1. Three Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor DL30120 2. DC Machine DL30200 3. DC Voltmeter (2) 4. DC Ammeters (2) 5. AC Voltmeters (1) 6. AC Ammeters (1) 7. 3-Phase Power Meter (Measuring Unit) 8. Variable DC Supply 9. Tachometer
Theory:
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR Synchronous motors are AC motors that have a field circuit supplied by an external DC source. They convert AC electrical power to mechanical power. It is electrically identical to an alternator or AC generator. Some characteristics of the synchronous motor are: It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency. It is not self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous or near synchronous speed by some means before it can be synchronized to the supply. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors both lagging and leading.
PRODUCTION OF TORQUE: In a synchronous motor, a three-phase set of stator currents produces a rotating magnetic field, B S . The field current, I F of the motor produces a steady-state magnetic field, B R . Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine, and the rotor field will tend to line up with the stator field, just as two bar magnets will tend to line up if placed near each other. Since the stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor magnetic field will constantly try to catch up. Larger the angle between the two magnetic fields, the greater the torque on the rotor of the motor. The basic principle of a synchronous motor operation is that the rotor chases the rotating stator magnetic field around in a circle, never catching up with it.
SPEED OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR: The rotor (which is initially unexcited) is speeded up to synchronous or near synchronous speed by some arrangements and then excited by the DC source. The moment this synchronously rotating rotor is excited, it is magnetically locked into position with the stator i.e. the rotor poles are engaged with the stator poles and both run synchronously in the same direction. It is because of this interlocking of stator and rotor poles that the motor has either to run synchronously or not at all. The synchronous speed is given by the usual relation: P f N S 120 = However, this engagement is not very rigid. As the load on the motor is increased, the rotor progressively tends to fall back in phase by some angle but it still continues to run synchronously.
V-CURVES: The V-curves of a synchronous motor show how armature current varies with its field current when motor input is kept constant. These are obtained by plotting armature current while motor input is kept constant and are so called because of their shape. There is a family of such curves, each corresponding to a definite power intake. To draw these curves experimentally, the motor is run from constant voltage and constant frequency bus bars. Power input to motor is kept constant at a definite value. Next, the field current is increased in small steps and corresponding armature currents are noted. When plotted, we get a V-curve for a particular constant motor input. Similar curves are drawn by keeping motor input constant at different values.
EFFECT OF FIELD CURRENT CHANGES: Considering a synchronous motor in which the mechanical load is constant. When the field current is increased, the magnitude of the back emf, E A in the motor increases, but does not affect the real power supplied by the motor. The power supplied by the motor changes only when the shaft load torque changes. Since a change in armature current, I A , does not affect the shaft speed and since the load attached to the shaft is unchanged, the real power supplied is unchanged. The terminal voltage is also kept constant by the power source supplying the motor. Therefore, as the value of E A increases, the magnitude of I A first decreases and then increases again. At low E A , the armature current is lagging and the motor is an inductive load. It is therefore consuming reactive power Q. As the field current is increased, E A increases and the armature current eventually lines up with the voltage and the motor is purely resistive. As the field current is further increased, the armature current becomes leading, and the motor becomes a capacitive load. So now it consumes negative reactive power Q or alternatively supplying reactive power to the system.
For each curve, the minimum armature current occurs at unity power factor, when only real power is being supplied to the motor. At any other point on the curve, some reactive power is being supplied to or by the motor as well. For field currents less than the value giving minimum I A , the armature current is lagging, consuming Q. In this situation, the motor is said to be under-excited. For field currents greater than the value giving minimum I A , the armature current is leading, supplying Q to the power system as a capacitor would. This case is for an over-excited motor. Therefore, by controlling the field current of a synchronous motor, the reactive power supplied to or consumed by the power system can be controlled.
Also, as explained above that an overexcited motor can be run with leading power factor, this property renders it extremely important in phase advancing purposes in industrial loads driven by induction motors and lighting and heating loads supplied through transformers. Both transformers and induction motors draw lagging currents from the line. Especially on light loads, the power drawn by them has a large reactive component and the power factor has a very low value. This reactive power results in losses in many ways. By using synchronous motors in conjunction with induction motors or transformers, the lagging reactive power required by the latter is supplied locally by the leading reactive component taken by the former, thereby relieving the line and generators of much of the reactive component. When used in this way, the synchronous motor is called a synchronous capacitor because it draws leading current from the line.
Procedure:
Connect the Circuit as shown in the circuit diagram with no Field Voltage applied to the Rotor windings in the start and rotor winding shorted out so that the said machine can be run as a Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Apply the rated voltage to the machine so that the machine starts running at less than Synchronous Speed in Induction Mode.
Start the Field Voltage Supply so that I F current can flow towards the rotor windings. Un-short the rotor windings which were done to start the machine as Induction motor. At this point the machine is converted into its synchronous operation and is working at Ns speed.
Note down the values of Armature Current I A (Use DMM to measure I A ) and power factor (cos) from the Measuring Unit for increasing values of Field Current. The applied voltage to the stator remains constant. Only changes in its armature current will occur.
Do not increase the field current more than 2.5A
Repetition of the same instructions can be done by changing the load (shaft load) on the Synchronous Machine by attaching a Shunt Generator and Load on it. In this way another set of readings and another V-curve can be plotted.
Draw the curve between Field Current on the x-axis and Armature Current on the y-axis on MATLAB
Observations:
Voltage Applied = _______ V (Line to Line Voltage)
At No Load :
S.No Field (Rotor) Current Armature Current Power Factor I F (A) I A (A) cos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Circuit Diagram:
Synchronous Motor DC Shunt Generator Generated Voltage Speed (Tachometer) 3 Phase AC Voltage Supply V L-L = 380V From Variac Measuring Unit L1 L2 L3 N L1 L2 L3 N V V A Line Current I L
Line Voltage V L
DC Voltage Supply 0-220V
Resistive Load
Comments:
Why Synchronous Motor is not self start motor? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________
What does the lowest value of Armature current for a given set of readings signify? Can that current be made zero practically by changing Field Current? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________
Why Active Power remains constant when field current is increased? Explain with the aid of Phasor Diagram? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
Why Reactive Power (consumed) decreases when field current is increased? Explain with the aid of Phasor Diagram? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________