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Temperature (K) = temperature (C) + 273
1 light year (ly) = 9.46 10
15
m
1 parsec (pc) = 3.26 ly
1 astronomical unit (AU) =1.50 10
11
m
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.60 10
6
J
hc = 1.99 10
-25
J m = 1.24 10
6
eV m
3
Physics data booklet
Electrical circuit symbols
cell
battery
ac supply
switch
voltmeter
ammeter
resistor
variable resistor
lamp
potentiometer
light-dependent resistor
(LDR)
thermistor
transformer
heating element
diode
capacitor
V A
4
Physics data booklet
EquationsCore
Note: All equations relate to the magnitude of the quantities only. Vector notation has not been used.
Sub-topic 1.2 Uncertainti es and errors Sub-topic 1.3 Vectors and scalars
If: =
then: = +
If: =
then:
If: =
then:
H
= cos
V
= sin
Sub-topic 2.1 Motion Sub-topic 2.2 Forces
= +
= +
1
2
2
2
=
2
+2
=
( + )
2
=
f
s
f
=
d
Sub-topic 2.3 Work, energy and power Sub-topic 2.4 Momentum and impulse
=
K
=
1
2
2
P
=
1
2
2
P
=
power =
Eficiency =
useful work out
total work in
=
useful power out
total power in
=
=
K
=
2
2
Impulse = =
5
Physics data booklet
Sub-topic 3.1 Thermal concepts Sub-topic 3.2 Modelling a gas
=
=
=
A
=
K
=
3
2
B
=
3
2
A
Sub-topic 4.1 Oscillations Sub-topic 4.4 Wave behaviour
=
1
2
=
sin
2
sin
1
=
2
1
=
Constructive interference: path difference =
Destructive interference: path difference = ( +
1
2
)
Sub-topic 4.2 Travelli ng waves
=
Sub-topic 4.3 Wave characteristics
2
2
=
0
2
Sub-topic 5.1 Electric fiel ds Sub-topic 5.2 Heating effect of electric currents
=
2
=
1
4
0
=
=
Kirchhoffs circuit laws:
= 0 (loop)
= 0 (junction)
=
= =
2
=
2
total
=
1
+
2
+
1
total
=
1
1
+
1
2
+
=
Sub-topic 5.3 Electric cel ls Sub-topic 5.4 Magnetic effects of electric currents
= ( + ) = sin
= sin
6
Physics data booklet
Sub-topic 6.1 Circul ar motion Sub-topic 6.2 Newtons law of gravitati on
=
=
2
=
4
2
2
=
2
=
2
=
2
=
2
Sub-topic 7.1 Discrete energy and radi oacti vity Sub-topic 7.2 Nuclear reactions
=
=
=
2
Sub-topic 7.3 The structure of matter
Charge Quarks Baryon
number
2
3
u c t
1
3
1
3
d s b
1
3
All quarks have a strangeness number of 0
except the strange quark that has a
strangeness number of 1
Charge Leptons
1 e
0 e
All leptons have a lepton number
of 1 and antileptons have a lepton
number of 1
Gravi tati onal Weak Electromagnetic Strong
Particles experiencing All Quarks, leptons Charged Quarks, gluons
Particles mediati ng Graviton W
+
, W
, Z
0
Gluons
Sub-topic 8.1 Energy sources Sub-topic 8.2 Thermal energy transfer
Power =
energy
time
Power =
1
2
3
=
4
max
(metres) =
2.90 10
3
(kelvin)
=
power
albedo =
total scattered power
total incident power
7
Physics data booklet
EquationsAHL
Sub-topic 9.1 Simple harmonic moti on Sub-topic 9.2 Single-slit diffracti on
=
2
=
2
=
0
sin ; =
0
cos
=
0
cos ; =
0
sin
= (
0
2
2
)
K
=
1
2
2
(
0
2
2
)
T
=
1
2
2
0
2
Pendulum: = 2
Massspring: = 2
Sub-topic 9.3 Interference
= sin
Constructive interference: 2 = (+
1
2
)
Destructive interference: 2 =
Sub-topic 9.4 Resoluti on Sub-topic 9.5 Doppler effect
= 1.22
=
Moving source:
=
s
Moving observer:
Sub-topic 10.1 Descri bing fields Sub-topic 10.2 Fi elds at work
=
P
=
P
=
e
=
1
G
=
2
E
=
esc
=
2
orbit
=
8
Physics data booklet
Sub-topic 11.1 Electromagnetic i nduction Sub-topic 11.3 Capacitance
= cos
=
=
=
=
parallel
=
1
+
2
+
1
series
=
1
1
+
1
2
+
=
=
1
2
2
=
=
0
=
0
=
0
Sub-topic 11.2 Power generation and
transmission
rms
=
0
2
rms
=
0
2
=
0
0
=
rms
rms
max
=
0
=
1
2
0
s
=
p
s
=
s
p
Sub-topic 12.1 The i nteraction of matter with
radiation
Sub-topic 12.2 Nuclear physics
=
max
=
=
13.6
2
=
2
() = ||
2
4
4
=
0
1/3
=
0
=
0
sin
9
Physics data booklet
EquationsOptions
Sub-topic A.1 The beginnings of relati vity Sub-topic A.2 Lorentz transformations
=
=
1
= ( ) ;
= ( )
= (
2
) ;
= (
2
)
=
1
2
=
0
=
0
)
2
(
)
2
= ()
2
()
2
Sub-topic A.3 Spacetime diagrams
= tan
1
Sub-topic A.4 Relati vistic mechanics (HL onl y) Sub-topic A.5 General rel ativi ty (HL onl y)
=
0
0
=
0
K
= ( 1)
0
2
=
0
2
=
2
2
+
0
2
4
=
K
s
=
2
2
=
0
10
Physics data booklet
Sub-topic B.1 Rigid bodies and rotational
dynamics
Sub-topic B.2 Thermodynamics
= sin
=
2
=
= 2
f
=
i
+
f
2
=
i
2
+ 2
=
i
+
1
2
2
=
K
rot
=
1
2
2
= +
=
3
2
=
5
3
= constant (for monatomic gases)
=
=
useful work done
energy input
Carnot
= 1
cold
hot
Sub-topic B.3 Fluids and fluid dynamics (HL onl y) Sub-topic B.4 Forced vibrations and resonance
(HL onl y)
=
f
f
=
0
+
f
= constant
1
2
2
+ + = constant
D
= 6
=
= 2
energy stored
energy dissipated per cycle
= 2 resonant frequency
energy stored
power loss
Sub-topic C.1 Introducti on to imaging Sub-topic C.2 Imaging instrumentation
1
=
1
+
1
=
1
=
i
o
=
=
i
near point
=
+ 1 ;
ininity
=
=
o
e
Sub-topic C.3 Fibre optics
=
1
sin
attenuation = 10 log
0
Sub-topic C.4 Medical imaging (HL onl y)
I
= 10 log
0
=
0
1
2
= ln2
=
11
Physics data booklet
Sub-topic D.1 Stellar quantities Sub-topic D.2 Stellar characteristics and stellar
evol uti on
(parsec) =
1
(arcsecond)
=
4
=
4
2
max
= 2.9 10
3
m K
3.5
Sub-topic D.3 Cosmology Sub-topic D.5 Further cosmology (HL onl y)
=
0
1
=
0
1
0
=
4
3
c
=
3
2
8
12
Physics data booklet