Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono

Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures

1
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall
Building Structures


o Load Factor and Material Factor
o Ultimate Limit State and Ultimate Strength of Tall Building
o Ultimate Limit State and Ultimate Strength of Shear Wall
o Instability of Tall Structures
o Serviceability Limit States of Tall Buildings
o Survival Limit States of Tall Buildings
o What About Earthquake
o Ultimate Strength of Shear Walls Structures



INTRODUCTION

o The design of tall building structures may be considered at various
limit states.
o The limit states represent the performance during the intended life
under design loads with appropriate factor of safety and under
extreme loading events and misused.
o For design purposes, these limits may be termed as serviceability,
ultimate and survival limit states.
o Each force actions imposed on the structures may contribute in
combination to analysis at the above limit states.


Note on Code:
ULS loading
PLS design
SLS design check
Survival misuse



Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
2
1. LOAD FACTORS and MATERIAL FACTORS

o There are two components to the safety factor concept in limit state
design, namely load factor, f and material factor, m.

o The load factor is for each form and combination of loading, F.
Material factor is applied to the characteristic value of material strength,
S.

The relation between these two is such that,



o Both factors vary with limit states according to various codified
sources

o Direct comparison between codes may be misleading due to different
treatment of load and material factors in overall factor of safety, S/F.





Note on Design Stress Block:





sections CP110 CP114 BS8110/EC2

Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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2. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE and ULTIMATE STRENGTH
OF TALL BUILDINGS

Ultimate limit state represent the attainment of limiting strength of the
structure subject to the provision of the way the analysis of the
structures being made.

o Although force actions on the structure are based on ultimate
(factored loads) and the capacity of the individual elements is
based on their quantifiable ultimate strength, the forces within
the structure may be determine elastically or plastically,
depending on the capacity for redistribution of internal forces.

o Because of the uncertain or incalculable post elastic behaviour of
some forms of tall building, elastic method are usually employed.

Ultimate limit state is less restrictive than serviceability limit state to
measure the ability of the structure to return to normal working
condition before plasticity is reached at any location.

In design of each element, various load combinations may be required at
the ultimate limit state. For instance, three load combinations should be
considered in the design of walls and foundations leading to maximum
tensile and compressive forces. Wall may be designed in compression
by conventional means with various modes of failure of planar walls as
shown.


Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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3. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE and ULTIMATE STRENGTH
OF SHEAR WALLS

In coupled shear walls, onset of plasticity in the lintels is not in itself an
ultimate limit state criterion, due to considerable reserve of strength
against overall collapse exist.

o By analyzing the structure elastically, the potential for internal force
redistribution can be assessed before the ultimate strength of the
wall is attained.

o If the lintels do not contribute significantly to the structural actions,
they may be neglected at the ultimate limit state, providing they
behave satisfactory in service.

Recent research lead to the mode of failure and ultimate strength of the
shear wall structure assessment has been made analytically. The mode
of failure of walls element are highly dependent on the behaviour and
modes of failure of the coupling beams.


Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
5

Failure of Solid Slender Wall

Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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flexible (racking) stiff (double curvature) cantilever

Failure of Shear Wall with Single Band of Openings




Failure of Shear Wall with Two Bands of Openings


Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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90% 50% 30% 0% reserved
strength
P







displacement
P

Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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Punching shear

Wall

Floor slab

Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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Associate Professor Dr A K Marsono
Chapter 3: Categories of Limit States for Tall Building Structures
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