IBM

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the technology company sometimes referred to as
"Big Blue". For other uses of these terms, seeIBM
(disambiguation) and Big Blue (disambiguation).
International Business Machines Corporation
Logo used since 1972.
Type Public
Traded as NYSE: IBM
Dow Jones Industi!l "#e!ge $o%&onent
S'P ()) $o%&onent
Industry $o%&ute *!dw!e+ $o%&ute so,tw!e+ I-
se#ices+ I- consulting
Founded Endicott+ New Yo.+ /.S.
0June 11+ 19112 1)2 3e!s !go4
Founder(s) -*o%!s J. 5!tson
$*!les 6!nlett 7lint
Headquarters "%on.+ New Yo.+ /.S.
Area served 5oldwide
Key people 8inni 6o%ett3
0$*!i%!n+ Pesident+ !nd $E94
Products See IBM &oducts
Revenue /S: 99.7(1 billion 02)1;4
<1=
peratin! inco"e /S: 19.(2> billion 02)1;4
<1=
#et inco"e /S: 11.>?; billion 02)1;4
<1=
Total assets /S: 121.22 billion 02)1;4
<1=
Total equity /S: 22.792 billion 02)1;4
<1=
$"ployees >;>+2>1 02)124
<2=
%ivisions 7in!ncing+ @!dw!e+ Se#ices+ So,tw!e
&e'site IBM.co%
The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an
Americanmultinational technology and consulting corporation, with
headquarters inArmonk, New York, nited !tates" #$% manufactures
and markets computerhardware and software, and
offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting ser&ices in areas ranging
from mainframe computers to nanotechnology"
'()
The company was founded in *+** as the ,omputing Ta-ulating
.ecording ,ompany (,T.) through a merger of three companies/
the Ta-ulating %achine ,ompany, the #nternational Time .ecording
,ompany, and the ,omputing !cale ,ompany"
'0)'1)
,T. adopted the
name #nternational $usiness %achines in *+20, using a name
pre&iously designated to ,T.3s su-sidiary in ,anada and later !outh
America" !ecurities analysts nicknamed #$% Big Blue in recognition of
#$%3s common use of -lue in products, packaging, and logo"
'4)
#n 25*2, Fortune ranked #$% the No" 2 largest "!" firm in terms of
num-er of employees (0(1,555 worldwide,
'6)
appro7imately *55,555 in
the !
'8)
), the No" 0 largest in terms of market capitali9ation,
'+)
the No" +
most profita-le,
'*5)
and the No" *+ largest firm in terms of re&enue"
'**)
:lo-ally, the company was ranked the No" (* largest in terms of
re&enue -y Forbes for 25**"
'*2)'*()
;ther rankings for 25**<25*2 include
No" * company for leaders (Fortune), No" *green company worldwide
(Nesee!), No" 2 -est glo-al -rand (Interbrand), No" 2 most respected
company (Barron"s), No" 1 most admired company (Fortune), and No"
*8 most inno&ati&e company (Fast #ompany)"
'*0)
#$% has *2 research la-oratories worldwide and, as of 25*(, has held
the record for most patents generated -y a company for 25 consecuti&e
years"
'*1)
#ts employees ha&e garnered fi&e No-el =ri9es, si7 Turing
Awards, ten National %edals of Technology, and fi&e National %edals of
!cience"
'*4)
Nota-le in&entions -y #$% include the automated teller
machine (AT%), the floppy disk, the hard disk dri&e, the magnetic stripe
card, the relational data-ase, theni&ersal =roduct ,ode (=,),
the financial swap, the .>$%! and !?@,!A$.A airline reser&ation
system, >.A%, and Watson artificial intelligence"
The company has undergone se&eral organi9ational changes since its
inception, acquiring companies such as Bene7a (25*2)
and !=!! (255+) and organi9ations such as =w,3s consulting -usiness
(2552), spinning offcompanies like @e7mark (*++*), and selling off
product lines like Think=ad to@eno&o (2551)"
Contents
'hide)
* Cistory
o *"* *88*D*+2+
o *"2 *+(5D*+6+
o *"( *+85D=resent
o *"0 ,orporate affairs
o *"1 ,orporate recognition and -rand
o *"4 Working at #$%
2 .esearch and in&entions
( !elected current proEects
0 An&ironmental record
1 ,ompany logo and nickname
4 !ee also
6 .eferences
8 Further reading
+ A7ternal links
History'edit)
Main articles$ %istory of IBM and #omputing Tabulating &ecording
#ompany
18811929'edit)
A-@INBA
-*o%!s J.
5!tson+ w*o led
IBM ,o% 191>
to 19(1+
discussing t*e
co%&!n3Cs
%otto A-@INBA
Problems playing this file? See media help.
#n the *885s, &arious technologies came into e7istence that would form
part of #$%3s predecessor company" Fulius A" =itrat patented the
computing scale in *881G
'*6)
Ale7ander >ey in&ented the dial recorder
(*888)G
'*8)
in *88+, Cerman Collerith patented the Alectric Ta-ulating
%achine
'*+)
and Willard $undy in&ented a time clock to record a worker3s
arri&al and departure time on a paper tape"
'25)
;n Fune *4, *+**, these technologies and their respecti&e companies
were merged -y ,harles .anlett Flint to form the#omputing'Tabulating'
&ecording #ompany (,HTH.)"
'2*)
The New York ,ityH-ased company had
*,(55 employees and offices and plants in Andicott and $inghamton,
New YorkG >ayton, ;hioG >etroit, %ichiganG Washington, >","G and
Toronto, ;ntario" #t manufactured and sold machinery ranging from
commercial scales and industrial time recorders to meat and cheese
slicers, along with ta-ulators and punched cards"
Flint recruited Thomas F" Watson, !r", formerly of the National ,ash
.egister ,ompany, to help lead the company in *+*0"
'2*)
Watson
implemented Igenerous sales incenti&es, a focus on customer ser&ice,
an insistence on wellHgroomed, darkHsuited salesmen and an
e&angelical fer&or for instilling company pride and loyalty in e&ery
workerI"
'22)
Cis fa&orite slogan, ITC#NBI, -ecame a mantra for ,HTH.3s
employees, and within ** months of Eoining ,HTH., Watson -ecame its
president"
'22)
The company focused on pro&iding largeHscale, customH
-uilt ta-ulating solutions for -usinesses, lea&ing the market for small
office products to others" >uring Watson3s first four years, re&enues
more than dou-led to J+ million and the company3s operations
e7panded to Aurope, !outh America, Asia, and Australia"
'22)
;n
Fe-ruary *0, *+20, ,HTH. was renamed the International Business
Machines #orporation (#$%),
'*0)'not in citation gi(en)
citing the need to align its
name with the Igrowth and e7tension of 'its) acti&itiesI"
'2()
19301979'edit)
NA,A researchers using an #$% type 650 electronic data processing machine
in *+16
#n *+(6, #$%3s ta-ulating equipment ena-led organi9ations to process
unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the "!"
:o&ernment, during its first effort to maintain the employment records
for 24 million people pursuant to the !ocial !ecurity Act,
'20)
and the Third
.eich,
'21)
largely through the :erman su-sidiary >ehomag" >uring
the !econd World War the company produced small arms for the
American war effort (%* ,ar-ine, and $rowning Automatic .ifle)" #$%
pro&ided translation ser&ices for the Nurem-erg Trials" #n *+06, #$%
opened its first office in $ahrain,
'24)
as well as an office in !audi
Ara-ia to ser&ice the needs of the Ara-ianHAmerican ;il ,ompany that
would grow to -ecome !audi $usiness %achines (!$%)"
'26)
#n *+12, Thomas F" Watson, Fr", -ecame president of the company,
ending almost 05 years of leadership -y his father" #n *+14, Arthur @"
!amuel of #$%3s =oughkeepsie, New York, la-oratory programmed
an #$% 650 to play checkers using a method in which the machine can
IlearnI from its own e7perience" #t is -elie&ed to -e the first IselfH
learningI program, a demonstration of the concept ofartificial
intelligence" #n *+16, #$% de&eloped the F;.T.AN (F;.mula
T.ANslation) scientific programming language" #n *+4*, Thomas F"
Watson, Fr", was elected chairman of the -oard and Al-ert @"
Williams -ecame president of the company" #$% de&elops the !A$.A
(!emiHAutomatic $usinessH.elated An&ironment) reser&ation system for
American Airlines" The #$% !electric typewriter was a highly successful
model line of electric typewriters introduced -y #$% on Fuly (*, *+4*"
#n *+4(, #$% employees and computers helped NA!A track the or-ital
flight of the %ercury astronauts, and a year later, the company mo&ed
its corporate headquarters from New York ,ity to Armonk, New York"
The latter half of that decade saw #$% continue its support of space
e7ploration, with #$% participating in the *+41 :emini flights, the *+44
!aturn flights, and the *+4+ mission to land man on the moon"
;n April 6, *+40 #$% announced the first computer system family,
the #$% !ystem<(45" !old -etween *+40 and *+68, it was the first
family of computers designed to co&er the complete range of
applications, from small to large, -oth commercial and scientific" For the
first time, companies could upgrade their computing capa-ilities with a
new model without rewriting their application"
#n *+60, #$% engineer :eorge %" @aurer de&eloped the ni&ersal
=roduct ,ode"
'28)
;n ;cto-er **, *+6(, #$% introduced the #$% (445, a
laserHscanning pointHofHsale -arcode reader which would -ecome the
workhorse of retail checkouts" ;n Fune 24, *+60, at %arsh3s
supermarket in Troy, ;hio, a pack of Wrigley3s Fuicy Fruit chewing
gum was the firstHe&er product scanned" That pack is now on display at
the !mithsonian #nstitutionKs National %useum of American
Cistory in Washington, >","
#$%3s $lue :ene supercomputers were awarded the National %edal of
Technology and #nno&ation -y "!" =resident $arack ;-ama on !eptem-er *8,
255+"
#n the late *+65s, #$% underwent some internal con&ulsions -etween
those in management wanting to concentrate on their -readHandH-utter
mainframe -usiness, and those wanting the company to in&est hea&ily
in the emerging personal computer industry"
1980Present'edit)
Financial swaps were first introduced to the pu-lic in *+8* when #$%
and theWorld $ank entered into a swap agreement"
'2+)
The #$% =,,
originally designated #$% 1*15, was introduced in *+8*, and it soon
-ecame the industry standard" #n *++*, #$% sold @e7mark" #n *++(, #$%
posted what at the time was the -iggest loss in the history of corporate
America/ !J8 -illion"
'(5)
#n 2552, it acquired =w, consulting" #n 255(, #$% initiated a proEect to
rewrite its company &alues" sing its )am technology, the company
hosted #nternetH-ased online discussions on key -usiness issues with
15,555 employees o&er ( days" The discussions were analy9ed -y
sophisticated te7t analysis software (e,lassifier) to mine online
comments for themes" As a result of the 255( Fam, the company &alues
were updated to reflect three modern -usiness, marketplace and
employee &iews/ I>edication to e&ery client3s successI, I#nno&ation that
mattersLfor our company and for the worldI, ITrust and personal
responsi-ility in all relationshipsI"
'(*)
#n 2550, another Fam was
conducted during which 12,555 employees e7changed -est
practices for 62 hours" They focused on finding actiona-le ideas to
support implementation of the &alues pre&iously identified"
'(2)
#$% showing their &arious inno&ations at ,e$#T 25*5 in Cano&er, :ermany
#n 2551, the company sold its personal computer -usiness to @eno&o,
and in the same year, agreed to acquire %icromuse"
'(()
A year later, #$%
launched !ecure $lue, a lowHcost hardware design for data encryption
that can -e -uilt into a microprocessor"
'(0)
#n 255+, it acquired software
company !=!! #nc" @ater in 255+, #$%3s $lue :ene supercomputing
program was awarded the National %edal of Technology and
#nno&ation -y "!" =resident $arack ;-ama" #n 25**, #$% gained
worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program Watson, which
was e7hi-ited on )eopardy* where it won against game show
champions Ben Fennings and $rad .utter" As of 25*2, #$% had -een
the top annual recipient of "!" patents for 25 consecuti&e years"
'(1)
#$%3s closing &alue of J2*0 -illion on !eptem-er 2+, 25**
surpassed %icrosoftwhich was &alued at J2*("2 -illion" #t was the first
time since *++4 that #$% e7ceeded its software ri&al -ased on closing
price" ;n August *4, 25*2, #$% announced it entered an agreement to
-uy Te7as %emory !ystems"
'(4)
@ater that month, #$% announced it has
agreed to -uy Bene7a" The acquisition is e7pected to close in the fourth
quarter"
'(6)
The deal is worth J*"( -illion and was paid in cash -y #$%"
'(8)
#n Fune 25*(, #$% acquired !oft@ayer Technologies, a we- hosting
ser&ice, in a deal of around J2 -illion"
'(+)
#n August 25*(, ! regulators -egan an in&estigation into how the firm
reports re&enue from its cloud computing -usiness"
'05)
Also in August,
#$% acquired Trusteer, a $ostonH-ased, pri&ately held, computerH
security company responsi-le for the de&elopment of .apport security
software, in a deal close to J* -illion"
#$% shareholders sued #$% -ecause of the cooperation with
the National !ecurity Agency that caused the stock price to decline after
the N!A mass espionage re&elations, -ecause of lower e7port sales
that halted in countries like ,hina"
'0*)
#$% was also accused for lo--ying for ,y-er #ntelligence !haring and
=rotection Act which would allow #$% to share customer data with the
N!A"
'0*)
;n Fe-ruary 26, 25*0, #$% says it will layoff up to 21 percent of the
hardware di&ision,
'02)
inline with M84 ser&er -usiness which is sold
to @eno&o"
'0()
Corporate affairs'edit)
#$%3s headquarters comple7 is located in Armonk, Town of North
,astle, New York, nited !tates"
'00)'01)'04)
The 28(,555HsquareHfoot
(24,(55 m
2
) #$% -uilding has three le&els of custom curtain wall" The
-uilding is located on a 21Hacre (*5 ha) site"
'06)
#$% has -een
headquartered in Armonk since *+40"
'08)
The company has twel&e research la-s worldwideLAlmaden, Austin,
Australia, $ra9il, ,hina, >u-lin, #srael, #ndia, Tokyo,Watson (New
York), Nurich and Nairo-iLwith Watson (dedicated in *+4*) ser&ing as
headquarters for the research di&ision and the site of its annual
meeting" ;ther campus installations include towers in %ontreal, =aris,
and AtlantaG software la-s in.aleighH>urham, .ome, ,racow
and TorontoG -uildings in ,hicago, Fohannes-urg, and !eattleG and
facilities in Cako9akiand Yamato" The company also operates the #$%
!cientific ,enter, Cursley Couse, the ,anada Cead ;ffice $uilding, #$%
.ochester, and the !omers ;ffice ,omple7" The company3s
contri-utions to architecture and design, including ,hicago3s((5 North
Wa-ash -uilding designed -y @udwig %ies &an der .ohe, were
recogni9ed with the *++5 Conor Award from theNational $uilding
%useum"
'0+)
#$%3s $oard of >irectors, with *0 mem-ers, is responsi-le for the o&erall
management of the company" With ,athie $lack3s resignation from the
-oard in No&em-er 25*5, the remaining *( mem-ers (along with their
affiliation and year of Eoining the -oard) are as follows/ Alain F" =" $elda
358 (Alcoa), William ." $rody 356 (!alk #nstitute < Fohns Copkins
ni&ersity), Benneth ,henault 3+8 (American A7press), %ichael @"
Askew 351 (=!), !hirley Ann Fackson 351 (.ensselaer =olytechnic
#nstitute), Andrew N" @i&eris 3*5 (>ow ,hemical), W" Fames %cNerney,
Fr" 35+ ($oeing), Fames W" ;wens 354 (,aterpillar), !amuel F"
=almisano 355 (#$%), Foan !pero 350 (>oris >uke ,harita-le
Foundation), !idney Taurel 35* (Ali @illy), and @oren9o Nam-rano 35(
(,eme7)"
'15)
;n Fanuary 2* 25*0 it was announced that #$% e7ecuti&es would forgo
-onuses for fiscal year 25*(" The mo&e came as the firm reported a 1O
drop in sales and *O decline in net profit for 25*(, from the prior year"
The company stated that it would in&est more than J*"2-n e7panding its
data centers and cloudHstorage -usiness, -uilding *1 new centers"
'1*)
(arious IBM )acilities
IBM 6oc*este 0Minnesot!4+ nic.n!%ed t*e ABig Blue DooA
IBM "#enid! de "%Eic! Building inM!did+ S&!in
So%es 0New Yo.4 9,,ice $o%&leF+ designed b3 I.M. Pei
IBM J!&!n M!.u*!i -ec*nic!l $ente+ designed b3 Yos*io -!niguc*i
IBM @!i,! 6ese!c* L!b+ @!i,!+ Is!el
Corporate recognition and brand'edit)
#n 25*2, Fortune ranked #$% the No" 2 largest "!" firm in terms of
num-er of employees,
'6)
the No" 0 largest in terms of market
capitali9ation,
'+)
the No" + most profita-le,
'*5)
and the No" *+ largest firm
in terms of re&enue"
'**)
:lo-ally, the company was ranked the No" (*
largest firm in terms of re&enue -yForbes for 25**"
'*2)
;ther rankings for
25**<25*2 include the following/
'*0)
No" * company for leaders (Fortune)
No" * green company worldwide (Nesee!)
'12)
No" 2 -est glo-al -rand (Interbrand)
No" 2 most respected company (Barron"s)
'1()
No" 1 most admired company (Fortune)
No" *8 most inno&ati&e company (Fast #ompany)
For 25*2, #$%3s -rand was &alued -y #nter-rand at J61"1 -illion"
'10)
For 25*2, +ault ranked #$% :lo-al Technology !er&ices No" * in tech
consulting for cy-er security, operations and implementation, and pu-lic
sectorG and No" 2 in outsourcing"
'11)
or!ing at IBM'edit)
#$%3s employee management practices can -e traced -ack to its roots"
#n *+*0, ,A; Thomas F" Watson -oosted company spirit -y creating
employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a
company -and" #n *+20 the ?uarter ,entury ,lu-, which recogni9es
employees with 21 years of ser&ice, was organi9ed and the first issue
of Business Machines, #$%3s internal pu-lication, was pu-lished" #n
*+21, the first meeting of the Cundred =ercent ,lu-, composed of #$%
salesmen who meet their quotas, con&ened in Atlantic ,ity, New Fersey"
#$% was among the first corporations to pro&ide group life insurance
(*+(0), sur&i&or -enefits (*+(1) and paid &acations (*+(6)" #n *+(2 #$%
created an Aducation >epartment to o&ersee training for employees,
which o&ersaw the completion of the #$% !choolhouse at Andicott in
*+((" #n *+(1, the employee maga9ine Thin! was created" Also that
year, #$% held its first training class for female systems ser&ice
professionals" #n *+02, #$% launched a program to train and employ
disa-led people in Topeka, Bansas" The ne7t year classes -egin in New
York ,ity, and soon the company was asked to Eoin the =resident3s
,ommittee for Amployment of the Candicapped" #n *+04, the company
hired its first -lack salesman, *8 years -efore the ,i&il .ights Act of
*+40" #n *+06, #$% announced a Total and =ermanent >isa-ility #ncome
=lan for employees" A &ested rights pension was added to the #$%
retirement plan"
#n *+12, Thomas F" Watson, Fr", pu-lished the company3s first written
equal opportunity policy letter, one year -efore the "!" !upreme ,ourt
decision in $rown &s" $oard of Aducation and ** years -efore the ,i&il
.ights Act of *+40" #n *+4*, #$%3s nondiscrimination policy was
e7panded to include se7, national origin, and age" The following year,
#$% hosted its first #n&ention Award >inner honoring (0 outstanding #$%
in&entorsG and in *+4(, the company named the first eight #$% Fellows
in a new Fellowship =rogram that recogni9es senior #$% scientists,
engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical
achie&ements"
An #$% deli&ery tricycle in Fohannes-urg, !outh Africa in *+41
;n !eptem-er 2*, *+1(, Thomas Watson, Fr", the company3s president
at the time, sent out a contro&ersial letter to all #$% employees stating
that #$% needed to hire the -est people, regardless of their race, ethnic
origin, or gender" Ce also pu-lici9ed the policy so that in his
negotiations to -uild new manufacturing plants with the go&ernors of two
states in the "!" !outh, he could -e clear that #$% would not -uild
IseparateH-utHequalI workplaces"
'14)
#n *+80, #$% added se7ual
orientation to its nondiscrimination policy" The company stated that this
would gi&e #$% a competiti&e ad&antage -ecause #$% would then -e
a-le to hire talented people its competitors would turn down"
'16)
#$% was the only technology company ranked in ,or!ing
Mother maga9ine3s Top *5 for 2550, and one of two technology
companies in 2551"
'18)'1+)
;n ;cto-er *5, 2551, #$% -ecame the first
maEor company in the world to commit formally to not use genetic
information in employment decisions" The announcement was made
shortly after #$% -egan working with the National :eographic
!ociety on its :enographic =roEect"
#$% pro&ides sameHse7 partners of its employees with health
-enefits and pro&ides an antiHdiscrimination clause" TheCuman .ights
,ampaign has consistently rated #$% *55O on its inde7 of gayH
friendliness since 255( (in 2552, the year it -egan compiling its report
on maEor companies, #$% scored 84O)"
'45)
#n 2556 and again in 25*5,
#$% B was ranked first in !tonewall3s annual Workplace Aquality #nde7
for B employers"
'4*)
The company has traditionally resisted la-or union organi9ing,
'42)
although unions represent some #$% workers outside the nited
!tates"
'4()
#n 255+, the nite union stated that se&eral hundred
employees Eoined following the announcement in the B of pension cuts
that left many employees facing a shortfall in proEected pensions"
'40)
A dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a IsincereI tie
'41)
was the pu-lic
uniform for #$% employees for most of the 25th century" >uring #$%3s
management transformation in the *++5s, ,A; @ouis P" :erstner,
Fr" rela7ed these codes, normali9ing the dress and -eha&ior of #$%
employees to resem-le their counterparts in other large technology
companies" !ince then #$%3s dress code is -usiness casual although
employees often wear -usiness suits during client meetings"
'44)
;n Fune *4, 25**, as part of its centenary cele-rations
'46)
the company
announced #$%*55, a yearHlong grants program to fund employee
participation in &olunteer proEects"
Research and inventions'edit)
An anechoic cham-er inside #$%3s Yamato research facility
#n *+01, The Watson !cientific ,omputing @a-oratory was founded
at ,olum-ia ni&ersity in New York, New York" The reno&ated fraternity
house on %anhattan3s West !ide was used as #$%3s first la-oratory
de&oted to pure science" The la- was the forerunner of #$%3s .esearch
>i&ision, which today operates research facilities around the world"
#n *+44, #$% researcher .o-ert C" >ennard in&ented >ynamic .andom
Access %emory (>.A%) cells, oneHtransistor memory cells that store
each single -it of information as an electrical charge in an electronic
circuit" The technology permits maEor increases in memory density and
is widely adopted throughout the industry where it remains in
widespread use today"
#$% has -een a leading proponent of the ;pen !ource #nitiati&e, and
-egan supporting @inu7 in *++8"
'48)
The company in&ests -illions of
dollars in ser&ices and software -ased on @inu7 through the #$% @inu7
Technology ,enter, which includes o&er (55 @inu7 kernel de&elopers"
'4+)
#$% has also released code under different open source licenses,
such as the platformHindependent software framework Aclipse (worth
appro7imately !J05 million at the time of the donation),
'65)
the threeH
sentence #nternational ,omponents for nicode (#,) license, and
theFa&aH-ased relational data-ase management
system (.>$%!) Apache >er-y" #$%3s open source in&ol&ement has
not -een trou-leHfree, howe&er (see -#. (. IBM)"
#n 25*(, $oo9 and ,ompany placed #$% si7teenth among the 25 most
inno&ati&e companies in the world" The company spends 4O of its
re&enue (J4"( -illion) in research and de&elopment"
'6*)
Famous in&entions -y #$% include the following/
Automated teller machine (AT%)
Floppy disk
Card disk dri&e
Alectronic keypunch
%agnetic stripe card
Pirtual machine
!canning tunneling microscope
.educed instruction set computing
.elational data-ase
ni&ersal =roduct ,ode (=,)
Financial swap
!A$.A airline reser&ation system
>ynamic .andom Access %emory (>.A%)
Watson artificial intelligence
Selected current projects'edit)
>e&eloperWorks is a we-site run -y #$% for software de&elopers and #T
professionals" #t contains howHto articles and tutorials, as well as
software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts,
-logs, wikis, and other resources for de&elopers and technical
professionals" !u-Eects range from open, industryHstandard
technologies like Fa&a, @inu7, !;Aand we- ser&ices, we-
de&elopment, AEa7, =C=, and M%@ to #$%3s products
(We-!phere, .ational, @otus, Ti&oli and#nformation %anagement)" #n
2556, de&eloperWorks was inducted into the Folt Call of Fame"
'62)
alphaWorks is #$%3s source for emerging software technologies" These
technologies include/
Fle7i-le #nternet A&aluation .eport Architecture D A highly fle7i-le
architecture for the design, display, and reporting of #nternet
sur&eys"
#$% Cistory Flow Pisuali9ation Application D A tool for &isuali9ing
dynamic, e&ol&ing documents and the interactions of multiple
colla-orating authors"
#$% @inu7 on =;WA. =erformance !imulator D A tool that pro&ides
users of @inu7 on =ower a set of performance models for
#$%3s =;WA. processors"
>ata-ase File Archi&e And .estoration %anagement D An
application for archi&ing and restoring hard disk dri&e files using file
references stored in a data-ase"
=olicy %anagement for Autonomic ,omputing D A policyH-ased
autonomic management infrastructure that simplifies the automation
of #T and -usiness processes"
Fair,A D A spam filter that &erifies sender identity instead of
filtering content"
nstructured #nformation %anagement Architecture (#%A) !>B D
A Fa&a !>B that supports the implementation, composition, and
deployment of applications working with unstructured data"
Accessi-ility $rowser D A we-H-rowser specifically designed to
assist people with &isual impairments, to -e released asopen
source software" Also known as the IAH$rowser,I the technology will
aim to eliminate the need for a mouse, relying instead completely
on &oiceHcontrols, -uttons and predefined shortcut keys"
Watson, an #$% artificial intelligencecomputer, is capa-le of IlearningI as it
operates"
Pirtually all console gaming systems of the pre&ious
generation usedmicroprocessors de&eloped -y #$%" The M-o7
(45 contains a =ower=, triHcore processor, which was designed and
produced -y #$% in less than 20 months"
'6()
!ony3s =lay!tation
( features the ,ell $A microprocessor designed Eointly -y #$%, Toshi-a,
and !ony" #$% also pro&ided the microprocessor that ser&es as the
heart of Nintendo3s new Wii system, which de-uted in 25*2"
'60)
The
new =ower ArchitectureH-ased microprocessor includes #$%3s latest
technology in an energyHsa&ing silicon package"
'61)
Nintendo3s se&enthH
generation console, Wii, features an #$% chip codenamed $roadway"
The olderNintendo :ame,u-e utili9es the :ekko processor, also
designed -y #$%"
#n %ay 2552, #$% and $utterfly"net, #nc" announced the $utterfly :rid, a
commercial grid for the online &ideo gaming market"
'64)
#n %arch 2554,
#$% announced separate agreements with Coplon #nfotainment, ;nline
:ame !er&ices #ncorporated (;:!#), and .ender.ocket to pro&ide onH
demand content management and -lade ser&er computing resources"
'66)
#$% announced it will launch its new software, called I;pen ,lient
;fferingI which is to run on @inu7, %icrosoft Windows and Apple3s %ac
;! M" The company states that its new product allows -usinesses to
offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and
its alternati&es" This means that I;pen ,lient ;fferingI is to cut costs of
managing whether to use @inu7 or Apple relati&e to Windows" There will
-e no necessity for companies to pay %icrosoft for its licenses for
operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on
software which is WindowsH-ased" ;ne alternati&e to %icrosoft3s office
document formats is the ;pen >ocument Format software, whose
de&elopment #$% supports" #t is going to -e used for se&eral tasks
like/ word processing, presentations, along with colla-oration with @otus
Notes, instant messagingand -log tools as well as an #nternet
A7plorer competitor D the %o9illa Firefo7 we- -rowser" #$% plans to
install ;pen ,lient on 1O of its desktop =,s" The @inu7 offering has
-een made a&aila-le as the #$% ,lient for !mart Work product on
the-untu and .ed Cat Anterprise @inu7 platforms"
'68)
The ,2 (nified ,ommunications and ,olla-oration) ,lient =latform is
an #$% and ,isco !ystems Eoint proEect -ased onAclipse and ;!:i" #t
will offer the numerous Aclipse application de&elopers a unified platform
for an easier work en&ironment" The software -ased on ,2 platform
will pro&ide maEor enterprises with easyHtoHuse communication
solutions, such as the @otus -ased !ametime" #n the future the
!ametime users will -enefit from such additional functions as clickHtoH
call and &oice mailing"
'6+)
.ed-ooks are pu-licly a&aila-le online -ooks a-out -est practices with
#$% products" They descri-e the products features, field e7perience and
dos and don3ts, while lea&ing aside marketing -u99" A&aila-le formats
are .ed-ooks, .edpapers and .edpieces"
A7treme $lue is a company initiati&e that uses e7perienced #$%
engineers, talented interns, and -usiness managers to de&elop highH
&alue technology" The proEect is designed to analy9e emerging -usiness
needs and the technologies that can sol&e them" These proEects mostly
in&ol&e rapidHprototyping of highHprofile software and hardware proEects"
'85)
#n 2554, #$% launched !ecure $lue, encryption hardware that can -e
-uilt into microprocessors" A year later, #$% un&eiled=roEect $ig :reen,
a reHdirection of J* -illion per year across its -usinesses to increase
energy efficiency" ;n No&em-er 2558, #$%Ks ,A;, !am =almisano,
during a speech at the ,ouncil on Foreign .elations, outlined a new
agenda for -uilding a !marter =lanet"
'8*)
;n %arch *, 25**, #$%
announced the !marter ,omputing framework to support !marter
=lanet"
'82)
;n Aug *8, 25**, as part of its effort in cogniti&e computing,
#$% has produced chips that imitate neurons and synapses" These
microprocessors do not use &on Neumann architecture, and they
consume less memory and power"
'8()
#$% also holds the !mart,amp program glo-ally" The program
searches for fresh startHup companies that #$% can partner with to sol&e
world pro-lems" #$% holds *6 !mart,amp e&ents around the world"
'80)
!ince Fuly 25**, #$% has partnered with=ennies, the electronic
charity -o7, and produced a software solution for #$% retail customers
that pro&ides an easy way to donate money when paying inHstore -y
credit or de-it card" ,ustomers donate Eust a few pence (*pH++p) a time
and e&ery donation goes to B charities"
#n Fanuary 25*0, #$% announced plans to in&est more than J*"2-n
(Q6(1m) into its data centers and cloud storage -usiness" #t plans to
-uild *1 new centers around the world, -ringing the total num-er up to
05 during 25*0"
'81)
Environmental record'edit)
#$% was recogni9ed as one of the ITop 25 $est Workplaces for
,ommutersI -y the nited !tates An&ironmental =rotection
Agency (A=A) in 2551" The award was to recogni9e Fortune
155 companies which pro&ided employees with e7cellent commuter
-enefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution"
'84)
The -irthplace of #$%, Andicott, suffered pollution for decades, howe&er"
#$% used liquid cleaning agents in circuit -oardassem-ly operation for
more than two decades, and si7 spills and leaks were recorded,
including one leak in *+6+ of 0,*55 gallons from an underground tank"
These left -ehind &olatile organic compounds in the town3s soil and
aquifer" Trace elements of &olatile organic compounds ha&e -een
identified in AndicottKs drinking water, -ut the le&els are within regulatory
limits" Also, from *+85, #$% has pumped out 68,555 gallons of
chemicals,
including trichloroethane, freon, -en9ene andperchloroethene to the air
and allegedly caused se&eral cancer cases among the townspeople"
#$% Andicott has -een identified -y the >epartment of An&ironmental
,onser&ation as the maEor source of pollution, though traces of
contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also
found" >espite the amount of pollutant, state health officials could not
&erify whether air or water pollution in Andicott has actually caused any
health pro-lems" According to city officials, tests show that the water is
safe to drink"
'86)
Tokyo ;hka Bogyo ,o", @td" (T;B) and #$% are colla-orating to
esta-lish new, lowHcost methods for -ringing the ne7t generation
of solar energy products, called ,#:! (,opperH#ndiumH:alliumH
!elenide) solar cell modules, to market" se ofthin film technology, such
as ,#:!, has great promise in reducing the o&erall cost of solar cells
and further ena-ling their widespread adoption"
'88)'8+)
#$% is e7ploring four main areas of photo&oltaic research/ using current
technologies to de&elop cheaper and more efficientsilicon solar cells,
de&eloping new solutionHprocessed thin film photo&oltaic
de&ices, concentrator photo&oltaics, and future generation photo&oltaic
architectures -ased upon nanostructures such as
semiconductor quantum dots and nanowires"
'+5)
Company logo and nickname'edit)
The company used the Iglo-eI logo until *+06, when it -egan using an
acronymH-ased logo"
#$%3s current I8H-arI logo was designed in *+62 -y graphic
designer =aul .and"
'+*)
#t was a general replacement for a *(H-ar logo
that first appeared in pu-lic on the *+44 release of the
T!!<(45" @ogos designed in the *+65s tended to -e sensiti&e to the
technical limitations of photocopiers, which were then -eing widely
deployed" A logo with large solid areas tended to -e poorly copied -y
copiers in the *+65s, so companies preferred logos that a&oided large
solid areas" The *+62 #$% logos are an e7ample of this tendency" With
the ad&ent of digital copiers in the midH*+85s this technical restriction
had largely disappearedG at roughly the same time, the *(H-ar logo was
a-andoned for almost the opposite reason D it was difficult to render
accurately on the lowHresolution digital printers (205 dots per inch) of the
time" The company wrote the #$% initials using indi&idual atoms in *++5,
as a demonstration of using a scanning tunneling microscope to mo&e
atoms" This was the first structure assem-led one atom at a time"
'+2)
Big Blue is a nickname for #$%" There are se&eral theories e7plaining
the origin of the name" ;ne theory, su-stantiated -y people who worked
for #$% at the time, is that #$% field representati&es coined the term in
the *+45s, referring to the color of the mainframes #$% installed in the
*+45s and early *+65s" True Blue referred to a loyal #$% customer, and
-usiness writers later picked up the term"
'+()'+0)
Another theory suggests
that Big Blue refers to the ,ompany3s logo" A third theory suggests
that Big Blue refers to a former company dress code that required many
#$% employees to wear only white shirts and many wore -lue suits"
'+()
'+1)
#n any e&ent, #$% key-oards, typewriters, and some other
manufactured de&ices ha&e played on the I$ig $lueI concept, using the
color for enter keys and carriage returns" #$% has also used -lue logos
since *+06, making -lue the defining color of the company3s corporate
design, which might -e another, more plausi-le reason for the term"
'citation
needed)
;fficial we-site
!ingapore we-site
#$% !ystems %aga9ine
Business data
#$% ,orp" at :oogle Finance
#$% ,orp" at YahooR Finance
#$% ,orp" at Coo&er3s
#$% ,orp" at .euters
#$% ,orp" !A, filings at the !ecurities and A7change
,ommission
#$% companies grouped at ;pen,orporates ,ategories /
#$%
,ompanies listed on the New York !tock A7change
*8+4 esta-lishments in the nited !tates
*+** esta-lishments in the nited !tates
,loud computing pro&iders
,ompanies -ased in Westchester ,ounty, New York
,ompanies esta-lished in *8+4
,ompanies esta-lished in *+**
,omputer companies of the nited !tates
,omputer hardware companies
,omputer storage companies
>isplay technology companies
,ompanies in the >ow Fones #ndustrial A&erage
Alectronics companies of the nited !tates
%ultinational companies headquartered in the nited !tates
National %edal of Technology recipients
=oint of sale companies
!emiconductor companies
!oftware companies -ased in New York
American -rands
%@ =artners
,ollier Trophy recipients
;utsourcing companies
Foundry semiconductor companies
Kodagu district
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<*ide=This article has "ultiple issues* Ple!se *el& i"prove it o discuss t*ese issues on
t*e tal+ pa!e.
-*is !ticle "ay require copy editin! )or !ra""ar, style, cohesion, tone, or
spellin!. (March 2014)
-*is !ticle "ay require cleanup to "eet &i+ipedia-s quality standards. (Jne
2010)
Coor! district.
Koda!u
district
Loc!tion o, t*e distict in t*e sout*west &!t o, B!n!t!.!
$oog distictG
Loc!tion o, t*e distict *e!dHu!tes
$oodin!tes: 12.>2)?IN 7(.7;97IE $oodin!tes : 12.>2)?IN
7(.7;97IE
Country Indi!
/tate B!n!t!.!
Re!ion M!ln!d
%ivision M3soe Di#ision
Headquarters M!di.ei
Talu+as M!di.ei+ So%w!&et+Ji!K&et
0overn"ent
1 %eputy Co""issioner "nu!g -ew!i+I"S 02)1;4
Area
<1=
1 Total >+1)2 .%
2
01+(?> sH %i4
Population 02)114
<2=
1 Total ((>+712
1 %ensity 1>)G.%
2
0;()GsH %i4
2an!ua!es
1 ))icial B!nn!d!
1 ther Bod!#! t!..+ "e b*!s*e di!lect
Ti"e 3one IS- 0/-$L(:;)4
PI# (712)10M!di.ei4
Telephone code L 91 0)4 ?272
(ehicle re!istration B"M12
2iteracy ?2.(2N
2o+ /a'haconstituency M3soe Lo. S!b*! constituenc3
Cli"ate -o&ic!l 5et 0BO&&en4
Precipitation 2+72(.( %illi%etes 01)7.;) in4
Av!* su""er
te"perature
2?.1 I$ 0?;.( I74
Av!* 4inter te"perature 1>.2 I$ 0(7.1 I74
&e'site .od!gu.nic.in
"odagu (Bannada/ ), also known as Coorg, is an
administrati&edistrict in Barnataka, #ndia" #t occupies an area of 0,*52
square kilometres (*,180 sq mi) in the Western :hats of southwestern
Barnataka" As of 255*, the population was 108,14*, *("60O of which
resided in the district3s ur-an centres, making it the least populous of the
(5 districts in Barnataka"
'()
Bodagu is well known in the world
for coffee and its I-ra&e warriorsI"
%adikeri (Anglish/ %ercara) is the headquarters of Bodagu" The district
is -ordered -y >akshina Bannada district to the northwest, Cassan
district to the north, %ysore district to the east, Bannur
district of Berala to the southwest, and the Wayanad district of Berala to
the south"
Bodagu is home to the nati&e speakers of Boda&a language"
'0)
The
nati&eBoda&as who now form only oneHfifth of the total population of
Bodagu as most of them ha&e mo&ed to the cities, like $angalore and
%ysore, and e&en a-road, to countries like North America, are howe&er
still the largest group in Bodagu" According to /arnata!a /oda(a
-ahitya 0cademy, apart from Boda&as, Amma Boda&as and Boda&a
Ceggade, *8 other ethnic groups speak Boda&a Takk in and outside the
district including #ri, Boya&a, $anna, %adi&ala, CaEama, Bem-atti, and
%eda"
'1)
Though the language has no script,
recently :erman linguist :regg %" ,o7 de&eloped a new writing system
for the language known as the #oorgi'#o1 alphabet, used -y a num-er
of indi&iduals within Bodagu"
'4)
@ately, some organi9ations including the
,oda&a National ,ouncil and /oda(a &ashtriya -amiti are demanding
Boda&a homeland status and autonomy to Bodagu district"
'6)
'8)
%ost Boda&aspeakers use Bannada to write"
Contents
'hide)
* Cistory
2 :eography
( Bodagu ,ulture
0 .epresentation
1 Agriculture
4 Flora and fauna
6 >emographics
8 Aconomy
+ Festi&als of Bodagu
o +"* Bailpodhu
o +"2 Ba&eri !ankramana
o +"( =uttari
*5 Tourist attractions
** Transport
*2 Aducation
*( Nota-le people from Bodagu
*0 gallery
*1 .eferences
*4 Further reading
*6 A7ternal links
History'edit)
Main articles$ %istory of /odagu and #apti(ity of /oda(as at
-eringapatam
%ap of !outh #ndian states prior to the !tates .eorganisation Act, *+14"
Bodagu (then called ,oorg) is in dark green"
The Boda&as were the earliest agriculturists in Bodagu, ha&ing li&ed
there for centuries" They carried arms during times of war" >uring this
time, !outh #ndian dynasties such as the Badam-as, the :angas,
the ,holas, the,halukyas, the .astrakutas, theCoysalas, the PiEaynagar
.ayas and Bodagu was a separate kingdom " <S>espite the Boda&as
-eing known in #ndia as I-ra&e warriorsI and mem-ers of the #ndian
warrior caste, Bodagu did not ha&e indigenous rulers for long they
appointed outsider as an administrator still answera-le to the Boda&a
chiefs" (citation needed, this is negati&e content)S<
Geography'edit)
A waterfall on the way from %adikeri to !ullia
Bodagu is located on the eastern slopes of theWestern :hats" #t has a
geographical area of 0,*52 km
2
(*,180 sq mi)"
'+)
The district is -ordered
-y >akshina Bannada district to the northwest,Cassan district to the
north, %ysore district to the east, Basaragod district in west and Bannur
districtof Berala to the southwest, and Wayanad district of Berala to the
south" #t is a hilly district, the lowest ele&ation of which is +55 metres
((,555 ft) a-o&e seaHle&el" The highest peak, Tadiandamol, rises to
*,615 metres (1,605 ft), with =ushpagiri, the second highest, at *,6*1
metres (1,426 ft)" The main ri&er in Bodagu is the Ba&eri (,au&ery),
which originates at Talaka&eri, located on the eastern side of the
Western :hats, and with its tri-utaries, drains the greater part of
Bodagu"
Piew of Tadiandamol
#n Fuly and August, rainfall is intense, and there are often showers into
No&em-er" Yearly rainfall may e7ceed 0,555 millimetres (*45 in) in
some areas" #n dense Eungle tracts, rainfall reaches (,555 to (,855
millimetres (*25 to *15 in) and *,155 to 2,155 millimetres (1+ to +8 in) in
the -am-oo district to the west" Bodagu has an a&erage temperature of
*1 T, (1+ TF), ranging from ** to 28 T, (12 to 82 TF), with the highest
temperatures occurring in April and %ay" The principal town, and district
capital, is%adikeri, or %ercara, with a population of around (5,555"
;ther significant towns
include PiraEpet (PiraraEendrapet), Bushalanagara, !omwarpet and :oni
koppal" The district is di&ided into the three administrati&e talukas/
%adikeri, PiraEpet and !omwarpet" PiraEpet is the largest Taluk and
comprises the towns PiraEpet, :onikoppal, !iddapura, =onnampet,
Ammathi, Thithimathi etc"
Kodagu Culture'edit)
,oorg or Bodagu is chiefly populated -y its nati&e ethnic group
the Boda&as, who were freeholder farmers and militiamen in the ancient
past" $esides, other communities that reside in Bodagu >istrict are
:owdas and %uslims that dwell in ,oorg include Airi, %eda, %aleH
Budiya, Bem-atti, %aringi, Bapal, Bolla, Ba&adi, Buru-as, Boleya,
Boya&a, Banya, Budiyas, $anna, :aniga, :olla, Thatta, Yera&as,
%alaya, etc" ,hief languages spoken in ,oorg are Boda&a, Bannada,
Are $hashe, %alayalam, Yera&a, Buru-a, Bonkani, rdu and Anglish"
The nati&es of ,oorg also known -y the epithet Bshatriyas are ancestor
worshippers and follow the martial tradition" They worship arms" !ome
of the other minor tri-es of ,oorg find their origin in farm @a-orers and
Cunter :atherer Foresters" There are also families of the $rahmin
community, most of whom were -rought here -y the rulers for the
purpose of offering pooEas at &arious temples" Boda&a oral traditions are
&ery rich, some of the traditional folk songs ha&e -een compiled into
the =attole =alome"
The citi9ens of Bodagu are polytheists and worship a num-er of deities,
some of them -eing #ggutappa, $hagwathi, %uthappan, %ahade&a,
$hadrakali, !u-ramanya and Ayyappa" Parious occupations adopted -y
the ethnic groups of Bodagu are/ =epper and ,offee plantations, =addy,
artisans, -asket and matHwea&ers, drummers, wandering musicians,
farmers, toddyHmakers, etc" Agriculture is the most important factor that
upholds the economy of Bodagu and the main crops culti&ated in this
region are rice and coffee" ,oorg was rich in natural resources which
included tim-er and spices"
The Bodagu men wear UBupyasK (kneeHlength halfHslee&ed coats) o&er a
fullHslee&ed white shirt" U,haleK i"e" a maroon and gold sash is tied at the
waist and an ornately car&ed sil&er dagger known as U=eechekathiK is
tucked into it" U;dikathiK is yet another knife that is tucked into the ,hale
at the -ack" Furthermore, a chain with a minuscule gun and a dagger
hanging onto it gi&e them a martial look" The saris worn -y women folk
are pleated at the -ack and the pallu fi7ed with a -rooch is also
wrapped in a &ery unique way" They wear either a fullHslee&ed or threeH
quarter slee&ed -louse and co&er their head with a scarf" A traditional
gold -eaded necklace known here as UBokkethathi FomaleK is widely
worn -y the women of Bodagu"
Representation'edit)
Two mem-ers of the legislati&e assem-ly are elected from Bodagu to
the Barnataka @egislati&e Assem-ly, one each from
the %adikeri and PiraEpet talukas" % = Appachu .anEan represents the
%adikeri constituency while B" :" $opaiah represents the PiraEpet
constituencyG they are from the $haratiya Fanata =arty" Bodagu is part
of the %ysore, @ok !a-ha, parliamentary constituency" !hri Adagooru
Cuchegowda Pishwanath, from the #ndian National ,ongress,
represents %ysore =arliamentary constituency"
'citation needed)
griculture'edit)
:am-ooge or/achampuli
%uch of Bodagu is used for agriculture" ,haracteristically and
historically, paddy fields are found on the &alley floors, with ,offee and
pepper agroforestry in the surrounding hills mainly near %adikeri" The
most common plantation crop is coffee, especially #offea
robusta &ariety" Bodagu is the second coffee production region in #ndia,
after the $a-a $udangiri hills in ,hikkamagaluru district" ,offee re&enue
helped Bodagu to -ecome one of the richest districts in #ndia"
The #offea arabica &ariety is also grown in some parts of southern and
western Bodagu, the historical area of coffee production" ;ne can go to
see the coffee plantation and can understand how sophisticated coffee
plantation is and how much perfection and precision it requires it is
mandatory to grow coffee in shade so it is grown with the eucalyptus
trees and the &anilla" ,ontinuous weeding is required for the growth of
good quality coffee"The coffee agroHforestry systems of Bodagu are one
of the richest agroHforest in the world, with a-out 265 species of shaded
trees in&entoried (see pu-lications of ,AFNAT proEect)" $ut the trend is
now to replace the nati&e shade trees -y e7otic ones (such as
the 2re(illea robusta)" #n those coffee agroHforests are also culti&ated
spices like -lack pepper, cardamon, &anilla" $esides, the other famous
agricultural produce of Bodagu is Bodagu ;ranges (#itrus sinensis)
known for its distincti&e taste and shrunken nature" Bodagu is also
known for its forest honey"
%any other crops are also culti&ated, including para ru--er, teak,
and cocoa" There are also large areas of natural forest, especially in the
forest reser&es in the south and east"
!lora and "auna'edit)
Bodagu is considered rich with wildlife and has three wildlife sanctuaries
and one national park/ the $rahmagiri, Talaka&eri, and =ushpagiri
Wildlife !anctuaries, and the Nagarhole National =ark, also known as
the .aEi& :andhi National =ark"
The flora of the Eungle includes Michelia
champaca, Mesua (#ronwood), 3iospyros (e-ony and other
species), Toona ciliata(#ndian mahogany), #hu!rasia
tabularis, #alophyllum angustifolium (=oon
spar), #anarium strictum ($lack
>ammar),0rtocarpus, 3ipterocarpus, 2arcinia, 4uonymus, #innamomu
m, Myristica, +accinium, %yrtaceae, %elastomataceae, &ubus(three
species) and a rose" #n the undergrowth are
found cardamom, 0reca, plantains, canes, wild -lack
pepper, #yathealesand other ferns, and arums"
#n the forest of the less thicklyHwooded -am-oo country in the west of
Bodagu the most common trees are the 3albergia latifolia ($lack
wood), 5terocarpus marsupium (Bino tree), Terminalia
tomentosa (Matthi), 6agerstroemia par(iflora($enteak), 0nogeissus latif
olia (>indul), Bassia latifolia, Butea monosperma, Nauclea par(ifiora,
and se&eral species ofacacia" Teak and sandalwood also grow in the
eastern part of the district"
The fauna include/ the Asian elephant, tiger, leopard, dhole, gaur, -oar,
and se&eral species of deer"
Bodagu also offers a wide &ariety of -irds, roughly around (55
-irds ha&e -een sighted and reported o&er the years"
#emographics'edit)
Boda&as, *861, From IThe people of #ndia/ A series of photographic
illustrations"""I(New York =u-lic @i-rary)"
The >ra&idian @anguages/notice Boda&a<Bodagu
According to the 25** census of #ndia, Bodagu has a population of
110,642,
'()
roughly equal to the !olomon #slands
'*5)
or the "!" state
of Wyoming"
'**)
This ranks it 1(+ out of 405 districts in #ndia in terms of
population"
'()
The district has a population density of *(1 inha-itants per
square kilometre ((15 <sq mi)"
'()
#ts population growth rate o&er the
decade 255*D25** was *"*(O"
'()
Bodagu has a se7 ratio of
*5*+ females for e&ery *555 males,
'()
and a literacy rate of 82"12O"
'()
Bodagu is home to many communities with di&erse ethnic origins,
with Boda&as -eing the main ethnic group" The ancient folk songs
(some of them are compiled in the =attole =alome) sing of the
numerous Boda&as and the much lesserHnum-ered other communities
and social relationship with Boda&as, who were the nati&es of Bodagu"
;ther communities are the Bodagu
:owda and %uslims" Boda&a and Are $hashe are the spoken
languages nati&e to BodaguG howe&er, -oth use the Bannada script for
literature" Airi, %aleHBudiya, %eda, Bem-atti, Bapal, %aringi, Ceggade,
Ba&adi, Bolla, Thatta, Boleya, Boya&a, $anna, :olla, Banya, :aniga,
and %alaya are other castes nati&e to Bodagu who speak Boda&a"
%any of these communities had migrated into Bodagu from the %ala-ar
,oast region during the Caleri dynasty" There are also a num-er of
tri-es such as the Yera&as, Buru-as and Budiyas, who are of hunterH
gatherer forest origin"
'*2)
;neHfifth of a total population of o&er 155,555 are
the Boda&a community, which speak Boda&a, they are still the largest
single community in Bodagu" Cowe&er a large num-er people of
Bodagu, nearly threeHfifths, mainly traders, agriculturists and la-ourers
who arri&e from the %ysore region, presently speak Bannada in
Bodagu" $esides Boda&a and Bannada, Are-hashe, Bonkani,
%alayalam, rdu and Tulu are also spoken in Bodagu" Bodagu also has
a Ti-etan $uddhist refugee population as well" The Boda&as Cindus are
traditionally ancestor worshippers with a martial tradition, hence may -e
called /shatriyas" #n Bodagu, the Boda&as were owners of land, the
caste of Bem-atti =oleya, were the farm la-ourers who worked for
them" They are not &egetarians, -ut they do not eat -eef" They are
polytheists and -elie&e in a num-er of deities" The chief deities are
$hagwathi (=ar&ati), %ahade&a (!hi&a),%uthappan, $hadrakali (a form
of =ar&ati as Bali or >urga), !u-ramani (!u-ramanya)
and Ayyappa" Iggutappa, the most important local god, is an incarnation
of !u-ramani, the god of snakes, rain, har&est and rice" Amma Boda&as
li&e in the southern parts of Bodagu and follow some of
the $rahmin customs" They were the progeny of intercaste marriages
-etween $rahmins and Boda&as during former times" They -elong to 00
family names and two gothras" nlike other Boda&as they
are &egetarians, they a-stain from alcohol, wear the sacred thread and
study the Pedas" ;therwise they follow the Boda&a ha-its and customs,
dress like other Boda&as and speak Boda&a Takk" They are also known
as Ba&eri $rahmins"
The Yera&a also li&e in adEacent Berala, where they are known as the
Adiya, and are primarily Cindu farmHla-ourers" They speak their own
Yera&a dialect" The Bur-as were forest hunterHgatherers who are now
farmHla-ourers" They speak their own dialect and -elong to two
su-castes D Fenu, who are honeyHgatherers, and $etta, who are hillH
dwellers and good elephant captors, trainers and mahouts" Among
other communities are/ the %eggades, culti&ators from %ala-arG
the 0yiri, who constitute the artisan casteG the Medas, who are -asket
and matHwea&ers and act as drummers at feastsG the Binepatta,
originally wandering musicians from %ala-ar, now farmersG and
the /a(adi, culti&ators from Yedenalknad" The /udiya are of
%ala-arese tri-e origin, they were toddyHmakers" All these groups
speak the Boda&a language and conform generally to Boda&a customs
and dress"
'*2)
The Are-hashe gowdas,
'*()
or /odagu 2odas, and Tulu :owdas, are a
maEor ethnic group in some parts of >akshina Bannada and Bodagu"
They li&e in !ulya and in parts of !omwarpet, $hagamandala and
%adikeri" :uddemane Appaiah :owda along with many other freedom
fighters re&olted against the $ritish in an armed struggle which co&ered
entire Bodagu and >akshina Bannada" This was one of the earliest
freedom mo&ement against the $ritish
'*0)
called IAmara !ulliada
!wantantrya !angraamaI
'*1)
(IAmara !ulya >hangeI
'*0)
formally called
-y the $ritish) started in *8(6"
Bodagu is home to a si9ea-le population of %uslims" Those who speak
rdu and are of =ersian (or sometimes Ara- or Afghan) origins call
themsel&es -hei!hs -ut are locally known as the Tur!s (Turqa)" They
settled when the %ysore sultans ruled in Bodagu" Those of !outh #ndian
origins are either known as the maaple or Boda&a maaple (not to -e
confused with the Berala %appilas)" Boda&a Cindus con&erted -y Tipu
!ultan into #slam are called Boda&a maaple, or )amma Maaple " !ome
of the Boda&a %aaples ha&e married with %ala-ar %appila and
Tulu $earys,so they communicate to use Bodag %alayalo (),
which is a different type of %alayalam slang in ,oorg "#t is generally use
to write in Bannada script" Bodag %alayalo has different word for things
which happens in ,oorg only" (3puli for orange,;rotti for rice roti3 etc")"#t
is a different type of %alayalam slang,(some differece from kasaragod
%alayalam) influenced with ,oorg language andkannada"" A small
num-er of %uslims from the I%ala-ar coastI'Berala %appila)s, ha&e
also -een present as in PiraEpetI!outh part of BodaguI'merchantV
traders)"
'*4)
A small num-er of %angalorean ,atholics are also found in
Bodagu" They are mostly descended from those Bonkani ,atholics who
fled the roundup and later, capti&ity -y Tippu !ultan" These immigrants
were welcomed -y .aEa PiraraEendra (himself a former capti&e of Tippu
!ultan, ha&ing escaped si7 years of capti&ity in *688) who reali9ing their
usefulness and e7pertise as agriculturists, ga&e them lands and ta7
-reaks and -uilt a church for them"
'*6)
There is a si9ea-le population of
the @ingayat people and the maEority of them are in the taluk
of !omwarpet"
Economy'edit)
Bodagu is a rural region with most of the economy -ased
on agriculture, plantations and forestry, as well as one of the more
prosperous parts of Barnataka" This is due primarily to coffee production
and other plantation crops" .ice and other crops are culti&ated in the
&alleys" ,offee plantations, situated on hillsides too steep for growing
rice, and taking ad&antage of shade from e7isting forests, -ecame
characteristic of the district in the 25th century" ,offee is now a maEor
cash crop" ,offee processing is also -ecoming a maEor economic
contri-utor" #n recent years tourism has also -egun to play a role in the
economy" AcoHtourism, such as walking and trekking tours, take
ad&antage of plantation -uildings con&erted into guestHhouses"
!estivals o" Kodagu'edit)
"ailpodhu'edit)
Theyyam, similar to $harani or Bola performed in Bodagu
Bailpodhu, cele-rated on ( !eptem-er, signifies the completion of
InatiI, or the transplantation of the rice crop" ;fficially, the festi&al
-egins *8 days after the sun enters the -imha &aasi (the western sign
of @eo)" /ail means weapon or armory and 5old means festi&al"
The festi&al signifies the day when men should prepare to guard their
crop from wild -oars and other animals, since during the preceding
months, during which the family were engaged in the fields, all weapons
were normally deposited in the /anni /ombare, or the prayer room"
Cence on the day of Bailpoldu, the weapons are taken out of
the 5oo7a room, cleaned and decorated with flowers" They are then kept
in the Nella!!i Nadubadec, the central hall of the house and the place of
community worship" Aach mem-er of the family has a -ath, after which
they worship the weapons -efore feasting and drinking" The eldest
mem-er of the family hands a gun to the senior mem-er of the family,
signifying the commencement of the festi&ities" The whole family
assem-les in the mand (open ground), where physical contests and
sports, including marksmanship, are conducted" #n the past the hunting
and cooking of wild game was part of the cele-ration, -ut
today
'hen8)
shooting skills are tested -y firing at a coconut tied onto the
-ranch of a tall tree"
Traditional rural sports, like gra--ing a coconut from the hands of a
group of 8D*5 people (thenge porata), throwing a stone the si9e of a
cricket -all at a coconut from a distance of *5D*1 paces (tenge eed),
lifting a stone -all of (5D05 cm lying at one3s feet and throwing it
-ackwards o&er the shoulders, are now conducted in community groups
called Boda&a !amaEas and :owda !amaEas in towns and cities"
"a#eri $an!ra%ana'edit)
Talaka&eri, origin of the ri&er Ba&eri
The Ba&eri !ankramana festi&al normally takes place in midH;cto-er" #t
is associated with the ri&er Ba&eri, which flows through the district from
its source at Talaka&eri"
At a predetermined time, when the sun enters Tula &asi (Tula
san!ramana), a fountain from a small tank fills the larger holy tank at
Talaka&eri" Thousands of people gather to dip in this holy water" The
water, called tirtha, is collected in -ottles and distri-uted to e&ery home
throughout Bodagu to -e preser&ed" A spoonful of this water is fed to
the dying, in the -elief that they will attain mo!sha (spiritual
emancipation) and gain entry to hea&en"
;n this day, married women wearing new silk saris perform puEa to a
&egeta-le, sym-oli9ing the goddess Ba&eri" The &egeta-le is usually a
cucum-er or a coconut, wrapped in a piece of red silk cloth and
decorated with flowers and Eewels (mainly 3=athak3 (/oda(a
Mangalasuthra))" This is called the /anni 5u7e" Banni refers to the
goddess =ar&ati, who incarnated as Ba&eri" Three sets of -etel lea&es
and arecanut are kept in front of the goddess with -unches of glass
-angles" All the mem-ers of the family pray to the goddess -y throwing
rice and prostrating themsel&es -efore the image" The elder mem-ers
of the family ceremonially -less the younger" Then an older married
woman draws water from the well and starts cooking" The menu of the
day is dosa and &egeta-le curry (usually pumpkin curry (!umbala !ari))
and payasa (sweet dish)" Nothing -ut &egetarian food is cooked on this
day, and this is the only festi&al among the Boda&as where only
&egetarian food is prepared and ser&ed"
Puttari'edit)
Boda&a couple
5uttari means ne rice and is the rice har&est festi&al (also
called huttari in the adEacent BannadaHspeaking country)" This takes
place in late No&em-er or early >ecem-er" ,ele-rations and
preparations for this festi&al start a week in ad&ance"
;n the day of 5uttari, the whole family assem-les in their ain mane (the
common family house), which is decorated with flowers and green
mango and -anana lea&es" !pecific foods are
prepared/ tambuttu, puttari, !ari and poli poli" Then the eldest mem-er
of the family hands a sickle to the head of the family and one of the
women leads a procession to the paddy fields with a lit lamp in her
hands" The path leading to the field is decorated" A gunshot is fired to
mark the -eginning of the har&est, with chanting of 5oli 5oli
3e(a(prosperity) -y all present" Then the sym-olic har&esting of the
crop -egins" The rice is cut and stacked and tied in odd num-ers and is
carried home to -e offered to the gods" The younger generation then
light firecrackers and re&el, sym-oli9ing prosperity" :roups of
youngsters &isit neigh-oring houses and -oast their dancing skills and
are gi&en monetary gifts" A week later, this money is pooled and the
entire &illage cele-rates a communal dinner" All family mem-ers gather
for this meal" >inner normally consists of meat dishes, such as pork and
fish curry" Alcoholic -e&erages are also ser&ed at such feasts"
$ourist attractions'edit)
-*is !ticle is in a list )or"at that "ay 'e 'etter presented usin! prose* You c!n *el&
b3 con#eting t*is !ticle to &ose+ i, !&&o&i!te. Editing *el& is !#!il!ble.(!o"ember 2011)
Ba&eri .i&er in Bushal Nagar
Antrance to golden temple, $ylakuppe
Bodagu is rated as one of the top hill station destinations in #ndia" !ome
of the most popular tourist attractions in Bodagu include/
Talaka&eri/ the place where the .i&er Ba&eri originates" The temple on
the ri&er-anks here is dedicated to lord $rahma, and is one of only two
temples dedicated to $rahma in #ndia and !outheast Asia"
Nisargadhama/ A manHmade island and picnic spot
near Bushalanagara, formed -y the ri&er Ba&eri"
#ruppu Falls/ A sacred spot in south Bodagu in the $rahmagiri hill range"
The@akshmana Tirtha .i&er flows near-y"
A--ey Falls/ a scenic waterfall 1 km from %adikeri"
>u-are/ mainly an elephantHcapturing and training camp of the Forest
>epartment at the edge of >u-are forestG on the -ank of the
ri&er Ba&eri along the Bushalanagara H !iddapurroad"
Nagarahole/ a national park and wildlife resort"
$hagamandala/ situated at the confluence of two ri&ers, the Ba&eri and
the Banika" A third ri&er, the !uEyothi, is said to Eoin from
underground" %allalli falls/ 21 km from !omwarpet, downhill of the
=ushpagiri hills
entrance of the :olden Temple($uddhist monastery)
%andalapatti/ 28 km from %adikeri" ;n the way to A--ey Falls, -efore
( km from A--ey Falls take right, from there 21 km"
;mkareshwara Temple/ A -eautiful temple in ,oorg" A legend is
associated with the temple, -uilt -y @ingraEendra ## in *825 ,A" The king
put to death a pious $rahmin who dared to protest against his
misdeeds" The spirit of the dead man -egan to plague the king day and
night" ;n the ad&ise of wise men, the king -uilt this temple and installed
a shi&linga procured from Bashi, North #ndia"
$uddist :olden Temple, at $ylakuppe near %adikeri at Bodagu district,
in the Ti-etan settlement
$ransport'edit)
.oad map of the district"
%adikeri is well connected -y road
with %angalore, Cassan, %ysore, $angalore andBannur, Thalassery,
and Wayanad of neigh-ouring state Berala" There are three:hat roads
for reaching Bodagu from coastal regions of Berala and Barnataka/
the!ampaEeD%adikeri :hat road from %angalore, the =anathurD
$hagamandala :hat road
from Basaragod, Banhangad, %alom and chittarikkal and the %akuttaD
=erum-adi<PiraEpet :hat road from Bannur and Thalassery"
The nearest railway stations are Thalassery and Bannur in Berala and
%angalore, %ysore and Cassan are the nearest in Barnataka"
The nearest airports are at %ysore and %angalore" %ysore Airport is at
a distance of *(5 km from %adikeri and **1 kilometres (6* mi) from
PiraEpet" %angalore #nternational Airport is located *05 kilometres
(86 mi) from %adikeri and *62 kilometres (*56 mi) from PiraEpet"
The nearest seaport for Bodagu is New %angalore =ort at =anam-ur in
%angalore, *01 kilometres (+5 mi) from %adikeri"
Education'edit)
Parious educational institutes in ,oorg region,
:o&ernment Angineering ,ollege, Bushalnagar"
#ollege of Forestry, 5onnampet, 9ni(ersity of 0gricultural -ciences
(B).
,oorg #nstitute of Technology, =onnampet"
,oorg #nstitute of >ental sciences, PiraEpet
Field %arshal B % ,ariappa ,ollege, %adikeri
%ota&le people "rom Kodagu'edit)
Main article$ 6ist of /oda(as
Field %arshal B" %" ,ariappa
:eneral B" !" Thimayya
@t :en Apparanda Aiyappa
, $ %uthamma , first woman #F! officer
=" B" %onnappa police officer
=rema ,ariappa , former mayor of $angalore, .aEya !a-ha %=
=rema (actress) , Bannada actress"
$iddu Appaiah , music composer
ArEun Calappa , hockey player
%" =" :anesh , former hockey team captain, ;lympian and coach,
*+6( ArEuna Award"
$" =" :o&inda , team hockey player, *+61 ArEuna Award"
Ashwini Nachappa , athlete, *+88 ArEuna Award
Foshna ,hinappa , squash player
.o-in thappa , international cricket player
.ohan $opanna , tennis player
Ashwini =onnappa , -adminton player
Fagat and Anita NanEappa , former national rally champions
," :" !omiah , ,omptroller and Auditor :eneral of #ndia (*++5H
*++4)"
>iwan $ahadur Betoli ,hengappa , last ,hief ,ommissioner of
,oorg
ArEun >e&aiah, #ndian National Athlete and ArEuna Award winner"
,"," %achaiah , (,henanda %achiah) former -o7er,;lympian and
coach, *+68 ArEuna Awardee
!ommayya %aneypande (% % !omaiya) former #ndian Cockey
team player, captain, ;lympian,ArEuna Awardee *+81, Cockey :old
%edalist *+85
$o&erianda NanEamma and ,hinnappa , eminent research scholars
A $ !u--aiah, #ndian team hockey player,*++4 ArEuna Awardee
:uddemane Appaiah :owda, the first freedom fighter
of ,oorgaround *8(0H*8(6"
'*8)
!quadron @eader AEEamada $ >e&aiah, %aha Pir ,hakra, *+41 #ndo
=ak War, he was known as 3wings of fire3"
'*+)
!hri" B"="=oonacha, Fmr" Foint >irector :eneral, A!#, :o&ernment
of #ndia" Author/ Archaeology of Barnataka,(=reHprotoHhistoryHofH
southHwesternHregion)
!hri" Nidyamale !omana, %em-er, First @ok !a-ha (*+12D*+16),
=arliament of #ndia, represented the !tate of ,oorgG %@A (*+16D
*+18), Barnataka !tate, represented=iriyapatna ,onstituency
'25)
B":" $opaiah (!peaker of @egislati&e Assem-ly< PiraEpet %@A)
'2*)
$addana .aE ,hengappa H AditorHinH,hief, =rinter W =u-lisher, The
Tri-uneG ,handigarh, #ndia"
'22)'2()
N"!">e&iprasad (!ampaEe >e&iprasad), Film =roducer and ,ultural
acti&ist W Acti&ist for 3=raEa Pedike3
'20)
>am-ekodi !" %adappa (A7H%@A)
'*8)
=rof = ! Appaiah , eminent scholar
Fai Fagadish , !enior actor in !andalwood
Nidhi !u--aiah , actress
Carshika =oonacha , actress
>aisy $opanna , actress
% = Appachu .anEan , A7H%inister and %em-er of Barnataka
@egislati&e Assem-ly
= T $opanna , author and Eournalist"
gallery'edit)

townhall, kodagu

information center at kodadu

elephants at makikkeri fort

madikkeri fort<palace

another huge thanni tree

the monastery and hostel at -ylakkuppe

omkareswara temple makikkeri, which is of %uslim style architecture

the wall painting at -ailakkuppe

the prayar hall at -ailakkuppa

The !tatues of $udha,Amithayuh and =admasam-ha&a !tatues in

$ylakuppe

the main gate &iew of -ailakkuppe temple

nisargadhama ri&er

elephent safari at nisargadhama

deerpark

a &iew from du-are elephant camp, kudagu

a huge thanni tree (Terminalia -ellirica) at raEaseat

a &alley &iew from raEaseat

raEaseat, a &iew point

gaddige tomp of raEendra

*15p7Vtwo nandi statues at gaddige madikkeri

a--y water falls summer scene