bajos.
9. RECOMENDACIONES. Mantener los pernos ASTM A 193 B7. Cambiar las tuercas por partidas confiables con certificacin de calidad segn ASTM A 194 2H con dureza media de 28-30 HRC. Revisar el torque con el proveedor de los Lifter. Recordamos que el torque depende de la aplicacin del perno y la recomendacin de la ingeniera de diseo, ya que solo ella sabe los valores aceptables para los Lifter, empaquetaduras, etc.
10. DOCUMENTOS ADJ UNTOS. Este informe incluye certificado AM 4684 0101 de SIMET USACH que indica, ensayo de traccin, anlisis qumico, dureza y metalografas. Norma ASTM A 193 Norma ASTM A 194 Recomendacin de torque del proveedor de lifter.
Santiago, 23 de Septiembre 2011.
Mario Fandez Bustos. Servicios Integrados Sntesis S.A. INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 1 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl Cliente : Servicios Integrados Sntesis. Direccin : Eliodoro Ynez N 1984 oficina 305, Providencia, Santiago. Tipo de Muestra : Material metlico. Cantidad : 04 Tipo de Ensayo : Ensayo de Traccin, Qumico y Dureza. Fecha de Recepcin : 07-09-11 Solicitante : Sr. Mario Faundez. Fecha Emisin Informe : 12-09-11
A.- Identificacin de las Muestras:
ID ITEM Identificacin del cliente 4684-01 Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 1, cabeza ovalada. 4684-02 Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 2, cabeza ovalada. 4684-03 Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 3, cabeza cuadrada. 4684-04 Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 4, cabeza cuadrada. 4684-05 Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 1, Perno cabeza ovalda. 4684-06 Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 2, Perno cabeza ovalada. 4684-07 Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 3, Perno cabeza cuadrada. 4684-08 Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 4, Perno cabeza cuadrada.
La figura A.1 muestra una imagen de los pernos recibidos y su correspondiente designacin para el anlisis. La figura A.2 muestra una imagen donde se puede apreciar la identificacin de las tuercas respectivas de cada perno.
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 2 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl
Figura A.1 Imagen de muestras recibidas e identificacin de los pernos.
Figura A.2 Imagen de muestras recibidas e identificacin de las tuercas.
4684-01 4684-02 4684-03 4684-04 4684-05 4684-06 4684-07 4684-08 INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 3 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl B.- Ensayo de Traccin:
En la tabla B.1 se presenta un resumen de los datos obtenidos del ensayo de traccin, realizado a los pernos.
Tabla B.1 Resumen de los datos obtenidos. ID ITEM rea Inicial (mm 2 ) Carga de Fluencia 0,2 % Def. (Kgf) Carga Mxima (Kgf) Tensin de Fluencia 0,2% Def. (MPa) Tensin Mxima (MPa) Alarg. Sobre 50 mm (%) Reduccin de rea (%) 4684-T01 119,60 10.854 12.090 890 991 21 58 4684-T02 120,57 10.881 12.200 885 992 19 59 4684-T03 120,96 9.929 11.690 805 948 19 57 4684-T04 119,40 11.043 12.550 907 1.031 17 53 Referencia ASTM A193 B7 2 y menor. 720 860 16 50 Referencia SAE J 429. Sobre 1 a 1 558 724 14 35 No existen especificaciones mecnicas para un perno de 2 pulg. De dimetro, segn norma SAE j 429.
C.- Resultados de Anlisis Qumico:
Se realiz anlisis de composicin qumica a los pernos y tuercas. En la tabla C.1 se muestran los valores resultantes del anlisis qumico para los pernos y la tabla C.2 muestra los valores resultantes para las tuercas, obtenidos mediante Espectrometra de Emisin ptica.
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 4 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl Tabla C.1 Resultados de Anlisis qumico de las muestras de pernos. ID ITEM %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Ni %Mo %Al %Cu 4684-Q01 0,398 0,291 0,79 0,021 0,019 1,09 0,005 0,160 0,033 0,007 %Co %Ti %Nb %V %W %Sn - - - %Fe 0,004 0,001 <0,0040 0,005 <0,0070 0,006 - - - Resto ID ITEM %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Ni %Mo %Al %Cu 4684-Q02 0,393 0,288 0,79 0,022 0,020 1,08 0,005 0,159 0,032 0,007 %Co %Ti %Nb %V %W %Sn - - - %Fe 0,004 0,001 <0,0040 0,005 <0,0070 0,006 - - - Resto ID ITEM %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Ni %Mo %Al %Cu 4684-Q03 0,382 0,233 0,78 0,026 0,026 1,03 0,082 0,179 0,011 0,174 %Co %Ti %Nb %V %W %Sn - - - %Fe 0,008 <0,0005 <0,0040 0,005 <0,0070 0,023 - - - Resto ID ITEM %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Ni %Mo %Al %Cu 4684-Q04 0,386 0,234 0,79 0,028 0,028 1,03 0,079 0,180 0,010 0,175 %Co %Ti %Nb %V %W %Sn - - - %Fe 0,007 <0,0005 <0,0040 0,005 <0,0070 0,024 - - - Resto Referencia SAE J-429 Grado 5 1 %C %Si %Mn %P %S - - - - %Fe 0,28- 0,55 - - Mx. 0,030 Mx. 0,050 - - - - Resto Referencia ASTM A 193 grado B7 %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr - %Mo - %Fe 0,37- 0,49 0,15- 0,35 0,65- 1,10 Mx. 0,035 Mx. 0,040 0,75- 1,20 - 0,15- 0,25 - Resto
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 5 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl Tabla C.2 Resultados de Anlisis qumico de muestras de tuercas. ID ITEM %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Ni %Mo %Al %Cu 4684-Q05 0,388 0,178 0,76 0,022 0,020 0,98 0,079 0,155 0,008 0,145 %Co %Ti %Nb %V %W %Sn - - - %Fe 0,005 <0,0005 <0,0040 0,004 <0,0070 0,020 - - - Resto ID ITEM %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Ni %Mo %Al %Cu 4684-Q06 0,382 0,174 0,76 0,023 0,021 0,97 0,083 0,155 0,008 0,145 %Co %Ti %Nb %V %W %Sn - - - %Fe 0,006 <0,0005 <0,0040 0,004 <0,0070 0,020 - - - Resto ID ITEM %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Ni %Mo %Al %Cu 4684-Q07 0,391 0,222 0,76 0,021 0,020 0,96 0,084 0,181 0,009 0,099 %Co %Ti %Nb %V %W %Sn - - - %Fe 0,006 <0,0005 <0,0040 0,004 <0,0070 0,015 - - - Resto ID ITEM %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Ni %Mo %Al %Cu 4684-Q08 0,391 0,221 0,76 0,021 0,020 0,97 0,086 0,182 0,009 0,098 %Co %Ti %Nb %V %W %Sn - - - %Fe 0,006 <0,0005 <0,0040 0,004 <0,0070 0,015 - - - Resto Referencia ASTM A- 194 Grado 2H %C %Si %Mn %P %S - - - - %Fe Mn. 0,40 Mx. 0,40 Mx. 1,00 Mx. 0,040 Mx. 0,050 - - - - Resto
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 6 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl D.- Ensayo de Dureza:
La medicin de dureza fue realizada en escala Rockwell C para los pernos y tuercas. La tabla D.1 muestra los resultados del ensayo realizado a los pernos y la tabla D.2 muestra los resultados obtenidos para las tuercas.
Tabla D.1 Resultados de las durezas de los pernos. ID ITEM Dureza HRC Promedio 4684-D01 30,8 30,8 30,4 30,9 30,7 4684-D02 31,1 30,9 30,7 31,0 30,9 4684-D03 30,8 31,2 30,8 31,3 31,0 4684-D04 32,1 33,1 34,4 33,8 33,4 Referencia SAE J-429 Grado 5 Sobre 1 a 1 19-30 HRC Referencia ASTM A 193 grado B7 Mx. 35 HRC
Tabla D.2 Resultados de las durezas de las tuercas. ID ITEM Dureza HRC Promedio 4684-D05 26,0 27,3 23,9 25,0 25,0 25,4 25,4 4684-D06 21,8 19,8 20,1 20,7 18,0 18,8 19,9 4684-D07 25,9 26,0 25,6 25,6 25,7 26,0 25,8 4684-D08 27,8 25,8 26,4 27,3 25,7 29,5 27,1 Referencia ASTM A-194 Grado 2H 25-34 HRC
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 7 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl E.- Anlisis Metalogrfico:
Con el objetivo de verificar la microestructura y posible tratamiento trmico, se procedi a realizar anlisis metalogrfico de dos tuercas, las cuales correspondieron a la tuerca 2 y tuerca 3.
Tuerca 2:
Para realizar el anlisis de la tuerca 2, se procedi a realizar un desbaste con lija nmero 120 hasta la nmero 1200 y a continuacin se puli la superficie utilizando almina 1, 2 y 3 respectivamente como abrasivo. Posteriormente la muestra fue observada al microscopio ptico. La figura E.1 muestra una imagen sin ataque a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 2, donde se pueden observar inclusiones no metlicas.
Figura E.1 Imagen atacada a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 2.
Para poder revelar las fases presentes en la muestra, se ha procedido a atacar qumicamente la superficie con Nital al 3% (cido Ntrico 3%V/V) durante 20 segundos. La figura E.2 muestra una imagen atacada a 100 aumentos, en donde se aprecia una estructura perltica con ferrita en bordes de grano. 200 m INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 8 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl
Figura E.2 Imagen atacada a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 2.
Figura E.3 Imagen atacada a 500 aumentos de la tuerca 2. 40 m 200 m INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 9 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl La figura E.3 muestra una imagen atacada a 500 aumentos de la tuerca 2, donde se puede observar una microestructura compuesta por perlita fina y presencia de ferrita en los bordes de grano. La estructura no es coincidente con un tratamiento trmico de temple y revenido.
Tuerca 3:
La figura E.4 muestra una imagen sin ataque a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 3, donde se pueden observar inclusiones no metlicas en el material.
Figura E.4 Imagen atacada a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 3.
Para poder revelar las fases presentes en la muestra, se ha procedido a atacar qumicamente la superficie con Nital al 3% (cido Ntrico 3%V/V) durante 20 segundos. La figura E.5 muestra una imagen atacada a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 3, donde se puede observar una microestructura compuesta por martensita revenida, homogneamente distribuida.
200 m INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 10 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl
Figura E.5 Imagen atacada a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 3.
Figura E.6 Imagen atacada a 500 aumentos de la tuerca 3. 200 m 40 m INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 11 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl La figura E.6 muestra una imagen atacada a 500 aumentos de la tuerca 3, donde se puede observar martensita revenida en su microestructura, caracterstica de un tratamiento trmico de temple y revenido.
F. Estimacin de Torque para el material ensayado:
El siguiente clculo relaciona el torque especificado para un perno grado 5 de 2 pulgadas de dimetro, segn referencia del cliente especificado en documento PS 1.04.1 Recomended torque and installation procedure.doc La figura F.1 muestra la tabla 1 del documento en referencia, donde se indica el torque especificado.
Figura F.1 Imagen de tabla 1, documento en referencia.
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 12 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl El documento indica segn tabla que el torque recomendado correspondiente para un perno de 2, es equivalente a 2.800 Nm o 2060 ftlb.
Segn norma SAE J 1701, la relacin y clculo de torque est bajo la siguiente ecuacin (extracto de norma SAE J 1701).
Para un torque de 2.800 y la ecuacin T=KDW, se obtiene un K=0,0844.
Considerando que los pernos son clasificables como ASTM A193 B7, equivalente a un perno 9.8 segn norma ISO, es posible establecer que bajo 75% de un proof load de 650 Mpa, se obtiene un torque de 3.571 Nm. Este clculo fue realizado considerando un K=0,0844 (obtenido a partir de la informacin del fabricante), lo que es considerado un K bajo. Normalmente el K se encuentra en un rango de 0,10 a 0,15, para materiales con golilla. Es importante sealar que el factor K, tiene importante significancia en el torque a aplicar. La tabla F.1 muestra la variacin del torque aplicado en funcin de la variacin del factor K.
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 13 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl Tabla F.1 Variacin del torque en funcin del factor K.
Perno SAE grado 5, SAE J429 Proof load 510 Mpa. Perno ASTM A 193 grado B7. Proof load 650 Mpa. Factor K Torque Nm Torque Nm 0,0844 2.802 3.571 0,1000 3.319 4.231 0,1500 4.979 6.346 0,2000 6.639 8.461
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 14 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl G.- Comentarios:
De los anlisis realizados, es posible decir lo siguiente:
G.1 Referente a su clasificacin:
Respecto de los pernos: Los pernos no son clasificable bajo norma SAE J 429 Grado 5, ya que estos presentan dimetros superiores a lo especificado por la norma (dimetro menor a 1 ). Los pernos pueden ser clasificados bajo norma ASTM A 193 grado B7, cumpliendo con las propiedades mecnicas, composicin qumica y dureza.
Respecto a las tuercas: Es posible decir que las cuatro muestras, no cumplen con el mnimo exigido en el porcentaje de carbono, para la norma ASTM A 194 2H. La tuerca identificada como tuerca 2, perno cabeza ovalada, adems, no cumple con la dureza exigida por la norma ASTM A 194 2H.
G.2 Referente al anlisis metalogrfico de las tuercas: Es posible decir que las tuercas analizadas presentaron tratamientos trmicos diferentes, siendo la tuerca 2 la muestra con menor dureza y una microestructura coherente con esta baja dureza, compuesta por perlita fina y ferrita en bordes de grano. La tuerca 2 no presenta un tratamiento trmico de temple y revenido o tratamiento trmico deficiente. La tuerca clasificada como 3, presenta una microestructura de martensita revenida, lo que es coherente con un tratamiento trmico de temple y revenido.
G.3 Referente al torque de los pernos: Es posible decir que en revisin de los torques recomendados para un perno grado 5 segn SAE J 429 y para un ASTM A193 grado B7, los torque tienen diferencias en sus magnitudes, por lo que es posible suponer que si los pernos clasificados como ASTM A 193 grado B7 fueron torqueados bajo la especificacin de un perno grado 5 SAE J 429, el torque se encontrara por debajo de lo recomendado. No es posible establecer el grado de incidencia en la prestacin ya que se desconocen las condiciones de esfuerzos del conjunto en servicio.
INFORME DE RESULTADOS Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011 AM-4684-0101 Revisin: 01.- SINTESIS Pgina 15 de 15
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl www.simet.usach.cl NOTAS:
Los resultados obtenidos son vlidos slo para las muestras ensayadas y entregadas por el cliente. Este informe no puede ser reproducido parcial ni totalmente sin la aprobacin escrita del laboratorio. El laboratorio SIMET-USACH no se responsabiliza por las muestras ensayadas a contar de 30 das de la fecha de emisin de informe. Los ensayos de traccin fueron realizados en una mquina de traccin marca Tinius & Olsen Mod. Sper L, con capacidad para 30 toneladas (certificado de calibracin IDIC N F-792, con fecha 08 julio de 2010). Los ensayos fueron realizados con un espectrmetro de emisin de lectura directa, modelo SPECTROMAXx. Las mediciones de dureza fueron realizadas en un durmetro con reporte de datos digital, marca Emco Test tipo M4R 075.
Dr. Ing. Alfredo Artigas A. Gerente Tcnico.
Ing. Alejandro Castillo A. Departamento de Ing. Metalrgica.
Document type Product Specification Skega Mill Linings Date 2005-04-27 Version 4 Issued by / version by Lars Furtenbach / Mattias Karlsson Status Approved 2010-10-28
Skega Mill Linings
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PS 1.04.1 Recommended torque and installation procedure.doc
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1.04.1 Recommended torque and installation procedure 1.04.1.1 Recommended torque values Rubber and Poly-Met Torque values for lifter bar attachments
Table 1. Torque values for lifter bar attachments. Attachment channel and clamp (aluminium and steel) Recommended torque* Attachment types
M
UNC Class 7.8-8.8/Grade 5 Standard bolts
[Nm] [ftlb] M12 1/2 70 50 H (RAC) M (RAC) Y M16 5/8 100 75 A (RAC) M16 5/8 150 110 L M (RAC) R M20 3/4 150 110 B (RAC) M20 3/4 300 220 K M24 1 500 370 D F F2 M30 1 700 510 F F2 M36 1 1200 880
V (alu) V6 (steel) M48 2 2800 2060
W6 (steel) Notes: * Recommended torque is the minimum allowed for bolts of each diameter specified. Maximum torque not to exceed recommended torque +10% (M12-M20) or +20% (M24-M48). (RAC) Removable Attachment Clamp No bonding, detachable and recyclable. (BAC) Bonded Attachment Channel Channel bonded to rubber. All attachments except those designated (RAC) in table 1.
Document type Product Specification Skega Mill Linings Date 2005-04-27 Version 4 Issued by / version by Lars Furtenbach / Mattias Karlsson Status Approved 2010-10-28
Skega Mill Linings
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PS 1.04.1 Recommended torque and installation procedure.doc
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Torque values for manhole covers
1.04.1.2 Cleaning and lubrication of bolts Dirt and debris on mating threads will significantly reduce the attachment system pre-load regardless of whether the recommended torque is attained. The bolt threads must be cleaned after inserting the bolts through the mill shell and it is recommended that they be lubricated using grease or heavy oil before tightening the nuts. Lubrication of the contacting surfaces between the nut and cup washer is also suggested. 1.04.1.3 Recommended torque order Torque order for Lifter Bar attachments Poly-Met bars with 3 or more attachments (bolts) must be tightened in a specific order to achieve a correct and consistent bolt tension on all attachment points. Failure to follow these recommendations can result in bolt tension variations of 25% or more.
A specific torque order for the final tightening to reach recommended torque is required for Poly-Met bars with 3 or more attachment points. It is important to always tighten the middle attachments last. The torque must be applied in a sequence (between all bolts on same lifter) with at least 2 tightening cycles on each bolt to reach recommended torque.
Final torque order for P-M bars with 3 bolts is 1-3-2. Final torque order for P-M bars with 4 bolts is 1-4-2-3
Rubber bars or Poly-Met bars with 1 or 2 attachments (bolts) are less sensitive to the order in which the bolts are tightened. The torque must however be applied in a sequence (between all bolts on same lifter) with at least 2 tightening cycles on each bolt to reach recommended torque. Torque 250 Nm / 185 ftlb (M24 & 1 UNC) Torque 100 Nm / 75 ftlb (M16 & 5/8 UNC)
Document type Product Specification Skega Mill Linings Date 2005-04-27 Version 4 Issued by / version by Lars Furtenbach / Mattias Karlsson Status Approved 2010-10-28
Skega Mill Linings
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PS 1.04.1 Recommended torque and installation procedure.doc
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Torque order for manhole covers The torque must be applied in a sequence (between all pin bolts on same manhole cover) with at least 2 tightening cycles on each bolt to reach recommended torque.
Document type Product Specification Skega Mill Linings Date 2005-04-27 Version 4 Issued by / version by Lars Furtenbach / Mattias Karlsson Status Approved 2010-10-28
Skega Mill Linings
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1.04.1.4 Re-torque recommendations Re-torque is required to compensate for settling & relaxation of attachment system components.
In many cases it is sufficient to re-torque all nuts just prior to mill start-up, as most of the relaxation takes place within minutes from initial tightening.
In the case of attachment systems using long bolts (as found on grate walls) additional re- torque is recommended to compensate for the self-adjustment / settling of components after the mill has been put into service. Since long bolts tend to act as torsion springs during tightening with impact tools, it is recommended that such assemblies be tightened at slow speeds and in the lubricated condition.
Table 2. Re-torque procedure for rubber and Poly-Met linings. Part of mill
Application type - Feed end head - Shell - Discharge end head for overflow mills - Grate discharge wall - Diaphragm wall AG and SAG Mills Primary Ball Mills Rubber +10/3 m Poly-Met all sizes Secondary Ball Mills Rubber +14/4.3 m Poly-Met all sizes Prior to start up Prior to start up and after 2-24 hours Diaphragm walls not applicable for this application Rod Mills (shell only) Prior to start up
Grate discharge walls not applicable for this application Diaphragm walls not applicable for this application Other Mills Not required (rubber)
Prior to start up (P-M) Prior to start up and after 2-24 hours Prior to start up and after 1-4 days Recycling Plant Ball Mills (Waste Mills) Prior to start up After 1 week Check every month (or 500 hrs) and retorque if value is below 60% of recommended torque Prior to start up After 2-24 hrs Check every month (or 500 hrs) and retorque if value is below 60% of recommended torque Diaphragm walls not applicable for this application
Document type Product Specification Skega Mill Linings Date 2005-04-27 Version 4 Issued by / version by Lars Furtenbach / Mattias Karlsson Status Approved 2010-10-28
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PS 1.04.1 Recommended torque and installation procedure.doc
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1.04.1.5 Example of general arrangement drawing notes General drawing note for all assembly drawings Complete the following table with torque values from table 1 for the applicable bolt dimensions.
Recommended torque for standard hex nuts (7.8 - 8.8 Grade 5): M12 ______ Nm (or ftlb) M16 ______ Nm M20 ______ Nm M24 ______ Nm Etc.
Torque must be applied in a sequence (between all bolts on same lifter) with at least 2 tightening cycles on each bolt to reach recommended torque.
Examples of additional drawing notes depending on application/lining type Combine the following drawing notes depending on application/lining type.
All lining attachments to be re-tightened to the recommended torque prior to mill start-up.
Nuts on the discharge head to be re-tightened to the recommended torque following two (2) to 24 hours of mill operation.
Nuts on diaphragm walls to be re-tightened to the recommended torque the following day or within four (4) days of mill operation.
A specific torque order for the final tightening to reach recommended torque is required for Poly-Met bars with 3 or more attachment points. It is important to always tighten the middle attachments last.
Final torque order for P-M bars with 3 bolts is 1-3-2. Final torque order for P-M bars with 4 bolts is 1-4-2-3
Designation: A 193/A 193M 08b Standard Specication for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation A 193/A 193M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 1.1 This specication 2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolt- ing material for pressure vessels, valves, anges, and ttings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. The term bolting material as used in this specication covers bars, bolts, screws, studs, stud bolts, and wire. Bars and wire shall be hot-wrought. The material may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be carbide solution treated or carbide solution treated and strain-hardened. When strain hardened austenitic steel is ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly under- stood. 1.2 Several grades are covered, including ferritic steels and austenitic stainless steels designated B5, B8, and so forth. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, me- chanical properties, and high temperature characteristics. 1.3 The following referenced general requirements are in- dispensable for application of this specication: Specication A 962/A 962M. NOTE 1The committee formulating this specication has included fteen steel types that have been rather extensively used for the present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent. NOTE 2For grades of alloy-steel bolting material suitable for use at the lower range of high temperature applications, reference should be made to Specication A 354. NOTE 3For grades of alloy-steel bolting material suitable for use in low temperature applications, reference should be made to Specication A 320/A 320M. 1.4 Nuts for use with this bolting material are covered in Section 14. 1.5 Supplementary Requirements S1 through S14 are pro- vided for use when additional tests or inspection are desired. These shall apply only when specied in the purchase order. 1.6 This specication is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. However, unless the order species the applicable M specication designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.7 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specication. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3 A 153/A 153M Specication for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware A 194/A 194M Specication for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both A 320/A 320M Specication for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service A 354 Specication for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasten- ers A 788/A 788M Specication for Steel Forgings, General Requirements A 962/A 962M Specication for Common Requirements for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep Range B 633 Specication for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel 1 This specication is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications. Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A 193/A 193M-08a. 2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Speci- cation SA-193 in Section II of that Code. 3 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 1 *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. B 695 Specication for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Deposited on Iron and Steel B 696 Specication for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically Deposited B 766 Specication for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cad- mium E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials E 21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size E 139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials E 150 Recommended Practice for Conducting Creep and Creep-Rupture Tension Tests of Metallic Materials Under Conditions of Rapid Heating and Short Times 4 E 151 Recommended Practice for Tension Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures With Rapid Heating and Conventional or Rapid Strain Rates 4 E 292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch Tension Tests of Materials E 328 Test Methods for Stress Relaxation for Materials and Structures E 566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing E 606 Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing F 1940 Test Method for Process Control Verication to Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated Fasteners F 1941 Specication for Electrodeposited Coatings on Threaded Fasteners (Unied Inch Screw Threads (UN/ UNR)) F 2329 Specication for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require- ments for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners 2.2 ANSI Standards: 5 B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws B18.2.3.1M Metric Hex Cap Screws B18.3 Hexagon Socket and Spline Socket Screws B18.3.1M Metric Socket Head Cap Screws 2.3 AIAG Standard: 6 AIAG B-5 02.00 Primary Metals Identication Tag Appli- cation Standard 3. General Requirements and Ordering Information 3.1 The inquiry and orders shall include the following, as required, to describe the desired material adequately: 3.1.1 Heat-treated condition (that is, normalized and tem- pered, or quenched and tempered, for the ferritic materials, and carbide solution treated (Class 1), carbide solution treated after nishing (Class 1A), and carbide solution treated and strain- hardened (Classes 2, 2B and 2C), for the austenitic stainless steels; Classes 1B and 1C apply to the carbide solution-treated nitrogen-bearing stainless steels; Class 1D applies to material carbide solution treated by cooling rapidly from the rolling temperature), 3.1.2 Description of items required (that is, bars, bolts, screws, or studs), 3.1.3 Nuts, if required by purchaser, in accordance with 14.1, 3.1.4 Supplementary requirements, if any, and 3.1.5 Special requirements, in accordance with 7.1.5.1, 7.2.6, 9.1, 14.1, and 15.1. 3.2 CoatingsCoatings are prohibited unless specied by the purchaser (See Supplementary Requirements S13 and S14). When coated fasteners are ordered the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X2 is thoroughly under- stood. 4. Common Requirements 4.1 Material and fasteners supplied to this specication shall conform to the requirements of Specication A 962/A 962M. These requirements include test methods, nish, thread dimen- sions, marking, certication, optional supplementary require- ments, and others. Failure to comply with the requirements of Specication A 962/A 962M constitutes nonconformance with this specication. In case of conict between this specication and Specication A 962/A 962M, this specication shall pre- vail. 5. Manufacture (Process) 5.1 The steel shall be produced by any of the following processes: open-hearth, basic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or vacuum-induction melting (VIM). The molten steel may be vacuum-treated prior to or during pouring of the ingot or strand casting. 5.2 QualitySee Specication A 962/A 962M for require- ments. 6. Discard 6.1 A sufficient discard shall be made to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 7. Heat Treatment 7.1 Ferritic Steels 7.1.1 Ferritic steels shall be allowed to cool to a temperature below the cooling transformation range immediately after rolling or forging. Materials to be liquid quenched shall then be uniformly reheated to the proper temperature to rene the grain (a group thus reheated being known as a quenching charge), quenched in a liquid medium under substantially uniform conditions for each quenching charge, and tempered. Materials to be normalized and tempered or air-quenched and tempered shall be reheated to the proper temperature to rene the grain, cooled uniformly in air to a temperature below the transfor- mation temperature range and tempered. The minimum tem- pering temperature shall be as specied in Tables 2 and 3. 4 Withdrawn. 5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 6 Available from Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd., Suite 200, Southeld, MI 48033, http://www.aiag.org. A 193/A 193M 08b 2 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements (Composition, percent) A Type . . . . . . . . . Ferritic Steels Grade . . . . . . . . B5 B6 and B6X Description. . . . . . . . 5% Chromium 12 % Chromium UNS Designation . . . . . . . . S41000 (410) Range Product Variation, Range Product Variation Over or Under B Over or Under B Carbon 0.10 min 0.01 under 0.080.15 0.01 over Manganese, max 1.00 0.03 over 1.00 0.03 over Phosphorus, max 0.040 0.005 over 0.040 0.005 over Sulfur, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over Silicon 1.00 max 0.05 over 1.00 max 0.05 over Chromium 4.06.0 0.10 11.513.5 0.15 Molybdenum 0.400.65 0.05 . . . . . . Type . . . . . . . . . . Ferritic Steels Grade . . . . . . B7, B7M B16 Description . . . . . . . . . Chromium-Molybdenum C Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium Product Variation, Product Variation, Range Over or Under B Range Over or Under B Carbon 0.370.49 D 0.02 0.360.47 0.02 Manganese 0.651.10 0.04 0.450.70 0.03 Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.005 over 0.035 0.005 over Sulfur, max 0.040 0.005 over 0.040 0.005 over Silicon 0.150.35 0.02 0.150.35 0.02 Chromium 0.751.20 0.05 0.801.15 0.05 Molybdenum 0.150.25 0.02 0.500.65 0.03 Vanadium . . . . . . 0.250.35 0.03 Aluminum, max % E . . . . . . 0.015 . . . Type Austenitic Steels, F Classes 1, 1A, 1D, and 2 Grade . . B8, B8A B8C, B8CA B8M, B8MA, B8M2, B8M3 B8P, B8PA UNS Designation . . . . . . S30400 (304) S34700 (347) S31600 (316) S30500 Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Carbon, max 0.08 0.01 over 0.08 0.01 over 0.08 0.01 over 0.12 0.01 over Manganese, max 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over Sulfur, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over Silicon, max 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over Chromium 18.020.0 0.20 17.019.0 0.20 16.018.0 0.20 17.019.0 0.20 Nickel 8.011.0 0.15 9.012.0 0.15 10.014.0 0.15 11.013.0 0.15 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.003.00 0.10 . . . . . . Columbium + . . . . . . 10 x carbon 0.05 under . . . . . . . . . . . . tantalum content, min; 1.10 max Type . . . . . . . . . . Austenitic Steels, F Classes 1A, 1B, 1D, and 2 Grade . . . . . B8N, B8NA B8MN, B8MNA B8MLCuN, B8MLCuNA UNS Designation . . . . . . . . . . S30451 (304N) S31651 (316N) S31254 Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Carbon, max 0.08 0.01 over 0.08 0.01 over 0.020 0.005 over Manganese, max 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over 1.00 0.03 over Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over 0.030 0.005 over Sulfur, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over 0.010 0.002 over Silicon, max 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over 0.80 0.05 over Chromium 18.020.0 0.20 16.018.0 0.20 19.520.5 0.20 Nickel 8.011.0 0.15 10.013.0 0.15 17.518.5 0.15 Molybdenum . . . . . . 2.003.00 0.10 6.06.5 0.10 Nitrogen 0.100.16 0.01 0.100.16 0.01 0.180.22 0.02 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.501.00 . . . A 193/A 193M 08b 3 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. TABLE 1 Continued Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austenitic Steels F , Classes 1, 1A, and 2 Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B8T, B8TA UNS Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S32100 (321) Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Carbon, max 0.08 0.01 over Manganese, max 2.00 0.04 over Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.010 over Sulfur, max 0.030 0.005 over Silicon, max 1.00 0.05 over Chromium 17.019.0 0.20 Nickel 9.012.0 0.15 Titanium 5 x (C + N) min, 0.70 max 0.05 under Nitrogen 0.10 max . . . Type Austenitic Steels F , Classes 1C and 1D Grade B8R, B8RA B8S, B8SA UNS Designation S20910 S21800 Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Carbon, max 0.06 0.01 over 0.10 0.01 over Manganese 4.06.0 0.05 7.09.0 0.06 Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.005 over 0.060 0.005 over Sulfur, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over Silicon 1.00 max 0.05 over 3.54.5 0.15 Chromium 20.523.5 0.25 16.018.0 0.20 Nickel 11.513.5 0.15 8.09.0 0.10 Molybdenum 1.503.00 0.10 . . . . . . Nitrogen 0.200.40 0.02 0.080.18 0.01 Columbium + tantalum 0.100.30 0.05 . . . . . . Vanadium 0.100.30 0.02 . . . . . . Type Austenitic Steels F , Classes 1, 1A and 1D Grade B8LN, B8LNA B8MLN, B8MLNA UNS Designation S30453 S31653 Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Range Product Variation, Over or Under B Carbon, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over Manganese 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over Sulfur, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over Silicon 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over Chromium 18.020.0 0.20 16.018.0 0.20 Nickel 8.011.0 0.15 10.013.0 0.15 Molybdenum . . . . . . 2.003.00 0.10 Nitrogen 0.100.16 0.01 0.100.16 0.01 A The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted. B Product analysisIndividual determinations sometimes vary from the specied limits on ranges as shown in the tables. The several determinations of any individual element in a heat may not vary both above and below the specied range. C Typical steel compositions used for this grade include 4140, 4142, 4145, 4140H, 4142H, and 4145H. D For bar sizes over 3 1 2 in. [90 mm], inclusive, the carbon content may be 0.50 %, max. For the B7M grade, a minimum carbon content of 0.28 % is permitted, provided that the required tensile properties are met in the section sizes involved; the use of AISI 4130 or 4130H is allowed. E Total of soluble and insoluble. F Classes 1 and 1D are solution treated. Classes 1, 1B, and some 1C (B8R and B8S) products are made from solution treated material. Class 1A (B8A, B8CA, B8MA, B8PA, B8TA, B8LNA, B8MLNA, B8NA, and B8MNA) and some Class 1C (B9RA and B8SA) products are solution treated in the nished condition. Class 2 products are solution treated and strain hardened. A 193/A 193M 08b 4 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. TABLE 2 Mechanical Requirements Inch Products Grade Diameter, in. Minimum Tempering Temperature, F Tensile Strength, min, ksi Yield Strength, min, 0.2 % offset, ksi Elongation in 4D, min, % Reduction of Area, min, % Hardness, max Ferritic Steels B5 4 to 6 % chromium up to 4, incl 1100 100 80 16 50 . . . B6 13 % chromium up to 4, incl 1100 110 85 15 50 . . . B6X 13 % chromium up to 4, incl 1100 90 70 16 50 26 HRC B7 Chromium-molybdenum 2 1 2 and under 1100 125 105 16 50 321 HB or 35 HRC over 2 1 2 to 4 1100 115 95 16 50 321 HB or 35 HRC over 4 to 7 1100 100 75 18 50 321 HB or 35 HRC B7M A Chromium-molybdenum 4 and under 1150 100 80 18 50 235 HB or 99 HRB over 4 to 7 1150 100 75 18 50 235 BHN or 99 HRB B16 Chromium-molybdenum-vanadium 2 1 2 and under 1200 125 105 18 50 321 HB or 35 HRC over 2 1 2 to 4 1200 110 95 17 45 321 HB or 35 HRC over 4 to 8 1200 100 85 16 45 321 HB or 35 HRC Grade, Diameter, in. Heat Treatment B Tensile Strength, min, ksi Yield Strength, min, 0.2 % offset, ksi Elongation in 4 D, min % Reduction of Area, min % Hardness, max Austenitic Steels Classes 1 and 1D; B8, B8M, B8P, B8LN, carbide solution treated 75 30 30 50 223 HB C or 96 HRB B8MLN, all diameters Class 1: B8C, B8T, all diameters carbide solution treated 75 30 30 50 223 HB C or 96HRB Class 1A: B8A, B8CA, B8MA, B8PA, B8TA, B8LNA, B8MLNA, B8NA, B8MNA B8MLCuNA, all diameters carbide solution treated in the nished condition 75 30 30 50 192 HB or 90 HRB Classes 1B and 1D: B8N, B8MN, and carbide solution treated 80 35 30 40 223 HB C or 96 HRB B8MLCuN, all diameters Classes 1C and 1D: B8R, all diameters carbide solution treated 100 55 35 55 271 HB or 28 HRC Class 1C: B8RA, all diameters carbide solution treated in the nished condition 100 55 35 55 271 HB or 28 HRC Classes 1C and 1D: B8S, all diameters carbide solution treated 95 50 35 55 271 HB or 28 HRC Classes 1C: B8SA, carbide solution treated in the nished 95 50 35 55 271 HB or 28 HRC all diameters condition Class 2: B8, B8C, B8P, B8T, and B8N, D 3 4 and under carbide solution treated and strain hardened 125 100 12 35 321 HB or 35 HRC over 3 4 to 1, incl 115 80 15 35 321 HB or 35 HRC over 1 to 1 1 4 , incl 105 65 20 35 321 HB or 35 HRC over 1 1 4 to 1 1 2 , incl 100 50 28 45 321 HB or 35 HRC Class 2: B8M, B8MN, B8MLCuN D 3 4 and under carbide solution treated and strain hardened 110 95 15 45 321 HB or 35 HRC over 3 4 to 1 incl 100 80 20 45 321 HB or 35 HRC Over 1 to 1 1 4 , incl 95 65 25 45 321 HB or 35 HRC over 1 1 4 to 1 1 2 , incl 90 50 30 45 321 HB or 35 HRC Class 2B: B8, B8M2 D 2 and under carbide solution treated and strain hardened 95 75 25 40 321 HB or 35 HRC A 193/A 193M 08b 5 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. TABLE 2 Continued Grade, Diameter, in. Heat Treatment B Tensile Strength, min, ksi Yield Strength, min, 0.2 % offset, ksi Elongation in 4 D, min % Reduction of Area, min % Hardness, max Austenitic Steels over 2 to 2 1 2 incl 90 65 30 40 321 HB or 35 HRC over 2 1 2 to 3 incl 80 55 30 40 321 HB or 35 HRC Class 2C: B8M3 D 2 and under carbide solution treated and strain hardened 85 65 30 60 321 HB or 35 HRC over 2 85 60 30 60 321 HB or 35 HRC A To meet the tensile requirements, the Brinell hardness shall be over 200 HB (93 HRB). B Class 1 is solution treated. Class 1A is solution treated in the nished condition for corrosion resistance; heat treatment is critical due to physical property requirement. Class 2 is solution treated and strain hardened. Austenitic steels in the strain-hardened condition may not show uniform properties throughout the section particularly in sizes over 3 4 in. in diameter. C For sizes 3 4 in. in diameter and smaller, a maximum hardness of 241 HB (100 HRB) is permitted. D For diameters 1 1 2 and over, center (core) properties may be lower than indicated by test reports which are based on values determined at 1 2 radius. TABLE 3 Mechanical Requirements Metric Products Class Diameter, [mm] Minimum Tempering Temperature, C Tensile Strength, min, MPa Yield Strength, min, 0.2 % offset, MPa Elongation in 4D, min, % Reduction of Area, min, % Hardness, max Ferritic Steels B5 4 to 6 % chromium up to M100, incl 593 690 550 16 50 . . . B6 13 % chromium up to M100, incl 593 760 585 15 50 . . . B6X 13 % chromium up to M100, incl 593 620 485 16 50 26 HRC B7 Chromium-molybdenum M64 and under 593 860 720 16 50 321 HB or 35 HRC over M64 to M100 593 795 655 16 50 321 HB or 35 HRC over M100 to M180 593 690 515 18 50 321 HB or 35 HRC B7M A Chromium-molybdenum M100 and under 620 690 550 18 50 235 HB or 99 HRB over M100 to M180 620 690 515 18 50 235 BHN or 99 HRB B16 Chromium-molybdenum-vanadium M64 and under 650 860 725 18 50 321 HB or 35 HRC over M64 to M100 650 760 655 17 45 321 HB or 35 HRC over M100 to M180 650 690 585 16 45 321 HB or 35 HRC Class Diameter, mm Heat Treatment B Tensile Strength, min, MPa Yield Strength, min, 0.2 % offset, MPa Elongation in 4 D, min % Reduction of Area, min % Hardness, max Austenitic Steels Classes 1 and 1D; B8, B8M, B8P, B8LN, carbide solution treated 515 205 30 50 223 HB C or 96 HRB B8MLN, all diameters Class 1: B8C, B8T, all diameters carbide solution treated 515 205 30 50 223 HB C or 96HRB Class 1A: B8A, B8CA, B8MA, B8PA, B8TA, B8LNA, B8MLNA, B8NA, B8MNA B8MLCuNA, all diameters carbide solution treated in the nished condition 515 205 30 50 192 HB or 90 HRB Classes 1B and 1D: B8N, B8MN, and carbide solution treated 550 240 30 40 223 HB C or 96 HRB B8MLCuN, all diameters Classes 1C and 1D: B8R, all diameters carbide solution treated 690 380 35 55 271 HB or 28 HRC Class 1C: B8RA, all diameters carbide solution treated in the nished condition 690 380 35 55 271 HB or 28 HRC Classes 1C and 1D: B8S, all diameters carbide solution treated 655 345 35 55 271 HB or 28 HRC A 193/A 193M 08b 6 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. TABLE 3 Continued Class Diameter, mm Heat Treatment B Tensile Strength, min, MPa Yield Strength, min, 0.2 % offset, MPa Elongation in 4 D, min % Reduction of Area, min % Hardness, max Austenitic Steels Classes 1C: B8SA, carbide solution treated in the nished 655 345 35 55 271 HB or 28 HRC all diameters condition Class 2: B8, B8C, B8P, B8T, and B8N, D M20 and under carbide solution treated and strain hardened 860 690 12 35 321 HB or 35 HRC over M20 to M24, incl 795 550 15 35 321 HB or 35 HRC over M24 to M30, incl 725 450 20 35 321 HB or 35 HRC over M30 to M36, incl 690 345 28 45 321 HB or 35 HRC Class 2: B8M, B8MN, B8MLCuN, D M20 and under carbide solution treated and strain hardened 760 655 15 45 321 HB or 35 HRC over M20 to M24, incl 690 550 20 45 321 HB or 35 HRC over M24 to M30, incl 655 450 25 45 321 HB or 35 HRC over M30 to M36, incl 620 345 30 45 321 HB or 35 HRC Class 2B: B8, B8M2, D M48 and under carbide solution treated and strain hardened 655 515 25 40 321 HB or 35 HRC over M48 to M64, incl 620 450 30 40 321 HB or 35 HRC over M64 to M72, incl 550 380 30 40 321 HB or 35 HRC Class 2C: B8M3, D M48 and under carbide solution treated and strain hardened 585 450 30 60 321 HB or 35 HRC over M48 585 415 30 60 321 HB or 35 HRC A To meet the tensile requirements, the Brinell hardness shall be over 200 HB (93 HRB). B Class 1 is solution treated. Class 1A is solution treated in the nished condition for corrosion resistance; heat treatment is critical due to physical property requirement. Class 2 is solution treated and strain hardened. Austenitic steels in the strain-hardened condition may not show uniform properties throughout the section particularly in sizes over M20 mm in diameter C For sizes M20 mm in diameter and smaller, a maximum hardness of 241 HB (100 HRB) is permitted. D For diameters M38 and over, center (core) properties may be lower than indicated by test reports which are based on values determined at 1 2 radius. 7.1.2 Use of water quenching is prohibited for any ferritic grade when heat treatment is performed after heading or threading. 7.1.3 Except as permitted below for B6X; material that is subsequently cold drawn for dimensional control shall be stress-relieved after cold drawing. The minimum stress-relief temperature shall be 100 F [55 C] below the tempering temperature. Tests for mechanical properties shall be per- formed after stress relieving. 7.1.4 B6 and B6X materials shall be held at the tempering temperature for a minimum time of 1 h. B6X material may be furnished in the as-rolled-and-tempered condition. Cold work- ing after heat treatment is permitted for B6X material provided the nal hardness meets the requirements of Tables 2 and 3. 7.1.5 B7 and B7M bolting material shall be heat treated by quenching in a liquid medium and tempering. For B7M bolting, the nal heat treatment, which may be the tempering operation if conducted at 1150 F [620 C] minimum, shall be done after all machining and forming operations, including thread rolling and any type of cutting. Surface preparation for hardness testing, nondestructive evaluation, or ultrasonic bolt tensioning is permitted. 7.1.5.1 Unless otherwise specied, material for Grade B7 may be heat treated by the Furnace, the Induction or the Electrical Resistance method. NOTE 4Stress-relaxation properties may vary from heat lot to heat lot or these properties may vary from one heat-treating method to another. The purchaser may specify Supplementary Requirement S8, when stress- relaxation testing is desired. 7.1.6 Material Grade B16 shall be heated to a temperature range from 1700 to 1750 F [925 to 955 C] and oil quenched. The minimum tempering temperature shall be as specied in Tables 2 and 3. 7.2 Austenitic Stainless Steels 7.2.1 All austenitic stainless steels shall receive a carbide solution treatment (see 7.2.2-7.2.5 for specic requirements for each class). Classes 1, 1B, 1C (Grades B8R and B8S only), 2, 2B, and 2C can apply to bar, wire, and nished fasteners. Class 1A (all grades) and Class 1C (grades B8RA and B8SA only) can apply to nished fasteners. Class 1D applies only to bar and wire and nished fasteners that are machined directly from Class 1D bar or wire without any subsequent hot or cold working. 7.2.2 Classes 1 and 1B, and Class 1C Grades B8R and B8SAfter rolling of the bar, forging, or heading, whether done hot or cold, the material shall be heated from ambient temperature and held a sufficient time at a temperature at which the chromium carbide will go into solution and then shall be cooled at a rate sufficient to prevent the precipitation of the carbide. 7.2.3 Class 1DRolled or forged Grades B8, B8M, B8P, B8LN, B8MLN, B8N, B8MN, B8R, and B8S bar shall be cooled rapidly immediately following hot working while the temperature is above 1750 F [955 C] so that grain boundary carbides remain in solution. Class 1D shall be restricted to applications at temperatures less than 850 F [455 C]. 7.2.4 Class 1A and Class 1C Grades B8RA and B8SA Finished fasteners shall be carbide solution treated after all rolling, forging, heading, and threading operations are com- plete. This designation does not apply to starting material such A 193/A 193M 08b 7 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. as bar. Fasteners shall be heated from ambient temperature and held a sufficient time at a temperature at which the chromium carbide will go into solution and then shall be cooled at a rate sufficient to prevent the precipitation of the carbide. 7.2.5 Classes 2, 2B, and 2CMaterial shall be carbide solution treated by heating from ambient temperature and holding a sufficient time at a temperature at which the chromium carbide will go into solution and then cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent the precipitation of the carbide. Following this treatment the material shall then be strain hardened to achieve the required properties. NOTE 5Heat treatment following operations performed on a limited portion of the product, such as heading, may result in non-uniform grain size and mechanical properties through the section affected. 7.2.6 If a scale-free bright nish is required; this shall be specied in the purchase order. 8. Chemical Composition 8.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed in Table 1. 8.2 The steel shall not contain an unspecied element for the ordered grade to the extent that the steel conforms to the requirements of another grade for which that element is a specied element. Furthermore, elements present in concentra- tions greater than 0.75 weight/% shall be reported. 9. Heat Analysis 9.1 An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specied in Section 8. The chemical composition thus deter- mined shall be reported to the purchaser or the purchasers representative, and shall conform to the requirements specied in Section 8. Should the purchaser deem it necessary to have the transition zone of two heats sequentially cast discarded, the purchaser shall invoke Supplementary Requirement S3 of Specication A 788. 10. Mechanical Properties 10.1 Tensile Properties: 10.1.1 RequirementsThe material as represented by the tension specimens shall conform to the requirements pre- scribed in Tables 2 and 3 at room temperature after heat treatment. Alternatively, stainless strain hardened headed fas- teners (Class 2, 2B, and 2C) shall be tested full size after strain hardening to determine tensile strength and yield strength and shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Tables 2 and 3. Should the results of full size tests conict with results of tension specimen tests, full size test results shall prevail. 10.1.2 Full Size Fasteners, Wedge Tensile TestingWhen applicable, see 13.1.3, headed fasteners shall be wedge tested full size. The minimum full size load applied (lbf or kN) for individual sizes shall be as follows: W 5 T s 3 A t (1) where: W = minimum wedge tensile load without fracture, T s = tensile strength specied in ksi or MPa in Tables 2 and 3, and A t = stress area of the thread section, square inches or square milimetres, as shown in the Cone Proof Load Tables in Specication A 962/A 962M. 10.2 Hardness Requirements: 10.2.1 The hardness shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 2. Hardness testing shall be performed in accordance with either Specication A 962/A 962M or with Test Methods F 606. 10.2.2 Grade B7MThe maximum hardness of the grade shall be 235 HB or 99 HRB. The minimum hardness shall not be less than 200 HB or 93 HRB. Conformance to this hardness shall be ensured by testing the hardness of each stud or bolt by Brinell or Rockwell B methods in accordance with 10.2.1. The use of 100 % electromagnetic testing for hardness as an alternative to 100 % indentation hardness testing is permissible when qualied by sampling using indentation hardness testing. Each lot tested for hardness electromagnetically shall be 100 % examined in accordance with Practice E 566. Following elec- tromagnetic testing for hardness a random sample of a mini- mum of 100 pieces of each heat of steel in each lot (as dened in 13.1.1) shall be tested by indentation hardness methods. All samples must meet hardness requirements to permit acceptance of the lot. If any one sample is outside of the specied maximum or minimum hardness, the lot shall be rejected and either reprocessed and resampled or tested 100 % by indenta- tion hardness methods. Product that has been 100 % tested and found acceptable shall have a line under the grade symbol. 10.2.2.1 Surface preparation for indentation hardness test- ing shall be in accordance with Test Methods E 18. Hardness tests shall be performed on the end of the bolt or stud. When this is impractical, the hardness test shall be performed elsewhere. 11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance 11.1 Bolts, screws, studs, and stud bolts shall be pointed and shall have a workmanlike nish. Points shall be at and chamfered or rounded at option of the manufacturer. Length of point on studs and stud bolts shall be not less than one nor more than two complete threads as measured from the extreme end parallel to the axis. Length of studs and stud bolts shall be measured from rst thread to rst thread. 11.2 Bolt heads shall be in accordance with the dimensions of ANSI B18.2.1 or ANSI B18.2.3.1M. Unless otherwise specied in the purchase order, the Heavy Hex Screws Series should be used, except the maximum body diameter and radius of llet may be the same as for the Heavy Hex Bolt Series. The body diameter and head llet radius for sizes of Heavy Hex Cap Screws and Bolts that are not shown in their respective tables in ANSI B18.2.1 or ANSI B18.2.3.1M may be that shown in the corresponding Hex Cap Screw and Bolt Tables respectively. Socket head fasteners shall be in accordance with ANSI B18.3 or ANSI B18.3.1M. 12. Retests 12.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any test lot do not conform to the requirements specied, the manufacturer may retreat such lot not more than twice, in which case two additional tension tests shall be made from such lot, all of which shall conform to the requirements specied. A 193/A 193M 08b 8 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. 13. Test Specimens 13.1 Number of TestsFor heat-treated bars, one tension test shall be made for each diameter of each heat represented in each tempering charge. When heat treated without interruption in continuous furnaces, the material in a lot shall be the same heat, same prior condition, same size, and subjected to the same heat treatment. Not fewer than two tension tests are required for each lot containing 20 000 lb [9000 kg] or less. Every additional 10 000 lb [4500 kg] or fraction thereof requires one additional test. 13.1.1 For studs, bolts, screws, and so forth, one tension test shall be made for each diameter of each heat involved in the lot. Each lot shall consist of the following: Diameter, in. [mm] Lot Size 1 1 8 [30] and under 1500 lb [780 kg] or fraction thereof Over 1 1 8 [30] to 1 3 4 [42], incl 4500 lb [2000 kg] or fraction thereof Over 1 3 4 [42] to 2 1 2 [64], incl 6000 lb [2700 kg] or fraction thereof Over 2 1 2 [64] 100 pieces or fraction thereof 13.1.2 Tension tests are not required to be made on bolts, screws, studs, or stud bolts that are fabricated from heat-treated bars furnished in accordance with the requirements of this specication and tested in accordance with 13.1, provided they are not given a subsequent heat treatment. 13.1.3 Full Size Specimens, Headed FastenersHeaded fasteners 1 1 2 in. in body diameter and smaller, with body length three times the diameter or longer, and that are produced by upsetting or forging (hot or cold) shall be subjected to full size testing in accordance with 10.1.2. This testing shall be in addition to tensile testing as specied in 10.1.1. The lot size shall be as shown in 13.1.1. Failure shall occur in the body or threaded section with no failure, or indications of failure, such as cracks, at the junction of the head and shank. 14. Nuts 14.1 Bolts, studs, and stud bolts shall be furnished with nuts, when specied in the purchase order. Nuts shall conform to Specication A 194/A 194M. 15. Rejection and Rehearing 15.1 Unless otherwise specied in the basis of purchase, any rejection based on product analysis shall be reported to the manufacturer within 30 days from the receipt of samples by the purchaser. 15.2 Material that shows defects subsequent to its accep- tance at the place of manufacture shall be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be notied. 15.3 Product AnalysisSamples that represent rejected ma- terial shall be preserved for two weeks from the date of the test report. In the case of dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time. 16. Certication 16.1 The producer of the raw material or nished fasteners shall furnish a certication to the purchaser or his representa- tive showing the results of the chemical analysis, macroetch examination (Carbon and Alloy Steels Only), and mechanical tests, and state the method of heat treatment employed. 16.2 Certication shall also include at least the following: 16.2.1 Astatement that the material or the fasteners, or both, were manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accor- dance with the specication and any supplementary require- ments or other requirements designated in the purchase order or contract and was found to meet those requirements. 16.2.2 The specication number, year date, and identica- tion symbol. 17. Product Marking 17.1 The marking symbol and manufacturers identication symbol shall be applied to one end of studs 3 8 in. [10 mm] in diameter and larger and to the heads of bolts 1 4 in. [6 mm] in diameter and larger. (If the available area is inadequate, the marking symbol may be placed on one end with the manufac- turers identication symbol placed on the other end.) The marking symbol shall be as shown in Table 4 and Table 5. Grade B7M, which has been 100 % evaluated in conformance with the specication, shall have a line under the marking symbol to distinguish it from B7M produced to previous specication revisions not requiring 100 % hardness testing. 17.2 For bolting materials, including threaded bars, fur- nished bundled and tagged or boxed, the tags and boxes shall carry the marking symbol for the material identication and the manufacturers identication symbol or name. 17.3 For purposes of product marking, the manufacturer is considered the organization that certies the fastener was manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with the specication and the results have been determined to meet the requirements of this specication. 17.4 Bar CodingIn addition to the requirements in 17.1, 17.2, and 17.3, bar coding is acceptable as a supplementary identication method. Bar coding should be consistent with AIAG Standard B-5 02.00. If used on small items, the bar code may be applied to the box or a substantially applied tag. 18. Keywords 18.1 hardness; heat treatment TABLE 4 Marking of Ferritic Steels Grade Marking Symbol B5 B5 B6 B6 B6X B6X B7 B7 B7M A B7M B7M B16 B16 B16 + Supplement S12 B16R A For explanations, see 10.2.2 and 17.1. A 193/A 193M 08b 9 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS These requirements shall not apply unless specied in the order and in the Ordering Information, in which event the specied tests shall be made before shipment of the product. S1. High Temperature Tests S1.1 Tests to determine high temperature properties shall be made in accordance with Test Methods E 21, E 139, and E 292, and Practices E 150 and E 151. S2. Charpy Impact Tests S2.1 Charpy impact tests based on the requirements of Specication A 320/A 320M, Sections 6 and 7, shall be made as agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. When testing temperatures are as low as those specied in Speci- cation A 320/A 320M, bolting should be ordered to that speci- cation in preference to this specication. TABLE 5 Marking of Austenitic Steels Class Grade Marking Symbol Class 1 B8 B8 B8C B8C B8M B8M B8P B8P B8T B8T B8LN B8F or B8LN B8MLN B8G or B8MLN Class 1A B8A B8A B8CA B8B or B8CA B8MA B8D or B8MA B8PA B8H or B8PA B8TA B8J or B8TA B8LNA B8L or B8LNA B8MLNA B8K or B8MLNA B8NA B8V or B8MA B8MNA B8W or B8MNA B8MLCuNA B9K or B8MLCuNA Class 1B B8N B8MN B8MLCuN B8N B8Y or B8MN B9J or B8MLCuN Class 1C B8R B9A or B8R B8RA B9B or B8RA B8S B9D or B8S B8SA B9F or B8SA Class 1D B8 B94 B8M B95 B8P B96 B8LN B97 B8MLN B98 B8N B99 B8MN B100 B8R B101 B8S B102 Class 2 B8 B8SH B8C B8CSH B8P B8PSH B8T B8TSH B8N B8NSH B8M B8MSH B8MN B8YSH B8MLCuN B0JSH Class 2B B8M2 B8 B9G or B8M2 B9 Class 2C B8M3 B9H or B8M3 A 193/A 193M 08b 10 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. S3. 100 % Hardness Testing of Grade B7M S3.1 Each Grade B7M bolt or stud shall be tested for hardness by indentation method and shall meet the require- ments specied in Table 2. S4. Hardness Testing of Grade B16 S4.1 For bolts or studs 2 1 2 in. [65 mm] or smaller, the hardness for Grade B16 shall be measured on or near the end of each bolt or stud using one of the methods prescribed in 10.2.1 for the Brinell or Rockwell C test. The hardness shall be in the range 253319 HB or 2534 HRC. S5. Product Marking S5.1 Marking and manufacturers identication symbols shall be applied to one end of studs and to the heads of bolts of all sizes. (If the available area is inadequate, the marking symbol may be marked on one end and the manufacturers identication symbol marked on the other end.) For bolts smaller than 1 4 in. [6 mm] in diameter and studs smaller than 3 8 in. [10 mm] in diameter and for 1 4 in. [6 mm] in diameter studs requiring more than a total of three symbols, the marking shall be a matter of agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. S6. Stress Relieving S6.1 A stress-relieving operation shall follow straightening after heat treatment. S6.2 The minimum stress-relieving temperature shall be 100 F [55 C] below the tempering temperature. Tests for mechanical properties shall be performed after stress relieving. S7. Magnetic Particle Inspection S7.1 Bars shall be magnetic particle examined in accor- dance with Guide E 709. Bars with indications of cracks or seams are subject to rejection if the indications extend more than 3 % of the diameter into the bar. S8. Stress-Relaxation Testing S8.1 Stress-Relaxation Testing, when required, shall be done in accordance with Test Methods E 328. The test shall be performed at 850 F [454 C] for a period of 100 h. The initial stress shall be 50 M psi [345 MPa]. The residual stress at 100 h shall be 17 M psi [117 MPa] minimum. S9. Grain Size Requirements for Non H Grade Austenitic Steels Used Above 1000 F S9.1 For design metal temperatures above 1000 F [540 C], the material shall have a grain size of No. 7 or coarser as determined in accordance with Test Methods E 112. The grain size so determined shall be reported on the Certicate of Test. S10. Hardness Testing of Class 2 Bolting Materials for ASME Applications S10.1 The maximum hardness shall be Rockwell C35 im- mediately under the thread roots. The hardness shall be taken on a at area at least 1 8 in. [3 mm] across, prepared by removing threads, and no more material than necessary shall be removed to prepare the at areas. Hardness determinations shall be made at the same frequency as tensile tests. S11. Thread Forming S11.1 Threads shall be formed after heat treatment. Appli- cation of this supplemental requirement to grade B7M or the grades listed in 7.2.4 is prohibited. S12. Stress Rupture Testing of Grade B16 S12.1 One test shall be made for each heat treat lot. Testing shall be conducted using a combination test bar in accordance with Test Methods E 292. Rupture shall occur in the smooth section of each test specimen. The test shall be conducted at 1100 F [595 C] and 20 ksi [140 MPa]. The test shall be continued until the sample ruptures. Rupture life shall be 25 h minimum. Testing is not required on material less than 1 2 in. [12 mm] thick. S12.2 When a purchase order for fasteners invokes S12, the product marking supplied shall be B16R. S13. Coatings on Bolting Materials S13.1 It is the purchasers responsibility to specify in the purchase order all information required by the coating facility. Examples of such information may include but are not limited to the following: S13.1.1 Reference to the appropriate coating specication and type, thickness, location, modication to dimensions, and hydrogen embrittlement relief. S13.1.2 Reference to Specications A 153/A 153M, B 633, B 695, B 696, B 766, or F 1941, F 2329, or Test Method F 1940, or other standards. S14. Marking Coated Bolting Materials S14.1 Material coated with zinc shall have an asterisk (*) marked after the grade symbol. Material coated with cadmium shall have a plus sign (+) marked after the grade symbol. A 193/A 193M 08b 11 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. APPENDIXES (Nonmandatory Information) X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and hardness that results from plastic deformation below the recrystallization temperature (cold work). This effect is pro- duced in austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars or wire to the desired nal size by cold drawing or other process. The degree of strain hardening achievable in any alloy is limited by its strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the amount of strain hardening that can be produced is further limited by the variables of the process, such as the total amount of cross-section reduction, die angle, and bar size. In large diameter bars, for example, plastic deformation will occur principally in the outer regions of the bar so that the increased strength and hardness due to strain hardening is achieved predominantly near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller the bar, the greater the penetration of strain hardening. X1.2 Thus, the mechanical properties of a given strain hardened fastener are dependent not just on the alloy, but also on the size of bar from which it is machined. The minimum bar size that can be used, however, is established by the congu- ration of the fastener so that the conguration can affect the strength of the fastener. X1.3 For example, a stud of a particular alloy and size may be machined from a smaller diameter bar than a bolt of the same alloy and size because a larger diameter bar is required to accommodate the head of the bolt. The stud, therefore, is likely to be stronger than the same size bolt in a given alloy. X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS X2.1 Use of coated fasteners at temperatures above ap- proximately one-half the melting point (Fahrenheit or Celsius) of the coating is not recommended unless consideration is given to the potential for liquid and solid metal embrittlement, or both. The melting point of elemental zinc is approximately 780 F [415 C]. Therefore, application of zinc-coated fasten- ers should be limited to temperatures less than 390 F [210 C]. The melting point of cadmium is approximately 600 F [320 C]. Therefore, application of cadmium-coated fasteners should be limited to temperatures less than 300 F [160 C]. SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 193/A 193M 08a, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved August 1, 2008). (1) Added new paragraph 1.3 and renumbered subsequent paragraphs. (2) Added reference to Specications B 633 and F 2329 to S13.1.2. Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 193/A 193M 08, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved May 1, 2008). (1) Reorganized and edited 7.1 to clarify and separate ferritic grades from austenitic grades. Claried use of water quenching for threaded ferritic grades and intent relative to stress relief of cold worked B6X. Added reference in Section 10 to Table 3 and Specication A 962/A 962M for wedge tensile testing of metric product. Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 193/A 193M 07, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved April 1, 2008). (1) Added new Supplementary Requirement S14. (2) Added Nitrogen for Grades B8T and B8TA in Table 1. A 193/A 193M 08b 12 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 193/A 193M 06a, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved March 1, 2007). (1) Deleted the space between the S and the numbers in the UNS designations in Table 1. (2) Added permissible product variations for B8MLCuN and B8MLCuNA in Table 1. (3) Added the requirement to report nitrogen for S32100 and changed the order of the elements in Table 1 for this grade to be consistent with the other stainless grades. (4) Corrected the metric yield strength for B16 M100 to M180 in Table 3. (5) Corrected the metric conversion in S12. (6) Added reference to Test Method F 1940 and Specication F 1941, and dropped reference to Specication B 633, in S13. ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ve years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org). A 193/A 193M 08b 13 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Designation: A 194/A 194M 08b Endorsed by Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry Used in USNRC-RDT Standards Standard Specication for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation A 194/A 194M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 1.1 This specication 2 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and martensitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1 4 through 4 in. and metric M6 through M100 nominal. It also covers austenitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1 4 in. and M6 nominal and above. These nuts are intended for high-pressure or high-temperature service, or both. Grade substitutions with- out the purchasers permission are not allowed. 1.2 Bars from which the nuts are made shall be hot-wrought. The material may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When annealed and strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered in accor- dance with Supplementary Requirement S1, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that 8.2.2, Supplementary Requirement S1, and Appendix X1 are thoroughly understood. 1.3 Supplementary requirements (S1 through S8) of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specied in the inquiry, contract, and order. 1.4 This specication is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. However, unless the order species the applicable M specication designation (SI units), the mate- rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specication. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3 A 153/A 153M Specication for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware A 276 Specication for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes A 320/A 320M Specication for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service A 962/A 962M Specication for Common Requirements for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep Range B 633 Specication for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel B 695 Specication for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Deposited on Iron and Steel B 696 Specication for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically Deposited B 766 Specication for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cad- mium E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size F 1940 Test Method for Process Control Verication to Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated Fasteners F 1941 Specication for Electrodeposited Coatings on Threaded Fasteners (Unied Inch Screw Threads (UN/ UNR)) F 2329 Specication for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require- ments for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners 2.2 American National Standards: 4 B 1.1 Unied Screw Threads B 1.2 Gages and Gaging for Unied Inch Screw Threads 1 This specication is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications. Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A 194/A 194M08a. 2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Speci- cation SA-194 in Section II of that code. 3 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 1 *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. B 1.13M Metric Screw Threads B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts B 18.2.4.6M Metric Heavy Hex Nuts 3. Terminology 3.1 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.1.1 Austenitic GradesAll grades with a prex of 8 or 9. 3.1.2 Ferritic GradesGrades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, and 16. 3.1.3 LotUnless otherwise specied (see Discussion be- low), a lot is the quantity of nuts of a single nominal size and grade produced by the same manufacturing process. 3.1.3.1 DiscussionWhen Supplementary Requirement S5 is invoked on the purchase order, the following denitions of a lot shall apply: 3.1.3.2 For Grade 8 NutsThe quantity of all the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat of steel and made by the same manufacturing process. 3.1.3.3 For All Other Grade Nuts (see 8.2 and 8.1.2.1) All the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat number and heat treated in the same batch if batch-type heat treating equipment is used or heat treated in the same continuous run of not more than 8 h under the same conditions if continuous-type heat treating equipment is used. 3.1.4 Type 3.1.4.1 For Grade 8 NutsVariations within the grade designated by a letter and differentiated by chemistry and by manufacturing process. 3.1.4.2 For Grade 6 NutsVariations within the grade designated by the letter F as differentiated by chemical addi- tions made for machineability. 3.1.5 SeriesThe dimensional relationship and geometry of the nuts as described in ANSI B 18.2.2 or B 18.2.4.6M. 4. Ordering Information 4.1 The inquiry and order for material under this specica- tion shall include the following as required to describe the material adequately: 4.1.1 Specication designation, year date, and grade, issue date and revision letter, 4.1.2 Quantity, number of pieces, 4.1.3 Dimensions (see Section 9), 4.1.4 Options in accordance with 8.2.2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, and 12, and 4.1.5 Supplementary Requirements, if any. 4.2 CoatingsCoatings are prohibited unless specied by the purchaser (see Supplementary Requirements S7 and S8). When coated nuts are ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X2 is thoroughly under- stood. 4.3 See Supplementary Requirement S3 for nuts to be used in low temperature applications (Specication A 320/A 320M). 4.4 Proof Load TestingSee Supplementary Requirement S9 for proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions and congurations other than those covered in Tables 3 and 4. 5. Common Requirements 5.1 Material and fasteners supplied to this specication shall conform to the requirements of Specication A 962/A 962M. These requirements include test methods, nish, thread dimen- sions, marking, certication, optional supplementary require- ments, and others. Failure to comply with the requirements of Specication A 962/A 962M constitutes nonconformance with this specication. In case of conict between the requirements of this specication and Specication A 962/A 962M, this specication shall prevail. 6. Manufacture (Process) 6.1 Stainless steels for all types of Grade 6 and 8 nuts shall be made by one of the following processes: 6.1.1 Electric-furnace (with separate degassing and rening optional), 6.1.2 Vacuum induction furnace, or 6.1.3 Either of the above followed by electroslag remelting, or consumable-arc remelting. 6.2 The steel producer shall exercise adequate control to eliminate excessive unhomogeneity, nonmetallics, pipe, poros- ity, and other defects. 6.3 Grades 1 and 2 nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars. 6.3.1 All Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by cold forging or by machining from cold-drawn bars shall be stress-relief annealed at a temperature of at least 1000 F [538 C]. 6.3.2 Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by hot forging or by machining from hot-forged or hot-rolled bars need not be given any stress relief annealing treatment. 6.4 Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, and 16 nuts shall be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and shall be heat treated to meet the required mechanical properties. These grades shall be reheated above the critical range of the steel, quenched in a suitable medium, and then tempered at a temperature not less than the following: Grade Minimum Tempering Temperature, F [C] 2H 850 [455] 2HM 1150 [620] 3 1050 [565] 4 1100 [595] 6 and 6F 1100 [595] 7 1100 [595] 7M 1150 [620] 16 1200 [650] Nuts machined from bar heat treated in accordance with this specication need not be reheat-treated. For Grade 2HM and 7M nuts, a nal stress relief shall be done at or above the minimum tempering temperature after all forming, machining, and tapping operations. This nal stress relief may be the tempering operation. 6.4.1 Grade 6 and 6F nuts shall be tempered for a minimum of 1 h at the temperature. 6.5 Grades 8, 8C, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 8MN, 8R, 8S, 8LN, 8MLN, 8MLCuN, and 9C nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled or cold-drawn bars. A 194/A 194M 08b 2 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements A,B,C,D Grade Symbol Material UNS Number Carbon, % Manga- nese, % Phospho- rus, % Sulfur, E % Silicon, % Chromium, % Nickel, % Molyb- denum, % Tita- nium, % Colum- bium and Tanta- lum, % Nitrogen, % Other Elements, % 1 carbon 0.15 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 2HM, and 2H carbon 0.40 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 carbon, molyb- denum 0.400.50 0.700.90 0.035 0.040 0.150.35 . . . . . . 0.200.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Type 501 0.10 min 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 4.06.0 . . . 0.400.65 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Type 410 S41000 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.513.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6F Type 416 S41600 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 12.014.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6F Type 416Se S41623 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.060 1.00 12.014.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . Selenium, 0.15 min 7, 7M Type 4140/ 4142/ 4145, 4140H, 4142H, 4145H 0.370.49 0.651.10 0.035 0.04 0.150.35 0.751.20 . . . 0.150.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 8A Type 304 S30400 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.020.0 8.011.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8C, 8CA Type 347 S34700 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.019.0 9.012.0 . . . . . . 10 x carbon content, min . . . . . . 8M, 8MA Type 316 S31600 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.018.0 10.014.0 2.003.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8T, 8TA Type 321 S32100 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.019.0 9.012.0 . . . 5 x (C+N) min - 0.70 max . . . 0.10 . . . 8F, 8FA Type 303 S30300 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.019.0 8.010.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8F, 8FA Type 303Se S30323 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.019.0 8.010.0 . . . . . . . . . Selenium, 0.15 min 8P, 8PA Type 305 with restricted carbon S30500 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.019.0 11.013.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8N, 8NA Type 304N S30451 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.020.0 8.011.0 . . . . . . . . . 0.100.16 8LN, 8LNA Type 304LN S30453 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.020.0 8.011.0 . . . . . . . . . 0.100.16 8MN, 8MNA Type 316N S31651 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.018.0 10.013.0 2.003.00 . . . . . . 0.100.16 8MLN, 8MLNA Type 316LN S31653 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.018.0 10.013.0 2.003.00 . . . . . . 0.100.16 8R, 8RA F XM19 S20910 0.06 4.06.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 20.523.5 11.513.5 1.503.00 . . . 0.100.30 0.200.40 Vanadium, 0.100.30 8S, 8SA S21800 0.10 7.09.0 0.060 0.030 3.54.5 16.018.0 8.09.0 . . . . . . . . . 0.080.18 8MLCuN, 8MLCuNA S31254 S31254 0.020 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.80 19.520.5 17.518.5 6.06.5 . . . . . . 0.180.22 Copper, 0.501.00 9C, 9CA N08367 N08367 0.030 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 20.0-22.0 23.5- 25.5 6.0-7.0 0.18-0.25 Copper 0.75 16 Chromium Molyb- denum Vanadium 0.360.47 0.450.70 0.035 0.040 0.150.35 0.801.15 . . . 0.500.65 . . . . . . . . . Vanadium, 0.250.35 Aluminum B 0.015 A The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted except for Grades 6F, 8F, and 8FA, in which Se is specied and required. B Total aluminum, soluble and insoluble. C Maximum, unless minimum or range is indicated. D Where ellipses () appear in this table there is no requirement. E Because of the degree to which sulfur segregates, product analysis for sulfur over 0.060 % max is not technologically appropriate. F As described in Specication A 276. A 194/A 194M 08b 3 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. 6.6 Grades 8A, 8CA, 8MA, 8TA, 8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA, 8RA, 8SA, 8LNA, 8MLNA, 8MLCuNA, and 9CA nuts shall be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and the nuts shall subsequently be carbide-solution treated by heating them for a sufficient time at a temperature to dissolve chromium carbides followed by cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent reprecipitation of the carbides. 7. Chemical Composition 7.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed in Table 1. 8. Mechanical Requirements 8.1 Hardness Test: 8.1.1 Requirements: 8.1.1.1 All nuts shall meet the hardness requirements speci- ed in Table 2. 8.1.1.2 Sample nuts of Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 7, 7M, and 16 which have been given the treatment described in 8.1.5 shall meet the minimum hardness specied in Table 2. 8.1.2 Number of Tests (Grades 1, 2, 2H, 3, 4, 7, and 16 and all types of Grade 6): 8.1.2.1 Tests on the number of sample nuts in accordance with the following table shall be performed by the manufac- turer following all production heat treatments: Lot Size Samples Up to 800 1 801 to 8000 2 8001 to 22 000 3 Over 22 000 5 8.1.2.2 In addition, a hardness test shall be performed by the manufacturer in accordance with 8.1.5 on one sample nut selected from each nominal diameter and series from each grade and heat number following completion of all production heat treatments. 8.1.3 Number of Tests, Grades 2HM and 7M: 8.1.3.1 Each nut shall be tested by Brinell or Rockwell methods to ensure product conformance. 5 8.1.3.2 In addition, 8.1.2.2 shall be met. 8.1.4 Number of Tests, All Types of Grade 8Tests on the number of sample nuts in accordance with 8.1.2.1 shall be performed by the manufacturer. 8.1.5 Test 2In addition to the testing required by 8.1.2.1 the manufacturer shall also perform hardness tests on sample nuts after the following test heat treatment. After completion of all production heat treatments heat the specimen nuts to the temperatures indicated below for 24 h, then slow cool. Test at room temperature. 5 An underline as a marking requirement for grades 2HM and 7M has been removed but is permitted. TABLE 2 Hardness Requirements A Grade and Type Completed Nuts Sample Nut after Treatment as in 8.1.5 Brinell Hardness Rockwell Hardness Brinell Hardness, min Rockwell Hardness B Scale, min C Scale B Scale 1 121 min ... 70 min 121 70 2 159 to 352 ... 84 min 159 84 2H to 1 1 2 in. or M36, incl 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 179 89 2H over 1 1 2 in. or M36 212 to 327 35 max 95 min 147 79 2HM and 7M 159 to 235 ... 84 to 99 159 84 3, 4, 7, and 16 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 201 94 6 and 6F 228 to 271 20 to 28 ... ... ... 8, 8C, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 8MN, 8LN, 8MLN, 8MLCuN, and 9C 126 to 300 32 max 60 min ... ... 8A, 8CA, 8MA, 8TA, 8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA, 8LNA, 8MLNA, 8MLCuNA, and 9CA 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ... 8R, 8RA, 8S, and 8SA 183 to 271 25 max 88 min ... ... A Where ellipses () appear in this table there is no requirement. A 194/A 194M 08b 4 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Grade A Temperature, F [C] 1 850 [455] 2, 2H, 2HM 1000 [540] 3, 4, 7, 7M 1100 [590] 16 1200 [650] A Nuts intended to be coated with zinc or cadmium (marked in accordance with the requirements of Supplementary Requirement S8) are not subjected to the requirements of 8.1.5 (See Appendix X2). 8.1.5.1 Special Requirement, Grades 2HM and 7M Preparation of Grades 2HM and 7M nuts for hardness test and the hardness test itself shall be performed with consideration to (1) protect legibility of markings; (2) minimize exterior dimen- sional changes; and (3) maintain thread t. 8.2 Proof Load Test: 8.2.1 RequirementsThe nuts listed in Tables 3 and 4 shall be capable of withstanding the proof loads specin therein. Proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions and congurations other than those covered in Table 3 or Table 4 is only required when S9 is specied in the order or inquiry. 8.2.2 Number of Tests: 8.2.2.1 The manufacturer shall test the number of nuts specied in 8.1.2.1 following all production heat treatments. Nuts that would require a proof load in excess of 160 000 lb/f or 705 kN may be furnished on the basis of minimum hardness requirements. Testing of nuts requiring a proof load in excess of 160 000 lb/f or 705 kN is covered in Supplementary Requirements S1 amd S4. 8.2.3 Test MethodThe test shall be run using a threaded mandrel or a test bolt in accordance with Specication A 962/ A 962M. 8.3 Cone Proof Load Test: TABLE 3 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel Inch Series NOTE 1Proof loads are not design loads. Nominal Size, in. Threads per Inch Stress Area in. 2 Proof Load, lbf A Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16 Heavy Hex B Hex C Heavy Hex D Hex E Heavy Hex F Hex G 1 4 20 0.0316 4 130 3 820 4 770 4 300 5 570 4 770 5 16 18 0.0524 6 810 6 290 7 860 7 070 9 170 7 860 3 8 16 0.0774 10 080 9 300 11 620 10 460 13 560 11 620 7 16 14 0.1063 13 820 12 760 15 940 14 350 18 600 15 940 1 2 13 0.1419 18 450 17 030 21 280 19 160 24 830 21 280 9 16 12 0.182 23 660 21 840 27 300 24 570 31 850 27 300 5 8 11 0.226 29 380 27 120 33 900 30 510 39 550 33 900 3 4 10 0.334 43 420 40 080 50 100 45 090 58 450 50 100 7 8 9 0.462 60 060 55 440 69 300 62 370 80 850 69 300 1 8 0.606 78 780 72 720 90 900 81 810 106 000 90 900 1 1 8 8 0.790 102 700 94 800 118 500 106 700 138 200 118 500 1 1 4 8 1.000 130 000 120 000 150 000 135 000 175 000 150 000 1 3 8 8 1.233 160 200 148 000 185 000 166 500 215 800 185 000 1 1 2 8 1.492 194 000 170 040 223 800 201 400 261 100 223 800 All Types of Grade 8, Grades 9C and 9CA Heavy Hex H Hex I 1 4 20 0.0316 2 540 2 380 5 16 18 0.0524 4 190 3 930 3 8 16 0.0774 6 200 5 810 7 16 14 0.1063 8 500 7 970 1 2 13 0.1419 11 350 10 640 9 16 12 0.182 14 560 13 650 5 8 11 0.226 18 080 16 950 3 4 10 0.334 26 720 25 050 7 8 9 0.462 36 960 34 650 1 8 0.606 48 480 45 450 1 1 8 8 0.790 63 200 59 250 1 1 4 8 1.000 80 000 75 000 1 3 8 8 1.233 98 640 92 450 1 1 2 8 1.492 119 360 111 900 A See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load. B Based on proof stress of 130 000 psi. C Based on proof stress of 120 000 psi. D Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi. E Based on proof stress of 135 000 psi. F Based on proof stress of 175 000 psi. G Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi. H Based on proof stress of 80 000 psi. I Based on proof stress of 75 000 psi. A 194/A 194M 08b 5 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. 8.3.1 RequirementsThis test shall be performed only when visible surface discontinuities become a matter of issue between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Nuts in the size range 1 4 to 1 1 2 in. inclusive and M6 to M36 inclusive shall be proof load tested. Nuts not in this size range and all types of Grade 8 nuts are not subject to this test. Also, nuts manufac- tured to dimensions and congurations other than those cov- ered by Specication A 962/A 962M, ANSI B 1.1, ANSI B 1.13M, ANSI B 18.2.2, and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M are not subject to the cone proof load test. The cone proof load applied shall be determined in accordance with the Cone Proof Load requirements in Specication A 962/A 962M (tables or formu- lae or both) based upon the proof stresses shown in Table 5 and Table 6 of Specication A 194/A 194M. 8.3.2 Number of TestsThe manufacturer shall sample and test the number of nuts specied in 8.1.2.1. The lot shall be considered acceptable if the sample nut(s) withstand(s) appli- cation of the cone proof load without failure. 9. Dimensions 9.1 Nuts shall be hexagonal in shape, and in accordance with the dimensions for the hex or heavy hex series, as required, by ANSI B 18.2.2 and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M. Unless otherwise specied, the American National Standard Heavy TABLE 4 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel Metric NOTE 1Proof loads are not design loads. Nominal Size, mm Threads Pitch Stress Area mm 2 Proof Load, kN A Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16 Heavy Hex B Hex C Heavy Hex D Hex E Heavy Hex F Hex G M6 1.0 20.1 18.0 16.6 20.8 18.7 29.2 20.8 M8 1.25 36.6 32.8 30.2 37.9 34.0 44.1 37.9 M10 1.50 58.0 51.9 47.9 60.0 53.9 69.9 60.0 M12 1.75 84.3 75.5 69.5 87.3 78.4 101.6 87.3 M14 2.0 115.0 102.9 94.9 119.0 107.0 138.6 119.0 M16 2.0 157.0 140.5 129.5 162.5 146.0 189.2 162.5 M20 2.5 245.0 219.3 202.1 253.6 227.8 295.2 253.6 M22 2.5 303.0 271.2 249.9 313.6 281.8 365.1 313.6 M24 3.0 353.0 315.9 291.2 365.4 328.3 425.4 365.4 M27 3.0 459.0 411.0 378.7 475.1 426.9 553.4 475.1 M30 3.5 561.0 502.1 462.8 580.6 521.7 676.0 580.6 M36 4.0 817.0 731.2 674.0 845.6 759.8 984.5 845.6 All Types of Grade 8, and Grades 9C and 9CA Nominal Size, mm Thread Pitch Stress Area, mm 2 Heavy Hex H Hex I M6 1.0 20.1 11.1 10.4 M8 1.25 36.6 20.1 18.8 M10 1.50 58.0 31.9 29.9 M12 1.75 84.3 46.4 43.4 M14 2.0 115.0 63.3 59.2 M16 2.0 157.0 86.4 80.9 M20 2.5 245.0 134.8 126.2 M22 2.5 303.0 166.7 156.0 M24 3.0 353.0 194.2 181.8 M27 3.0 459.0 252.5 236.4 M30 3.5 561.0 308.6 288.9 M36 4.0 817.0 449.4 420.8 A See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load. B Based on proof stress of 895 MPa. C Based on proof stress of 825 MPa. D Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa. E Based on proof stress of 930 MPa. F Based on proof stress of 1205 MPa. G Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa. H Based on proof stress of 550 MPa. I Based on proof stress of 515 MPa. TABLE 5 Proof Stress Using 120 Hardened Steel Cone Inch Proof Stress psi, Minimum Type Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F & 7M Grades 2H 3, 4, 7, & 16 Hex 120 000 135 000 150 000 Heavy Hex 130 000 150 000 175 000 A 194/A 194M 08b 6 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Hex Series shall be used and nuts shall be either double chamfered or have a machined or forged washer face, at the option of the manufacturer, and, conform to the angularity requirements of ANSI B 18.2.2 and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M. 9.2 Unless otherwise specied, threads shall be in accor- dance with ANSI B 1.1 or ANSI B 1.13M, and shall be gaged in accordance with ANSI B 1.2 and ANSI B 1.13M as de- scribed in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2. 9.2.1 Nuts up to and including 1 in. nominal size shall be UNC Series Class 2B t. Metric nuts up to and including M24 nominal size shall be coarse thread series tolerance 6H. 9.2.2 Nuts over 1 in. nominal size shall be either UNC Series Class 2B t or 8 UN Series Class 2B t. Unless otherwise specied, the 8 UN series shall be furnished. Metric nuts over M24 nominal size shall be coarse thread series tolerance 6H. 10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance 10.1 Nuts shall be free of defects and shall be good commercial nish. 10.2 If visible surface imperfections in size 1 4 through 1 1 2 in. and M6 through M36 and in any grade other than Grade 8 become a matter of issue between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the cone proof load test described in 8.3 shall be employed. 10.3 If a scale-free bright nish is required, this shall be specied on the purchase order. 11. Retests 11.1 Provisions for retests by the purchaser and his repre- sentative are specied in Supplementary Requirement S2. 12. Certication 12.1 The producer of nuts shall furnish a certication to the purchaser or his representative showing the results of the chemical analysis, macroetch examination (Carbon and Alloy Steels Only), mechanical tests, and the minimum tempering temperature for nuts of Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, and 7M. 12.2 Certication shall also include at least the following: 12.2.1 A statement that the fasteners were manufactured, sampled, tested and inspected in accordance with the speci- cation and any supplementary requirements or other require- ments designated in the purchase order or contract and was found to meet those requirements. 12.2.2 The specication number, year date, and identica- tion symbol. 13. Product Marking 13.1 All nuts shall bear the manufacturers identication mark. 13.2 Nuts shall be legibly marked on one face to indicate the grade and process of the manufacturer, as presented in Table 7. Marking of wrench ats or bearing surfaces is not permitted unless agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser. 13.3 For purposes of identication marking, the manufac- turer is considered the organization that certies the fastener was manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accor- dance with the specication and the results have been deter- mined to meet the requirements of this specication. 14. Keywords 14.1 bolting; chemical analysis; coated; marking on fasten- ers; plated SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specied by the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon in writing by the manufacturer and purchaser. Supplementary requirements shall in no way negate any requirement of the specication itself. S1. Strain-Hardened Austenitic Steel Nuts S1.1 Strain hardened Grades 8, 8C, 8T, 8M, 8F, 8P, 8N, or 8MN nuts may be specied. When Supplementary Require- ment S1 is invoked in the order, nuts shall be machined from cold drawn bars or shall be cold forged to shape. No subse- quent heat treatment shall be performed on the nuts. Nuts made in accordance with this requirement shall be proof load tested in accordance with 8.2.2.1 and shall withstand the proof load specied in Table 8 and Table 9. Testing nuts requiring proof loads over 160 000 lbf or 705 kN is only required when Supplementary Requirement S4 is invoked. The hardness limits of Table 2 do not apply to strain hardened nuts. Nuts TABLE 6 Proof Stress Using 120 Hardened Steel Cone Metric Proof Stress MPa, Minimum Type Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F & 7M Grades 2H 3, 4, 7, & 16 Hex 825 930 1035 Heavy Hex 895 1035 1205 A 194/A 194M 08b 7 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. made in accordance with this requirement shall be marked with the Grade symbol underlined. S2. Retests by Purchasers Representative S2.1 The purchasers representative may select two nuts per keg (200-lb unit [90-kg]) for sizes 5 8 in. and M16 and smaller, one nut per keg for sizes over 5 8 in. and M16 up to and including 1 1 2 in. and M36, and one nut per every two kegs for sizes larger than 1 1 2 in. and M36, which shall be subjected to the tests specied in Section 8. S3. Low-Temperature Requirements for Grade 4, Grade 7 or Grade 7M Nuts S3.1 When low-temperature requirements are specied for Grade 4 or Grade 7 nuts, the Charpy test procedures and requirements as dened in Specication A 320/A 320M for Grade L7 shall apply. When low-temperature requirements are specied for Grade 7M nuts, the Charpy test procedures and requirements as dened in Specication A 320/A 320M for Grade L7M shall apply. Depending on the size of nuts, separate test samples of the same heat may be required and shall be processed through heat treatment with the nuts for which the test is to apply. Impact testing is not required when the bar stock or nut is smaller than 5 8 in. [16 mm] in diameter. S3.2 An L shall be added to the marking, as shown in Table 7, for nuts so tested. S4. Proof Load Tests of Large Nuts S4.1 Proof load testing of nuts requiring proof loads of over 160 000 lbf or 705 kN is required. Testing shall be performed in accordance with 8.2 to the loads required in Table 10 and Table 11. The maximum load will be based entirely on the equipment available. S5. Control of Product by Heat Number S5.1 When control of nuts by actual heat analysis is required and this supplementary requirement is specied, the manufacturer shall identify the completed nuts in each ship- ment by the actual heat number. When this supplementary requirement is specied, a certicate including the results of the actual production tests of each test lot together with the heat chemical analysis shall be furnished by the manufacturer. S6. Grain Size Requirements for Non H Grade Austenitic Steels Used Above 1000 F S6.1 For design metal temperatures above 1000 F [540 C], the material shall have a grain size of No. 7 or coarser as determined in accordance with Test Methods E 112. The grain size so determined shall be reported on the Certicate of Test. S7. Coating on Nuts S7.1 It is the purchasers responsibility to specify in the purchase order all information required by the coating facility. Examples of such information may include but are not limited to the following: S7.1.1 Reference to the appropriate coating specication and type, thickness, location, modication to dimensions, and hydrogen embrittlement relief. NOTE S7.1Modication of thread dimensions may result in loss of load carrying ability. S7.1.2 Reference to Specications A 153/A 153M, B 633, B 695, B 696, B 766, F 1941, F 2329, or Test Method F 1940, or other standards. S8. Marking Coated Nuts S8.1 Nuts coated with zinc shall have an asterisk (*) marked after the grade symbol. Nuts coated with cadmium shall have a plus sign (+) marked after the grade symbol. S9. Proof Load Testing S9.1 Proof load tests of nuts made to dimensions, thread pitch, and congurations other than those covered in Table 3 or Table 4 shall be made using loads agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. TABLE 7 Marking of Nuts A Grade and Type Nuts Hot- Forged or Cold- Punched Nuts Machined from Bar Stock Nuts Manu- factured in Accordance with 6.6 1 1 1B ... 2 2 2B ... 2H B 2H 2HB ... 2HM B 2HM 2HMB ... 3 3 3B ... 4 4 4B ... 4L C 4L 4BL . . . 6 6 6B . . . 6F 6F 6FB ... 7 7 7B ... 7L C 7L 7BL ... 7M B 7M 7MB ... 8 8 8B 8A 8C 8C 8CB 8CA 8M 8M 8MB 8MA 8T 8T 8TB 8TA 8F 8F 8FB 8FA 8P 8P 8PB 8PA 8N 8N 8NB 8NA 8MN 8MN 8MNB 8MNA 8R 8R 8RB 8RA 8S 8S 8SB 8SA 8LN 8LN 8LNB 8LNA 8MLN 8MLN 8MLNB 8MLNA 8MLCuN 8MLCuN 8MLCuNB 8MLCuNA 9C 9C 9CB 9CA 16 16 16B A Where ellipses () appear in this table there is no requirement. B The letters H and M indicate heat-treated nuts (see Section 6). C See Supplementary Requirement S3. A 194/A 194M 08b 8 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. TABLE 8 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel Inch Series NOTE 1Proof loads are not design loads. Proof Load, lbf A Nominal Size, in. Threads per in. Stress Area, in. 2 Grade 8M (strain hardened) Grade 8M (strain hardened) All Other Types of Grade 8 (strain hardened) All Other Types of Grade 8 (strain hardened) Heavy Hex B Hex C Heavy Hex D Hex B 1 4 20 0.0316 3 480 3 160 3 950 3 480 5 16 18 0.0523 5 760 5 240 6 550 5 760 3 8 16 0.0774 8 510 7 740 9 675 8 510 7 16 14 0.1063 11 690 10 630 13 290 11 690 1 2 13 0.1419 15 610 14 190 17 740 15 610 9 16 12 0.182 20 020 18 200 22 750 20 020 5 8 11 0.226 24 860 22 600 28 250 24 860 3 4 10 0.334 36 740 33 400 41 750 36 740 7 8 9 0.462 46 200 41 580 53 130 46 200 1 8 0.606 60 600 54 540 69 690 60 600 1 1 8 8 0.790 75 050 67 150 82 950 75 050 1 1 4 8 1.000 95 000 85 000 105 000 95 000 1 3 8 8 1.233 110 970 98 640 123 300 110 970 1 1 2 8 1.492 134 280 119 360 149 200 134 280 A The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value. B Based on proof stress of 110 000 psi up to 3 4 in.; 100 000 psi 7 8 to 1 in.; 95 000 psi 1 1 8 to 1 1 4 in.; 90 000 psi 1 3 8 to 1 1 2 in. C Based on proof stress of 100 000 psi up to 3 4 in.; 90 000 psi 7 8 to 1 in.; 85 000 psi 1 1 8 to 1 1 4 in.; 80 000 psi 1 3 8 to 1 1 2 in. D Based on proof stress of 125 000 psi up to 3 4 in.; 115 000 psi 7 8 to 1 in.; 105 000 psi 1 1 8 to 1 1 4 in.; 100 000 psi 1 3 8 to 1 1 2 in. TABLE 9 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel Metric NOTE 1Proof loads are not design loads. Proof Load, kN A Nominal Size, mm Thread Pitch Stress Area, mm 2 Grade 8M (strain hardened) Grade 8M (strain hardened) All Other Types of Grade 8 (strain hardened) All Other Types of Grade 8 (strain hardened) Heavy Hex B Hex C Heavy Hex D Hex B M6 1.0 20.1 15.3 13.9 17.3 15.3 M8 1.25 36.6 27.8 25.3 31.3 27.8 M10 1.50 58.0 44.1 40.0 49.9 44.1 M12 1.75 84.3 64.1 58.2 72.5 64.1 M14 2.0 115.0 87.4 79.4 98.9 87.4 M16 2.0 157.0 119.3 108.3 135.0 119.3 M20 2.5 245.0 186.2 169.0 210.9 186.2 M22 2.5 303.0 209.0 187.9 240.9 209.0 M24 3.0 353.0 243.5 218.9 280.6 243.5 M27 3.0 459.0 300.6 268.5 332.7 300.6 M30 3.5 561.0 367.5 328.2 406.7 367.5 M36 4.0 817.0 506.5 449.4 563.7 506.5 A The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value. B Based on proof stress of 760 MPa up to M20 mm; 690 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 655 MPa M27 to M30; and 620 MPa for M36. C Based on proof stress of 690 MPa up to M20 mm; 620 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 585 MPa M27 to M30; and 550 MPa for M36. D Based on proof stress of 860 MPa up to M20 mm; 795 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 725 MPa M27 to M30 mm; and 690 MPa for M36. A 194/A 194M 08b 9 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. APPENDIXES (Nonmandatory Information) X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and hardness that results from plastic deformation below the recrystallization temperature (cold work). This effect is pro- duced in austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars to the desired nal size by cold drawing or other process. The degree of strain hardening achievable in any alloy is limited by its strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the amount of strain hardening that can be produced is further limited by the variables of the process, such as the total amount of cross- section reduction, die angle and bar size. In large diameter bars, for example, plastic deformation will occur principally in the outer regions of the bar, so that the increased strength and hardness due to strain hardening is achieved predominantly near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller the bar, the greater the penetration of strain hardening. Thus, the mechani- cal properties of a given strain hardened fastener are dependent not just on the alloy, but also on the size of bar from which it is machined. X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS X2.1 Use of coated fasteners at temperatures above ap- proximately one-half the melting point (Fahrenheit or Celsius) of the coating is not recommended unless consideration is given to the potential for liquid and solid metal embrittlement, or both. The melting point of elemental zinc is approximately 780 F [415 C]. Therefore, application of zinc coated fasteners should be limited to temperatures less than 390 F [210 C]. The melting point of cadmium is approximately 600 F [320 C]. Therefore, application of cadmium coated fasteners should be limited to temperatures less than 300 F [160 C]. TABLE 10 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts Inch A Nominal Size, in. Threads per in. Stress Area, in. 2 Proof Load, lbf B Grade 1 Heavy Hex Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Heavy Hex Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16 Heavy Hex 1 5 8 8 1.78 231 400 267 000 311 500 1 3 4 8 2.08 270 400 312 000 364 000 1 7 8 8 2.41 313 300 361 500 421 800 2 8 2.77 360 100 415 500 484 800 2 1 4 8 3.56 462 800 534 000 623 000 2 1 2 8 4.44 577 200 666 000 777 000 2 3 4 8 5.43 705 900 814 500 950 250 A ANSI B 18.2.2 in the size range over 1 1 2 in. provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 8.3.1. B Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table 3 or Table 8. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load. TABLE 11 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts Metric A Nominal Size, mm Thread Pitch Stress Area, mm 2 Proof Load, kN B Grade 1 Heavy Hex Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Heavy Hex Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16 Heavy Hex M42 4.5 1120 1002.4 1159.2 1349.6 M48 5 1470 1315.7 1521.4 1771.4 M56 5.5 2030 1816.9 2101.0 2446.2 M64 6 2680 2398.6 2773.8 3229.4 M72 6 3460 3096.7 3581.1 4169.3 A ANSI B 18.2.4.6M in the size range over M36 provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 7.3.1. B Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table 4 or Table 9. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load. A 194/A 194M 08b 10 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 194/A 194M 08a, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved August 1, 2008) (1) Added reference to Specications B 633 and F 2329 in S7.1.2. Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 194/A 194M 08, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved May 1, 2008) (1) Added new 4.4 and Supplementary Requirement S9 and revised 8.2.1 for proof load testing for nuts not covered in Tables 3 and 4. Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 194/A 194M 07b, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved April 1, 2008) (1) Added Nitrogen for Grades 8T and 8TA in Table 1. Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 194/A 194M 07a, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved December 1, 2007) (1) Added Note S7.1. Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 194/A 194M 07, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved March 1, 2007) (1) Added reference to Test Method F 1940 in S7.1.2. Committee A01 has identied the location of selected changes to this specication since the last issue, A 194/A 194M 06a, that may impact the use of this specication. (Approved February 1, 2007) (1) Revised cone proof load test requirements to reference recent changes to Specication A 962/A 962M and Test Meth- ods and Denitions A 370. 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This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org). A 194/A 194M 08b 11 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008 Downloaded/printed by Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.