Math 514: Homework 6

(Due: 23 November, 2011)

1. Sound propagating in a moving medium is governed by a so-called convected wave equation.
Consider the case where the background flow velocity is uniform in the x-direction with
velocity V.
a. Following the procedure presented in class, derive the convected wave equation for
sound in a one-dimensional environment with flow velocity V:

!
1"
V
2
c
2
#
$
%
&
'
(
p
xx
"
2V
c
2
p
xt
"
1
c
2
p
tt
= 0.
Note that setting
!
V = 0 gives the usual wave equation.
b. Show that this equation can also be derived from the standard wave equation by
changing to a moving coordinate system
!
",#
( )
= x +Vt, t
( ).
c. What is the form of this equation in three dimensions?

2. Derive Greens theorem for a fluid medium with variable density, where the wave equation is given
by

!
"# $
1
"
#p
%
&
'
(
)
*
+
1
c
2
,
2
p
,t
2
= 0.

3. A rectangular acoustic waveguide has rigid walls at
!
x = 0, a and
!
y = 0,b, and has infinite
extent in the z-direction. By looking for separable solutions of the wave equation with velocity
potentials of the form
!
" = X(x)Y(y)exp i kz #$t ( )
{ }
, show that the angular frequency,
!
"
,
and wavenumber,
!
k , must satisfy


!
" = c k
2
+#
2
n
2
a
2
+
m
2
b
2
$
%
&
'
(
)
,

for any
!
n = 1,2,...,
!
m = 1,2,.... Show that the solution with
!
m = n = 0 is a plane wave.
For a mode with
!
n > 0 and
!
m > 0, calculate the potential and kinetic energy in the
volume
!
0 " x " a,
!
0 " y " b,
!
z
0
" x " z
0
+2# / k, in other words, a single wavelength of the
disturbance, averaged over one period of the motion. Calculate the integral of the z-component
of the acoustic intensity over the cross-section of the waveguide, averaged over one period of
the motion. Hence, show that energy propagates along the waveguide at speed,
!
c
g
, where


!
c
g
=
kc
2
"
=
d"
dk
< c.

4. Isospeed Channel. A layer of fluid has constant sound speed
!
c and is contained between a
vacuum at
!
z = H and a rigid wall at
!
z = 0.
a. Find the phase speeds of the propagating modes.
b. For a given driving angular frequency
!
", find the number of the highest mode that
will propagate.
c. Find the depth dependence of the propagating modes.
d. Write the equation for
!
p(r, z, t) applicable at great distance from a source at the
origin.

5. Consider an isovelocity waveguide of thickness
!
D, bounded above and below by infinite rigid
walls.
a. Derive the characteristic equation for the horizontal wavenumber of the normal
modes.
b. Sketch the vertical pressure distribution of the first few normal modes.

6. An isospeed layer of water 12 m deep (
!
c
1
=1500 m/s, "
1
=1000 kg/m
3
) overlies a layer of
infinite depth (
!
c
2
=1600 m/s, "
2
=1250 kg/m
3
).
a. Calculate the grazing angle at the interface.
b. Calculate the cutoff frequencies for the lowest three propagating modes.
c. For the lowest two propagating modes, find
!
k
rm
,
!
k
zm
, and
!
A
m
(the horizontal,
vertical wavenumbers and the modal coefficient) for frequencies 1, 2, 3, and 4
times the cutoff frequency of the lowest propagating mode.