Practice Quiz 2

Daniel Seleznev
March 2014
1. Given a transformation
_
u
v
_
, the integral over the original space (now
in parameter space) is
_
R
2
f | det[D]||dudv|
which in this case will equal to
_
R
2
f
_
uv
u uv
_
det[D]||dudv|
Here, [D] =
_
v u
1 v u
_
, and thus | det[D]| = u Hence the answer is
E
2. Let A be the region enclosed by the graph of r
2
= sin The area of this
region is then
__
A
dxdy =
__
A
rdrd
, after making the transformation to polar coordinates. Then,
__
rdrd =
_

0
_

sin

sin
rdrd =
_

0
sin d = 2
The answer is E
3. If T = [ v
1
| v
2
| v
3
] then vol
3
P( v
1
, v
2
, v
3
) =
_
det[T
T
T].
T
T
T =
_
_
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
_
_
_

_
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 0
_

_
=
_
_
4 0 2
0 4 0
2 0 2
_
_
_
det[T
T
T] =

16 = 4
1
4. Because no part of the ball is priveleged, the density function (x) is con-
stant. The integral of the density function over the northern hemisphere
must equal one, so (x) =
3
2
Therefore,
E(z) =
___
z
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
dxdydz =
3
2
___
zdxdydz
Converting to spherical coordinates, this integral becomes
3
2
___
r
3
sin cos drdd =
3
2
_
/2
0
_
2
0
_
1
0
r
3
sin cos drdd =
3
2
_
/2
0
sin cos d
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
r
3
dr =
3
2

1
2
2
1
4
=
3
8
In cylindrical coordinates, [0, 2), and r (0, 1). The equation of a
unit sphere is x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1. Since we are dealing with a unit half ball,
z
2
< 1 x
2
y
2
z <

1 r
2
but is greater than 0. Therefore,
3
2
___
zdxdydz =
3
2
___
zr dzdrd =
3
2
_
2
0
_
1
0
_

1r
2
0
zrdzdrd =
=
3
8
5. Let the parametrization be the mapping :
_
r

_

_
_
r cos
r sin
2r
_
_
where
[D] =
_
_
cos r sin
sin r cos
2 0
_
_
. Then, [D]
T
[D] =
_
5 0
0 r
2
_
and the determi-
nant of that matrix is 5r
2
. At z = 1, x
2
+ y
2
=
1
4
. Hence, we integrate
__
C
r

5 drd =
_
2
0
_ 1
2
0
r

5 drd = 2

5
_ 1
2
0
rdr =

5
4

A simple check by geometry shows that this is true: the radius of the base
of the cone, as determined earlier, is
1
2
, while the height is z = 1. The
slant height l of the cone is equal to
_
(
1
2
)
2
+ 1 =

5
2
. The area of the
curved surface of the cone is then rl =

5
4
.
6. (a)
_

0
e
ax

x
dx =
2

a
_

0
e
u
2
du
2
. To make this statement, we used the transformation u =

ax
du =

a
2

x
dx
2

a
du =
dx

x
. Therefore,
2

a
_

0
e
u
2
du =
2

2
=
_

a
(b) Let I
k
be the signed area of the function in ((k 1), k). We
see on the graph of the function, that k, |I
k
| > |I
k+1
| and that
lim
k
|I
k
| = 0, as the non signed areas of the regions decrease on
the graph. Therefore the sequence is convergent by the alternating
series test.
Let f
k
(x) =
sin x

x
when x ((k 1), k) and 0 otherwise. Then
I
k
=
_
k
(k1)
|
sin x

x
|dx >
_
k
(k1)
|
sin x
x
|dx >
1
k
_
k
(k1)
| sin x|dx =
2
k

k=1
2
k
is divergent, so therefore, by the comparison test,

k=1
I
k
>

k=1
2
k
Since the innite series of I
k
is divergent, our function is not L-
integrable.
7. Knowing that the fact that Q[0, 1] is a countably innite set, enumerate
the rationals in that set (e.g. x
1
= 1, x
2
=
1
2
, x
3
=
1
3
...) . Now consider
an innite sequence {f
k
(x
1
)} [R, R]. This is a compact set, so by
the Bolzano-Weirtstrass theorem, there exists a convergent subsequence
{f
1,k
(x
1
)} whose limit, dened to be f(x
1
), lies in [R, R].
Now consider {f
1,k
(x
2
)} [R, R] which has a subsequence, {f
2,k
(x
2
)},
by the Bolzano-Weirstrass theorem, that converges to a specied f(x
2
).
Repeat this procedure for all the rationals in [0, 1]. Then use a diagonal
trick by considering the sequence {f
n,n
(x)}. For any rational x
m
, all
the members of this subsequence with m > n converge at x
m
, because all
these member belong to a subsequence {f
n,i
(x)} which converge to f(x),
by construction. Thus, we have made a sequence that converges to f(x),
x Q [0, 1].
To prove that this sequence converges at irrational numbers as well, we
will prove that for irrational x, {f
n,n
(x)} is a Cauchy sequence. > 0,
we may nd a rational y that is close to an irrational x (|y x| < ) n:
|f
n,n
(x) f
n,n
(y)| <

3
. This is due to the fact that it is given that this
sequence is equicontinuous. By the triangle inequality
|f
n,n
(x)f
m,m
(x)| < |f
n,n
(x)f
n,n
(y)|+|f
n,n
(y)f
m,m
(y)|+|f
m,m
(y)f
m,m
(x)|
For the middle term of this expression choose an N large enough that the
dierence is less than

3
for chosen rational y. Then, choose that works
3
m, n to make the rst and last terms be less than

3
Then the inequality
is less than

3
+

3
+

3
= , and thus {f
n,n
} is Cauchy and convergent to
f(x) (as all Cauchy sequences of real numbers converge).
Now we prove the continuity of f(x). Because f
n,n
(x) is equicontinuous,
> 0, |y x| < |f
n,n
(x) f
n,n
(x)| <

3
, n. Now, by the triangle
inequality,
|f(y) f(x)| < |f(y) f
n,n
(y)| + |f
n,n
(y) f
n,n
(x)| + |f
n,n
(x) f(x)|
The rst term in this expression can be made less than

3
by choosing
n > N
1
, as it is a convergent sequence. Similarly, the last expression can be
made less than

3
by choosing n > N
2
, as it is a convergent sequence as well.
To ensure both of these expressions are less than

3
, let n = max{N
1
, N
2
}.
Then the inequality is less than

3
+

3
+

3
= . Therefore, > 0,
|y x| < |f(y) f(x)| < .
4