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cell membrane
Most cells are divided into
three parts: the nucleus,
Golgi bodies
or the control center; the
cytoplasm
cell membrane, the outer
covering of the cell; and
vacuole
the cytoplasm, a jellylike
chromosome
substance between the
nucleus
nucleus and the cell
membrane. Within the
nuclear membrane
cytoplasm are many
mitochondrion
organelles such as
vacuoles, the Golgi
ribosome
bodies, the ribosomes,
Typical Animal Cell
and mitochondria. It is
difficult to produce an exact model of a typical cell because there is no
typical cell. Each cell is built to accomplish particular tasks.
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outer
membrane
inner
membrane
Cutaway of a Mitochondrion
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The Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the fluid that fills most of the cell. This jellylike fluid
provides a substance in which the organelles can float. It also allows the
organelles to send chemical messages to one another.
mitochondrion
vacuole
cell membrane
nucleus
cell wall
chromosome
cytoplasm
Part of the cell wall may remain even after plants are long dead. Wood, for
instance, is made up of millions of interlocked cell walls. Cork, the
substance in which cells were first observed, is made up of the cell walls
of dead cells.
Summary
The cell, so tiny that it is usually invisible to the unaided human eye, is
the unit from which all life is built. This idea is stated very clearly in cell
theory. Cells carry out all the functions, or work, that living things must
do to survive.
Simple cells called prokaryotes do not have a cell nucleus or special cell
structures, called organelles. More complex cells called eukaryotes do have
organelles and a nucleus. Most cells are eukaryotes. Eukaryotes also have
cytoplasm and a plasma membrane. Plant cells are eukaryotes and have
chloroplasts and cell walls.
Membranes are the sites for energy conversion and chemical synthesis.
These biochemical reactions are essential for life. The behavior of these
reactions is controlled by biochemical principles. The reactions are
influenced by molecules from within the organism and from without.
Because cells follow all physical laws of energy and matter, it is vital for
biologists and others to have a knowledge of energy.
Careers in Biology
x4
x0
4
Medical Writer
Medical writers keep the public informed of advances
and changes in medical knowledge. To do this, they
must gather information from such sources as
libraries, technical journals, and interviews with
scientists and doctors. Some medical writers work
on a free-lance basis while others may be employed
by newspapers, magazines, or others. To prepare for
a career as a medical writer, you should plan on
attending college and earning a bachelors degree in
either journalism or the sciences.
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Practice
Write True if the statement is correct. Write False if the statement is not correct.
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
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_________ 13. Unlike physical systems, cells can create and destroy
energy.
_________ 14. Organelles perform most of the work in a cell.
_________ 15. A ribosome is a membrane but not an organelle.
_________ 16. Chemical synthesis and energy conversions take
place along membranes.
_________ 17. Cells are not affected by chemicals from other
organisms.
_________ 18. The chemical reactions that make life possible are
controlled by biochemical properties.
_________ 19. Mitochondria are organelles that are responsible for
most respiration.
_________ 20. Unlike other scientists, biologists do not need any
knowledge of energy.
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Practice
Match each definition with the correct term. Write the letter on the line provided.
A. absorption
B.
biosynthesis
C. digestion
D. excretion
nutrition
F. respiration
G. response
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H. reproduction
I. secretion
Facts:
The microscope has a set of lenses that work together to magnify
what you see. By learning to prepare and view a slide, you
increase your powers of observation.
All living things are made of cells. By magnifying parts of plants,
you can see their cells.
Investigate:
You will cut the letter e from the classified ads and prepare it
as a wet mount. Then you will view it through your microscope.
You will prepare plant specimens as wet mounts and observe
their cells.
Materials:
microscope
microscope slides eyedropper
pieces of onionskin
scissors
cover slip
the classified section of the newspaper
leaves of the water plant Elodea (Anacharis)
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6. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope. Center it so that the
light passes through it.
7. Look through the eyepiece at the top of the microscope. Use the
large knob to raise the tube slowly until you see something. Move
the slide until the specimen is where you can see it best. It should
just about fill your field of view.
8. Finish focusing with the fine adjustment knob (small knob).
9. If you cannot see it, go back to No. 5 and start again.
10. Slightly move the "e" to left, right, up, and down.
11. In the space below, sketch what the letter "e" looks like under the
microscope.
13. Describe how the "e" moves when you move it to the right. _______
___________________________________________________________
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b. onionskin:
4. Check the cell structures below that you can see in either specimen.
onionskin
Elodea
a. cell walls:
________________
________________
b. the nucleus:
________________
________________
________________
d. chloroplasts:
________________
________________
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Facts:
The cell membrane is a barrier that allows only certain substances
to soak through or permeate. It is "selectively permeable."
Selective permeability allows the cell membrane to control what
enters and leaves the inside of the cell.
Investigate:
You will design a model of a cell.
You will see which substances can pass through its cell membrane
and which cannot.
Materials:
a sealed, numbered jar partly filled with a substance prepared
by your teacher
one resealable, plastic bag
gelatin solution prepared by your teacher
one marble
1. The class will be divided into groups. Each group will have a
number. Label your jar with your group number.
2. Decide with your group who will be the following: a) the equipment
manager; b) the recorder; c) the reporter, who will report to the
class; and d) the director, who will make sure that the group follows
all directions for this lab activity.
3. Discuss with your group how you could put the plastic bag, marble,
and gelatin together to make a model of a cell. The model should
include a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. The recorder for
the group will record ideas and decide which plan to follow in
building the cell model. The recorder will also make a drawing of
the proposed cell model and label the cell parts.
4. Now make your cell model.
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89
Practice
Use the list below to write the correct term for each definition on the line provided.
biochemical
cell
cell membrane
chloroplasts
chromosome
cytoplasm
eukaryote
membrane
mitochondrion
nucleus
organelle
photosynthesis
prokaryote
synthesis
vacuole
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
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_________________________
_________________________
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Practice
Use the list below to write the correct part of the typical animal cell on the line
provided.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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