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Tesseral Tutorial
1
T TE ES SS SE ER RA AL L 2 2- -D D T TU UT TO OR RI IA AL L
C CO ON NT TE EN NT TS S
1 MAKINGA NEWMODEL....................................................................................... 1
2 MAKINGTHE FIRST MODEL POLYGON............................................................ 4
3 MAKINGTHE SECONDPOLYGON(SIMPLE FLAT LAYER)........................... 7
4 DESIGNINGTHE THIRDANDFOURTHPOLYGON.......................................... 9
5 FINAL LAYER CUTTINGACROSSTWOPREVIOUSLY DEFINEDLAYERS11
6 DOUBLE CHECKINGTHE UNITSOF MEASUREMENT.................................. 13
7 USINGFRAMEWORK TOSET THE SOURCES(ONTHE SURFACE) AND
RECEIVERS..................................................................................................................... 15
8 INPUTTINGA DEVIATEDBOREHOLE.............................................................. 19
9 CREATINGTHE MODELEDDATA USINGTHE F-DELASTIC SOFTWARE22
10 MERGINGALL THE SHOTSINTOONE FILE FOR WAVEFRONT/EVENT
ANALYSIS....................................................................................................................... 31
11 APPENDIX A INPUTTINGLOGCURVESIN LASFORMAT FANDMODEL
BUILDING....................................................................................................................... 37
1 1 M Ma ak ki in ng ga aN NE EW Wm mo od de el l
TOINITIATE THE TESSERAL SYSTEM, CLICK ONTHE TESSERAL ICON
Theblank Tesseral screenappears. Only oneof six possibleempty panes appears. We
want to build a new model, define a VSP survey parameters and run the forward
modeling.
If youdoubleclickmb1inthetitlepart of
thepane(bluecoloredarea), thenthesix
panelswill appear. Doubleclickingmb1in
the1
st
panereturnstowindowtoasingle
paneview.
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Tobuildthemodel itself, wehaveto:
Definethemodel boundaries
Buildpolygonlayersinsidethemodel boundaries
Definethephysical parametersof thelayers
Engagetheproper modelingalgorithmfor our purposes
Special caremust betakentoinput themodel layerssothat layer mergingandtruncation
arehandledproperly.
Toopenupanewmodel, goto
File
New
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A default model appears. ThemenuistheFrameworkmenuandwill beusedtodefine
themodel boundaries(cross-section), andSource(s) andreceiver(s) configuration.
Letsdefinethemodel boundariestobe150onthetop, 3000mdowntothebottom, -
1000mtotheleft of our 0, and1400mtotheEast.
Wecanmakethesurfaceinvisible. Thismeansthat upgoingwaveswill not reflect back
downintothemodel. TheFramework/Cross-sectionmenushouldlooklike
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2 2 M Ma ak ki in ng gt th he ef fi ir rs st t m mo od de el l p po ol ly yg go on n
Whenwefill thisin, andthenclickonOK, wecandefineour 1
st
polygon
Inthemenu, wecanstart bydefiningtheP-wavevelocity. TheS-wavevelocityand
densitywill assumedefault values(thedefaultswill beusedwhentheboxesunder
Default areticked).
Oneof theoptionsthat wehaveistodefinethelayer physical propertiesusingthesample
parameter table. Thetablehasbeenset upfor variousrocktypeswiththeir minimum,
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averageandmaximumP- andS-wavevelocitiesandDensities. Wepull downthesample
list andselect, inthiscase, Sediments
Choose the Anhydrite [min]
sample
2.1 We can apply a pattern to
the layer by clicking on Apply
Pattern. The pattern for the
sediments appears in the pattern
box.
Next, lets
transfer our samplelist parameterstotheVelocities andDensity entries. The
alteredPolygondefinitionmenunowlookslike
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WhenweclickOK, thepolygonlayer appears
Wewant toshowhowtomovethesourceandreceiver linetoanewelevation. Tomove
thesource, weplacethecursor over thesource(shownasaredtriangle delta) andpull
thesourceto our newlocation. To performthesametask for thereceivers, weplacethe
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cursor ontopof areceiver, clickmb1andpull theentirelineupreceiversuptothesource
location.
3 3 M Ma a
k ki in ng g
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t th he es se ec co on nd dp po ol ly yg go on n( (s si im mp pl le ef fl la at t l la ay ye er r) )
Place the cursor in the New Polygon icon (shown below) and click mb1. The
cursor turns into a polygon shape with a plus sign below it. Locate the cursor
outside of the left boundary at about the 500 mmark (see the Z value at the
bottomof theTesseral window).
Click onceand extend thelinehorizontally over to aposition just outsideof the
right boundary. Doubleclickingmb1will closethepolygondownto thebottom
of themodel. Thisisshownbelow
.
After thedouble-click, thePolygonpropertymenuappears
(fill in1700m/sfor theP-wavevelocity)
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Noticetheboundaries of thesecond polygon. After filling in theVelocities (defaulting
theS-wavevelocityanddensity), pressOK tocompletethemodel entry.
4 4 D De es si ig gn ni in ng gt th he et th hi ir rd da an nd df fo ou ur rt th hp po ol ly yg go on n
Polygon3will start fromtheleft sideof themodel andtruncateagainst Polygon4. How
do wedo this? Wefirst input Polygon 3. Then weconstruct Polygon 4 so that it cuts
throughPolygon3. Letsput inpolygon3.
Place
the
curso
r
insid
e
Poly
gon2
(whe
rethe
new
poly
gon
will
becreated) andclickmb3. ChoosetheNewpolygon menuitem
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Placethecursor at 1222montheoutsideof theleft boundary, clickmb1, bringthecursor
directly across the model (also at 1222 mdepth) to the outside of the right boundary,
doubleclick mb1tocompletethepolygonandbringupthePropertiesmenu fill inthe
P wavevelocityof 2000m/s.
Click Ok to see the new layer 3. Inside of the 3
rd
layer, click mb3 and select New
Polygon Letsstart drawingthenewpolygon
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Thepolygonis drawnover to theright boundary (just outsideof it) doubleclick mb1to
closethepolygon. Definethevelocitiesanddensities. NamethepolygonPolygon4 as
shownbelow
Click Ok toseemodel. Thethirdlayer is truncatedagainst layer 4. This is similar tothe
shalesabuttingagainst thecarbonatereefs.
5 5 F Fi in na al l l la ay ye er r c cu ut tt ti in ng ga ac cr ro os ss s t tw wo o p pr re ev vi io ou us sl ly y d de ef fi in ne ed dl la ay ye er rs s
Inthis layer input, thelayer penetrates bothpolygons 3and4. InitiatetheNewPolygon
cursor byclickingmb3insidelayer 4andclickingtheNewPolygonicon
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Draw the polygon starting just outside the left boundary at ~1800 m, draw the line
throughlayers3and4asshown, drawthelinetojust belowthemodel boundaryandthen
extendthelinebacktotheoutsideof theleft model boundary(seebelow)
Whenyouplacethecursor to theleft of theleft boundary anddoubleclick, thepolygon
closes(seeblueellipse) andthePolygonmenuboxappears
For polygon5, fill inthevelocityvaluesasshownbelow(andthenclickOK)
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ClickOK andpolygon5isdone.
6 6 D Do ou ub bl le ec ch he ec ck ki in ng gt th he eu un ni it ts so of f m me ea as su ur re em me en nt t
Placethecursor over thehammer asshownbelowandbringupthePropertiesmenu
Click on the Measure Units tab to reveal the measurement system used in the
modeling.
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Lets look at how to changetheunits. Click on thedown arrow located on theright
hand side of the Time box. It reveals that we can choose to enter time units in s
(seconds) or ms(milliseconds).
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7 7 U Us si in ng gF FR RA AM ME EW WO OR RK K t to o s se et t t th he es so ou ur rc ce es s ( (o on nt th he es su ur rf fa ac ce e) ) a an nd dr re ec ce ei iv ve er rs s
(intheborehole)
ChoosetheFRAMEWORK icon
asshownontheright
ThebasicFrameworkwindowappears
ClickontheSourcetabtodefinethesourceconfiguration
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Toset thereceiver locations, clicktheObservationTab. Thedefault menuis
Set thedownholereceiverstostart at -150mto3000mdepthat asondedepthinterval of
30m. Start therecordingat 0msandstopat 1500ms. Thesampleratefor therecording
is 2 ms. Notethat the number of depth levels, timesamples, sources and pictures are
shownontopof themenuboxes.
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Thesetupfor thesourcesandreceiversnowlookslike
Let us label theshots and receivers using theShow
receiver Numbers
The shots and receivers now appear with
numerical labels
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Wenowwant tofinetunethepositionsof thesourcesusingthefinetuneicon
The procedure is to locate the cursor at the location of the object
that you want to move, a faint cursor image lies on top of the object, type in the new
coordinates for the object and then click enter. In this example, we want to move the
entirerowof sources. Movingthecursor tothefirst sourcelocatesthefirst sourceat x=-
400andz=-150m, as shownbelow. Withthesourcehighlightedby thecursor, typein
200for X and150for Z(toshift intoZwindowuseTab keyboardbutton) intheTune
menu
PressEnter intheTunePositionmenutomovethesourcestotheright.
Theleftmost sourcenowhascoordinatesof X=200mandZ=-150m. Closethefinetune
boxbyclickingontheX intheupper right handcorner.
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8 8 I In np pu ut tt ti in ng ga ad de ev vi ia at te ed db bo or re eh ho ol le e
Westart bycreatinganewpolygonusingtheicon
Drawinthedeviatedwell (usetheX andZvalues
shownat thebottombar). Thegreencircles show
thechosenbreak inslope points inthedeviated
well. Our task is to create an artificial polygon
and then project the polygon onto the deviated
well.
Double click mb1 at the bottomof the deviated
well tobringupthepolygondefinitionbox.
Click theOK box becausethis is a
dummy polygon and the
parameters do not need to be
specified.
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Upon clicking OK with mb1, the polygon is
completed, asshownbelow.
Nowwewant to collapsethepolygononto the
deviatedwell trace.
To do this, we use a utility under Edit to
project the receivers onto the trace of the
borehole.
Thisisshownbelow
Edit >Project >Receivers
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Wecannowcollapsethepolygoninto asingleline. Placethecursor insidethepolygon
that you just made using the deviated borehole. Click mb3 to bring the menu shown
below
ChooseCut Polygon
Next what shouldappear isthetrace
of the deviated borehole with
receiver levels superimposed onto
thetrace
WearenowreadytoruntheFiniteDifferencemodelingsoftware.
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9 9 C Cr re ea at ti in ng gt th he em mo od de el le ed dd da at ta au us si in ng gt th he eF F- -D D e el la as st ti ic c s so of ft tw wa ar re e
A good practice is to savethemodel that you just created. To do this, click on File >
Saveas
TheSaveAswindowappears
Createanewfolder (1). Renamethefolder byplacingthecursor insidethenamebox of
thefolder (2), clickmb1, edit inanewnameandclickmb1outsideof thenamebox(3).
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Double click mb1 on the folder icon (named Tutorial). This puts you into the model
namelevel. Edit theFileName to beModel 1 (1), click mb1 on theSavebutton (2).
Thisputsthemodel nameintotheTesseral database(3).
Nowthat themodel has been saved, wecan initiatethemodelingsoftware. Theoptions
are
Vertical IncidenceModeling
Scalar Modeling
AcousticModeling
Elasticmodeling
ElasticAnisotropicModeling
Toinitiatethemenu, gotoRun ontheTesseral mainmenu
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The first step in the F-D routine is to build the model grid. The grid spacing is
determinedbythedominant frequencyof thesourcewavelet. Thegridspacingischosen
toavoidgridaliasing.
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Oncethegridisbuilt, thecomputationbeginsfor sourcenumber 1. Notethepropagation
of thewavefront andtheVSP downgoingevent. Thedowngoingwavefront isdetectedat
thegeophonelocationsintheborehole.
As the computation continues, we see that the downgoing wavefield is about to reflect
fromthereef-like structure.
Note
the
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reflected upgoing wavefront. Theamplitude of the downgoing event can be 100 times
larger thantheupgoingeventssotheupgoing
VSP event isdifficult toseeontheVSP (ontheleft) without proper scaling.
Toequalizetheup- anddowngoingVSP events andwavefronts for display purposes, we
usethevisualizationoptionsusetheiconshownbelow
IncreasetheequalizepercentagetoviewtheVSP andwavefront data
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PressApplytoall
Thecomputationcontinuesfromthefirst sourcetothethirdsource
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Followingthecomputation, thescreenshows themodel, last computedVSP dataandthe
model withanimationoptions.
Placethecursor betweenthetopandbottoms panel until it changeshape(twohorizontal
lines). Thisallowsonetoexpandthebottompanelstofill almost theentireworkingarea
bydraggingupthepanel boundaries. Positionthebottompanel sotheylook
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Weseeatimesteplineonthe VSP data. Thisisusedduringtheanimationprocess. The
animationprocess will replay thegenerationof thewavefronts inamoviefashion. The
timesteplineshowshowtheVSP dataisbeinggeneratedasthewavefrontsinthemovie
propagate. Theanimationiconsinthetwopanelslooklike
Toanimatethewavefront propagation, click mb1ontheanimationbutton(showncircled
above). Someexampledisplaysare
9.1 Equalize the display using the
Visualizationoptions
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1 10 0 M Me er rg gi in ng ga al ll l t th he es sh ho ot ts s i in nt to oo on ne ef fi il le ef fo or r w wa av ve ef fr ro on nt t/ /e ev ve en nt t a an na al ly ys si is s
10.1 Ontheprevious page, wesawthat onerecord couldbereplayedback usingevent
and wavefront animation. When wehavemany sources as in amulti-offset VSP
survey, we would want to control what source we are viewing. To do this, we
mergethegather filestogether meaningthat all 3VSP datasetsandwavefront
movies canbemergedinto two largefiles, onefor theVSP dataandtheother for
thewavefieldpropagation. Todothiswebeginat theendof thecomputationstep
that showsthe3
rd
VSP dataset (GathEP-3.tgr) andthe3
rd
sources wavefront record
(SnapEP-3.tgr). Wewill nowcollect the3datasets into mergeddatafiles The
startingpoint isshownbelow
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10.2 Wenowwant toenlargethetwolower panestofill uptheentryworkingspace. To
dothis, weplacethecursor at thetopedgeof oneof thetwolower panes. Wesee
that thecursor changestotheshape
10.3 Pull upthepanel border tocreatethepictureshownbelow
10.4
10.5 Next, change the visualization options to gain the
datausetheiconandfill inthemenuasbelow
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10.6 Highlight theleft bottompanel (for theVSP data). Thedatafromthe3
rd
sourceis
shown in this panel. We can start the merge process my going to RUN >Grid
Merge
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10.7 Thecomputational tracker menuappears
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10.8 Oncethis process is complete, thenyouaregiventhechoiceto deleteor retainthe
3individual VSP datafilesthat havebeenmergedintoModel 1+GathEP.tgr.
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18So, thefilesGathEP-1.tgr, GathEP-2.tgr, GathEP-3.tgr GathEP.tgr
10.19Wecan nowdo thesamewith thewavefront snapshots highlight theSnapshot
titlebar andRun>GridMerge
The
computational menuappearsandtheoptiontodeletetheindividual input filesgivesus
theoptiontosavediskspacebydeletingtheinput files
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10.20WenowhavetheGath-EP.tgr andSnap-EP.tgr mergedfiles tohelpus examineall
of thesourcedatasetseasily
10.21Wecanlook at thethreeshots, oneat atime, by usingtheslidingbar ontheGath-
EP.tgr panel asshownbelow
SOURCE 1
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SOURCE 2
SOURCE 3
1 11 1 A Ap pp pe en nd di ix x A A I In np pu ut tt ti in ng gl lo og gc cu ur rv ve es s i in nL LA AS S f fo or rm ma at t f fa an nd dm mo od de el l b bu ui il ld di in ng g
11.1 To loadLAS files into Tesseral, weneedto haveadefault model already defined.
Wetheninput alogandask theprogramtogenerateamodel fromthelog(usingP-
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andSV-velocities derivedfromtheinput sonic logs andthedensity takenfromthe
input densitylog).
Togeneratethedefault model, let usstart at thebeginninginitiatethe
Tesseral systemusingtheTesseral icon
Themain Tesseral menu appears Click mb1 on theFramework icon (circled in red),
, click on theObservations tab, changethebottomand right boundary distances and
clickOK.
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5 Fill inthePolygon
propertiesmenuasshown
andpressOK. Thiswill
createadummy model
toplacethewell logsinto.
NOTE: thedepthof the
model shouldbedeeper
thanthedeepest logdepth
11.6 Thesinglepolygonmodel appear
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11.7 TobringintheLASfile, useFile>Open> asshownbelow
11.8 Searchfor LASfilesusing Filesof type
11.9 Choose theWideBand.lasfile
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11.10The next menu allows you to select which curves fromthe well you want to put
intothemodel Choose AddAll
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11.11A rectangleappears insidethemodel which can bepositioned where you want to
placeit bydraggingtheboxwiththecursor
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18once the rectangle is in
position, click mb1 to bring in the
logs
11.19Click mb3 inside the well
rectangle to bring up the menu that
hasthePropertiesoption..
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11.20In this menu, we can change the Line
Propertyof thechosenLog Thiswill assist us
intellingonecurvefromtheother
11.21Select the Shear sonic curve and click on
LineProperty
11.22
11.23Choosethegreencolor
11.24
11.25Press Ok to see the curve change
color inthemodel display
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11.26 Next, we want to generate the model using the
well logcurves as input themodel will obviously be
composedof horizontal layers
11.27Choosethecurvenamesthat matchthemodel propertyandchoose6(versus10for
the deviation clearence) as the curves do not show drastic jumps in their overall
rangeof values
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11.28Hereweseethemodel someof thelayersarethick andsomearethin. Thethin
layersarenearer tothebottomof theborehole..
11.29
11.30
11.31
11.32Eachlayerspolygoncanbeseenbyclickingmb1withinthelayer
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11.33To zoomin on oneof thethin layers near thebottomof theborehole, weusethe
magnifyingtool Oncethemagnifyingtool is active, click mb1to start oneside
of thezoombox, dragtoenlargetheboxandthenclickmb1toclosethebox
11.34To exit from magnification mode click mb2 or chose (pointing)
fromtoolbar. To choosealayer, click mb1onthelayer. To bringupthePolygon
propertiesmenu, doubleclick mb1ontheselectedlayer youcannowchangethe
layer properties
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11.35Letssavethemodel wehavecreatedtodothis
11.36ClickonFile>SaveAs>
WithintheSaveAsmenu, typeinthemodel nameandSave