Colorado School of Mines CHEN403

Ziegler-Nichols Example - 1 - December 21, 2008

Ziegler-Nichols Controller Tuning Example

The Ziegler-Nichols method uses a closed controller loop & requires the following steps:
Bring system to steady state operation.
Put on P control. Introduce a set point change and vary gain until system
oscillates continuously. This frequency is
CO
and M is the amplitude ratio.
Compute the following:
= =
1
Ultimate Gain
u
K
M

= =

2
Ultimate Period
u
CO
P

The original Z-N tuning settings are given in the following table.
Controller
c
K
I

D

P
/2
u
K

PI
/2.2
u
K /1.2
u
P

PID
/1.7
u
K /2
u
P /8
u
P

These controller settings were developed to give a 1/4 decay ratio. However, other
settings have been recommended that are closer to critically damped control (so that
oscillations do not propagate downstream). These PID controller settings are shown in the
following table.
Controller
c
K
I

D

Original
0.6
u
K /2
u
P /8
u
P
Some Overshoot
0.33
u
K /2
u
P /3
u
P
No Overshoot
0.22
u
K /2
u
P /3
u
P

The question becomes one of how to find these parameters when we dont have a real
process but rather the idealized transfer functions for the process.


Colorado School of Mines CHEN403
Ziegler-Nichols Example - 2 - December 21, 2008
General 3
rd
Order Overdamped System Example
+
-
+
+
R
Y
U
c
G
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
1 1 1
p
p
K
G
s s s
=
+ + +


As an example, let's assume we have a 3
rd
order overdamped system with negligible
dynamics in the final control & measurement elements. Then:

( )
( )( )( )
=
+ + +
1 2 3
1 1 1
p
p
K
G s
s s s

( ) ( ) = =1
f m
G s G s

The transfer function between the set point and the output under P control will be:


( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + +
= =
+
+
+ + +
=
+ + + + + + + +
1 2 3
1 2 3
3 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1
p
c
c p
p
c p
c
c p
p c
K
K
G G s s s
G s
K
G G
K
s s s
K K
s s s K K


The characteristic equation of this transfer function:

( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + + + + + =
3 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
1 0
p c
s s s K K

will control the stability & oscillatory nature of the systems response. Undamped
oscillatory behavior occurs at the very edge of the systems stability limit.

Routh Array. We can use a Routh array to determine this point.
Colorado School of Mines CHEN403
Ziegler-Nichols Example - 3 - December 21, 2008
Row
1
1 2 3
+ +
1 2 3

2 + +
1 2 2 3 3 1
+ 1
p c
K K
3
( )
+
+ +
+ +
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1
1
p c
K K


4 + 1
p c
K K

The stability limit from the 4
th
row is:

+ > >
1
1 0
p c c
p
K K K
K


which will be satisfied for any positive
c
K . The stability limit from the 3
rd
row is:


( ) ( )( )
( )
+
+ + + +
+ + > <
+ +
| |
< + + + +
|

\
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1
1
0
1 1 1 1 1
p c
c
p p
c
p p
K K
K
K K
K
K K


So, the ultimate gain will correspond to the stability limit:

( )
| |
= + + + +
|

\
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
cu
p p
K
K K


The period of oscillation at this ultimate gain must be calculated from the inverted Laplace
expression.

Direct Substitution. We could also use direct substitution to determine the stability limit for
this process. Substituting = s j into the characteristic equation:

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
+ + + + + + + + =
3 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
1 0
p c
j j j K K

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
+ + + + + + + =
3 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
1 0
p c
j j K K

( ) ( ) ( )
( ( + + + + + + + =

2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 0
p c
K K j .

Setting the imaginary part to zero gives us the frequency of oscillation:

Colorado School of Mines CHEN403
Ziegler-Nichols Example - 4 - December 21, 2008
( )
+ +
+ + = =

3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
0
u u u


and setting the real part to zero gives us the controller gain at the stability limit:


( ) ( )
( )
( )
+ +
+ +

+ + + = =
| |
= + + + +
|

\
1 2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1
2 1 2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
1 2 3
1
1 0
1 1 1 1 1
p cu u cu
p
p p
K K K
K
K K


(which is exactly the same as that given by the Routh array analysis).


Specific 3
rd
Order Overdamped System Example
Let us take for example the process:

( )
( )( )( )
=
+ + +
1
1 5 1 0.2 1
p
G s
s s s


The ultimate gain will be:

( )
| |
= + + + + =
|
\
1 1 1 1 1
1 5 0.2 37.44
1 1 5 0.2 1
cu
K

and the frequency of oscillation will be:


+ +
= =

1 5 0.2
2.48998
1 5 0.2
CO


so the period of oscillation at the ultimate gain is:

= =

2
2.52339
u
CO
P

The following will be the Ziegler-Nichols controller settings:

P control:
Colorado School of Mines CHEN403
Ziegler-Nichols Example - 5 - December 21, 2008
= =18.72
2
u
c
K
K

PI control:
= =17.02
2.2
u
c
K
K
= =2.10
1.2
u
I
P


PID control:
= =22.02
1.7
u
c
K
K
= =1.26
2
u
I
P

= =0.32
8
u
D
P


Lets look at a step change to the load for PI control. The closed loop transfer function will
be:


( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )
( )
+ + +
= =
+ | |
+ +
|
+ + +
\

=
+ + + + +

=
+ + + + +
4 3 2
1
1 5 1 0.2 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 5 1 0.2 1
1 5 1 0.2 1 1
6.2 6.2 1
p
c p
c
I
I
I c I
I
I I I I c c
G s s s
G s
G G
K
s s s s
s
s s s s K s
s
s s s K s K


With a step change to the load, =1/ U s and the Ziegler-Nichols settings:

( ) =
+ + + +
2 3 4
1
8.1039 18.0182 6.2 6.2
Y s
s s s s


( )
( ) ( )

= +
( +

5.62165 0.495759
0.0412961
0.00573006 0.0626769
0.00204812sin 1.70472 0.0569469cos 1.70472
t t
t
Y t e e
e t t


Colorado School of Mines CHEN403
Ziegler-Nichols Example - 6 - December 21, 2008
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0 5 10 15 20
t
y(t)


This figure shows the response to this disturbance. The controller settings are very
conservative there is very little damping to the response. In actual practice, these
settings would only be used as initial settings and additional tuning would be done.