UOIT Chemistry CHEM 1010U First midtem test sotlutions.

Fall 2009

1. Choose four of the following terms. Concisely explain what each one means in a few
sentences.
Covalent bond Ionic interactions
Isotope A mole
Percent yield Limiting reagent
Titration Yield
Redox reaction Solvent
Solute TD
TC Molecule
4 Marks each
A covalent bond is a shared electron pair between two atoms (not elements!). Covalent bonds
point is specific directions to give molecules their shapes.

Ionic interactions are governed by the Coulomb law, which states that ions with like charge will
repel each other, and those with opposite charge will attract each other. Unlike covalent bonds,
ionic interactions don’t have a direction. (Note that the transfer of electrons from one atom to
another describes a redox process).

Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number (number of protons) but have different
numbers of neutrons. Hence they have different mass numbers.

A mole is an Avogadro’s number of things.

Percent yield is the yield over the theoretical yield, times 100%. It is typically less than 100%, as
side or incomplete reactions reduce the yield.

The limiting reagent is the reactant that is fully consumed before the other reactants. Once it
runs out, the reaction stops and no more product can be made. The amount of the limiting
reagent determines the theoretical yield.

A titration is an analytical process where an analyte is reacted with a titrant (not an acid and a
base!). The moles of analyte present can be found, since at the equivalence point the titrant
fully reacts with the analyte, according to the stoichiometric ratio of the titration reaction.

The yield is the amount product produced. Can be measured in moles or grams.

In a redox reaction one atom undergoes reduction (gains electrons) and another is oxidized
(loses electrons).

The solvent is the liquid in which solutes are dissolved to make a solution.

Solute is the chemical (often a solid) that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution.
TD means “to deliver”. This kind of glassware is designed to pour out the indicated volume of
liquid.

TC means “to contain”. This kind of glassware is designed to hold the indicated volume of liquid.

A molecule is a given set of atoms (not elements!) held together in a specific shape by covalent
bonds.

2. Using the periodic table to the right, answer the

following questions.

a) In what way are elements A and B related?

Elements A and B are in the same group. Because of this,
we expect them to have similar chemical properties.
4 Marks
b) In what way are elements B and E related?
B and E are in the same period.
2 Marks
c) Pick an element (A, B, C, D or E). Thinking about the position of the element in the periodic
table, list its properties.
Element C is in group 17, and is a halogen. These elements are very reactive non-metals, and
can for diatomic molecules with themselves.
4 Marks
Total 10 Marks

3. A typical mosquito has a mass of 1.5 mg. If the mosquito’s feet have a total surface area of
0.05 mm2, what pressure does it exert if it stood on your arm at the moon? Express your
answer using the fundamental SI units. Pressure, by definition, is force per unit area. Force is
given by mass times acceleration. The acceleration due to the Moon’s gravity is 1.6 m/s2. Do
not worry about significant figures for this question.
Total 10 Marks

 

 ,   ,

 

1.5  10 kg  9.8 m 2

 s  294 kg

0.05  10 m 2 m s2
or,
1.5  10 kg  1.6 m 2

 s  48 kg

0.05  10 m 2 m s2
4. Two isotopes of tin are 117Sn and 119Sn.
a) What is the atomic number of 119Sn?
50
2 Marks
117
b) How many neutrons does Sn have?
117 - 50 = 67
2 Marks
117 119
c) Do you expect Sn and Sn to have similar chemical properties? Explain why or why not.
Since these are isotopes of the same element, they should have the same chemical properties.
6 Marks
Total 8 Marks
4. Two isotopes of hydrogen are 2H (deuterium) and 3H (tritium).
a) What is the atomic number of deuterium?
1
2 Marks
b) What is the mass number of tritium?
3
2 Marks
c) Do you expect deuterium and tritium to have similar chemical properties? Explain why or
why not.
Since these are isotopes of the same element, they should have the same chemical properties.
6 Marks
Total 8 Marks

5. Name the following chemicals.

a) SnCl4 b) HI c) N2O4
a) Tin (IV) chloride b) Hydrogen iodide, or, c) dinitrogen tetroxide
hydroiodic acid
Total 6 Marks
5. Name the following chemicals.
a) SnCl2 b) HBr c) N2O4
a) Tin (II) chloride b) Hydrogen bromide, or, c) dinitrogen tetroxide
hyrdobromic acid
Total 6 Marks

6. What are the chemical formulae for the following?

a) Iron (III) nitrate b) Sodium perchlorate c) Dihydrogen dioxide
a) Fe(NO3)3 b) NaClO4 c) H2O2

6. What are the chemical formulae for the following?

a) Iron (III) sulfate b) Potassium perchlorate c) Dihydrogen monoxide
a) Fe2(SO4)3 b) KClO4 c) H2O
7) You are asked to make 0.5000 litre of a 1.100 M stock solution of NaOH. How many grams of
NaOH (s) would you need?
4 Marks
NaOH     0.5000 L  1.100 M  0.5500 mol

g
%%NaOH  22.99 amu ' 16.00 amu ' 1.008 amu  39.998 amu  39.998 mol

g
NaOH    %%  0.5500 mol  39.998 mol  22.00 g

You pipette 25.00 mL of the stock solution into a 250 mL volumetric flask, and dilute to the
mark. What is the concentration of the diluted solution?
NaOH     0.02500 L  1.100 M  0.02750 mol

*NaOH   +   0.02750 mol  0.250 L  0.110 M

4 Marks
How many grams of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) would 10.00 mL of your diluted NaOH solution
react with? This neutralization reaction goes to 100% completion.
In 10.00 mL, the moles of NaOH is
NaOH     0.01000 L + 0.110 M  1.10  10, mol.

Since phosphoric acid is triprotic, one mole of NaOH will neutralize ⅓ mole of the acid.
Therefore,
NaOH 1.10  10, mol
H3PO4    3.66  10. mol
3 3
g
%%H3PO4  3  1.008 amu ' 30.97 amu ' 4  16.00 amu  97.994 mol

g
H3PO4    %%  3.66  10. mol  97.994 mol  0.0359 g

12 Marks
Total 20 Marks
8. It takes 36.43 mL of a 0.2563 M EDTA solution to titrate 25.00 mL of an iron (II) solution to
the end point. The titration reaction is
Fe2+ + EDTA ↓ Fe-EDTA2+.
a) What is the titrant? What is the analyte?
The EDTA solution is the titrant, and the iron is the analyte.
4 Marks
b) What is the concentration of the iron (II) solution?
From the titration reaction, we see that the iron and EDTA react 1:1. Therefore, at the
equivalence point, the moles of EDTA added are equal to the moles of Fe2+.
EDTA     0.3643 L  0.2563 M  0.009337 mol  Fe56

Fe56   +   0.009337 mol + 0.03643 L  0.3735 M

16 Marks
Total 20 Marks
9. For the following redox reaction,
Sn2+ (aq) + IO4- (aq) ↓ Sn4+ (aq) + I- (aq)

a) Identify which species are oxidized and reduced.

The oxidation numbers of the atoms are:
Sn2+ (aq) : tin has an oxidation number of +2
IO4- (aq) : the polyatomic ion has a charge of 1-, therefore the sum of the oxidation numbers
has to be -1. Each oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, and there are four of them, for a total
of -8. Therefore the oxidation number of iodine must be +7.
Sn4+ (aq) : tin has an oxidation number of +4
I- (aq) : iodine has an oxidation number of -1.

Tin’s oxidation number goes up (from +2 to +4), tin (or Sn2+) is oxidized.
Iodine’s oxidation number goes down (from +7 to -1). Iodine is reduced (not IO4-).

4 Marks
b) Balance the reaction in acidic solution.
The oxidation produces two electrons per tin atom, the reduction requires eight electrons per
iodine atom. Therefore four tin atoms must be oxidized for each iodine that is reduced.

4 Sn2+ (aq) + IO4- (aq) ↓ 4 Sn4+ (aq) + I- (aq)

There is an abundance of oxygen on the reactants’ side. Add water to balance the oxygen. Need
four waters to provide four oxygens.
4 Sn2+ (aq) + IO4- (aq) ↓ 4 Sn4+ (aq) + I- (aq) + 4 H2O
There is now an excess (eight) of hydrogen on the products’ side. Add H+ (acidic solution) on the
other side to balance.
4 Sn2+ (aq) + IO4- (aq) + 8 H+ (aq) ↓ 4 Sn4+ (aq) + I- (aq) + 4 H2O

Check:
Sn – four on each side
I – one on each side
O – four on each side
H – eight on each side
charge: 15+ on each side. The reaction is balanced.

8 Marks
Total 12 Marks
10. When 23.46 mg of ethylene glycol is burned, it yields 20.42 mg of H2O and 33.27 mg of CO2.

a) What is the empirical formula of ethylene glycol?

All the carbon in the fuel winds up in the CO2. The molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g/mol.
g
CO2   + %%  0.03327 g + 44.01 mol  7.559  10. mol
There must have been 7.559 × 10-4 mol C in the fuel.
All the hydrogen in the fuel winds up in the water. The molar mass of water is 18.016 g/mol
g
H2O   + %%  0.02042 g + 18.016 mol  1.133.  10, mol
Each water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms. Therefore, there must have been
1.133 × 10-3 × 2 = 2.266 × 10-3 mol H in the fuel.

The mass of C in the fuel is

g
C  C  %%  7.559  10. mol  12.00 mol  0.009072 g
The mass of H in the fuel is
g
H  H  %%  2.266  10, mol  1.008 mol  0.002285 g
The total mass of C and H in the fuel is 0.009072 g + 0.002285 g = 0.01136 g. The rest must be
oxygen.
The mass of oxygen is the total mass of the fuel minus the mass of hydrogen and carbon.
0.02346 g – 0.01136 g = 0.01210 g
The molar mass of oxygen is 16.00 g/mol. Therefore the moles of oxygen is
g
O   + %%  0.01210 g + 16.00 mol  7.563  10. mol
The empirical formula is the mole ratio of the elements that make up a substance.
nC : nH : nO = 7.559 × 10-4 : 2.266× 10-3 : 7.563 × 10-4
Diving each by the smallest number of moles,
nC : nH : nO ≈ 1 : 3 : 1
Therefore the empirical formula is CH3O.
8 Marks
b) If the molecular mass of ethylene glycol is 62.0 amu, what is the molecular formula?
The mass of the empirical formula is 12 + 3 × 1 + 16 = 31 amu. Therefore the molecule is twice
as heavy as the empirical formula.
Therefore, the molecular formula is C2H6O2.
4 Marks
Total 12 Marks

Exam total 120 Marks