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Angle of Twist: If a shaft of length L is subjected to a constant twisting moment T along its length, than
the angle through which one end of the bar will twist relative to the other is known is the angle of
twist.
For the purpose of designing a circular shaft to withstand a given torque, we must develop an equation
giving the relation between twisting moment, maximum shear stress produced, and a quantity
representing the size and shape of the cross-sectional area of the shaft.
DERIVATION OF TORSION EQUATION:
When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, shear stresses are set up in the material of the shaft. To
determine the magnitude of shear stress at any point on the shaft, consider a shaft fixed at one end AA
and free at the end BB as shown in fig.16.1 Let CD is any line on the outer surface of the shaft. Now let
the shaft is subjected to a torque T
, the shaft at the end BB will rotate clockwise and every cross-section
of the shaft will be subjected to shear stresses.
The point D will shift to D and hence line CD will be deflected to CD as shown in fig.16.2a The line OD
will be shifted to OD as shown in fig.16.2b
Let R =Radius of shaft
L = Length of shaft
T =Torque applied at the end BB
= Shear stress induced at the surface of the shaft due to torque T
C/G = Modulus of rigidity of the material of the shaft
= also equal to shear strain
= and is also called angle of twist.
Now distortion at the outer surface due to torque T = DD
Shear strain at outer surface Distortion per unit length
[if is very small]
Shear strain at outer surface,
------------------- (i)
Now from Fig. 16.2 b
Arc
{ }
Substituting the value of
----------------- (ii)
Now the modulus of rigidity (G) of the material of the shaft is given as
------------------- 5.1
Now for a given shaft subjected to a given torque (T), the values of G, and L are constant.
Hence shear stress produced is proportional to the radius R.
--------------(iii)
RESISTING TORQUE:
From the point of view of equilibrium, the external torque T must be balanced by the resisting torque
(T
r
). The resisting torque is the sum of the moments of tangential shearing stress acting on any
transverse section. Fig. 21.5 shows a circular shaft subjected to an external torque T. Consider a
ring radial distance r from the centre of the shaft and of thickness . The intensity of shear
stress q is equal to f
s,
r/R, from equation
The elementary resisting couple set up this thin ring is given by
( )
Where = area of the elementary ring
Hence the resisting couple
In the above expression, the term
Finally equating
4. J for Hollow shaft
)
POWER TRANSMITTED:
Consider a shaft to a torque T and rotating at N revolutions per minute (rpm). Power is defined
as the rate of doing work. Taking second as the unit of time then, angle through which torque
moves is
If T is taken in N m, then unit of power is in N m/sec i.e., Watt. Since a Watt is a small
quantity in practice, it is expressed in kilo watt (kW).
Note that 1 metric H.P. = 0.75 kW.
STRAIN ENERGY IN TORSION:
When a torque T is applied to a shaft, it gets twisted by an angle . Thus the twisting moment
does the work on the shaft and this work done is stored as strain energy in the shaft.
From the torsional formula the relationship between T and is linear as shown in fig.
When T is applied gradually the angle of rotation increases linearly and reaches the value .
strain energy
i) For a solid shaft:
and
strain energy for a solid shaft
Strain energy stored per unit volume =
ii) For hollow shaft:
)
Area
)(
()(
Strain energy per unit volume