Universitatea de Stiinte Agronomice si Medicina Veterinara Bucuresti

Facultatea de Medicina Veterinara

Disciplina Limba Engleza



Referat
Boala Addison la caine
Anesthesia












Student

Cartal Lidia Georgiana

Grupa 3201

Articol original:
,,
Boala Addison la caine
Dr. Natalia Radulov - Laborator SynevoVet

Boala Addison, sau hipoadrenocorticismul, este un sindrom binecunoscut cauzat de
secretia inadecvata de glucocorticoizi si/sau mineralcorticoizi de catre glandele suprarenale.
Totusi, datorita semnelor clinice deseori vagi si a lipsei analizelor de laborator adecvate, este
foarte des trecuta cu vederea in diagnosticul diferential.
Cea mai frecventa cauza a hipoadrenocorticismului se considera a fi distructia imun-
mediata a cortexului adrenal care duce la insuficienta corticoadrenala primara. Alte cauze ale
distructiei corticoadrenale includ: infectiile micobacteriene, infectiile fungice, tratamentul cu
mitotan, hemoragia si neoplazia.
SEMNE CLINICE
Majoritatea cainilor cu boala Addison apartin grupei de varsta tanara spre mijlocie si
sunt in general femele. Orice rasa sau metis poate dezvolta aceasta boala, insa
hipoadrenocorticismul poate fi o boala ereditara la rase precum Caniche, Bearded Collie,
Leonberger, Bobtail, Labrador Retriever, Schnauzer, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, Basset
Hound, English Springer Spaniel, Pointer, Dobermann, Terra Nova si West Highland White
Terrier. In unele cazuri boala Addison se prezinta in combinatie cu tiroidita autoimuna,
situatie denumita in medicina umana sindrom Schmidt.
Semne clinice clasice
Sunt deseori vagi si includ: anorexia intermitenta, voma, diareea, slabiciunea
musculara, letargia si pierderea in greutate. In forma acuta a bolii slabiciunea si depresia
nervoasa evolueaza pana la colaps, soc hipovolemic si bradicardie. Aceste semne clinice,
tocmai pentru ca nu sunt deosebit de specifice, se pot observa si in multe alte boli.
Semne clinice exceptionale
Hipoglicemie. Aproximativ 16 - 33 % din cainii afectati prezinta hipoglicemie manifestata
prin slabiciune, ataxie si dezorientare, sau chiar colaps cu crize convulsive.
Hemoragie gastrointestinala. Melena si/sau hematemeza cauzate de ulcerele gastrointestinale
care se formeaza ca rezultat al hipovolemiei datorate deficientei de aldosteron (perfuzie
sangvina slaba si staza vasculara intestinala).


Lexic:
Hipoadrenocorticism= hypoadrenocorticism,a condition where there is decreased secretion
of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Binecunoscut=well- known
Glucocorticoizi= glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that bind to
the glucocorticoid receptor,which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell.
Mineralcorticoizi=mineralocorticoids, are a class of steroid hormones characterized by their
influence on salt and water balances
trecuta cu vederea=overlooked ,underdiagnoised
Longman English Dictionary.


Traducere :
Addison's disease in canines

Addisons disease ,or hypoadrenocorticism is a well known syndrome that occurs
when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids for
normal function.Nonetheless, the disease is underdiagnosed because of the vague clinical
signs and insufficient laboratory tests.
The most frecvent cause of hypoadrenocorticism is the immediate distruction of the
adrenal cortex. Other symptoms include micobacterial infections,fungi infections , treatment
with mitotan, hemorrhage and neurophaty.

Clinical signs
The majority of dogs with Addison`s disease are female dogs and are usually over 5.5
years of age when major signs are first noticed.Any dog breed or mixed breed can develop
this disease,yet hypoadrenocorticism can be hereditary at breeds like Caniche, Bearded Collie,
Leonberger, Bobtail, Labrador Retriever, Schnauzer, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, Basset
Hound, English Springer Spaniel, Pointer, Dobermann, Terra Nova and West Highland White
Terrier.In some cases Addison`s disease comes with autoimune thyroid ,a symptom call in
human medicine the Schimdt syndrome.
Clasic clinical signs
Symptoms of Addison's disease in canines can include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy,
lack of appetite, tremors or shaking, muscle weakness, low body temperature, collapse, low
heart rate, and pain in the hind quarters,weight loss.This symptoms can be observed in other
diseases and can be vague.

Exceptional clinical signs
Hypoglycemia. Almost 16%-30% of dogs manifest weakness,ataxy, disorientation and
convulsive crises.
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Melaena caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage forms
hypovolemic(aldosteron insuficiency).




Anesthesia
C. Max Lang and Howard C. Hughes
The purpose of administering an anesthetic is to make the patient insensible
to pain and incapable of movement. In general, animals are anesthetized by
the same drugs and methods that are used for man. All laboratory animals
should be anesthetized before being subjected to any surgical procedure.

Inhalation Anesthesia

Some highly volatile liquids, for example, ether, methoxyflurane, halothane,
and nitrous oxide, produce general anesthesia when sufficiently high concentrations
of their vapors are inhaled. An inhalation anesthetic affects the
nervous tissue by a reversible physical union with vital cellular substances.
The central nervous system, because of its high vascularity and lipoidal
content, is more susceptible than other systems of the body to the effects of
an anesthetic.
When inhalation anesthesia is being administered it is important for the
patient to receive a supply of oxygen. The exclusion of oxygen by strangulation,
by a deficiency in a closed-system anesthesia apparatus, or by the
inhalation of inert gases such as nitrogen will cause asphyxia. This type of
unconsciousness results in dangerous anoxemia, which is characterized
clinically by a marked cyanosis. If the unconsciousness is produced by
anesthesia, oxygen levels in the blood should be normal or above normal and
cyanosis should be absent.
Oxygen should always be available for immediate administration in the
event of asphyxiation or over dosage with inhalant or i.v. anesthetics. If
adequate amounts of oxygen can be supplied to the brain, the animal can be
kept alive while the tissues metabolize or eliminate the excess quantity of
anesthetic.

Methods of Administration

In general, inhalation anesthetics are administered by one of three basic
methods: (1) open drop, (2) nonrebreathing, and (3) rebreathing.
In the open-drop technique, The anesthetic is dropped onto a gauze in a
mask which is then placed over the dog's nose and mouth. As the patient
breathes in, room air drawn through the gauze vaporizes the liquid. this
method is simple and requires no specialized equipment, but it does not
permit control over the depth of anesthesia.
In the nonrebreathing system the anesthesia is vaporized
in a device which delivers the anesthetic to the patient. Normally,
oxygen flows into the vaporizer and the resultant anesthetic-oxygen mixture is transported to
the patient through rubber tubing.






,, Anestezia


Scopul administrarii unui anestezic este de a induce insensibilitatea pacientului la
durere si de a-l face incapabil sa se miste.In general,animalele sunt anesteziate folosind
acelasi procedure si medicamente folosite la oameni.Toate animalele de laborator ar trebuie
anesteziate inainte de a fi supuse oricarei procedure.

Anestezia inhalatorie

O multime de lichide volatile ,precum metofluranul,halotan si oxid de nitrat produc anestezie
generala daca vaporii lor sunt inhalati.Un anestezic inhalator afecteaza sistemul nervos prin
combinarea reversibila cu substance celulare.
Sistemul nervos central,datorita gradului mare de vascularizare si continutului in
lipide, este mai susceptibil decat celalalte sisteme ale organismului la anestezic.
Cand anestezia inhalatorie este administrate este necesar ca pacientul sa primeasca o rezerva
de oxygen.Lipsa de oxygen prin strangulare din cauza unui defect al aparatului sau prin
inhalarea gazului inert poate cauza ataxie ,care la randul ei cauzeaza cianoza.Daca starea de
inconstienta este produsa de anestezie,nivelul de oxygen in sang ear trebui sa fie in limita
normal sau peste,cianoza trebuie sa fie absenta.
Oxigenul trebuie sa fie intotdeauna la indemana in cazul asfixierii sau supradozajului.Daca
ajunge suficient oxigen catre creier ,animalul poate fi tinut in viata prin metabolizarea
tesuturilor si anestezicul va fi eliminate prin lichide.

Metode de administrare

In general,anestezia inhalatorie este administrate dupa 3 metode simple:sistem deschis,sistem
semideschis si sistem inchis.
In cazul sistemul deschis se utilizeaz masca de tifon peste care se picur anestezicul volatil.si
se preseaza asupra nasului si gurii cainelui. Aerul atmosferic se mixeaz cu vapori anestezici
i este inspirat n cursul respiraiei.Metoda este simpla si nu necesita echipament dar nu se
poate controla nivelul de anestezic.
In cazul sistemul inchis anestezicul este vaporizat intr-o masca care este condus catre
pacient.In mod normal anestezicul este transportat prin tuburi de cauciuc,acestea pot fi atasate
la masca de fata.





Anesthesia is essential for veterinarians from all over the world.Without anesthesia
,animals and humans alike,cannot be operated without endangering their lives.Animals can
be easily stressed,so before surgery they need to be calm and have a regular
heartbeat.Inhalathion anesthesia is a simple procedure,if it is done with caution.It is non-
invasive because the pacient inhales volatile liquids( ether, methoxyflurane, halothane and
nitrous oxide).The nervous system is affected and the animal can feel no pain.Although
inhalation anesthesia is a simple method,if the veterinarian is not careful it can cause
asphyxia, anoxemia, marked cyanosis.In this particular cases ,oxygen should be available to
be administred.A veterinarian knows three simple methods of anesthesia: (1) open drop, (2)
nonrebreathing, and (3) rebreathing.

In my opinion,inhalatory anesthesia is necessary for old animals and those who have
cardiac problems.I choose this article because my dog had a tumor on her left posterior
member.I was scared because she was twelve years old and the doctor was dubious of her
survival rate.I could not stay by and let my dog suffer and die in agony so I asked him to do
an inhalathory aneshesia.My dog survived ,had no problems with the elimination of the
volatile liquids and now she is very healthy and active.