Unit-2

Data Acquisition System(DAS) :-

Basically in process industries, implement of direct digital control based on
Microprocessor based personal computer are used.
Design of these desktop are very familiar which is shown in given figure.

In processor based computer we have following component which is given below:
1) Processor 2) Memory 3) ADC 4) I/O Port 5) Buses
In above diagram bus consist:
1) Data lines 2) Address lines 3) Control line bus
All communication of processor either data sending, receives fetching are through these
buses lines.
In above diagram we also have memory. It can be either RAM, ROM, DISK, or CD-
ROM.
The PC also connects the bus lines to a no. of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) socket, using
an industry standard constitution at how the bus lines are connected to the socket.
These sockets are referred to as Expansion Slots.
Many special types of peripheral equipment such as Fax/Modem Boards, game boards &
network connection boards are designed on PCB that plug into these expansion slots.
Special PCBs called Data Acquisition System (DAS) have been developed for the
purpose of providing for I/P & I/O of analog data.
Data Acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure resl world physical
condition & converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values can be
manipulated by a computer.
DAS or DAQ typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing.
DAS Hardware :-

The h/w features of general data-acquisition system are shown in above figure. Designing
of DAS is vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
Essential features of DAS are described below, which are following types:
1. MUX 2. S/H 3. ADC 4. DAC 5. LATCH 6. DECODER

1) ADC & S/H :
The DAS typically has a high speed, SAR type ADC & fast S/H circuit.
Whenever the DAS is requested to obtain a data sample the S/H is automatically
incorporated into the process.
The ADC conversion time constitute the major post of the data sample acquisition time,
but the S/H acquisition time.
Must also be consider to establish maximum throughout.
2) Analog Multiplexers :
The analog mux allows the DAS to select data from a no. of different source.
The MUX has a no. of I/P channel, each of which is connected to a different analog I/P
voltage source.
The MUX acts like a multiple set of switches as shown in below figure.

It is arranged in such a fashion that any one of the I/P channels can be selected to provide
its voltage to the S/H & ADC.
In some cases, the DAS can be programmed to take channel sample sequentially.

3) Address Decoder/Command Processor :
The computer can select to I/P a sample from a given channel by sending an appropriate
selection on the address lines & control lines of the computer bus.
These are decoded to initiate the proper sequence of command to the MUX, ADC & S/H.
Another common feature is the abilities to program the DAS to take a no. of samples
from with a specified time b/w samples.
In this case, the computer is notified by interrupt when a sample is ready for I/p.

4) DAC & Latches :
For O/P purpose, the DAS offer includes a latch & DAC. The address decoder/command
processor is used to latch data written to the DAS, which is then converted to an
appropriate analog signal by the DAC.

DAS S/W :-
The process of selecting a channel & initiating a data I/P from that channel involves some
interface b/w the computer & the DAS. This interface is facilitated by s/w that the
computer executes.
The s/w can be written by the user, but is often also provided by the DAS manufacturer in
the form of program on disk.
Basic flow chart of the basic sequence of operation that must occur when a sample is
required from the DAS.

Generally, the DAS is mapped into a base port address location in the system.
In the PC, this address can be from 000H to FFFH, but many addresses are reserved for
user by the processor & other peripheral.
A common address for I/O system such as the DAS is port 300H.
The sequence starts with selection of a channel for I/P. This is accomplished by a write to
the DAS decoder that identifies required channel.
The MUX then places that channel I/P voltage at S/H I/P.
The software then to give a start converts (s.c) command according to the specification of
the DAS.
This is often complete successfully by a write to some base + offset address.
The DAS internally activates the hold mode of the S/H & starts the converter.
The end-of-convert (EOC) is provided in a status register in the DAS. The contests of this
status register can be read by the processor by a port I/P of a base + offset address.
The appropriate bit is then tested by the S/W to deduce whether EOC has been send out
or issued.
Once the EOC has been issued or send out, the S/w can I/P the data itself by a read of an
appropriate address again a base & offset, which enables tri-states, placing the ADC
output on data bus.
There is one problem with the operation described above flow chart.
If the DAS fails, the computer will be locked in the loop waiting for EOC to the issued.
One way to resolve this is to add an additional timer loop for a time greater than the
conversion time of the ADC.
If the EOC is not detected prior to time-out, an error is announced, & the computer is
returned to an error-handling routine.
In some cases, the EOC detection is handled by an interrupt service routine.
In this way, the computer is free to execute other S/W until the interrupt occurs than the
data is I/P.
Again there needs to be a system to detect that an EOC was not provided to protect
against DAS failure.

Use of Data Acquisition System :-
Data Acquisition System are being used in ever increasing, large & wide fields in a
variety of industrial & scientific areas including the aerospace, biomedical & telemetry
industries.
The type of data acquisition system to be used depends upon the application & the
intended use of record I/P data.
Analog DAS are used when wide frequency width is required or when lower accuracies
can be tolerated.
Digital DAS are used when the physical quantity being monitored has a narrow
bandwidth.
It is also used when high accuracy & low per channel cost is required.

Data Loggers :-
Now-a-days large no of sensor & transducer continuously furnish information about the
condition of a plant, process, vehicles or patient, to a central point to provide real time
display of the quantities measured.
These quantities may be recorded, plotted or printed for further information at a later
date or stored in memory in such a way as to reconstruct if necessary the signal with time
for visual display & analysis.
Now there row data can be processed by transducer, into suitable form so that necessary
mathematical operation carried out, if necessary by digital computer.
The digital computer may be used for on-line control of the plant or process, otherwise it
may serve as Data Loggers.
DAS acquire the data from transducer & convert the same into digital form so as to be
process & presented suitably by data logger.
For dealing with the large no. of slowly varying I/P signals, they are sampled at regular
intervals of time & the subsequent stages are thus time shared for further processing of
the signal.
An analog MUX is used to sample the analog signals & an ADC is used to convert the
signal into digital form.
The timing of all the necessary operation is usually complete by control units. The
control unit may be controlled by signals released & programmed from a clerk
incorporated in data logger.
The block diagram of a typical data logger employing a microcomputer is shown in fig.

The clocking system provides the necessary control signals for selection of the I/P data
channel & getting it logged along with the time at which logging is done. The channel
selected is also logged for identification.
The output may be displayed, printed on a memory device for storage of data.
A data logger essentially deal with the digital signal & hence all the I/P data is brought
out into digital form by ADC.
The central signal (or the address) of the microcomputer are synchronized in such a way
that the I/P data channels are scanned one after another & fed to ADC.
The microcomputer may be provided with an operating console keyboard for the entry of
necessary command instructions.
Analog DAS handling analog channels may be provided with the facilities of analog
recording on a magnetic tape recorder.
The complexity of DAS increases with the no. of I/P signals to be processed & in such
cases, a microprocessor based data logger similar to that of fig 1 becomes essential. It is
necessary to preserve the accuracy of the O/P data, while getting processed &
condition through all the stage of data loggers.

Communication Standards :-
Basically in Distributed Control System(DCS),
We have large no. of computers to computer communication paths.
These paths require point to point links, multipoint link & network connections.
To communicate effectively b/w devices a protocol must be established.
Layers Host -1 Host-2 Unit Exchange
7 Application Protocol Message

6 Presentation Protocol Message

5 Session Protocol Message

4 Transport Protocol Message

3 Network Protocol Packet

2 Data Link Protocol Frame
Interface
1 Physical Protocol Bit

Fig: - OSI Model
Basically layered approaches to Networking stems from operating system design namely
to break down an ultimate goal into a no. of modules, which are then fashioned to meet a
specific functions.
Basically these modules are divided into two posts.
1) Interface 2) Protocols

1) Interface Relationship b/w different modules in the same mode.
2) Protocol Relationship b/w equivalent module in different modes

Description of seven layer OSI model in next table with standards.
S No. Layer Description Standards
1. Physical Defines the electrical & mechanical interfacing to a
physical medium sets up, maintain & disconnect
physical links, include h/w & s/w.
RS-232-C, RS-
442/443/449,
V.24/V.28,
V.10/V.11
2. Data Link Establish error-tree path over physical channel, frames
message, error detection correction, manages access to
and use of channels, ensure proper sequence of
transmitted data.
ANSI-ADC4
X.25-levels,
IBM SDLC
3. Network Addresses & routes messages, setup communication
path, flow control
USA DOP-IP
(Eg.
ARPANET,
PSS)
4. Transport Provides end to end control of a communication
session, allow processes to exchange data reliably
USA DOD-
TCP, IBM-
SNA, DEC-
DNA
5. Session Establish & control node-system dependent aspects,
interface transport level to logical function in node
operating system.
FTP
6. Presentation Allows encoded data transmitted via communication
path to be presented in suitable format for user
manipulated.
JTMP
7. Application
(users)
Allows a user service to be supported e.g. resource
sharing, file translates, remote file access, DBM etc.
FAM

Basically philosophy & standards which make up each level are complex & of a highly
specialist nature.



Process:-
A process block diagram for a chemical process shown in fig 1& 2.
Manipulated Measured
I/P O/P

Distributed Unmeasured
I/P O/P

Fig 1:- Input/Output Representation






Manipulated I/ P

Disturbance I/P

Fig 2:- Control Representation
In fig.1 & fig.2 I/P are classified as manipulated I/P & disturbance I/P & O/P are
classified as measured & unmeasured O/P.
To automate the operation of a process, it is important to use measurement of process O/P
or disturbance input to more decision about the proper O/P or disturbance I/P to more
decision about the proper value of manipulated I/P .This is the purpose of controller
shown in fig.2.
Development of a control strategy consists of formulating or identifying the following.
1. Control variables.
2. I/P variable- I/P may change continuously or at discrete interval of time.
3. O/P variable- measurement may be made continuously or at discrete interval of
time.
4. Constraints- classify as soft & hard.
5. Operating characteristic- classify as
a) Continuous

Process

Process
Controller
b) Batch or
c) Semiconductors (semi batch)
6. Safety, environmental & economical consideration.
7. Control structure - It can be F/B or F/W in natural.
Continuous processes operate for long periods of time under relatively constant operating
condition before being short down for cleaning, catalyst regeneration & so forth.
For e.g.:- some process in the oil-refining industry operates for 18-months b/n shutdown.
Batch processes are dynamic in nature that is they generally operate for short period of
time.
For e.g:- batch process includes bear or wine fermentation as well as much specialty
chemical process.
For a batch reactor, an initial change is mad to the reactor & condition (temp., pressure)
are varied to produce a desired product, at the end of the batch time.
For e.g. :-sugar tank
We assume that this is a continuous process; there is a continuous flow in & out of the
tank.
It would be semi continuous process if there was an inlet flow with no outlet flow.
Taking a Shower :-
This process is continuous while you are taking a shower bat is most likely viewed a
batch process, since it is a small part of your day. So it easily be called semi continuous
process.
Basically in semi batch process, it may have an initial change to the reactor, but feed
components may be called to the reactor during the course of batch run.