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TI LIU THAM KHO TON HC PH THNG

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xyz
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CHUYN
PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH
L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)
D4 E3 F6 QUN ON B BINH
CH O: S DNG HAI N PH A V PHNG TRNH NG BC NG CP
T HAI N PH PHNG TRNH NG BC BC HAI.
T HAI N PH PHN TCH NHN T.
BI TON NHIU CCH GII.
CREATED BY GIANG SN (FACEBOOK); XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM (GMAIL)

TH H NI MA THU 2013
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CHUYN PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong chng trnh Ton hc ph thng nc ta, c th l chng trnh i s, phng trnh v bt phng
trnh l mt ni dung quan trng, ph bin trn nhiu dng ton xuyn sut cc cp hc, cng l b phn thng
thy trong cc k thi kim tra cht lng hc k, thi tuyn sinh lp 10 THPT, thi hc sinh gii mn Ton cc cp v
k thi tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng vi hnh thc ht sc phong ph, a dng. Mc d y l mt ti quen
thuc, chnh thng nhng khng v th m gim i phn th v, nhiu bi ton c bn tng dn n mc kh thm
ch rt kh, vi cc bin i p kt hp nhiu kin thc, k nng vn lm kh nhiu bn hc sinh THCS, THPT.
Ngoi phng trnh i s bc cao, phng trnh phn thc hu t th phng trnh cha cn (cn gi l phng
trnh v t) ang c ng o cc bn hc sinh, cc thy c gio v cc chuyn gia Ton ph thng quan tm su
sc. Chng trnh Ton i s lp 9 THCS bc u gii thiu cc php ton vi cn thc, k t cn thc xut
hin hu ht trong cc vn i s, hnh hc, lng gic v xuyn sut chng trnh Ton THPT. S a dng v
hnh thc ca lp bi ton cn thc t ra yu cu cp thit l lm th no n gin ha, thc t cc phng php
gii, k nng, mo mc hnh thnh, i vo h thng. V c bn lm vic vi lp phng trnh, bt phng
trnh v t chng ta u tin kh hoc gim cc cn thc phc tp ca bi ton.
Php s dng n ph l mt trong nhng phng php c bn nhm mc ch , ngoi ra bi ton cn tr nn
gn gng, sng sa v gip chng ta nh hnh hng i mt cch n nh nht. i khi y cng l phng php
ti u cho nhiu bi ton cng knh. Tip theo l thuyt s dng n ph cn thc (cc phn 1 n 3), kt thc
tng s dng mt cn thc duy nht, tc gi xin trnh by ti qu c gi l thuyt s dng n ph cn thc (phn
4), ch yu xoay quanh mt lp cc bi ton cha cn thc c gii thng tng s dng hai n ph a v
phng trnh ng bc ng cp bc hai c bn kt hp phn tch nhn t phng trnh tch. K nng ny ng
hnh cng vic gii h phng trnh hu t ng bc ng cp, h phng trnh cha cn quy v ng cp, ngy
mt nng cao k nng gii phng trnh h phng trnh cho cc bn hc sinh.
Mc cc bi ton nng cao mt cht, do kh tng dn so vi cc phn 1 n 3, ng ngha i
hi s t duy logic, nhy bn kt hp vi vn kin thc nht nh ca c gi. Ti liu nh ph hp vi cc bn hc
sinh lp 9 THCS n thi vo lp 10 THPT i tr, lp 10 h THPT Chuyn, cc bn chun b bc vo cc k thi
hc sinh gii Ton cc cp v d thi k thi tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ton trn ton quc, cao hn l ti
liu tham kho dnh cho cc thy c gio v cc bn tr yu Ton khc.
I. KIN THC K NNG CHUN B
1. Nm vng cc php bin i i s c bn (nhn, chia a thc, phn tch a thc thnh nhn t, bin i
phn thc i s v cn thc).
2. K nng bin i tng ng, nng ly tha, phn tch hng ng thc, thm bt.
3. Nm vng l thuyt bt phng trnh, du nh thc bc nht, du tam thc bc hai.
4. Nm vng kin thc v a thc ng bc, cc thao tc c bn vi phng trnh mt n ph.
5. Bc u thc hnh gii v bin lun cc bi ton phng trnh bc hai, bc cao vi tham s.
6. S dng thnh tho cc k hiu logic trong phm vi ton ph thng.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM
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II. MT S BI TON IN HNH V KINH NGHIM THAO TC
Bi ton 1. Gii phng trnh x 2 6 x 3 4 x 2 x 1

x .
Li gii 1.
1
iu kin x .
2
1
Nhn xt x x 2 6 x 3 0, x . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
4
2
x 30 x 12 x3 36 x 9 16 x 2 2 x 1 x 4 20 x 3 46 x 2 36 x 9 0
2
x 2 x 1 18 x x 1 9 x 1 0
x 2 18 x 9 x 1 0 x 9 6 2;1;9 6 2
i chiu iu kin thu c nghim S 9 6 2;1;9 6 2 .

Li gii 2.
iu kin x
1
. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
4 x x 2 x 1 3x 6 x 3
x 1
4 x x 1
3 x 1
x 2x 1
x 1
3 2x 1 x 0
x 3 2 x 1
x 0
Ta c 2
x 9 6 2;9 6 2 . i chiu iu kin ta thu c ba nghim.
x
18
x
Li gii 3.
1
iu kin x .
2
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 4 x 2 x 1 3 2 x 1 0 .
2 x 1 y
y 0 thu c
x 2 4 xy 3 y 2 0 x x y 3 y x y 0 x y x 3 y 0
x 0
x 0
x y 0 x 2x 1 2
x 1.
2
x 1 0
x 2x 1 0
x 0
x 3y 0 x 3 2x 1 2
x 9 6 2;9 6 2
x 18 x 9 0
1
i chiu vi iu kin x , kt lun tp nghim S 9 6 2;1;9 6 2 .
2
Li gii 4.
1
iu kin x . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
x 2 4 x 2 x 1 4 2 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1
2x 1
x 3 2 x 1
x 2 x 1
x 0
Vi x 3 2 x 1 2
x 9 6 2;9 6 2 .
x 18 x 9 0
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x 0
x 0
Vi x 2 x 1 2
x 1.
2
x 1 0
x 2x 1 0
1
i chiu vi iu kin x , kt lun tp nghim S 9 6 2;1;9 6 2 .
2
Nhn xt.
Li gii 1 v 4 s dng php bin i tng ng thun ty, trong li gii 1 nng ly tha trc tip c
km theo iu kin hai v khng m thng qua nhn xt da trn iu kin. Li gii 4 thm bt hng t a
v hiu hai bnh phng cng cho kt qu nhanh chng.
Li gii 2 da trn php nhm nghim, s dng ng thc lin hp a phng trnh cho v dng tch,
tc gi trnh by ti L thuyt s dng i lng lin hp trc cn thc h tm thi.
Li gii 3 l hng trng tm ca ti liu, mc d ch s dng mt n ph y nhng thc t a phng
trnh cho v phng trnh hai n x v y. Cc bn c th thy a thc hai n x 2 4 xy 3 y 2 d dng phn
tch thnh hai nhn t, c th l x y x 3 y .
S d nh vy v y l dng phng trnh hai n ng bc hai x 2 4 xy 3 y 2 0 . Ngoi cch gii trn,

cc bn c th tham kho thm cch trnh by cng bn cht sau
Bin i v..... x 2 4 xy 3 y 2 0 .
1
Xt y 0 x , khng nghim ng phng trnh ban u.
2
2
x
x
Xt trng hp y 0 th ta c x 4 xy 3 y 0 4 3 0
y
y
x 2 x 1
t 1
x
t t ta c t 2 4t 3 0 t 1 t 3 0
y
t 3
x 3 2 x 1
2
Bi ton 2. Gii phng trnh 3 x 2 1 4 x 4 x 4 x 3
x .
Li gii 1.
3
. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 4 x 3 4 x 4 x 3 .
4
x y
t 4 x 3 y y 0 thu c 3 x 2 4 xy y 2 0 x y 3 x y 0
3x y
x 0
x y x 4x 3 2
x 1;3 .
x 4x 3 0
iu kin x
x 0
(H v nghim).
3x y 3x 4 x 3 2
9
x
4
x
3
So snh iu kin x ta thu c tp nghim S 1;3 .
4
Li gii 2.
3
4
3x2 4 x 3 4 x 4 x 3 4 x 2 4 x 4 x 3 4 x 3 x 2 2 x 4 x 3
x 4x 3
x2
3 x 4 x 3
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x 0
x 4x 3 2
x 1;3 .
x
4
x
x 0
3x 4 x 3 2
(H v nghim).
9 x 4 x 3 0
So snh iu kin ta thu c tp nghim S 1;3 .
Li gii 3.
iu kin x
3
3
. Nhn xt x 3 x 2 4 x 3 x 0 . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
4
4
4
3
9 x 24 x 2 x 2 24 x 9 16 x 2 4 x 3 9 x 4 40 x 3 46 x 2 24 x 9 0
x 1
x 1 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 3 0
x 3
Kt hp iu kin thu c hai nghim, S 1;3 .
Li gii 4.
3
4
4 x x 2 4 x 3
2
4x x 4x 3 x 4x 3
x 2 4 x 3 x 2 4 x 3
x 4x 3
x 1
x2 4x 3 0
x 3
4 x 3 3x 0 .
x 0
(H v nghim).
3x 4 x 3 2
9 x 4 x 3 0
i chiu iu kin ta thu c tp nghim S 1;3 .
Bi ton 3. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 2 3x 2 x 3 x 2

x .
Li gii 1.
2
iu kin x . t 3 x 2 t t 0 , ta thu c
3
2 x 2 t 2 xt 2 x x t t x t 0 2 x t x t 0
(*).
2
x
Ta c x ; t 0 2 x t 0 . Do x t 0 x 3x 2
1 x 2 .
3
3
x 2 3x 2 0
Vy bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim S 1; 2 .

Li gii 2.
iu kin x
2
. Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3
8 x 2 12 x 8 4 x 3 x 2 9 x 2 x 2 4 x 3 x 2 4 3 x 2
2
3 x x 2 3x 2
2 x 3x 2
3x 2 0
3 x 2
x 3x 2 0 2
1 x 2
x 3x 2 0
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Li gii 3.
2
iu kin x .
3
2
Nhn xt x 2 x 2 3x 2 x 0 . Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3
2
4 x 4 3x 2 4 x 2 3 x 2 x 2 3 x 2
2
4 x4 5 x2 3x 2 3x 2 0
x 2 3x 2 4 x 2 3 x 2 0
3 23
Ta c 4 x 3x 2 4 x
0, x nn 1 x 2 3x 2 0 1 x 2 .
8 16

2
Li gii 4.
iu kin x
2
3
x x 3 x 2 x 2 3x 2 0
3x 2 2 x 3x 2
x 3x 2
x x 2 3x 2
x 3x 2
x 2 3x 2 0
2
2 x 3 x 2 0; x 3x 2 0 . Do 2 x 2 3x 2 0 1 x 2 .
3
Nhn xt x
Bi ton 4. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x 2 3 x 3 8 x x 1

x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 1 .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 4 x 2 8 x x 1 3 x 1 0 .
x 1 y y 0 thu c 4 x 2 8 xy 3 y 2 0 2 x 2 x 3 y y 2 x 3 y 0 2 x y 2 x 3 y 0
x 0
2 x x 1
2 x y 0
4 x 2 x 1 0
(H v nghim).
2 x 3 y 0
2 x 3 x 1
4 x 2 9 x 9 0
x 0
2 x x 1
2 x y 0
1 17
4 x 2 x 1 0
x 3.
8
2 x 3 y 0
4 x 2 9 x 9 0
2 x 3 x 1
1 17
Kt lun tp nghim S
;3 .
8
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 1 .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
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4 x 2 8 x x 1 4 x 1 x 1 2 x 2 x 1
x 1
2x 3 x 1 2x x 1 0
Xt hai trng hp
x 0
2 x x 1

4 x 2 x 1 0 (H v nghim).
2 x 3 x 1
4 x 2 9 x 9 0
x 0
2 x x 1
1 17

4 x 2 x 1 0
x 3.
8
4 x 2 9 x 9 0
2 x 3 x 1
1 17
Kt lun tp nghim S
;3 .
8
Li gii 3.
iu kin x 1 .
Nhn xt rng 4 x 2 3 x 3 0, x . Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x 0
x 0
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
16 x 9 x 1 24 x x 1 64 x x 1
16 x 40 x x 1 9 x 1 0
x 0
3
1 17
x 0
1 17
x
2
x3
4
8
2
4
x
1
4
x
9
x
0
8
1 17 x 3
8
1 17
So snh iu kin, kt lun tp nghim cn tm S
;3 .
8
4 2x
Bi ton 5. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x x
x .
x
Li gii.
iu kin 0 x 2 .
x 2 x x2 2 x
x2 x 2 x 2 2 x
0
0
x
x
Xt hai trng hp
0 x 2
0 x 2 x 2 2 x 0 . Khi x 2 x 0 2
1 x 2 .
x x 2 0
x 0
x 0 x 2 x 0 ; x 2 2 x 0 2 2 x x 2
2 2 3 x 0 .
x
4
x
Kt lun nghim S 2 2 3; 0 1; 2 .
Bi ton 6. Gii bt phng trnh 3 x 2 2 x 7 3 x 1 x 2 3

Li gii 1.
x .
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iu kin x
.
2
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 1 3 x 1 x 2 3 2 x 2 3 0 .

t x 1 a; x 2 3 b
b 0 . Phng trnh trn tr thnh
a b
a 2 3ab 2b 2 0 a a b 2b a b 0 a b a 2b 0
a 2b
x 1
a b x 1 x2 3 2
x 1.
2
x 2x 1 x 3
x 1
x 1
a 2b x 1 2 x 2 3 2
(H v nghim).
2
2
x 2 x 1 4 x 12
3 x 2 x 11 0
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x 1 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3 x 1 3 x 1 x 2 3 4 x 4 3 x 1 x 1 x 2 3 4 x 1
x 1
4 x 1 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 1 0
2
x 1 x2 3
x 1 2 x 3
x 1
x 1
Vi x 1 2 x 2 3 2
(H v nghim).
2
2
x 2 x 1 4 x 12
3x 2 x 11 0
Li gii 3.
iu kin x .
6 x 1 x 1
12 x 2 8 x 28 12 x 1 x 2 3 4 x 2 2 x 1 12 x 1 x 2 3 9 x 2 3 x 2 3
x 1 2 x2 3
2x 2 3 x 3 x 3
x 1 x 2 3
x 1
x 1
(H v nghim).
x 1 2 x2 3 2
2
2
x 2 x 1 4 x 12
3x 2 x 11 0
x 1
x 1 x2 3 2
x 1.
2
x 2x 1 x 3
Li gii 4.
iu kin x .
Nhn xt 3 x 2 2 x 7 2 x 2 x 1 6 0, x
x 1 0
4
2
3
2
2
9 x 12 x 46 x 28 x 49 9 x 1 x 3
.
x
x 1
2
2
3x 5 x 13x 11 0
x 1 3 x 2 x 11 0
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Bi ton 7. Gii phng trnh 7 x
2
1 7 x2 x 2
x
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
7 x2 x 2 7 x x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 7 x x 2 x 2 6 x 2 0
(1).
x 2 x 2 t t 0 , phng trnh (1) tr thnh

t 2 7 xt 6 x 2 0 t t x 6 x t x 0 t x t 6 x 0
x 0
2
2
x2 x 2 x
1 281
x x 2 x
x
70
x0
x2 x 2 6 x

x 2 x 2 36 x 2
1 281
Kt lun phng trnh cho c tp nghim S
.
70
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
7 x 2 x 2 7 x x 2 x 2 28 x 2 4 x 8 28 x x 2 x 2
4 x 2 x 2 28 x x 2 x 2 49 x 2 25 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 7 x
5x
x 0
2
2
x2 x 2 x
1 281
x x 2 x
x
.
70
x0
x2 x 2 6 x
x 2 x 2 36 x 2
1 281
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht, hay S
.
70
Li gii 3.
iu kin x 0 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 7 x 2 x 2 7 x x 2 x 2
(*).
2
Nhn xt 7 x x 2 0x nn
x 0
4
3
2
2
2
49 x 14 x 29 x 4 x 4 49 x x x 2
x 0
x 0
1 281
2
3
2
70
35 x 69 x 4 x 4 0
x 2 35 x x 2 0
1 281
Kt lun phng trnh cho c tp nghim S
.
70
Li gii 4.
iu kin x 0 .
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x2
x
x 2
x 2
x 2
7 x 2
x2
2
x 0
2
x 1 281
x
x x2 x
x x 2 6 x
35 x 2 x 2 0
70
1 281
Th li nghim, kt lun S
.
70
7 x2
x2
7 x x2 x 2 7
x
10
Bi ton 8. Gii phng trnh
x2 x 2 x
6 x2 4 x 8
5 2 x2 3
x 1
x .
Li gii.
6 x 2 4 x 8 5 x 1 2 x 2 3
2 x 2 2 x 1 5 x 1 2 x 2 3 2 2 x 2 3 0
2
2 x 1 5 x 1 2 x 2 3 2 2 x 2 3 0
t x 1 u; 2 x 2 3 v v 0 thu c
u 2v
2u 2 5uv 2v 2 0 u 2v 2u v 0
v 2u
Xt cc trng hp
x 1
x 1
u 2v 2
(H v nghim).
2
2
x 2 x 1 8 x 12
7 x 2 x 11 0
x 1
x 1
4 14
v 2u 2
x
.
2
2
2
2 x 8 x 1 0
2 x 3 4 x 2 x 1
4 14
i chiu iu kin kt lun phng trnh bi c duy nht nghim x
.
2
Bi ton 9. Gii phng trnh x 2 5 x 2 x 3 4 2 x 3 0
Li gii.
3
iu kin x .
2
t 2 x 3 y y 0 th phng trnh cho tr thnh
x .
x y
x 2 5 xy 4 y 2 0 x y x 4 y 0
x 4 y
x 0
x 0
x y x 2x 3 2
(V nghim).
2
x 1 2
x 2x 3 0
x 0
x 4 y x 4 2x 3 2
x 16 4 13;16 4 13 .
x 32 x 48 0
i chiu iu kin ta thu c hai nghim k trn.
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Bi ton 10. Gii bt phng trnh 5 x 2 2 x 2 5 x x 2 x 1

Li gii.
iu kin x .
11
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 5 x x 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 0 .

t
2
y y . Thu c
3
3 x 2 5 xy 2 y 2 0 3 x 2 3xy 2 xy 2 y 2 0
x2 x 1 y y 0
3x x y 2 y x y 0 3 x 2 y x y 0
2
y x y
3
2
Nhn xt y 0; y x y x 0 . Xt hai trng hp
3
4 x 2 x 1 9 x 2
5 x 2 4 x 4 0
22 6
o 2 y 3x
x
.
5
x 0
x 0
x 0
o x y 2
x 0.
2
x x x 1
Kt hp hai trng hp ta c nghim x 0 .
Nhn xt.
Cc bi ton t 2 n 10 u c gii bng kh nhiu phng php, bao gm bin i tng ng (nng
ly tha trc tip, thm bt a v hiu hai bnh phng), s dng ng thc lin hp v trng tm l t
n ph khng hon ton.
im c bit trong cc bi ton trn, khi t n ph hon ton (hoc khng hon ton) u a v cc
phng trnh (hoc bt phng trnh) bc hai c tnh cht ng bc bc hai ax 2 bxy cy 2 0 , thao tc
phn tch nhn t tr nn n gin. Cc bn c th la chn mt trong cc phng n sau
mx ny
Tnh nghim, a trc tip v nhn t mx ny px qy 0
px qy
Xt trng hp y 0 (hoc x 0 ) c l nghim ca phng trnh ban u hay khng.
Xt trng hp y 0 (tng ng x 0 ), chia hai v cho y 2 0 thu c
2
x
x
y
y
a b c 0 (tng ng c b a 0 ).
x
x
y
y
x
y
t t (tng ng t ) quy v phng trnh c bn at 2 bt c 0 ( ct 2 bt a 0 ).
y
x
Quan st thy tnh cht ng bc, t trc tip x ky a v
y 0
ak 2 y 2 bky 2 cy 2 0 y 2 ak 2 bk c 0 2
ak bk c 0
Suy ra hai trng hp Gii phng trnh bc hai n k s thu c t l gia x v y.
Lu do vai tr ca x v y bnh ng nn cc bn c th chia cho x hoc y m khng nh hng ti kt qu
ca bi ton. Nu bi ton l bt phng trnh th trc khi chia cn xt du ca y (tng ng x). Ty theo
tng trng hp c th chn php chia hp l v tit kim nht, s dng cc nh gi thng thng m
bo cho li gii c gn gng (in hnh bi ton 10).
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12
Bi tp tng t.
Gii cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh sau trn tp hp s thc
1. 4 x 2 12 x 9 7 x 4 x 3 .
2
2.
4x 2 5 x2 x 1 .
x
3. 4 x 2 10 x 5 4 x x 2 4 x 2 .
4. 5 4 x x 2 4 x 4 6 2 x 4 x
5. 7 x 2 4 x 10 7 x 2 x 2 1 .
6. x 1 x 2 1 x x 2
7. 6 x 2 6 x 5 5 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 .
8. 2008 x 2 4 x 3 2007 x 4 x 3 .
2 x2 4 x 5
9.
3 x2 1 .
x2
10. 6 x 2 x 21 x 3 x 2 x 6 .
4
2011 5 x 4 5 .
x
12. x 2 11x 42 2 x 11x 42 .
11. 2012 x
13. 4 x 2 12 x 1 x 27 x 1 .
14. 4 x 2 1 5 x 1 x x .
15. 3 x 1 3 x 1 8 x x 1 x .
16. 7 3 1 x 2 x x 2 2 x .
2
6 x 2 3x 2 .
x
4
18. 3 x 4 7 x 1 .
x
17. 6 x 3
19. 5 x 2 5 x x 2 x 4 2 x 5 0 .
3 x 2 22 x 47
20.
7 5 x .
x3
21. 2 x 2 3 x 2 x 3x 2 .
22. 2 x 2 6 5 x 6 x 2 x .
2
23. 2 x 1 7 x 1 4 x 4 x .
24. 5 x 2 5 x x 2 x 1 x 1 .
3
25. 3 x 5 1 8 3 x .
x
26. 9 x 2 8 x 9 9 x 1 2 x 2 1 .
27. 12 5 x 2 3 x 2 x 5 x 2 20 x .
28. 3 x
1
2 3 x2 4 x 2 .
x
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Bi ton 11. Gii phng trnh x 2 5 x 7 7 x3 1

Li gii 1.
iu kin x 1 .
13
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 x 1 7 x 1. x 2 x 1 6 x 6 0 .

t
u v
x 2 x 1 u; x 1 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c u 2 7uv 6u 2 0 u v u 6v 0
u 6v
x 1
x 0
u v x2 x 1 x 1 2
x x 1 x 1 x 2
x 1
37 1509 37 1509
u 6v x 2 x 1 6 x 1 2
x
;
.
2
2
x 37 x 35 0
37 1509 37 1509
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim S 0; 2;

;
.
2
2
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 1 .
Nhn xt x 2 5 x 7 0x .
x 4 10 x3 39 x 2 70 x 49 49 x 3 1 x 4 39 x 3 39 x 2 70 x 0
37 1509 37 1509
x x 2 x 2 37 x 35 0 x 0; 2;
;
2
2
37 1509 37 1509
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim S 0; 2;

;
.
2
2
Nhn xt.
Li gii 1 t n ph a v phng trnh ng bc bc hai vi hai n u v v. i vi cc cn thc c th khai
phng theo hng n thc, cc bn ch
a3 b 3 a b a 2 ab b 2 v a3 b3 a b a 2 ab b 2 .
2
Bi ton 12. Gii bt phng trnh x 1 3 2 x 3 1

Li gii 1.
iu kin x 1 .
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 2 x 4 2 x3 1 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1. x 1 3 x 1 0 .

t
x 2 x 1 u; x 1 v u 0; v 0 thu c
u 2 2uv 3v 2 0 u v u 3v 0 u 3v x 2 x 1 3 x 1
x 1
x 1
2
2
4 6 x 4 6
x x 1 9x 9
x 8 x 10 0
Kt lun tp nghim S 4 6; 4 6 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 1 .
2
Nhn xt x 1 3 0x
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14
x 4 4 x 3 12 x 2 16 x 16 4 x3 4 x 4 8 x 3 12 x 2 16 x 20 0
x 2 8 x 10 x 2 2 0 4 6 x 4 6
Li gii 3.
iu kin x 1 .
Xt trng hp x 1 khng tha mn bt phng trnh ban u.
Xt trng hp x 1 , bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
x 2 2x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2
x2 2 2 x2 2
x 1
x 1 x 1 x 2
2x 2
2 x3 x2 2 x 2
x3 1 x 1
2 x 1
1
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
x x 1 x 1
x2 2
Nhn xt: x 2 x 1 x 1
0x 1 . Do
x2 x 1 x 1
x 1
x 4 6; 4 6 .
2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 3 x 1 x 2 x 1 2
x 8 x 10 0
3
Nhn xt.
Bi ton 12 thuc lp bt phng trnh gii c thng qua php t n ph, a v phng trnh ng bc
bc hai, kt qu phn tch nhn t rt p mt. Trong thao tc gii bt phng trnh, cc bn cn ch
iu kin xc nh (hoc iu kin c nghim), iu kin ca n ph gim thiu cc trng hp xy ra,
gim nh tnh ton v lm cho li gii tr nn sc tch.
Li gii 2 s dng php nng ly tha trc tip (sau khi nhn xt hai v khng m).
Li gii 3 s dng ng thc lin hp, nhm hng t phn tch thnh tha s, gin c a v bt phng
trnh cha n mu thc. Tuy nhin, s dng linh hot ng thc lin hp "thm mt ln", h qu thu c
tr nn n gin.
Bi ton 13. Gii bt phng trnh x 2 13 3 x 3 2 x 3 9 x
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 3 2 x 3 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 0 x 1 .
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 x 3 3 x 1. x 2 x 3 10 x 1 0
x 2 x 3 a; x 1 b
a 3ab 10b
a 0; b 0 thu c
0 a a 5b 2b a 5b 0 a 2b a 5b 0 a 2b 0
x 1
x2 x 3 2 x 1 2
x 1
x 3x 7 0
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim S 1; .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 3 2 x 3 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 0 x 1 .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 3 2 x 3 x 2 9 x 13
(1).
Xt x 2 9 x 13 0 , bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng.
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15
Xt x 2 9 x 13 0 , ta c
2
x 2 9 x 13 0
x 9 x 13 0
1 3
4
4
3
2
3
2
x 27 x 107 x 252 x 196 0
9 x 2 x 3 x 18 x 107 x 234 x 169
2
x 2 9 x 13 0
x 9 x 13 0
2

2
2
x
3
x
7
x
24
x
28
0
x
24
x
28
Ta c x 2 9 x 13 0; x 1 x 2 9 x 13 15 x 1 0 x 2 24 x 28 0 .
Vy (*) nghim ng vi x 2 9 x 13 0 .
Kt hp hai trng hp, (1) nghim ng vi mi gi tr x thuc tp xc nh, hay x 1 .
Li gii 3.
iu kin x 3 2 x 3 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 0 x 1 .
2
x 3x 7 3
x 2 x 3 2 x 2 0 x 3x 7
3 x3 4 x 2 10 x 7
x3 2 x 3 2 x 2
3 x 1 x 2 3 x 7
3 x 1
0 x 2 3 x 7 1
0 2
x3 2 x 3 2 x 2
x3 2 x 3 2 x 2
3 x 1
Nhn xt x 2 3x 7 0x ; x 1 1
0 . Vy (2) nghim ng vi x 1 .
x3 2 x 3 2 x 2
Kt lun tp nghim S 1; .
2
x 3x 7
Nhn xt.
Li gii 1 s dng php t n ph a v bt phng trnh ng bc (ng cp) bc hai. Khi vi iu
kin mi ca n, chng ta d dng lp lun loi b mt trng hp.
Li gii 2 nng ly tha trc tip, thu c bt phng trnh a thc bc 4, s dng h s bt nh a v
nhn t. Cc bn ch kt hp iu kin xc nh trnh c cc php bin i cn thc phc tp.
Bi ton 14. Gii bt phng trnh 3 x 2 27 7 x3 x 10
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 3 x 10 0 x 2 x 2 2 x 5 0 x 2 .
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 2 x 5 6 x 2 7 x 2 2 x 5. x 2

t
x 2 2 x 5 u; x 2 v
u 13; v 0 , quy v
3u 2 7uv 6v 2 0 3u u 3v 2v u 3v 0 u 3v 3u 2v 0 u 3v
x 2
x2 2 x 5 3 x 2 2
x2
x 7 x 23 0
Kt lun tp hp nghim S 2; .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 3 x 10 0 x 2 x 2 2 x 5 0 x 2 . Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
9 x 4 162 x 2 729 49 x3 49 x 490 9 x 4 49 x 3 162 x 2 49 x 1219 0
x 2 7 x 23 9 x 2 14 x 53 0
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16
Ta c x 2 7 x 23 0x ;9 x 2 14 x 53 0x nn (1) nghim ng vi mi gi tr x thuc tp xc nh.

Li gii 3.
iu kin x 3 x 10 0 x 2 x 2 2 x 5 0 x 2 .
Nhn xt x 2 khng l nghim ca bt phng trnh ban u.

Xt trng hp x 2 , bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
3 x 21x 69 7
3 x 7 x 23
2
x x 10 3 x 6 3 x 7 x 23
3
7 x 3 9 x 2 37 x 46
x 3 x 10 3x 6
7 x 2 x 2 7 x 23
7 x 2
x 2 7 x 23
3 0
3
x3 x 10 3x 6
x x 10 3 x 6
7 x 2
x 2 x2 2 x 5 3 x 2
7 x2
x2 2 x 5 3 x 2
7 x 2 3 x2 2 x 5 9 x 2 3 x 2 2 x 5 2 x 2 0
Bt phng trnh (2) nghim ng vi mi gi tr x thuc tp xc nh.
Do ta c tp nghim S 2; .
Nhn xt.
Li gii 2 s dng php bnh phng trc tip v h s bt nh, phn tch phng trnh bc bn h qu v
hai phng trnh bc hai, ht sc may mn khi hai tam thc bc hai lun lun dng vi mi gi tr ca
bin, suy ra tp nghim chnh l tp xc nh ca phng trnh ban u. Li gii 3 s dng ng thc lin
hp kt hp iu kin xc nh, trnh c vic bin lun du mu thc ca phng trnh h qu, v cho
kt qu hon ton tng t.
Li gii 1 ngn gn, sc tch da trn quan st x3 x 10 x 2. x 2 2 x 5 . C th thy pha ngoi

cn thc l 3 x 2 27 , d dng t n ph v phn tch nhn t. Trong mt s trng hp, iu ny khng
n gin, mi cc bn theo di cc th d tip theo.
Bi ton 15. Gii phng trnh 5 x 2 x 5 5 x 4 x 2 1

Li gii 1.
iu kin x .
x .
Nhn xt x 4 x 2 1 x 4 2 x 2 1 x 2 x 2 1 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 x 2 x 1 3 x 2 x 1 5 x 2 x 1. x 2 x 1
t
x 2 x 1 u; x 2 x 1 v u 0; v 0 thu c
u v
2u 2 3v 2 5uv 2u u v 3v u v 2u 3v u v 0
2u 3v
2
2
u v x x 1 x x 1 x 0 .
13 69 13 69
2u 3v 4 x 2 4 x 4 9 x 2 9 x 9 5 x 2 13 x 5 0 x
;
.
10
10
13 69 13 69
Kt lun tp nghim S 0;
;
.
10
10
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17
Li gii 2.
iu kin x .
Nhn xt 5 x 2 x 5 0x . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
25 x 4 50 x 2 25 10 x x 2 1 x 2 25 x 4 x 2 1
13 69 13 69
10 x 3 26 x 2 10 x 0 x 5 x 2 13x 5 0 x 0;
;
10
10
13 69 13 69
Kt lun tp nghim S 0;
;
.
10
10
Nhn xt.
Li gii 1 t n a v phng trnh ng bc da trn quan st
x 4 x 2 1 x 2 x 1. x 2 x 1 .
Tuy nhin c c biu th p mt 5 x 2 x 5 2 x 2 x 1 3 x 2 x 1 l mt vn khng n

gin, nguyn do c hai nhn t u c dng tam thc bc hai. Ngoi cp h s 2;3 , cc cp s khc cng
kh kh thi, chng hn 4;1 , 1; 4 , 3; 2 , 6; 1 , 2; 7 ,...
Cc bn c th s dng ng nht thc tm c cc h s 2 v 3.

t n ph x 2 x 1 u; x 2 x 1 v u 0; v 0 , gi nh
5 x 2 x 5 mu 2 nv 2 m x 2 x 1 n x 2 x 1 m n x 2 m n x m n .
m n 5
m 2
ng nht m n 1
n 3
m n 5
Lu mt s php bin i ng nht quen thuc sau y
x4 1 x4 2x2 1 2x2 x2 2x 1 x2 2x 1
4 x 4 1 4 x 4 4 x 2 1 4 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1
x 4 64 x 4 16 x 2 64 16 x 2 x 2 4 x 8 x 2 4 x 8 ...
Bi ton 16. Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 x 1 4 x 4 1
Li gii 1.
x .
x 0
4 x4 4 x3 x 2 2 2 x2 x 1 4 x 4 1 4 x3 5x 2 2 x 0 x 4 x 2 5 x 2 0 2
4 x 5x 2 0
Phng trnh 4 x 2 5 x 2 0 v nghim do 0 . Kt lun tp nghim S 0 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x
8 x2 4 x 4 4
2x
2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 3 2 x 2 2 x 1 4 2 x 2 2 x 1. 2 x 2 2 x 1
2 x 2 2 x 1 u; 2 x 2 2 x 1 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u v
u 2 3v 2 4uv u v u 3v 0
u 3v
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18
u v 2x2 2x 1 2x2 2 x 1 x 0 .
u 3v 2 x 2 2 x 1 3 2 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 9 2 x 2 2 x 1 16 x 2 20 x 8 0 (V nghim)
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim S 0 .

Bi ton 17. Gii phng trnh 8 x 2 20 x 1 64 x 4 1
Li gii 1.
iu kin x .
x .
Nhn xt 64 x 4 1 8 x 2 1 16 x 2 8 x 2 4 x 1 8 x 2 4 x 1 . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

3 8 x 2 4 x 1 2 8 x 2 4 x 1 8 x 2 4 x 1. 8 x 2 4 x 1
t
8 x 2 4 x 1 a; 8 x 2 4 x 1 b
a 0; b 0 ta thu c
3a 2 2b 2 ab 3a a b 2b a b 0 a b 3a 2b 0
a b 8x 2 4 x 1 8 x2 4 x 1 8 x2 4 x 1 8 x2 4 x 1 x 0
Li gii 2.
iu kin x .
2
8 x 2 20 x 1 0
8 x 20 x 1 0
4
2
2
2
4
3
2
64 x 16 x 1 40 x 8 x 1 400 x 64 x 1 320 x 416 x 40 x 0
x 0
8 x 2 20 x 1 0
8 x 2 20 x 1 0 x 0
2
x 40 x 52 x 5 0
40 x 2 52 x 5 0
Bi ton 18. Gii bt phng trnh 3 81x 4 4 27 x 2 42 x 6

Li gii 1.
iu kin x .
2
x .
Nhn xt 81x 4 4 81x 4 36 x 2 4 36 x 2 9 x 2 2 6 x 9 x 2 6 x 2 9 x 2 6 x 2 .

3 9 x 2 6 x 2. 9 x 2 6 x 2 5 9 x 2 6 x 2 2 9 x 2 6 x 2 .
t
9 x 2 6 x 2 u; 9 x 2 6 x 2 v
u 0; v 0 quy v
3uv 5u 2 2v 2 u 5u 2v v 5u 2v 0 u v 5u 2v 0 u v
9 x2 6 x 2 9 x 2 6 x 2 9 x 2 6 x 2 9 x 2 6 x 2 x 0
Kt lun nghim S ; 0 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x . Xt hai trng hp
27 x 2 42 x 6 0 , bt phng trnh cho nghim ng.
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19
27 x 2 42 x 6 0 , bt phng trnh cho tr thnh

2
27 x 2 42 x 6 0
27 x 42 x 6 0
4
4
2
2
3
2
2268 x 324 x 504 x 0
9 81x 4 729 x 324 x 36 84 x 27 x 6
27 x 2 42 x 6 0
27 x 2 42 x 6 0
2
x 0
x 63x 9 x 14 0
Kt hp hai trng hp thu c nghim S ; 0 .
Bi ton 19. Gii bt phng trnh x 2 4 x 2 x 4 4

Li gii 1.
iu kin x .
2
x .
Nhn xt x 4 4 x 4 4 x 2 4 4 x 2 x 2 2 2 x x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 .
2 x 2 8 x 4 2 x 4 4 3 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2. x 2 2 x 2 .
x 2 2 x 2 a; x 2 2 x 2 b
3a b
a 0; b 0 ta thu c
2ab a 3a b b 3a b 0 a b 3a b 0
a b x2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2
x2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 x 0
Kt lun: Bt phng trnh ban u c tp nghim S ; 0 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x . Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x 2 4 x 2 0
x 2 4 x 2 0
x2 4 x 2 0
x0.
4
2
2
2
4
2
x 0
x 4 x 4 8 x x 2 16 x x 4
x 2 x 5 x 4 0
Kt lun: Bt phng trnh ban u c tp nghim S ; 0 .
Bi ton 20. Gii phng trnh 3 x 2 4 x 23 3 x 4 8 x 63
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 4 8 x 63 0 .
x .
2
Nhn xt x 4 8 x 63 x 4 16 x 2 64 16 x 2 8 x 1 x 2 8 4 x 1 x 2 4 x 9 x 2 4 x 7 .
2 x 2 4 x 7 x 2 4 x 9 3 x 2 4 x 7. x 2 4 x 9
x 2 4 x 7 u; x 2 4 x 9 v
u 0; v 0 ta thu c
x2 4 x 7 x 2 4 x 9
u v
2u v 3uv u v 2u v 0
2 x 2 4 x 7 x 2 4 x 9
2u v
1 x2 4 x 7 x2 4 x 9 x
1
2
1
.
4
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20
10 43 10 43
;
.
3
3
2 4 x 2 4 x 7 x 2 4 x 9 3 x2 20 x 19 0 x
1 10 43 10 43
So snh iu kin, kt lun nghim S ;
;
.
3
3
4
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 4 8 x 63 0 .
Nhn xt 3 x 2 4 x 23 0x . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
9 x 4 24 x3 16 x 2 46 3x 2 4 x 232 9 x 4 8 x 63 24 x 3 154 x 2 112 x 38 0
10 43 10 43
12 x 3 77 x 2 56 x 19 0 4 x 1 3 x 2 20 x 19 0 x 0;
;
3
3
1 10 43 10 43
So snh iu kin, kt lun nghim S ;
;
.
3
3
4
Bi ton 21. Gii phng trnh x 2 5 x 2 4 x 3 8

Li gii.
iu kin x 2 .
o Xt x 2 khng tha mn phng trnh ban u.
o Xt x 2 , phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x .
x2 2 x 4
x2 2x 4
3 4
x2
x2
x2 2 x 4
t 1
t t 0 thu c t 2 4t 3 0 t 1 t 3 0
x2
t 3
x 2 2 x 4 3 x 2 4 x 2 2 x 4. x 2
Vi t 1 x 2 2 x 4 x 2 x 2 x 6 0 (V nghim).
Vi t 3 x 2 2 x 4 9 x 18 x 2 7 x 22 0 (V nghim).
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi ton 22. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 2 5 x 1 7 x 3 1
x
Li gii.
iu kin x 1 . Khi bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 7 x 1. x 2 x 1 .
t
x 1 a; x 2 x 1 b
a 0; b 0
thu c
9 a 2 b 2 a 2 4b 2
.
0
3a b a 2b
9a 2 b 2 a 2 4b 2 0 8 x 2 19 x 8 3 x 2 6 x 3 0
3a 2 7 ab 2b 2 0 3a b a 2b 0
8 x 2 19 x 8 x 1 0
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim 1 x
19 105
19 105
x
16
16
19 105
.
16
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21
Bi tp tng t.
1. 5 x 2 6 x 4 6 x 3 1 .
2. 4 x 2 7 x 1 7 x 3 1 .
3. x 2 3x 5 5 x 3 1 .
5x 2 2 x 8
4.
8.
x3 1
5.
10 x 3 8
1.
x 2 11x 14
6. 3 x 2 2 x 3 3 x 4 1 .
7. 11x 2 6 x 22 11 x 4 4 .
8.
5 4x4 1
1.
10 x 2 6 x 5
9. 72 x 2 4 x 9 9 64 x 4 1 .
10. 5 x 2 6 x 28 9 x 3 8 .
11. 4 x 2 15 x 45 7 x 3 27 .
12. x 2 x 21 5 x 3 27 .
x 2 x 36
13.
6.
x 3 64
14.
x 3 64 3 x 2 10 x 56 .
15. x 2 4 x 1 x 4 x 2 1 .
16. 7 x 2 5 x 7 7 x 4 x 2 1 .
17.
x4 x 2 1 1
.
3x 2 5 x 3 3
18. 4 x 2 4 x 1 2 16 x 4 4 x 2 1 .
19. x 2 6 x 1 5 x 3 3x 14 .
6 x 2 14 x 35
20.
5.
2 x3 5 x 26
21. 4 x 2 17 x 99 x 3 4 x 2 24 .
22. x 2 2 2 x 1 1 x 4 .
23. 4 x 2 4 x 31 4 x 4 8 x 63 .
24. 1
x4 x2 4
3x 2 7 5 x 6
25. 4 x 2 7 x 1 2 4 x 4 3x 2 1 .
26. 20 x 2 3x 5 5 16 x 4 x 2 1 .
27.
7 x 2 x 1 2
5 x 2 12 x 8
1.
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2 x 1 2 2 x 3 4 2 x 1 2 x
22
x .
Li gii.
1
x 2.
2
iu kin
2 x 1 u; 4 2 x v
2 x 1 2 2 x 3 4 2 x 1. 4 2 x .
u v
u 2v
u 0; v 0 ta c u 2 2v 2 3uv u v u 2v 0
u v 2x 1 2 x x 1 .
11
.
6
1
11
So snh iu kin x 2 ta thu c tp nghim S ;1 .
2
6
u 2v 4 2 x 1 2 4 2 x 2 x 1 16 2 x
Bi ton 24. Gii phng trnh 3 3x 2 4 4 x 3 7 4 12 x 2 17 x 6

x
Li gii.
3
iu kin x .
4
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 3x 2 4 4 x 3 7 4 3x 2. 4 4 x 3
t 4 3x 2 u; 4 4 x 3 v u 0; v 0 th (*) tr thnh
(*)
u v
3u 2 4v 2 7uv u v 3u 4v 0
3u 4v
u v 4 3 x 2 4 4 x 3 3x 2 4 x 3 x 1 .
714
3u 4v 3 4 3 x 2 4 4 4 x 3 27 3x 2 256 4 x 3 x
.
943
3
714
i chiu iu kin x ta c tp hp nghim S
;1 .
4
943
Bi ton 25. Gii bt phng trnh 2 5 x 2 3 4 30 x 2 17 x 2 6 x 1
x
Li gii.
2
iu kin x .
5
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 5 x 2 3 4 5 x 2. 4 6 x 1 6 x 1 .
t 4 5 x 2 a; 4 6 x 1 b a 0; b 0 thu c
2a 2 3ab b 2 a 2a b b 2a b 0 a b 2a b 0
Ta c x
(1)
2
0 5x 2 6 x 1 4 5 x 2 4 6 x 1 a b .
5
Do 1 2a b 2 4 5 x 2 4 6 x 1 16 5 x 2 6 x 1 x
i chiu vi iu kin x
31
74
2
2 31
, kt lun tp nghim S ; .
5
5 74
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x3 8
3 x3 4 x
x2
23
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin 0 x 2 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 2 x 4 3 x 3 4 x x 2 4 2 x 3 x . x 2 4 .
x 2 4 u; x v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u v
u 2 2v 2 3uv u u v 2v u v 0 u v u 2v 0
u 2v
u v x 2 4 x x 2 4 x x 2 x 4 0 (V nghim).
2
u 2v x 2 4 2 x x 2 4 4 x x 2 0 x 2 .
So snh iu kin, kt lun phng trnh cho v nghim.
Li gii 2.
iu kin 0 x 2 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 2 x 4 3 x 3 4 x
2
Nhn xt x 2 x 4 x 1 3 0x
(1).
nn
1 x4 4 x3 4 x 2 8 x2 16 x 16 9 x3 36 x x 4 5 x 3 12 x 2 20 x 16 0
2
x2 x 2 4 x 4 x x2 4 x 4 4 x 2 4 x 4 0 x 2 x 4 x 2 0 x 2
So snh iu kin, kt lun phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi ton 27. Gii bt phng trnh 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 5 4 x 1 x 1
x .
Li gii.
iu kin 1 x 1 .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 5 4 1 x . 4 1 x 2 .
t 4 1 x a; 4 1 x 2 b
Xt hai trng hp
a 0; b 0 ta c
2a 2 2b 2 5ab 2a a 2b b a 2b 2a b a 2b 0 .
1 x 15
1 x 1
x 2 16 x 15 0
x 1
x 1
2a b 0
4
4
2
2

2 1 x 1 x 16 x x 15 0
15
15
2
b
0
1 x
4
1 x 1
x 16
4
2
16
1 x 2 1 x
1 x 1
15
x 1
2
1 x 1
x 16 x 15 0
16
4
2
2a b 0
15
4
2

2 1 x 1 x 16 x x 15 0 1 x 1 x 1 .
16
a 2b 0
4
1 x 1
x 15
2
4
1 x 2 1 x
x 1
Kt lun tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l S 1;1 .
Nhn xt.
Ngoi cch x l "th cng" phn cui bi ton 24, cc bn c th th sc vi cch s dng ng thc lin hp.
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x 2
3 3 x 2 4 3 x 2 4
24
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x .
t 3 x 2 a; 3 x 2 b , phng trnh cho tr thnh
a b
a 2 3b 2 4ab a a b 3b a b 0 a 3b a b 0
a 3b
a b x 2 x 2 0 x 4 (V nghim).
28
a 3b 3 x 2 3 3 x 2 x 2 27 x 2 x
.
13
28
Kt lun phng trnh c tp nghim S .
13
2
Bi ton 29. Gii phng trnh 4 3 2 x 1 3 3 1 2 x 8 3 4 x 2 1
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x .
t 3 2 x 1 u; 3 2 x 1 v , phng trnh cho tr thnh
2u v
4u 2 3v 2 8uv 2u 2u 3v v 2u 3v 0 2u v 2u 3v 0
2u 3v
9
2u v 2 3 2 x 1 3 2 x 1 8 2 x 1 2 x 1 x .
14
35
2u 3v 2 3 2 x 1 3 3 2 x 1 8 2 x 1 27 2 x 1 x .
38
9
35
Phng trnh cho c hai nghim x hoc x .
14
38
Bi ton 30. Gii bt phng trnh
Li gii.
iu kin x .
x2 6 x 9 4 3 6 x x 2 9 5 3 9 x 2 0

t
x 3
x .
4 3 x 3 5 3 x 2 9 .
x 3 u; 3 x 3 v ta thu c
u 2 4v 2 5uv u u v 4v u v 0 u v u 4v 0 (1).
Nhn xt x 3 x 3 3 x 3 3 x 3 u v .
Do 1 u 4v 0 3 x 3 4 3 x 3 x 3 64 x 3 x
65
.
21
65
Vy bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim S ; .

21
Nhn xt.
Cc bi ton t 23 30 v hnh thc gi chng ta t n ph a v phng trnh ng bc (bc hai), ngoi
ra c th nng ly tha trc tip cng cho kt qu tng t. i vi lp bt phng trnh, cc bn ch chia cc
trng hp chnh xc hoc linh hot s dng tp xc nh (iu kin c nghim) lp lun, nh gi nhn t,
gim thiu cc nghim ngoi lai v mt s tnh ton cng knh, khng cn thit.
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25
Bi tp tng t.
1. x 2 5 x 7 6 x 3 7 x .
2. 6 x 2 7 x 8 9 3x 3 4 x .
3. 16 x 2 7 x 4 11 4 x 3 x .
4.
x 1
3 2 x3 4 x .
5. 7 x 2 10 x 14 5 x 4 4 .
6.
x 1
5 3 x 1 6 3 x 2 1 .
7. 2 x 2 2 x 3 5 x 3 5 x 2 3x 2 .
8. 7 1 x3 6 x 2 2 .
9. 2 3 x 1 3 x 1 6 x 2 1 .
10. 3 x 2 9 x 3 3 x 4 x 2 1 0 .
11. 5 x 2 4 x 3 5 5 x3 3x .
2
12. 1 x 2 1 x 2 3 4 1 x 1 x .
13. 3 x 2 8 x 3 114 x 2 5 x 6 .
2
14. 5 x 5 6 x 114 x x 1 .
15.
x 1
3 3 1 x 4 3 x 2 1 .
2
16. 2 3 x 5 2 3 x 5 5 3 x 2 25 .
17. 4 x 114 x 3 x 7 3 x .
2
18. 10 3 3 x 2 7 3 3 x 2 3 3 9 x 2 4 .
19.
x 1
3 2 x 1 3 2 x 2 3 x 1 .
2
20. 2 3 3x 1 3 3 4 x 1 5 3 12 x 2 7 x 1 .
21. 3 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 5 4 x 3 2 x 4 .
2
x 2 x 4 x 8 .
23. 5 x 1 8 x x 1 3 x 1 .
24. 17 x 3 4 x 3 x 9 13 x 27 .
25. 6 x x 1 5 x x 1 x x 1 .
22. 2 3 x 2
2
26. 2 3x 2 2 x 3 4 3 x 2 x 2 .
27. 5 x 4 3 x 2 3 8 x 2
28.
x 1 x 1 .
x2 1 4 x 1 5 4 x3 x 2 x 1 .
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Bi ton 31. Gii phng trnh x 2 7 x 3 3 x 3 4 x 2 5

Li gii.
iu kin x 3 4 x 2 5 0 x 1 x 2 5 x 5 0 x 1 .
26
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 5 x 5 2 x 1 3 x 1. x 2 5 x 5
(1).
x 1 u; x 2 5 x 5 v u 0; v 0 ta c
u v
v 2u
1 2u 2 v 2 3uv u v 2u v 0
x 1
(H v nghim).
u v x 1 x 2 5x 5 2
x 4x 5 0
x 1
x 1
2u v 2 x 1 x 2 5 x 5 2
(H v nghim).
2
x 5x 5 4 x 4
x x 9 0
Bi ton 32. Gii phng trnh x 2 3x 4 3 x 3 6 x 2 11x 6

Li gii 1.
x 3
iu kin x 1 x 2 x 3 0
1 x 2
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 5 x 6 2 x 1 3 x 1. x 2 5 x 6
x 1 a; x 2 5 x 6 b
(1).
a 0; b 0 ta c
a b
a 2b
1 a 2 2b 2 3ab a b a 2b 0
x 3 2
a b x 1 x2 5x 6 x 2 6 x 7 0
x 3 2
21 41 21 41
a 2b x 1 4 x 2 5 x 6 4 x 2 21x 25 0 x
;
.
8
8
21 41 21 41
i chiu iu kin ta thu c bn nghim S 3 2;3 2;

;
.
8
8
Li gii 2.
x 3
1 x 2
Nhn xt x 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh cho. Do phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x 2 5x 6
x2 5x 6
23
x 1
x 1
x2 5 x 6
t 1
t
t t 0 ta c t 2 2 3t t 1 t 2 0
x 1
t 2
x 3 2
t 1 x 1 x 2 5x 6 x2 6 x 7 0
x 3 2
x 2 5 x 6 2 x 1 3
x 1 x 2 5 x 6
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27
21 41 21 41
t 2 x 1 4 x 2 5 x 6 4 x 2 21x 25 0 x
;
.
8
8
21 41 21 41
i chiu iu kin ta thu c bn nghim S 3 2;3 2;
;
.
8
8
Bi ton 33. Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 5 x 1 3 x 3 6 x 2 11x 6
x .
Li gii 1.
x 3
1 x 2
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 x 2 3 x 2 x 3 3
3x 2 x 3
(*)
t x 2 3x 2 a; x 3 b th
2a b 0
2a b 0
2a b 0
a b
2a b 3 ab 2
2
2a b 0
a b 4a b 0
4a 4ab b 9ab
4a b
2 x 2 5 x 1 0
2 x 2 5 x 1 0
2
1 2
x 3x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 0
1
2
(H v nghim).
2
2 x 2 5 x 1 0
2 x 5 x 1 0
2 1
(H v nghim).
2
2
4
x
3
x
3
4
x
13
x
11
Kt lun phng trnh cho v nghim.
Li gii 2.
x 3
1 x 2
Nhn xt x 3 khng tha mn phng trnh ban u.
Do phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x 2 3x 2
x 2 3x 2
1 3
x 3
x 3
t 1
x 2 3x 2
2
t
t t 0 th (*) tr thnh: 2t 3t 1 0 t 1 2t 1 0 1
t
x 3
2
Xt hai trng hp
t 1 x 2 3x 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 5 0; 1 0 , phng trnh v nghim.
1
t 4 x 2 3 x 2 x 3 4 x 2 13x 11 0; 7 0 , phng trnh v nghim.
2
Kt lun phng trnh cho v nghim.
2 x 2 3 x 2 x 3 3
3 x 2 x 3 2.
(*)
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28
Nhn xt.
Cc bi ton 31 33 u c gii c bng php s dng n ph a v phng trnh ng bc v tm
t l gia hai n thng qua phng trnh bc hai. Ngoi ra cc bn c th s dng nng ly tha trc tip
kt hp h s bt nh cng cho li gii "khe mnh, chp nhong, bt ng".
Quan st v thc hnh cc th d pha trc mt cch c h thng, dng ton ny c th tr nn quen
thuc vi mt s bn hc sinh, hai bi ton 32 v 33 v hnh thc vn cha c iu g mi l, tuy nhin c
mt s khc bit nho nh trong lp lun, im nhn trng tm ca hai th d ny l: a thc trong cn thc
kh c th phn tch thnh cc nhn t c lp (nu khng chia trng hp theo iu kin xc nh).
C th trong hai bi ton 32 v 33 ta u c phn tch
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 1 x 2 5 x 6
x3 6 x 2 11x 6 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 2 4 x 3 .
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 2 3 x 2 x 3
A 0
ABC ... A. B . C ...
...
B 0
i vi bi ton 32 ta c quan st x 2 3x 4 x 2 5 x 6 2 x 1 nn hng xy dng n ph ng bc
Xin nhc li kin thc c bn:
s l
x3 6 x 2 11x 6
x 1 x 2 x 3
x 1. x 2 5 x 6
(*).
x 3
Lu iu kin x 1 x 2 x 3 0
1 x 2
D thy (*) xy ra hin nhin. Kt qu thu c li gii 1 bi ton 32.
i vi bi ton 33 ta c quan st 2 x 2 5 x 1 2 x 2 3x 2 x 3 nn hng xy dng n ph ng bc
x3 6 x 2 11x 6 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 2 3 x 2. x 3
(**).
x 3
Lu iu kin x 1 x 2 x 3 0
1 x 2
Trong trng hp ny (**) khng ng, ni khc n ch xy ra khi x 3 .
iu ny t ra mt nghi vn: Phi chng chng ta ang gp mt chng ngi vt ?
Bi v hai nhn t ny lun dnh vi nhau nh "hnh vi bng", nu tch ra s rt phc tp.
Vy c nn dng li hay khng ? Khng, trng k khng chin nht nh thng li !
on kt, on kt, i on kt ! Thnh cng, thnh cng, i thnh cng !
C mt s phng n la chn nh sau
Dng v lc, tch bit hon ton hai nhn t bng cch chia trng hp
Trng hp 1: x 3 , (**) xy ra, chng ta "mn nguyn" vi hai n ph
s l
x 2 3x 2 u; x 3 v u 0; v 0 2u 2 v 2 3uv
Trng hp 2: 1 x 2 , (**) khng xy ra nhng li c mi vu hi bt ng
x 3 6 x 2 11x 6 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 2 3 x 2. 3 x
Chng ta khng c "hi lng" lm vi hai n ph
x 2 3 x 2 a; 3 x b a 0; b 0 .
Phng trnh khi c dng 2a 2 b 2 3ab a b 2a b 0 a b 0

S d nh vy v a 0; b 0 . V tt nhin trng hp ny s v nghim.
Phng n 1 rt kh thi, song cha phi ti u v phi chia hai trng hp, hai ln t n ph, mt
khc mt trng hp mang tnh cht "th tc" v l do v nghim, song nu khng c n th bi ton
coi nh khng trn vn v "t tng".
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29
Tha hip, tm l chin, gin tip: Khng tch bit ring bit hai nhn t, vn chng "dnh kp" vo
nhau. S dng php t n ph pha trong cn, sau php bnh phng trc tip (ko theo iu kin)
chng ta c quyn sinh quyn st, thc hin a v nhn t, lc ny c "dnh kp" cng khng quan
trng na. Kt qu chng ta thu c li gii 1 bi ton 32. Tuy nhin vic gii cc h hn tp
cng gy khng t tr ngi.
Chin tranh du kch, mm do, linh hot: Khng tch ring hai nhn t, nhng mc tiu trung gian l
tm t l gia hai nhn t, vy ti sao khng chng "dnh kp" vi nhau theo "t l" y, khng nh
hng nhiu n vic c lp hay ly khai phc tp. Chng ta hy tc thnh cho h !
A
Cc bn lu : AB xc nh th
B 0 cng xc nh.
B
Kt qu tng thu c li gii 2 bi ton 32.
Nhn xt x 3 khng l nghim, y s l "ci c" chia hai v cho biu thc x 3 , h qu dn n
n ph rt gn gng. C th ni vi dng ton ny, phng n 3 l ti u.
Cc bn hon ton c th chia hai v cho x 2 3x 2 0 , nhng khng nn, v nh vy s phi xt hai
trng hp x 1; x 2 c l nghim ca phng trnh hay khng.
Gi nh c mt ch kin "phi" b t nh ny sang nh kia (hai nh ca hai gc nhn) ca mt tam
gic vung thc, kin s chn b theo cnh huyn hay theo hai cnh gc vung, hay l theo ng gp
khc hoc mt ng cong no ?
Vi iu kin trn cc con ng ca ta khng c mt git mt no.
Hy vng cc bn thng minh hn kin nh !
S linh hot ny cc bn c th p dng trong vic gii bt phng trnh cha cn, loi b i kh nhiu
tiu tit khng cn thit. Mi qu c gi theo di cc th d tip theo.
Bi ton 34. Gii bt phng trnh 3 x 2 4 x 5 5 x3 7 x 6

Li gii.
x 3
iu kin x 3 7 x 6 0 x 1 x 3 x 2 0
2 x 1
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 5 x 2 2 x 3. x 2

t x 2 2 x 3 u; x 2 v u 0; v 0 ta c 3u 2 2v 2 5uv u v 3u 2v 0
Xt hai trng hp
3 29
2
2
x
2
x
3
x
0
u v 0
9 x 22 x 35 0
3 29
3u 2v 0 9 x 2 x 3 4 x 2
x
2
2
2
x 2 x 3 x 2
u v 0
11 2 109
11 2 109
x 3 x 5 0

x
.
2
9
9
9 x 22 x 35 0
3u 2v 0
9 x 2 x 3 4 x 2
3 29 11 2 109
3 29
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim S 2;
; 1
; .

2
9
2
Bi ton 35. Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 13 x 36 7 x 3 24 x 32

Li gii.
iu kin x 3 24 x 32 0 .
Nhn xt x 4 khng l nghim ca phng trnh ban u.
x .
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30

x2 4 x 8
x2 4 x 8
5 7
x4
x4
t 1
x2 4 x 8
2
t
t t 0 th 1 2t 7t 5 0 t 1 2t 5 0 5
t
x4
2
2
2
t 1 x 4 x 8 x 4 x 3x 4 0 x 1 x 4 0 x 4;1 .
2 x 2 4 x 8 5 x 4 7
4 x 8 x 4 2.
(1)
5
4 x 2 4 x 8 25 x 4 4 x 2 9 x 68 0; 1007 0 . Phng trnh v nghim.
2
So snh iu kin, ta thu c tp nghim S 4;1 .
Bi ton 36. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x 2 25 x 14 3 x 3 31x 30

Li gii.
x 5
iu kin x 3 31x 30 0 x 1 x 5 x 6 0
6 x 1
4 x 2 6 x 5 x 6 3
x .
6 x 5 x 6
4 x 2 6 x 5 x 6 3 x 2 6 x 5. x 6
x 2 6 x 5 a; x 6 b
a 0; b 0 ta c
4a b 0
a b
1 4a 2 b 2 3ab a b 4a b 0
x 1
x2 6 x 5 0
4a b 0 a b 0
x 5 (H v nghim).
x 6 0
x 6
7 53
7 53
x
.
2
2
7 53 7 53
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim S
;1 5;
.
2
2
a b x2 6 x 5 x 6 x 2 7 x 1 0
Bi ton 37. Gii bt phng trnh 3 x 2 14 x 14 2 x 3 x 2 26 x 24

Li gii.
x 4
iu kin x 3 x 2 26 x 24 0 x 1 x 6 x 4 0
6 x 1
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 5 x 6 x 4 2
x .
5x 6 x 4
t x 2 5 x 6 u; x 4 v ta thu c
3u v 0
3u v 0
3u v 0
3u v 2 uv 2
2
2
2
9u 6uv v 4uv
9u 10uv v 0
u v 9u v 0
Xt hai trng hp
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31
22 934
3x 2 14 x 14 0
3u v 0
x
9
u v 0 x 2 4 x 2 0
22 934
9u v 0
9 x 2 44 x 50 0
2
3x 14 x 14 0
3u v 0
u v 0 x 2 4 x 2 0
(H v nghim).
9u v 0
2
9 x 44 x 50 0
22 934
Vy ta c nghim S 6;
4; .
9
Bi ton 38. Gii phng trnh 3 x 2 5 x 5 2 x3 2 x 2 11x 12

Li gii.
x 4
3 x 1
3 x 2 2 x 3 x 4 2
2 x 3 x 4 3.
x .
x2 2 x 3
x2 2 x 3
1 2
x4
x4
(1)
x2 2 x 3
t t 0 ta c
x4
1 3t 2 1 2t t 1 3t 1 0 t 1 x 2 2 x 3 x 4 x 2 x 1 0 (V nghim).
t
Bi ton 39. Gii phng trnh 5 x 2 11x 2 2 x 3 4 x

Li gii.
x 2
iu kin x x 2 4 0
2 x 0
x .
x2 2 x
x2 2 x
1 6
x2
x2
2
x 2x
t 1
t
t t 0 ta thu c 5t 2 1 6t t 1 5t 1 0
x2
5t 1
Xt hai kh nng xy ra
t 1 x 2 2 x x 2 x 2 x 2 0 . Phng trnh v nghim.
49 2201 49 2201
5t 1 25 x 2 2 x x 2 25 x 2 49 x 2 0 x
;
50
50
49 2201 49 2201
Kt hp vi iu kin ta thu c nghim S
;
.
50
50
5 x 2 2 x x 2 6 x x 2 4 5.
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32
Bi tp tng t.
1. 4 x 2 15 x 10 5 x 3 6 x 2 11x 6 .
2. 4 x 2 x 19 5
4x
5 x 1 x 5 .
3. x 2 6 x 7 4 x3 x 2 7 x 20 .
4. 5 x 2 22 x 12 3
4 x 2 x 1 .
5. 7 x 2 24 x 19 4 x 3 7 x 2 13 x 4 .
6. x 2 2 x 3
4 x 1 x 3 5 .
7. 5 x 2 6 x 1 6 x x 2 1 .
8. 3 x 2 13 x 7 x3 5 x 12 .
9. 3 x 2 17 x 22 2
6 x 5 x 7 .
10. 3 x 2 10 x 5 5 x 3 6 x 2 11x 6 .
11. 3 x 2 8 x 13 5 x 3 7 x 6 .
12. 3 x 2 10 x 2 8 x3 9 x 2 26 x 24 .
13. x 2 2 x 4 2
2x
x 1 x 3 .
14. 2 x 2 3 x 5 2 2 x x 2 4 x 5 .
15. x 2 5 x 12 4
x 3 2 x 2 3x .
16. 2 x 2 7 x 3 5 5 x3 22 x 2 23x 6 .
17. 6 x 2 7 x 2 7 x x 2 3 x 2 .
18. 12 x 2 17 x 10 5 3 x 3 22 x 2 20 x 24 .
19. 2 x 2 9 x 22 9 x 3 3 x 2 x 12 .
20. 2 x 2 x 1 2
x 1 x3 2 x 2 x 2 .
21. x 2 10 x 10 6 x 3 2 x 1 .
22. 18 x 2 13 x 46 11 6 x 3 29 x 2 33 x 10 .
23. x 2 4 x 19 4 x3 7 x 2 7 x 15 .
24. x 2 9 x 2 4 2 x3 3 x 2 11x 6 .
25. 3 x 2 4 x 2 4
1 x 2 .
26. 4 x 2 7 x 17 7 x3 4 x 2 5 x 6 .
27. 4 x 2 12 x 5 6 x 3 7 x 2 1 .
28. 5 x 2 5 x 16 11 5 x 3 31x 2 50 x 24 .
29. 4 x 2 22 x 6 4 x 3 5 x 2 47 x 12 11 .
30. x 3 2 x 2 3 x 2 2 2 x 5 3x 4 x3 2 x 2 3x 1 .
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Bi ton 40. Gii phng trnh x 1 2 x 1 3 x 2 8 x 4

Li gii 1.
2 x 1 0
iu kin 2
3 x 8 x 4 0
33
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 1 2 x 1 3 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 1 .

t x 1 a; 2 x 1 b a 0; b 0 ta thu c
a b 3a 2 b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 3a 2 b 2 a a b 0 a b (Do a 0 ).
x 1
Do x 1 2 x 1 2
x0
x 2x 1 2x 1
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim x 0 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin 3 x 2 8 x 4 0; 2 x 1 0 .
x 2 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 3 x 2 8 x 4 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 2 4 x 2
x 1
x 1 0
x 1
x 1 2 x 1 x 1
x 1
2 x 1 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 0
So snh iu kin ta thu c nghim x 0 .

2
Bi ton 41. Gii phng trnh x 1 2 x 3 5 x 2 12 x 8

Li gii 1.
3
x
iu kin
2
5 x 2 12 x 8 0
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 1 2 x 3 5 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 3
(1)
t x 1 u; 2 x 3 v u 0; v 0 th
1 u v
5u 2 v 2 u 2 2uv v 2 5u 2 v 2 2u 2 uv v 2 0 u v 2u v 0
x 1
x 1
u v x 1 2x 3 2
2
x2
x 2 x 1 2x 3 x 4x 4 0
Kt hp iu kin, phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 2 .
Li gii 2.
3
iu kin 5 x 2 12 x 8 0; x .
2
x 2 2 x 1 2 x 3 2 x 1 2 x 3 5 x 2 12 x 8 2 x 1 2 x 3 4 x 2 12 x 10
x 1 2 x 3 2 x 2 6 x 5 x 1 2 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 3
2
x 1 2 x 3 2 x 1 2 x 3
2x 3
2x 3
2
x 1
x 1
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34
2x 3
t t 0 th 2 t 2 t 2 t 1 t 2 0 t 1 2 x 3 x 1 x 2 .
x 1
Kt hp iu kin, suy ra phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 2 .
t
Bi ton 42. Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 x 1 1 4 x 2 2 x 4

Li gii 1.
1
2
2x 1 2x 1
4x
x .
4 x 1 3 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
2 x 1
3 2 x 1
(*).
u v 0
u v 0
t 2 x 1 u; 2 x 1 v v 0 ta c u v u 2 3v 2 2
2
2
2
u 2uv v u 3v
v v u 0
Xt hai trng hp xy ra
2 x 1 2 x 1 0
u v 0

(H v nghim).
2 x 1 0
v 0
1
1
u v 0
3
x
x
Do v 0 nn
u v 2x 1 2x 1
2
x .
2
2
u v
4 x 2 4 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 x 3 0
3
i chiu iu kin ta thu c nghim S .
2
Li gii 2.
1
2
2 x 1 2 x 1 4 x2 2 x 4
2 x 1 2 x 1 2 0
2x 1 1 2x 1 2 0
2
2
4 x 4 x 1 2 x 1 2 2 x 1 2 x 1 4 x 2 x 4
2 2 x 1 2 x 1 4 x 2
1
2 x 1 1
3
x 0
x
x
2
2
2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
4 x 2 4 x 1 2 x 1
3
i chiu iu kin ta thu c tp nghim S .
2
Bi ton 43. Gii phng trnh x 1 2 x 1 2.
x 1 2 x 1
x .
Li gii 1.
1
iu kin x .
2
t x 1 a; 2 x 1 b b 0 phng trnh cho tr thnh
a b 0
a b 0
a b 0
a b 2. a 2 b 2 2
a b.
2
2
2
2
a b
a b 0
a b 2ab 2a 2b
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35
x 1
x 1
x 1 2 x 1 2
x 4.
x 2 x 1 2 x 1 x x 4 0
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim S 4 .
Li gii 2.
1
iu kin x . rng a ; b ta c
2
2
2
a b 0 2ab a 2 b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 2 a 2 b 2 a b 2 a 2 b 2
(*).
p dng bt ng thc (*) ta c
x 1
2x 1
2
2 x 1 2 x 1
x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
x 1 2 x 1 2.
x 1 2 x 1 1
Do phng trnh cho c nghim khi ti (1) xy ra du ng thc

x 1 2x 1 0
x 1 2 x 1 0
x 1
x 1
x 4.
x 1 2 x 1
x 2 2 x 1 2 x 1 x x 4 0
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht S 4 .

Bi ton 44. Gii bt phng trnh 1 x x 2 1 3x x 2
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
2
1 x x 2 1 2 x x 2 2 x 1 x x 2 1 x 2 x
t 1 x u; x v
(1).
u 1; v 0 th (1) tr thnh
2
u v 2 u 2 v 2 u 2 2uv v 2 2 u 2 v 2 u v 0
2
u v 0 u v 1 x x x2 2 x 1 x x2 x 1 0
Kt lun bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 .
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovsky cho hai cp s dng 1;1 , 1 x; x ta c

2
1 x x 1 1 1 x
x 2 1 3 x x 2 1 x x 2 1 3x x 2
Bt phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi (2) xy ra ng thc

x 0
x 0
2
1 x
1
3 (H v nghim).
x
x

2
4
1
1
Vy bt phng trnh cho v nghim.

Li gii 3.
iu kin x 0 .
2
(2)
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36
Nhn xt x 0 khng l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.

Xt x 0 , bt phng trnh ban u tr thnh
t
x 1 2 3 x
x
x
1
1
x t t 0 t 2 x 2 ; ta c
x
x
2
t 1 2 t 2 1 t 2 2t 1 2t 2 2 t 1 0 t 1 t 1
Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
1
x
x2
1
x
1
x 1 (3)
x
. x 2 . Dn n (3) v nghim.

Nhn xt.
Cc bi ton t 40 n 44 u gii c bng cch s dng n ph a v phng trnh ng bc (bc
hai), im nhn trng tm l khng th a v dng ng bc trc tip m trc tin phi thc hin php
bin i tng ng v nng ly tha hp l. Mc d cng mt phng hng nhng mi li gii u c
nhng nt ring ng lu (hai li gii ca bi ton 43). Ngoi ra cc bn c th s dng bin i tng
ng, nng ly tha trc tip hay a v phng trnh tch, vn rt kh thi i vi lp bi ton dng ny.
Hai bi ton 43 v 44 tc gi trnh by phng php s dng nh gi hm s bt ng thc cc bn
c cch nhn ton din, y v bao qut hn trong qu trnh la chn li gii. Hai li gii 2 tng ng
ca bi 43 v 44 c cng bn cht s dng hnh thc bt ng thc Bunyakovsky, tuy nhin li gii 2 bi 40
c lp lun theo hng ng thc mang tnh cht "c bn", v l phn no c a chung hn.
3 x x
x .
1 2 x 3x 4
2
Li gii 1.
3 x x 1 2 x 2 3 x 4 2 x x 2 x 2 3x 4 2 x x 2 x 2 4 x 4 x
t 2 x u; x v u 0 ta thu c
u v 0
u v 0
u v 2 u 2 v2 2 2
2
2
2
u v 0
u v 2uv 2 u v
u v 2 x x
x 1
x 2 0 x 1 x 1
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim duy nht x 1 .

Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 . Bin i v 3 x x 1 2 x 2 3 x 4 2 x x 2 x 2 3 x 4 .
t 0
x t t 0 ta c 2 t 2 t 2 t 4 3t 2 4 t 2 t 2 0
4 2
2
4
2
t t 4t 4 2t t 2 2 t 3t 4
t 0
0 t 2
t 1 t 2 0
4
.
3
2
t
2
t
2
t
3
t
3
2
t 2t 3t 4t 4 0
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37
Nhn xt t 0 khng l nghim ca h. Do vy ta c

0 t 2
0 t 2
0 t 2
2
2
2 2
2 4 2
2
t
2
t
0
t
t t 2 t t 1 0
t t 1 0
t2
0 t 2
0 t 2
0 t 2
2
t 1 x 1
2
t 1 t 2 0
t t 1 0 t t 2 0
So snh iu kin, kt lun nghim x 1 .
Li gii 3.
iu kin x 0 . Phng trnh cho quy v 3 x x 1 2 x 2 3 x 4 2 x x 2 x 2 3 x 4 .
Nhn xt x 0 khng tha mn phng trnh trn.
2
4
4
x t x t 2 4 . Suy ra
x 1 2 x 3 . t
x
x
x
x
t 1
t 1
2
t 1 2 t 2 1 2
x 1
2
2
t
2
t
2
t
2
t
0
x
Xt trng hp x 0 thu c
2 x x
x 1
x 2
x 2 0
x 1
x 1
i chiu iu kin, kt lun nghim x 1 .

Li gii 4.
iu kin x 0 . a phng trnh v dng 3 x x 1 2 x 2 3 x 4 2 x x 2 x 2 3 x 4 .
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovsky ta c
2
2 x x 1 1 2 x
2
x 2 x 2 3x 4
2 x x 2 x 2 3x 4 2 x x 2 x 2 3x 4
Phng trnh bi c nghim khi v ch khi du ng thc xy ra, ngha l
2 x x x 1
x 2 0 x 1.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.

Nhn xt.
Bi ton 45 sau khi bin i c dng tng t bi ton 44. Li gii 1 s dng n ph a v phng trnh
ng bc quen thuc, li gii 2 v bn cht nng ly tha trc tip c ko theo iu kin, vic t t n
ph x t t 0 ch lm cho bi ton gn gng v hnh thc. H qu a v hng trnh a thc bc bn,
tuy nhin c mt s may mn xut hin, bi y l phng trnh i xng hi quy, phng php gii c
l rt quen thuc vi mt s bn. Kt qu thu c hon ton trng hp vi li gii 1.
Ngoi ra hnh thc bi ton 45 cng c s c bit do y l trng hp xy ra ng thc ca bi ton p
dng bt ng thc Bunyakovsky, cc bn c th gii tng t theo li gii 2 bi ton s 43. Phng php
t n ph trong li gii 3 cc bi ton 44 v 45 thng xut hin trong cc k thi tuyn sinh i hc mn
Ton nhng nm gn y, c th l thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2010 mn Ton chnh thc v
thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2012 mn Ton chnh thc. V dng ton ny, tc gi ch xin nhc li,
hin ti c trnh by cn k ti L thuyt t n ph cc phn 2 v 3.
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2 x x
2 x 5x 9 1
2
38
x .
Li gii 1.
x 0
iu kin x 2 5 x 9 0 x 0 .
2
2 x 5 x 9 1
Nhn xt rng:
2 x 2 10 x 17
2 x 5x 9 1
2
2 x 2 5x 9 1
0, x

2 x x 2 x 2 5x 9 1 3 x x 2 x2 5x 9 3 x x 2 x 2 6 x 9 x .
t 3 x a; x b b 0 ta thu c a b 2 a 2 b 2
Ch rng a ; b
(1)
ta c
a b
0 2ab a 2 b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 2 a 2 b 2
2
a b 2 a 2 b2 a b a b 2 a 2 b 2
Do (1) nghim ng vi a ; b 0 . Kt lun nghim ca bt phng trnh l x 0 .

Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0; x 2 5 x 9 0; 2 x 2 5 x 9 1 x 0 .
2
5 9
Nhn xt 2 x 2 5 x 9 1 2 x 2 10 x 17 2 x 0x
2 2
2 x2 5x 9 1 0 .
2 x x 2 x2 5x 9 1 3 x x 2 x2 5 x 9
D thy (1) tha mn vi x 0 . Xt trng hp x 0 ta c 1

t
(1)
x 1 2 x 5
x
x
3
9
x t x t 2 6 ta thu c
x
x
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1 2 t 2 1 t 1
t 1
t
t
2
2
t 1 0
t 2t 1 2t 2
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim x 0 .

Nhn xt.
Xin nhc li hai dng tng qut ng bc hai v dng ng bc ba nh cc bi ton trc
af 2 x bf x g x cg 2 x 0 ; af 2 x bf 2 x g x cf x g 2 x dg 3 x 0 .
p dng cho dng tng qut cha cn: af x bg x c df 2 x eg 2 x .
Cc bn thc hin bnh phng hai v km theo iu kin quy v dng phng trnh ng bc bc hai c hnh
thc r rng hn.
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x 2
6 x 2 x 4 2 x
2
1
2
39
x .
Li gii 1.
x 0
iu kin x 2 2 x 4 0
x0
2
6 x 2 x 4 2 x
Nhn xt x 0 6 x 2 x 4 2 x
2
6 x 2 2 x 4 4 x 2
6 x 2 x 4 2 x
2 x 3 6
6 x 2x 4 2 x
0.
x 2 6 x 2 2 x 4 2 x 2 x 4 2 x 6 x 2 2 x 4 2 x 2 2 x 6 x 2 12 x
t x 1 u; x v thu c
u v 0
u v 0
u v 0
2u 2v 6u 2 12v 2 2
2
2
2
2
u 2v
u 2v 0
4u 8uv 4v 6u 12v
2
u 2v
x 2 2 x
x 1 3
u 2v u 0; v 0
x 3 1 x 4 2 3
u 0
x 2
x 2
Kt lun bt phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x 4 2 3 .

Li gii 2.
x 0
iu kin x 2 2 x 4 0
x 0.
2
6 x 2 x 4 2 x
2
Nhn xt x 0 6 x 2 2 x 4 4 x 2 2 x 3 6 4 x 2 2 x 2 x 6 x 2 2 x 4 2 x 0 .
2
x 2 6 x 2 2 x 4 2 x 2 x 4 2 x 6 x2 2 x 4
(1).
Xt x 0 khng tha mn bt phng trnh (1).

2
4
Xt trng hp x 0 ta c 1 2 x
(2).
2 6 x 2 x
x
2
4
t t 2 x 4 ; (2) tr thnh
t x
x
x
t 1
t 1
2t 2 0
2t 2 6 t 2 2 2
t2
2
2
2
2 t 2 0
t 2 0
4t 8t 4 6t 12
x 2
t 0
x 2
2
x 4 2 3
4
t 4
x 8x 4 0
x x 4 4
So snh iu kin ta thu c nghim x 4 2 3 .
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Bi ton 48. Gii phng trnh x 1 x 7 x 2 17 x 7

Li gii.
iu kin x 0; 7 x 2 17 x 7 0 .
40
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 1 x 7 x 2 2 x 1 3 x . t x 1 u; x v v 0 ta thu c
u v 0
u v 0
u v 0
u v 7u 2 3v 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
u 2uv v 7u 3v
3u uv 2v 0
u v 3u 2v 0
x 1
x 1
u v 0
u 0; v 0
3 5

2
x
.
2
x 1 x
u v
u v
x 3x 1 0
u 0; v 0
0 x 1
u v 0
11 2 10

x
.
2
9
4
x
9
x
18
x
9
2 x 3 3x
3u 2v 0
11 2 10 3 5
So snh iu kin ta c nghim S
;
.
9
2
Bi ton 49. Gii bt phng trnh 2 2 x x 4 x 2 19 x 16

Li gii.
19 105
0 x
8
iu kin 2
19 105
4 x 19 x 16 0
x
8
x .
Bt phng trnh bin i v 2 2 x x 4 x 2 3 x .t x 2 a; x b b 0 ta thu c

2a b
2
a
0
2
a
2a b 4a 2 3b 2 2
b 0
2
2
2
b b a 0
4a 4ab b 4a 3b
b a
Xt hai trng hp
2 x x 4
2a b

x 0.
b 0
x 0
33 1
2 x x 4 0
2a b
17 33
2 x x 4 0
0 x
4 1 x
8
x 2 0
b a
x 1
x 2 x
x 1
19 105
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim S 0 1;
.
8
Nhn xt.
tm cc h s n ph trong cn thc cc bn nn s dng ng nht thc nh cc bi ton trc. Trong
trng hp bt phng trnh, cn c nhn xt, nh gi, lp lun gim bt mt s trng hp, thnh th nu
khng th li gii s rm r, tn km thi gian, cng sc. Ngoi ra cc bn cn tm iu kin v kt hp nghim
chnh xc, bi nghim thng thng l mt khong, on hoc hp cc khong v im, thao tc th nghim t ta
kh kh khn, do rt d dn n sai lm v ng nhn.
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Bi ton 50. Gii phng trnh 6 3 x x 2 3x 2 14 x 12

Li gii.
x 0
iu kin 2
3 x 14 x 12 0
41
x .
3 2 x x 2 3 x2 4 x 4 2 x 3 2 x x 2 3 2 x 2 x
t 2 x u; x v v 0 thu c
3u v 0
3u v 2 3u 2 2v 2 2
2
2
2
9u 6uv v 12u 8v
3u v 0
3u v 0
3u v 0
u v
2
u 2uv 3v 0
u v u 3v 0
u 3v
0 x 2
3u v 0
u 0; v 0
0 x 2

x 1.
x
1
x
0
2 x x
u v
u v
3u v 0
10v 0
v 0
v 0
x 0

(H v nghim).
u 3v
u 3v
u 3v u 0
x 2
Bi ton 51. Gii phng trnh 1
x x2 2 x 3
4x2 2x 3
x .
Li gii.
x 2 2 x 3 0
x 1
iu kin 2
x 3
4 x 2 x 3 0
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x x 2 2 x 3 5 x 2 x 2 2 x 3 .
t
x2 2 x 3 y
y 0 ta thu c
x y 0
x y 5x 2 y 2 2
2
2
2
x y 2 xy 5 x y
x y 0
x y 0
x y 0
x y
2
2 x xy y 0
x y 2 x y 0
2 x y 0
x y 0
x 0
3
x 0

2
2
x y
2 x 3 0
x x 2 x 3
x 0
x y 0
x 0

(H v nghim).
2
2
2 x y 0
2 x x 2 x 3
3 x 2 x 3 0
3
i chiu iu kin, kt lun nghim S .
2
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Bi ton 52. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 1 x 2 4 x 2 3 x 1
42
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 0 . Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
2 x 1 x 2 4 x 2 4 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 2 x
t 2 x 1 a; x b b 0 thu c
a b
a b
a b
a b 2a 2 2b 2 a b
a b
a b
a b 2 0
a 2 2ab b 2 2a 2 2b 2
Vy bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi mi x thuc tp xc nh, tc l S 0; .
Bi ton 53. Gii bt phng trnh x 3 x 2 x 2 7 x 4

Li gii.
iu kin x 0 .
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 3 x x 2 4 x 4 3x x 2 3 x
x 2
3x .
t x 2 a; x b a 0; b 0 ta thu c
a 3b
a 3b
a 3b a 2 3b 2 a 3b
a 3b
b a b 0
a 2 6ab 9b2 a 2 3b 2
Xt cc trng hp
a 3b x 3 x 2 0
x 1
x 2 0 1 x 2 1 x 4.
x 3 x 2 0
a 3b
x 0.
x 0
b 0
x 3 x 2 0
x 2
a 3b
x 4
a b 0
x 1
x x 2 0
x 1
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim x 0 .
Bi ton 54. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 1 x 4 x 2 7 x 1

Li gii.
7 33
x
x 0
8
iu kin 2
7 33
4 x 7 x 1 0
0 x
8
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 x 1 x 4 x 2 4 x 1 3 x 2 x 1 x
2 x 1
3x .
a b
a b
t 2 x 1 a; x b b 0 thu c a b a 3b a b
a b
b a b 0
a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 3b2
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Xt hai trng hp
a b 2x x 1 0
43
x 1 2 x 1 0 x 1 x 1 .
a b
(Nghim ng vi mi x thuc tp xc nh).
b a b 0
7 33
x
8
Kt lun bt phng trnh cho c nghim
7 33
0 x
8
Bi ton 55. Gii bt phng trnh x 1 x 2 x 2 5

x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 2 .
x2 x 3
Nhn xt x 1 x 2
0 x 2 .
x 1 x 2
x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 5 3 x 6 2 x 1 x 2
x 2
x 2
2
x2
4 x x 22 0
3 x 2 2 x 1
Bt phng trnh cho c nghim S 2 .

Bi ton 56. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 2 x 1 3x 2 4 x 5
Li gii.
iu kin x 1 .
x .
1 11
Nhn xt 2 x 2 x 1 x x 1 0 x 1 .
2
4
2 x 2 x 1 3x 2 4 x 5 4 x 2 8 x 4 x 1 4 x 1 x 1 3 x 2 4 x 5
x 2 5 x 2 4 x 1 x 1 0 x 2 2 x 1 4 x 1 x 1 3 x 1 0
2
x 1 4 x 1 x 1 3 x 1 0 1 4.
x 1
x 1
3.
0
2
x 1
x 1
x 1
1
1
x 1
t t 0 ta c 1 4t 3t 2 0 t 1 3t 1 0 t 1
1
x 1
3
3
x 1
2
2
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 2 x 1
x x 2 0
2 x 5.
2
2
9
x
2
x
1
x
7
x
10
0
3
x
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S 2;5 .

t
Bi ton 57. Gii bt phng trnh x 1 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 12 x 2

Li gii.
x .
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44
1
.
2
iu kin x
x 1 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 4 2 x 1 x 1 2 2 x 1 2 x 1 4 2 x 1
t x 1 u; 2 x 1 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u 2v
u 2v 0
u 2v
u 2v
u 2v 2u 2 4v 2 u 2v 0
u 2v
u 2v
u 2v
u u 4v 0
u 2 4uv 4v 2 2u 2 4v 2
u 2 4uv 0
1
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim x .
2
Bi ton 58. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 1 3 x 1 4 x 2 9 x 3
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 1 .
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng 2 x 1 3 x 1 4 x 2 2 x 1 x 1
t x 1 a; x 1 b a 0; b 0 ta c
2a 3b
2a 3b
2a 3b
1 2a 3b 4a 2 b 2 2a 3b
b 2b 3a 0
4a 2 12ab 9b 2 4a 2 b 2
Xt cc trng hp xy ra sau
2a 3b 2 x 2 3 x 1 4 x 2 8 x 4 9 x 9 4 x 2 x 13 0 (V nghim).
2 x 2 3 x 1
2a 3b

x 1.
x 1
b 0
2
2
2 x 2 3 x 1
2a 3b
4 x 8 x 4 9 x 9
4 x x 13 0

2
2
x .
2b 3a
9 x 18 x 9 4 x 4
9 x 14 x 13 0
3 x 3 2 x 1
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 1 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng 2 x 1 3 x 1 4 x 2 2 x 1 x 1
4 x 2 x 13
Nhn xt 2 x 1 3 x 1
0 x 1 .
2 x 1 3 x 1
t x 1 a; x 1 b a 0; b 0;2a 3b th (1) tr thnh
1 2a 3b
b 0
4a 2 b 2 4a 2 12ab 9b 2 4a 2 b 2 b 2b 3a 0
3a 2b
Xt cc kh nng
b 0 x 1 0 x 1.
Trng hp 3a 2b hin nhin do 3a 2a 3b 2b .
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S 1; .
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Li gii.
iu kin x .
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 3x 3
x2 x 1 y
45
x .
x 2 x 1 x 2 3 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 .
y 0 ta c
x y 0
y x 0
x y 0
y x 2 3 y2 2x2 2
2
2
2
2
2
x y 9 x 11 y 0
y x 2 xy 12 y 8 x
9 x 2 xy 11 y 0
Xt hai trng hp
x y 0
2 x 0
x y 0
x y
x 0.
9 x 11y 0
9 x 11y 0
x2 x 1 x
x y 0
x y 0
x 1 0
2
x 2 x 1 x
2
x
1 x 0 .
0
x
9 x 11y 0
20 x 0
x 0
Kt hp hai trng hp v iu kin ta thu c nghim x 1 .

Bi ton 60. Gii phng trnh x 2 x 2 x 2 4 x 2 x 2
Li gii.
x 2 x 2 0
x 1
iu kin 2
x2 x 2 0
4 x x 2 0
x 2
x .
x2 x 2 x 2 3 x 2 x 2 x2 4 x 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 3 x 2 x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2 u; x 2 v u 0 , khi
1 u v
u v 0
u v 0
3u 2 v 2 2
2
2
2
u u v 0
u 2uv v 3u v
Xt hai trng hp
x2 x 2 x 2 0
x 2 x 2 x 2 0
u v 0
(H v nghim).
x 1
2
u 0
x x 2 0
x 2
x 2
u v 0
u 0; v 0
u v
u v
x x 2 x 2
x 2
x 2
6
2
x x 2 x 4x 4
x 5
(H v nghim).
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Bi ton 61. Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 3 x 3 x 1 9 x 2 23x 19

Li gii 1.
iu kin x .
46
x .
2 x 2 3 x 3 x 1 5 x 2 3x 3 4 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 3 x 1 5 x 2 3x 3 4 x 1
t
x 2 3 x 3 a; x 1 b a 0 ta thu c phng trnh
2a b 0
2a b 0
2a b 0
2 a b 5a 4b 2
2
a b
2
2
2
2
4a 4ab b 5a 4b
a 4ab 3b 0
a 3b
Xt hai trng hp
x 1
2a b 0
a 0; b 0
x 1

(H v nghim).
2
a b
a b
x 3 x 3 x 2 x 1 x 2
2
x 1
x 1
2a b 0
a 0; b 0
33 15

2
2
x
.
2
16
a 3b
a 3b
8 x 15 x 6 0
x 3x 3 9 x 2 x 1
33 15
So snh iu kin ta thu c nghim S
.
16
Li gii 2.
iu kin x .
Nhn xt x 1 khng tha mn phng trnh ban u. Xt trng hp x 1 , phng trnh tr thnh
2 x 3 x 3 x 1 5 x 3x 3 4 x 1
2
5 x 2 3x 3
x 2 3x 3
2
1
4
2
x 1
x 1
2t 1 0
2t 1 0
x2 3x 3
t 1
t
t ta thu c 2t 1 5t 2 4 2
t 3
2
2
x 1
4t 4t 1 5t 4
t 4t 3 0
x 1
x 1
t 1 x2 3x 3 x 1 2
(H v nghim).
2
x 3x 3 x 2 x 1 x 2
x 1
x 1
33 15
t 3 x 2 3x 3 3 x 1 2
2
x
.
2
16
8 x 15 x 6 0
x 3 x 3 9 x 2 x 1
33 15
So snh iu kin ta thu c nghim S
.
16
Bi ton 62. Gii phng trnh 1 x 2 1 2 x 2 14 x 2 12 x 1
Li gii.
1 x 1
iu kin 2
4 x 12 x 1 0
x .
1 x 2 1 2 x 2 3 4 x 2 4 x 1 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 2 x 2 3 1 2 x 2 1 x 2
t 1 x 2 a;1 2 x b
a 0 ta c
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47
a b 0
a b 0
a b 2 3a 2 2b 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
a 2ab b 12a 8b
11a 2ab 9b 0
a b 0
a b 0
a b 0
a b
a b
a b 0
a b 11a 9b 0
11a 9b 0
11a 9b 0
1
1
a b 0
a 0; b 0
1 x
1 x
o
2 x 0.
2
a b
a b
1 x 2 4 x 2 4 x 1 x 5 x 4 0
a 0
a 0
a 0
a 0 1 x 2 0
o a b 0
a 0 a 0
(H v nghim).
b
0
9
1
2
x
11a 9b 0
11a 9b 0
11a 9b 0
Bi ton 63. Gii phng trnh x 2 2 x 2 1 3 3 x 4 2 x 2 2
Li gii.
iu kin x 1 .
x .
Phng trnh cho bin i v x 2 2 x 2 1 3 3 x 4 2 x 2 1

t x 2 a; x 2 1 b a 1; b 0 ta thu c
a 1; b 0
a 1; b 0
a 1; b 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
13a 2ab 11b 0
a 4ab 4b 9 3a 2b
a 2b 3 3a 2b
a 1; b 0
a b x 2 x 2 1 x 4 x 2 1 0 (V nghim).
a
b
13
a
11
b

Bi ton 64. Gii phng trnh x 2 x 6 x 3 x 2 4 x 18
Li gii 1.
x2 x 6 0
iu kin x 0
x2.
3 x 2 4 x 18 0
Phng trnh cho quy v
x .
x2 x 6 x 3 x 2 x 6 x .
x 2 x 6 u; x v u 0; v 0 thu c
u 0; v 0
u 0; v 0
u 0
u 0; v 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
u v
u 2uv v 3u v
u u v 0
u v 3u v
u 0 x 2 x 6 0 x 3 x 2 0 x 3; 2 .
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48
u v x 2 x 6 x x 2 6 0 x 6; 6 .
i chiu iu kin, kt lun nghim S 2; 6 .

Li gii 2.
x 2 x 6 0; x 0
iu kin 2
x 2.
3 x 4 x 18 0
x2 x 6
3x 2 4 x 18
6
6
1
x 1 1 3 x 1 1
x
x
x
x
6
t 0
t x 1 t t 0 thu c t 1 3t 2 1 t 2 2t 1 3t 2 1 t t 1 0
x
t 1
x 2
t 0 x2 x 6
x 3
6
t 1 x 0 x2 6 x 6 x 6 .
x
Quan st iu kin, kt lun nghim S 2; 6 .
Bi ton 65. Gii phng trnh x 2 x 2 x 2 5 x 2 9 x 10

Li gii 1.
x 0
iu kin 2
x 1.
x x 2 0
t
x .
x 2 x2 x 2 5 x 2 x 2 4 x
x a; x 2 x 2 b a 0; b 0 ta quy v
a 2b 5a 2 4b 2
a 2 4ab 4b 2 5a 2 4b 2
a a b 0
a b
0;
b
0
a
0;
b
a 0; b 0
x x2 x 2
x2 2
x 2
x
1
x
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht S
2 .
Li gii 2.
x 0
iu kin 2
x 1.
x
Bin i v dng
t
x 2 x2 x 2 5 x 2 x 2 4 x 1 2
x2 x 2
x2 x 2
5.
4
x
x
x2 x 2
t t 0 ta thu c
x
t 0
1 2t 5t 2 4 4t 2 4t 1 5t 2 4 t t 1 0
t 1 x 2 2 x 2; 2 .
t 1
Quan st v kt hp iu kin, suy ra phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht S 2 .
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6 x 2 x
3 3 x 2 14 x 27
49
x .
Li gii.
x 0
iu kin
2
3 3x 14 x 27 0
2
7 32
32
Nhn xt 3 3x 14 x 27 3 3 x
3
0.
3
3
3

2
6 x 2 x 3 3 x 2 14 x 27 3 x 2 x 3 x 2 6 x 9 4 x
(1).
u v 0
u v 0
t 3 x u; 2 x v v 0 ta c 1 u v 3u 2 v 2 2 2
2
2
u u v 0
u v 2uv 3u v
Xt cc kh nng xy ra
3 x 2 x 0
x 2 x 3 0
x 3
u v 0
u 0
3 x 0
x 3
x 3 1 x 3 .
u v
3 x 2 x
x 2 x 3 0
x 1
3 x 2 x 0
x 2 x 3 0
x 3
u v 0
3 x 0
x 3
x 3 (H v nghim).
u 0
u v
3 x 2 x
x 2 x 3 0
x 1
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim S 1;3 .

1 x
x x2 x 1
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 0 .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 1 x x x 2 x 1 1 x x
1 x
3x .
u v 0
u v 0
u v 0
v 0
2
2
t 1 x u; x v v 0 th u v u 3v u v 0
u v 0
u v 0
v v u 0
u 2 3v 2 u 2 2uv v 2
u v 0
v u
Xt cc trng hp
u v 0
1 x x 0

x0.
v 0
x 0
x x 1 0
1 5
3 5
uv 0
x
x
.
2
2
x 0
1 x x 0
x x 1 0
u v 0
5 1
3 5

x
0 x
.
2
2
v u
1 x x
x x 1 0
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50
3 5 3 5
Kt hp tt c cc trng hp ta c nghim S 0;
; .
2 2

Li gii 1.
iu kin x 1 .
x 1 x2 x 5 2x2 4x 8

t
x .
x 1 x 2 x 5 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 5 .
x 1 a; x 2 x 5 b a 0; b 0 ta c
2
a b 2a 2 2b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 2a 2 2b 2 a b 0 (Hng bt ng thc).

Vy bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi gi tr x thuc tp xc nh, tc l S 1; .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 1 .
x 1 x 2 x 5 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 5
x 1
x 1
1 2. 2
2
x x5
x x5
2
x 1
2
t t 0 ta thu c t 1 2t 2 2 t 2 2t 1 2t 2 2 t 1 0
x x5
Nhn thy (*) nghim ng vi mi gi tr thc t nn suy ra tp nghim S 1; .
t
Li gii 3.
iu kin x 1 .
x 1 x2 x 5 2
a 0; b 0 :
a b
x 1 x 2 x 5 2 x 2 4 x 8 2 x 1 x 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 4
x 1 x 2 x 5 x 1 x 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 4
S 1; .
0 2 ab a b 2
Do (1) nghim ng vi mi x 1 . Kt lun

Li gii 4.
iu kin x 1 .
(1)
x 1 x2 x 5
1. x 1 1. x 2 x 5
x 1 x2 x 5
12 12 x 1 x 2 x 5 2 x 2 4 x 8
x 1 x2 x 5 2 x 2 4 x 8
Nh vy bt phng trnh cho hin nhin ng vi mi gi tr x thuc tp xc nh.

Bi ton 69. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 1 x
Li gii.
1
x0
4 x 1 0
iu kin
4
x x 2 0
x 2
x .
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51
4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 1 4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 1
4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 4 x 1
t
4a 1 a; x 2 2 x b a 0; b 0 ta c
1 a b
2 a 2 b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 2 a 2 b 2 a b 0 a b 0
10 .
4 x 1 x 2 2 x x 2 6 x 1 0 x 3 10;3 10
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S 3 10;3
Li gii 2.
1
x0
4 x 1 0
iu kin
4
x x 2 0
x 2
1
Nhn xt bt phng trnh khng tha mn vi x .
4
Ngoi trng hp trn ta c 4 x 1 0 , bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 1 4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 1
x2 2x
x2 2x
2.
2
4x 1
4x 1
4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 4 x 1 1
x2 2 x
t t 0 thu c
4x 1
2
1 t 2t 2 2 t 2 2t 2 2t 2 2 t 1 0 t 1
4 x 1 x 2 2 x x 2 6 x 1 0 x 3 10;3 10 .
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S 3 10;3 10 .

Li gii 3.
1
4 x 1 0
x0
iu kin
4
x x 2 0
x 2
4 x 1 x2 2 x
12 12 4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 1
4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 1 4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 1 x
4
Bt phng trnh cho c nghim khi (*) xy ra du ng thc
4x 1
x2 2x
4 x 1 x 2 2 x x 2 6 x 1 0 x 3 10;3 10 .
1
1
Quan st iu kin ta thu c nghim S 3 10;3 10 .

Li gii.
2 x 1 x 2 3x 1 x 2 9 x 4
x .
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iu kin x
52
1
.
2
2 x 1 x 2 3x 1 3 2 x 1 x 2 3 x 1 .
2 x 1 a; x 2 3x 1 b a 0; b 0 ta thu c
a 0
a b 3a 2 b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 3a 2 b 2 a a b 0
a b
Xt hai trng hp
a 0 2x 1 0 x
1
.
2
x 0
a b 2 x 1 x 2 3x 1 2 x 1 x 2 3x 1 x 2 x 0
x 1
1
i chiu iu kin ta c nghim S .
2
Bi ton 71. Gii phng trnh 2 2 x 3 x 2 3x 4 x 2 19 x 28

Li gii 1.
3
iu kin x .
2
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 2 x 3 x 2 3x 4 8 2 x 3 x 2 3x 4 .
2 x 3 a; x 2 3 x 4 b a 0; b 0 thu c
a 0
2a b 8a 2 b 2 4a 2 4ab b 2 8a 2 b 2 a a b 0
a b
3
a0 x .
2
1 5 1 5
a b 2 x 3 x 2 3x 4 x2 x 1 0 x
;
.
2
2
3
So snh iu kin ta thu c nghim S .
2
Li gii 2.
3
iu kin x .
2
3
Nhn xt x l mt nghim ca phng trnh ban u. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
x 2 3x 4
x2 3x 4
2 2 x 3 x 2 3x 4 8 2 x 3 x 2 3 x 4 2
8
.
2x 3
2x 3
x2 3x 4
t t 0 ta thu c 2 t 8 t 2 t 2 4t 4 t 2 8 t 1 x 2 x 1
2x 3
3
3
Phng trnh (1) v nghim vi x . So snh iu kin v kt lun nghim S .
2
2
t
(1).
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2 x 2 x2 x 7
10 x 2 9 x 2 7
53
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 2 .
Nhn xt x 2 10 x 2 9 x 2 60 49 10 x 2 9 x 2 7 .
2 x 2 x 2 x 7 10 x 2 9 x 2 7
2 x 2 x 2 x 10 x 2 x x 2 2
x2
x2
1 10 2
2
x x
x x
x2
t t 0 ta thu c 2t 1 10 t 2 4t 2 4t 1 10 t 2 5t 2 4t 9 0
2
x x
x2
t 1 5t 9 0 t 1
1 x 2 x2 x x2 2 0
(1)
x2 x
Bt phng trnh (1) v nghim. Do bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
t
3 2 x 1 x2 1 5
2 5x 2 2 x 6 5
x .
Li gii.
1
1
x
2
iu kin
x .
2
2 5 x 2 2 x 6 5
1
2 x 110 x 1 0 10 x 2 8 x 1 0 4 5 x 2 2 x 6 25 2 5 x 2 2 x 6 5 .
2
Do x
3 2 x 1 x 2 1 5 2 5 x 2 2 x 6 5 3 2 x 1 x 2 1 2 5 x 2 1 2 x 1 .
2 x 1 v; x 2 1 u u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u 3v 2 5u 2 v 2 u 2 6uv 9v 2 4 5u 2 v 2 19u 2 6uv 13v 2 0
u v 19u 13v 0 u v x 2 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 0 x
Kt hp tt c cc trng hp ta thu c nghim S ; .

2
3x 1 2 x 2 x 3 6
11x 2 5 x 35 6
x .
Li gii.
1
iu kin x .
3
1
Nhn xt 11x 2 5 x 35 36 11x 2 5 x 35 6 0 . Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3
3x 1 2 x 2 x 3 6 11x 2 5 x 35 6 3 x 1 2 x 2 x 3 11 x 2 x 3 2 3 x 1 .
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3x 1 a; x 2 x 3 b
54
a 0; b 0 ta thu c
a 2b 11b 2 2a 2 a 2 4ab 4b 2 11b 2 2a 2 3a 2 4ab 7b 2 0
a b 3a 7b 0 a b 3x 1 x 2 x 3 x 2 2 x 4 0
(*)
Bt phng trnh (*) nghim ng vi mi gi tr x thuc tp xc nh. Vy S ; .

3
Bi ton 75. Gii bt phng trnh x 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 9 x 2 13x 17

Li gii.
x .
x 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 5 x 2 x 1 4 x 2 2 x 3
x 2 x 1 a; x 2 2 x 3 b a 0; b 1 ta thu c
a 2b 5a 2 4b 2 a 2 4ab b 2 5a 2 4b 2 a a b 0
a b x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 3 x 2
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim S ; 2 .
Bi ton 76. Gii bt phng trnh x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 4 x 2 6 x 10
Li gii 1.
x 1
iu kin
x 3
x .
x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 2
x 2 2 x 3 a; x 2 x 2 b
a 0; b 0 ta thu c
2
a b 2a 2 2b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 2a 2 2b 2 a b 0 a b
x2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 1
x 1
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim
x 3
Li gii 2.
x 1
iu kin
x 3
x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 2

x2 2 x 3 x2 x 2
12 12 x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 2 2 x 2 3x 5
x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 4 x 2 6 x 10
Bt phng trnh cho l trng hp (*) khng xy ra ng thc
x2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 1 .
Kt lun nghim tng t li gii 1.
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55
Li gii 3.
x 1
iu kin
x 3
x 1 x 3 x 1 x 2
2 x 1 2 x 5
1 .
Nhn xt x 1 khng tha mn (1).

Xt trng hp x 1 th
x 3 x 2 2 2 x 5 2 x 5 2 x 2 5 x 6 4 x 10
2 x 2 5 x 6 2 x 5 4 x 2 5 x 6 4 x 2 20 x 25 (Hin nhin).
Xt trng hp x 3 th
1 x 3 x 2 2 2 x 5
2 x 5 2 x 2 5 x 6 4 x 10 2 x 2 5 x 6 2 x 5
Bt phng trnh (*) nghim ng vi x 3 .
x 1
Kt lun nghim ca bt phng trnh bi l
x 3
Bi ton 77. Gii bt phng trnh x 2 3x x 2 5 x 4 4 x 2 16 x 8
Li gii 1.
x 4
iu kin
x 0
x .
x 2 3x x 2 5 x 4 2 x x 3 x 1 x 4 4 x 2 16 x 8 2 x x 3 x 1 x 4 2 x 2 8 x 4
x 2 3x x 2 5 x 4 2
3 x x 2 5 x 4 0
x 2 3x x 2 5x 4
x 4
Bt phng trnh (*) hin nhin. Do ta c nghim
x 0
Li gii 2.
x 4
iu kin
x 0
t
x 2 3x x 2 5 x 4 2 x 2 3x 2 x 2 5 x 4
x 2 3x u; x 2 5 x 4 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c u v 2u 2 2v 2
2
(1)
a 0; b 0 : a b 0 2ab a 2 b 2 a b 2 a 2 b 2 a b 2 a 2 b 2
Do (1) hin nhin. Vy ta c tp nghim S ;0 4; .

Li gii 3.
x 4
iu kin
x 0
Nhn xt x 0 tha mn bt phng trnh cho.
Ngoi trng hp trn, bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
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56
x 2 5x 4
x 2 5x 4
x 3x x 5 x 4 2 x 3x 2 x 5 x 4 1
2 2. 2
x 2 3x
x 3x
2
x2 5 x 4
2
t
t t 0 ta c 1 t 2t 2 2 t 2 2t 1 2t 2 2 t 1 0 (Hin nhin).
2
x 3x
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim x 4 x 0 .
x2 x x 2 5 x2 6 x 2

Li gii 1.
iu kin x 2 .
x .
x2 x x 2 5 x 2 x x 2 1
x2
x2
5 2
2
x x
x x
x2
t t 0 ta thu c
x2 x
1 t 5 t 2 t 2 2t 1 5 t 2 t 2 t 2 0
t 1 t 2 0 t 1 x 2 x 2 x x 2 2 0 (Hin nhin).

Li gii 2.
x 2 2 2 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 5 x 2 6 x 2 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 3x 2
x3 3x 2 2 x 4 x 4 8 x 2 4 12 x x 2 1 9 x 2
4 x 4 13x 3 20 x 2 14 x 4 0 4 x 4 14 x 3 20 x 2 14 x 4 x 0
Nhn thy
2
4 x 4 14 x 3 20 x 2 14 x 4 x 0 2 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 2 x 0, x 2 .
Do (*) nghim ng vi x 2 . Kt lun nghim S 2; .
Bi ton 79. Gii phng trnh x x 3 x 2 2 3x 3 4 x 2 6
Li gii.
3
2
x x 2 0
iu kin 3
2
3 x 4 x 6 0
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x x 3 x 2 2 3 x 3 x 2 2 x 2

t
x y 0
x y 0
x 3 x 2 2 y y 0 ta thu c x y 3 y 2 x 2 2
2
2
2
y x y 0
x 2 xy y 3 y x
3
2
x 3 x 2 2 x 0
x y 0
x x 2 x 0

x 1.
2
3
2
x
1
x
2
x
y 0
x
x 3 x 2 2 x 0
x 0
x y 0
3
x 3 2.
3
2
x
y
x
x x x 2
Th li nghim, kt lun S 1; 3 2 .
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Bi ton 80. Gii phng trnh 4 x x 3 4 x 2 5 2 x3 2 x 2 5
57
x .
Li gii.
x 3 4 x 2 5 0
iu kin 3
2
2 x 4 x 10 0
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2.2 x x3 4 x 2 5 2 x3 4 x 2 5 4 x 2
x .
t 2 x u; x 3 4 x 2 5 v v 0 ta thu c
2u v 0
2u v 0
2u v 2v 2 u 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
4u 4uv v 2v u
5u 4uv v 0
2u v
2u v 0
u v
2u v 0
u v 5u v 0
5u v 0
x 0
2u v

2
x 3 5.
3
2
u v
4 x x 4 x 5
x 0
2u v 0
7u 0
u 0; v 0

uv0 3
(V nghim).
2
5u v 0
5u v 0
5u v 0
x 4 x 5 0
Th li, vy phng trnh cho c nghim S 3 5 .
Bi ton 81. Gii bt phng trnh x 2 x 3 x 2 3x 3 4 x 4

Li gii.
x 2
x 2 0
3
iu kin x x 2 0 x 1 x 2 x 2 0 x 1 .
3 x3 4 x 4 0
3
3 x 4 x 4 0
t
x .
x 2 x3 x 2 3 x3 x 2 x 2
x 2 a; x 3 x 2 b a 0; b 0 ta thu c
a b 3a 2 b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 3a 2 b 2 a a b 0 a b
x 2 x3 x 2 x3 4 x 3 4
Kt lun nghim S 3 4; .
Bi ton 82. Gii phng trnh 2 2 x 1 x3 2 x 7 3x 3 18 x 27
Li gii.
3 x3 18 x 27 0
iu kin x
2
3
x 2 x 7 0
x .
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58

2 2 x 1 x 3 2 x 7 6 2 x 1 3 x 3 2 x 7 .
2 x 1 a; x 3 2 x 7 b a 0; b 0 thu c
2
2a b 6a 2 3b 2 4a 2 4ab b 2 6a 2 3b 2 2 a b 0
a b 2 x 1 x3 2 x 7 x3 6 x 3 6
Th li thy gi tr ny tha mn phng trnh ban u. Kt lun nghim S
6 .
3
2 x 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 3 6 x 3 9 x 2 9 x 16
x .
Li gii.
x2 x 1 0
x 1 x 2 2 x 3 0
3
2
iu kin x x x 3 0
x 1.
3
2
3
6 x 9 x 9 x 16 0
2
6 x 9 x 9 x 16 0
2 x 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 3 3 x 2 x 1 6 x 3 x 2 x 3
x 2 x 1 u; x3 x 2 x 3 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
2u v 3u 2 6v 2 4u 2 4uv v 2 3u 2 6v 2 u 2 4uv 5v 2 0
u v u 5v 0 u v x 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 3
x 2 x 1 x3 x 2 x 3 x 3 4 x 3 4
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S 3 4; .
2 x 2 2 x 3 3 x3 x 2 2 x 2 9 x3 25 x 2 50 x 18
x .
Li gii.
x x 2 0
x x 2 0
2
iu kin 3 x x 2 x 2 0 x 1 3 x 2 4 x 2 0 x 2 .
9 x 3 25 x 2 50 x 18
3
2
9 x 25 x 50 x 18 0
2 x 2 2 x 3 3x 3 x 2 2 x 2 16 x 2 2 x 9 x 3 x 2 2 x 2
x 2 2 x a; 3x 3 x 2 2 x 2 b a 0; b 0 ta thu c
2a 3b 16a 2 9b 2 4a 2 12ab 9b 2 16a 2 9b 2 12a a b 0
x 0 x 2
x x 2 0
x2 2 x 0
a 0
2
3
3
2
x 3 2
a
x 2 x 3x x 2 x 2
3x 2
3
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59
3 2 x 2 x 5 x 3 13x 2 4 x 10 x 3 3x 2 x 2
x .
Li gii.
2 x 2 x 0
iu kin x 3 3x 2 x 2 0
3
2
5 x 13 x 4 x 10 0
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 2 x 2 x x 3 3x 2 x 2 5 x 3 3 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 x
2 x 2 x a; x 3 3 x 2 x 2 b
a 0; b 0 ta c
3a b 5b2 a 2 9a 2 6ab b 2 5b 2 a 2 5a 2 3ab 2b 2 0
a b
a b 5a 2b 0
5a 2b 0
a b 2 x 2 x x3 3x 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 2 0 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 0 x 1 .
x 0
5a 2b 0
a 0
1
2 x x 0

(H v nghim).
x
2
2
a 0; b 0
b 0
x 3 x x 2 0
x 3 3x 2 x 2 0
Th li thy x 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
2
2 x 2 4 x3 2 x 3 4
x 3 8 x 2 2 x 27 4
x .
Li gii.
x 2 x 2 0
x2 4
3
iu kin x 2 x 3 0
x 1 x 2 x 3 0 x 2 .
x 3 8 x 2 2 x 27 0
3
2
x 8 x 2 x 27 0
Nhn xt
x 3 8 x 2 2 x 27 x x 2 x 10 22 x 27 22.3 27 17 x 3 8 x 2 2 x 27 17 4 .
Do bt phng trnh cho tr thnh 2 x 2 4 x3 2 x 3 x 3 2 x 3 8 x 2 4
t
x 2 4 u; x 3 2 x 3 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u 0
2u v 8u 2 v 2 4u 2 4uv v 2 8u 2 v 2 4u u v 0
u v
Xt hai trng hp
x 2
u 0 x2 4
x 2
u v x 2 4 x 3 2 x 3 x3 x 2 2 x 1 0 x x 2 x 2 1 0 (*)
D thy (*) nghim ng vi mi x 2 .
So snh v th li, kt lun phng trnh cho c tp nghim S 2; .
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60
Nhn xt.
i vi bi ton 83, trong thao tc nhn xt v phn lp lun (*), cc bn THPT c th dng kin thc lin quan
n o hm tnh n iu ca hm s ca chng trnh Gii tch lp 12, ch rng cc hm s lin quan
f x x 3 8 x 2 2 x 27; g x x3 x 2 2 x 1 u ng bin trn min D 2; .
Li gii.
x3 x 10 x 3 x 2 2 4 x 3 3 x 2 x 16
x .
x 2 x 2 2 x 5 0
x 3 x 10 0
iu kin x 3 x 2 2 0
x 1 x 2 2 x 2 2 0 x 2 .
4 x3 3x 2 x 16 0
3
2
4 x 3x x 16 0
x3 x 10 x 3 x 2 2 3 x 3 x 2 2 x 3 x 10

t
(1)
x 3 x 10 a; x 3 x 2 2 b a 0; b 0 th
1 a b
3b 2 a 2 a 2 2ab b 2 3b 2 a 2 b b a 0
x3 x 2 2 x 3 x 10 x 2 x 8 0
Nhn thy (*) hin nhin. Do bt phng trnh cho c nghim
S 2; .
Bi ton 88. Gii phng trnh 2 x3 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x3 5 x 14

Li gii.
x3 x 2 0
iu kin x 3 2 x 2 0 x 1 .
3
x 5 x 14 0
x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 x3 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 4 x 3 2 x 2 3 x 3 x 2

t
(1)
x3 x 2 a; x 3 2 x 2 b a 0; b 0 th (1) tr thnh
2a b 0
2a b 0
2a b 0
2a b 4a 3b 2
a 0
2
2
2
a a b 0
4a 4ab b 4a 3b
a b
a 0 x3 x 2 0 x 1 x 2 x 2 0 x 1 .
a b x 3 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 x 4 .
So snh v th li nghim, kt lun phng trnh cho v nghim.
x3 2 x 3 2 x 1 5 x 3 4 x 2 18 x 11
x .
Li gii.
x 3 2 x 3 0
iu kin 3
x 1.
2
5 x 4 x 18 x 11 0
x 3 2 x 3 2 x 1 5 x 3 2 x 3 4 x 2 2 x 1
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61
x3 2 x 3 u; x 1 v u 0; v 0 thu c
u 2v 5u 2 4v 2 u 2 4uv 4v 2 5u 2 4v 2 u u v 0
u 0 x3 2 x 3 0 x 1 .
u v x3 2 x 3 x 1 x3 2 x 3 x 2 2 x 1 x3 x 2 4 0 x 2 x 2 x 2 0 x 2
Kt lun nghim S 1 2; .
Bi ton 90. Gii phng trnh 2 3 x 1 3 x 1 6 x 2 1
Li gii.
iu kin x 1 .
Nhn xt phng trnh cho khng c nghim x 1 .
x .
x 1
x 1
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 2
1 6
x 1
x 1
t 1
x 1
2
6
t
t t 0 ta thu c 2t 1 t t 1 2t 1 0
1 t 1 x 1 x 1 (V nghim).
t
x 1
2
Vy phng trnh ban u v nghim.
6
Bi ton 91. Gii phng trnh 2 3 x 1 2 3 x 1 5 6 x 2 1

Li gii.
iu kin x 1 .
Nhn xt phng trnh cho khng c nghim x 1 .
x .
x 1
x 1
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 x 1 2 x 1 5 x 1 2
2 56
x 1
x 1
t 1
x 1
2
6
t
t t 0 ta c 2t 5t 2 0 t 2 2t 1 0 1
t
x 1
2
t 1 x 1 x 1 0 x 2 (V nghim).
1
x 1 1
65
t
x .
2
x 1 64
63
65
So snh iu kin ta thu c nghim S .
63
Bi tp tng t.
6
1. x 1 3 x 2 x 2 7 x 1 .
2.
x 3 x 2 x2 5x 9 .
3. 2 x 1 x 2 4 x 2 3 x 1 .
2
4. 3 x 2 x 8 1 x .
5. 3 x 2 10 x 2 34 x 40 x .
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62
6. 2 1 x x x 2 5 x 1 .
7. 3 5 x x 1 2 x 2 6 x 51 .
8.
x 2 6 2 x 2 x 2 15 x 29 .
9.
2 x 1 3 x 15 x 2 2 x 1 .
10.
x x
1.
1 2 x 2 x 1
11. 2 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 4 x 2 .
12.
x53 x
1.
2 x 2 3x 9 2
13. 2 1 x x 5 x 2 24 x 20 .
14.
2 x x 1
2 6 x 2 33 x 54
1.
15. 3 2 x 1 x 5 x 2 32 x 44 .
16. x 2 2 2 x 8 x 2 31x 34 .
17.
18.
3x 5 4 x 3
1.
9x2 6x 8 4
x 1 x 1 2 3x 2 4 x 5 .
19. x 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 10 x 10 .
20.
21.
x 2 x2 2 x 3
2 x2 4 x 4 1
x 1 x2 x 2
4 x 2 3x 6 1
1.
1.
22. x 1 3 x 2 6 x 2 10 x 25 .
23. 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 15 x 2 17 x 18 .
24.
x 2 3x 1
x 2 26 x 7 1
1.
25. x 1 3 2 x 13x 2 23x 19 .

26.
2 x 10 x 2 2 x 3
9 x 2 22 x 33 4
1.
27. x x 2 2 4 x 2 6 x 3 3 .
28.
29.
x 5 x 2 3x 4
4 x 2 15 x 23 2
1.
x 2 x 2 x 1 2 4 x 2 x 10 .
30. 2 x 2 2 x 5 5 x 2 18 x 21 2 x 1 .
31.
x 1 x 2 x 5x 2 4 x 1 .
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63
32. 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 12 x 21 .
33. 2 x 2 2 x x 1 7 x 2 12 x 2 .
34. 3 x 2 3 x 2 x 5 x 2 14 x 2 .
35. 3 x 2 3 x 2 x 1 6 x 2 20 x 10 .
36.
x2 x 4 x 2 2
x 2 25 x 48 2
1.
37.
x 2 3 x 4 x 2 18 x 6 x 2 3 .
38.
x 2 x 2 x 2 3x 4 x 2 6 x 6 .
39.
7 x 2 11x 3 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 3x 1 .
40. 2 x 2 1 3 x 2 2 x 8 25 x 2 18 x 56 .
41. 3 x 2 x x 2 x 1 4 x 2 6 x 5 .
42. 2 x 2 4 x 1 4 x 2 3x 13 .
43. 3 4 x 2 1 x 2 x 2 61x 2 x 13 .
44.
x 2 2 x 2 x 2 3 x 1 9 x 2 13x 5 .
45.
3x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 5 .
46. x x 3 x 2 2 x 3 4 x 2 2 .
47. x 1 x 3 x 2 2 x x 3 4 x 2 8 x 3 .
48. x 1 2 x 3 x 2 2 x 2 x3 x 2 5 x 3 .
49. x 1 2 x 3 1 4 x 3 5 x 2 10 x 9 .
50. 2 x x3 4 x 1 1 x 3 2 x 2 .
51.
x 1 x 3 x 2 2 x3 2 x 1 .
52.
2 x x3 x 10 x 3 4 x 16 .
53.
2 2 x 1 x3 2 x 3 2
x 3 18 x 11 2
1.
54. 2 x 2 3 x 3 x 6 9 x3 25 x 86 .
55.
4 x 1 x 3 2 x 3 12 x 1 .
56.
2 x 1 x 3 2 x 9 x 3 8 x 12 .
57.
x 3 x3 x 11 3x 3 4 x 36 .
58.
x 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 3 x3 4 x 2 4 x .
59.
x 2 3 2 x 3 x 2 2 x3 4 x 2 7 .
60. 3 x 2 1 2 x3 x 2 12 4 x 3 25 x 2 69 .
61.
62.
x2 2 x 3 2 x3 x 2 2 x 5 2 x3 4 x2 8 x 4 .
x2 3 3 x3 x 2 2 5
9 x3 16 x 2 3 5
1.
63. x 3 x 3 6 x 9 x3 3 x 2 24 x 36 .
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64.
x x3 x 30 2 x3 2 x 30 .
65.
3x 2 3 x 1
66.
x x 3 8 3x 3 x 24 .
67.
2 x 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 4 x3 8 x 2 4 x 2 .
68.
3x 2 x 2 2 x3 3 x 2 x 4 2 x3 12 x 2 4 x 2 .
x 1
x 1
64
9x2 9x 5 .
69. 2 x 2 x 1 3x 3 x 2 x 5 3 x3 9 x 2 9 x 13 .
70. 3 x x3 9 x 2 6 x 1 x 3 36 x 2 24 x 3 .
71.
x 2 3x 2 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 3 x 2 6 x .
72. 2 x 2 3 x 5 x 3 x 2 3 x 4 x 3 9 x 2 27 x 36 .
73. 4 x 2 x x 3 x 2 x 10 x 3 16 x 2 16 x 10 .
74. 3 2 x 2 2 x 5 x3 2 x 2 2 x 5 x3 32 x 2 32 x 70 .
75.
3x 2 x 1 x 3 3 x 2 x 5 x3 12 x 2 4 x 2 .
76.
x 3 2 x 1 x3 2 x 2 2 2 x 3 4 x 3 .
77.
x3 2 x3 x 2 2 2 x3 x .
78.
x 3 3x 2 2 x 3 x 2 4 2 x 3 2 x 2 3 .
79.
x3 1 x 3 x 2 2 2 x 3 x 1 .
80. 2 x3 1 x3 2 x 2 3 4 x3 2 x 2 6 .
81.
x3 x 2 2 x 3 x 10 6
9 x 3 9 x 50 6
1.
82. 3 x 3 x x 3 3 x 5 16 x 3 30 x 35 .
83.
x3 x x3 3x 14 4 x 3 14 .
84.
x3 x 2 x 3 x 3 2 x 2 x 4 4 x 3 5 x 2 4 x 13 .
85. 2 x3 8 x3 x 2 9 x 3 3x 54 .
86. 2 x3 2 x x 3 4 x 5 9 x 3 24 x 15 .
87.
2 x3 4 x x3 5x 6 5
9 x 3 39 x 18 5
1.
88. 2 x3 6 x x 3 x 2 3x 5 9 x 3 3 x 2 45 x 15 .
89.
x3 5 x x 3 7 x 6 2 x 3 6 x 3 .
90. 2 x3 x x 3 x 6 3 3 x 3 x 6 .
91. 2 5 x 2 x 1 x3 5 x 2 x 7 x 3 20 x 2 4 x 4 .
92.
3x 2 2 x 5 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 6 2 x3 6 x 2 4 x 1 .
93.
x 3 2 x x 2 2 x 4 x 3 3 x 2 8 x 12 .
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Bi ton 92. Gii phng trnh 5 x 2 24 x 28 5 x 2 x 2 x 20

Li gii.
5 x 2 24 x 28 0
iu kin x 2
x 4.
x 2 x 20 0

5 x 2 24 x 28 25 x 2 x 2 x 20 10
2 x2 x 1 5
x .
x 2 x 4 x 5
x 5 x 2 2 x 8 2 x 2 2 x 8 3 x 5 5
x 5. x 2 2 x 8
x 5 a; x 2 2 x 8 b a 0; b 0 ta thu c
a b
3a 2 2b 2 5ab a b 3a 2b 0
3a 2b
3 61 3 61
a b x 5 x 2 2 x 8 x 2 3 x 13 0 x
;
.
2
2
11
3a 2b 3 x 5 2 x 2 2 x 8 4 x 2 17 x 77 0 x ; 7 .
4
3 61
So snh iu kin ta thu c nghim S 7;
.
2
Bi ton 93. Gii phng trnh 5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 5 x 1

Li gii.
5 x 2 14 x 9 0
x 1 5 x 9 0
2
iu kin x x 20 0 x 4 x 5 0 x 5 .
x 1 0
x 1
x .
5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 5 x 1
5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 25 x 1 10
x 4 x 5 x 1
2 x 2 5 x 2 5 x 4. x 2 4 x 5 2 x 2 4 x 5 3 x 4 5 x 4. x 2 4 x 5
t
x 4 b; x 2 4 x 5 a a 0; b 0 ta c
a b
2a 3b
1 2a 2 3b 2 5ab a b 2a 3b 0
5 61
5 61
x
.
2
2
7
2a 3b 4 x 2 4 x 5 9 x 4 4 x 2 25 x 56 0 x x 8 .
4
61 5
i chiu iu kin ta thu c tp nghim S 8;
.
2
a b x 4 x2 4 x 5 x 2 5 x 9 0 x
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66
x 2 x 6 3 x 1 3x 2 6 x 19 0
x .
Li gii.
x 2 x 6 3 x 1 3 x 2 6 x 19
x 2 x 6 9 x 1 6
x
x
3
3
x 2 x 3 x 1 3 x 2 6 x 19
2 x 3 x 2 x 2 8 x 17
2 x 3 x 2 x 2 2 x 3 10 x 2
Nhn xt (*) khng tha mn nghim x 2 .

x 2 2 x 3 x2 2 x 3
10
x2
x2
x2 2 x 3
t 2
t
t t 0 ta c 3t t 2 10
x2
t 5
x2 2x 3
23 341
23 341
Loi nghim t 2 0 . Vi t 5
25 x 2 23 x 47 0 x
x
.
x2
2
2
23 341 23 341
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim S
;
.
2
2
Trong trng hp x 2 th 3
2 x 2 3 x 2 18 x 2 16 x 39 5 x 1
x .
Li gii.
5 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 2 18 x 2 16 x 39
25 x 1 2 x 2 3x 2 10 x 1.
10
5
2 x 1 x 2 18 x 2 16 x 39
x 1 2 x 1 x 2 16 x2 6 x 12
x 1 2 x 1.
x 2 8 x 2 3x 6
5 2 x 2 x 1. x 2 4 2 x 2 x 1 x 2
2 x 2 x 1 u; x 2 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u v
5uv 4u 2 v 2 u v 4u v 0
u 4v
x 2
x 2
(V nghim).
uv 2
2
2
x
2
2
x
2
x
x 2
17 4 3
.
u 4v 2
2
x
4
2 x x 1 16 x 32
2 x 17 x 31 0
Vy phng trnh bi c nghim duy nht x
17 4 3
.
4
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67
Nhn xt.
Trng tm ni dung ca ti liu l t hai n ph a v phng trnh ng cp ng bc, do vy cc bi ton
t 92 n 95 cng khng nm ngoi phm vi . kh ca bi ton tng dn so vi cc bi ton trc, nguyn
do tnh cht ng bc tim n, cc n ph ch xut hin sau khi nng ly tha v ghp nhm thch hp. Li gii bi
ton 94 vn gi bn cht cng hai bi ton 92, 93 mc d hnh thc trnh by c hi khc mt cht.
c th hn na, tc gi xin ly th d in hnh bi ton 93, mc d kh c nhng vn cn gi nguyn gi
tr, ln u tin bi ton xut hin trong ra k ny (Cc lp THCS) Tp ch Ton hc v tui tr, S 267
Thng 9 nm 1999. Tc gi bi ton l nh gio Hunh Tn Chu, trng THPT Chuyn Lng Vn Chnh, tnh
Ph Yn, mt cng tc vin trung thnh lu nm ca Tp ch THTT v Ton tui th.
5 x 2 14 x 9 0
x 1 5 x 9 0
2
V iu kin cc bn cn tm chnh xc x x 20 0 x 4 x 5 0 x 5 .
x 1 0
x 1
iu ny i khi nh hng mnh m ti lp lun hoc chnh l cha kha m ra cnh ca li gii.
Bin i tng ng phng n 1:
5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 5 x 1 .
C th mt s bn t duy theo hng ng bc dng k ma 2 nb 2 pa qb . Chng ta cng th nghim

Gi nh
a x 2 x 20 b x 1 5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 5 x 1 .
Cha cn s dng ng nht thc c th thy ngay a 5 , tuy nhin b khng tn ti. Tht bi.
Bin i tng ng phng n 2:
Theo ng li c, gi nh
5 x 2 14 x 9 5 x 1 x 2 x 20 .
5 x 2 14 x 9 5 x 1 a 5 x 2 14 x 9 b x 1 x 2 x 20 .
1
V tng t, thy ngay rng a , b cng khng tn ti. Phi chng phng php ny khng cn ph hp ?
5
Bin i tng ng v nng ly tha theo cc cn thc n gin nht
5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 5 x 1
5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 25 x 1 10
2 x2 5 x 2 5
x 4 x 5 x 1
x 4 x 5 x 1

V phi phng trnh (*) c hnh thc a chiu, t y xy ra nhiu phng n nh khi a v dng ng bc,
to ra cc s la chn ny cng chnh l yu im, l im nhn ca bi ton: x 2 x 20 x 4 x 5 .
Do iu kin x 5 nn c th ghp hai trong ba tha s trong cn thc vi nhau, gim bt xung cn hai
nhn t, v thc hin th nghim theo "chiu bi" ng bc thng qua ng nht thc. Trong trng hp iu
kin khng cho php "ly khai" nhn t chng ta vn c th lp lun c, bng cch chng "dnh kp" vo
nhau theo kiu phn thc nh li gii bi ton 94, iu ny trnh by trong cc phn pha trc ca ti liu.
Lu kh nng
x 4 x 5 .
x 1 xt trn. Cc kh nng cn li gm
x 4 x 1 x 5. x2 5 x 4
a x 2 5 x 4 b x 5 2 x 2 5 x 2 (Khng tn ti a v b).
x 5.
Hoc l
x 5 x 1 x 4. x2 4 x 5
a x 2 4 x 5 b x 4 2 x 2 5 x 2 a 2; b 3
x 4.
y chnh l trng hp cc h s "p" nht. Nh vy li gii bi ton 93 l tng hp ca c mt qu trnh

th chn, thc t cng chng gai lm, v to lp c mt bi "hi t" yu t nh th ny chc chn cng
khng phi mt cng vic n gin.
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68
Mi qu bn theo di cc v d tip theo, bi ton 96, mt ln na dng ton ny li xut hin trn tp ch Ton
hc v tui tr thn yu, ta lc ti ra k ny (Cc lp THCS) s 410 Thng 8 nm 2011, cho mng i
tuyn Vit Nam tr v t H Lan sau k thi IMO ln th 52. Tc gi bi ton cng l mt cng tc vin thn thit
ca THTT, nh gio Thi Ngc nh, trng THCS Ph Minh, huyn c Ph, tnh Qung Ngi. Mt chng ng
lch s 12 nm t duy k tha !
Bi ton 96. Gii phng trnh 7 x 2 25 x 19 x 2 2 x 35 7 x 2
Li gii.
7 x 2 25 x 19 0
iu kin x 2 0
x7.
x 2 2 x 35 0
x .
7 x 2 25 x 19 7 x 2 x 2 2 x 35
7 x 2 25 x 19 49 x 2 x 2 2 x 35 14 x 2.
3x 2 11x 22 7
x 2 x 7 .
x 5 x 7
x5
3 x 2 5 x 14 4 x 5 7 x 2 5 x 14. x 5
t
x 2 5 x 14 a; x 5 b
a 0; b 0 th thu c
a b
3a 2 7 ab 4b 2 0 a b 3a 4b 0
3a 4b
x 7
x 7
ab 2
2
x 3 2 7 .
x
5
x
14
5
x
6
x
19
x 7
x 7
61 11137
3a 4b
2
x
.
2
18
9 x 61x 206 0
9 x 5 x 14 16 x 5
Vy phng trnh bi c hai nghim x 3 2 7; x
61 11137
.
18
Bi ton 97. Gii phng trnh 3x 2 11x 27 x 2 1 3 x 2

Li gii.
x2 1
iu kin x 2
x 2.
3 x 2 11x 27 0
3 x 2 11x 27 x 2 1 9 x 2 6
2 x2 2 x 8 6
x2 x 4 3
x .
x 1 x 1 x 2
x 1 x 2 x 1
x 1 x 2 .
x 1
x 2 x 2 2 x 1 3 x 2 x 2. x 1
t
x 2 x 2 a; x 1 b
a 0; b 0 th (1) tr thnh
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69
a b
a 2 2b 2 3ab a b a 2b 0
a 2b
a b x 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 0 x 1 2;1 2 .
5 17 5 17
a 2b x 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 4 x 1 x 2 5 x 2 0 x
;
.
2
2
5 17
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S

;1 2 .
2
Bi ton 98. Gii phng trnh 11x 2 3x 19 3 x 2 1 x 2
Li gii.
11x 2 3 x 19 9 x 2 1 x 2 6
2 x2 2 x 8 6
x 1 x 1 x 2
x 1 x 1 x 2 x2 x 4 3
x 2 x 2 2 x 1 3 x 1. x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2 a; x 1 b
x .
x 1. x 2 x 2
a 0; b 0 th (1) tr thnh
a b
a 2 2b 2 3ab a b a 2b 0
a 2b
a b x 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 0 x 1 2;1 2 .
5 17 5 17
a 2b x 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 4 x 1 x 2 5 x 2 0 x
;
.
2
2
5 17

;1 2 .
2
Bi ton 99. Gii phng trnh 3 x 1 x 2 4 3x 2 19 x 1
Li gii.
9x 9 x2 4 6
x .
x 1 x 2 x 2 3x 2 19 x 1
3 x 2 3x 2. x 2 x 2 5 x 2
3 x 2 3x 2. x 2 x 2 3 x 2 2 x 2
x 2 3 x 2 a; x 2 b a 0; b 0 ta thu c
a b
3ab a 2 2b 2 a b a 2b 0
a 2b
o
a b x 2 3x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 4 0 (V nghim).
o a 2b x 2 3x 2 2 x 2 x 2 3x 2 4 x 8 x 2 x 10 0 (V nghim).
Vy phng trnh ban u v nghim.
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70
Bi ton 100. Gii phng trnh 5 x 2 21x 27 5 x 2 x 2 2 x 3

Li gii.
x .
5 x 2 21x 27 5 x 2 x 2 2 x 3
5 x 2 21x 27 25 x 2 x 2 2 x 3 10
4 x 2 6 x 26 10
x 2 x 1.
x 2 x 1 x 3
x 3 2 x 2 3 x 13 5 x 2 3x 2. x 3
2 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 3 5 x 2 3 x 2. x 3
t
u v
x 2 3x 2 u; x 3 v u 0; v 0 ta c 2u 2 3v 2 5uv u v 2u 3v 0
2u 3v
u v x 2 3x 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 1 0 x 2 5; 2 5 .
21 745 21 745
2u 3v 2 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 3 4 x 2 21x 19 0 x
;
.
8
8
21 745
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c cc nghim S

;2 5 .
8
Bi ton 101. Gii phng trnh 5 x 2 8 x 15 x 2 x 6 x 1

Li gii.
5 x 2 8 x 15 x 2 x 6 x 1 2
x .
x 2 x 3 x 1
4 x 2 6 x 8 2 x 2. x 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 3x 4 2 x 2. x 2 2 x 3
2 x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2. x 2 2 x 3
t
x 2 2 x 3 u; x 2 v u 0; v 0 th (*) tr thnh
u v
2u 2 v 2 uv u v 2u v 0
u v
2u v 0
x2 2 x 3 x 2 x2 x 1 0 x
5 1
5 1
x
2
2
Kt hp iu kin, kt lun phng trnh cho v nghim.

Bi ton 102. Gii bt phng trnh x 1 x 2 5 x 6 4 x 2 11x 6
Li gii.
x 1
iu kin x 2 5 x 6 1 x 1 .
4 x 2 11x 6 0

x 1 x2 5 x 6 2
2
x 1 x 3.
x .
x 1 x 2 x 3 4 x 2 11x 6
x 2 3x 2 5 x 11 2 x 2 2 x 3. x 2 3 x 2 2 x 3 x 2
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71
x 2 2 x 3 a; x 2 b a 0; b 0 th (*) tr thnh
1 21
x
2
2ab 3a 2 b 2 a b 3a b 0 a b x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 5 0
1 21
x
2
21 1
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c tp hp nghim S

; .
2
2 4 x2 x 6 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 3
x .
Li gii.
8 x 2 2 x 12 0
3
3
iu kin x
x .
2
2
2
2 x x 1 0
8 x 2 2 x 12 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 3 2
2 x 1 x 1 2 x 3
6 x 2 5 x 8 2 2 x 1. 2 x 2 x 3 3 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 1 2 2 x 1. 2 x 2 x 3
t
2 x 1 u; 2 x 2 x 3 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
1
3v 2 u 2 2uv v u 3v u 0 v u 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 1 2 x 2 3x 2 0 x 2 .
2
3
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S ; 2 .
2
Bi ton 104. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 1 3 x 2 5 x 2 18 x 2 18 x 5

Li gii.
x 1
1
iu kin 3 x 2 5 x 2 0 x .
3
18 x 2 18 x 5 0

4 x 4 3x 2 5 x 2 4
4
t
x 1 3 x 1.
x .
x 1 3x 1 x 2 18 x2 18 x 5
x 2 15 x 2 9 x 7 4 3 x 2 2 x 1. x 2 5 3x 2 2 x 1 x 2
3x 2 2 x 1 u; x 2 v u 0; v 0 th (*) tr thnh
4uv 5u 2 v 2 u v 5u v 0 u v
3x 2 2 x 1 x 2 3x 2 x 3 0
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim
1 37
37 1
x
6
6
1
37 1
x
.
3
6
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72
Bi ton 105. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 2 6 x 5 x 2 3 3 x 2 13x 11
x .
Li gii.
x2 6x 5 0
iu kin x 2 0
x5.
3 x 2 13 x 11 0

4 x 2 6 x 5 x 2 4
4
x 1 x 2 .
x 1 x 5 x 2 3 3x 2 13 x 11
x 5 5 x 2 16 x 15
4 x 2 3 x 2. x 5 5 x 2 3 x 2 x 5
t
x 2 3x 2 u; x 5 v u 0; v 0 th (1) tr thnh
4uv 5u 2 v 2 u v 5u v 0 u v x 2 3 x 2 x 5 x 2 4 x 7 0 (V nghim).
Bi ton 106. Gii bt phng trnh x 2 8 x 7 4 x 3 2 x 2 19 x 143
Li gii.
x 2 8x 7 0
iu kin x 3 0
x7.
2 x 2 19 x 143 0
x 2 8 x 7 16 x 48 8
8
x 1 x 3.
x 1 x 7 x 3 2 x 2 19 x 143
x 7 x 2 11x 102
8 x 2 4 x 3. x 7 x 2 4 x 3 15 x 7
t
x .
x 2 4 x 3 u; x 7 v u 0; v 0 , khi (*) tr thnh

8uv u 2 15v 2 u 3v u 5v 0
x 2 13x 66 x 2 29 x 178 0
Do x 2 13x 66 0, x ; x 2 29 x 178 0, x
u 2 3v 2 u 2 25v 2
.
0
u 3v
u 5v
1
nn (1) nghim ng vi mi x thuc tp xc nh.
Bi ton 107. Gii bt phng trnh 10 x 2 50 x 3 2 x 2 5 x 2 3 x 5

Li gii.
10 x 2 50 x 3 0
25 745
iu kin 2 x 2 5 x 2 0 x
.
10
x 5
2 x 2 14 x 47
Nhn xt 2 x 2 5 x 2 3 x 5
0.
2 x 2 5x 2 3 x 5
x .
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73
10 x 2 50 x 3 2 x 2 5 x 2 9 x 45 6
4 x 2 27 x 20 3
2 x 1 x 5.
2 x 1 x 2 x 5
x2 0
2 2 x 2 11x 5 5 x 2 3 2 x 2 11x 5. x 2 0
t
2 x 2 11x 5 u; x 2 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
2u 2 5v 2 3uv 0 u v 2u 5v 0 u v
2 x 2 11x 5 x 2 2 x 2 12 x 7 0 x
6 22
6 22
x
2
2
22
Kt hp iu kin ta c tp nghim S 3
; .
2
3 9 x 2 20 x 9 2 6 x 2 11x 3 x 2
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 2 .
2
Nhn xt x 2 2 6 x 11x 3 x 2
4 6 x 2 11x 3 x 2
2 6 x 2 11x 3 x 2
Suy ra bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
27 x 2 60 x 27 4 6 x 2 11x 3 x 2 4
3x 2 17 x 17 4
3 x 1 x 2 .
24 x 2 45 x 14
2 6 x 2 11x 3 x 2
0.
2 x 3 3x 1 x 2
2x 3 0
3x 2 7 x 2 4 3x 2 7 x 2. 2 x 3 5 2 x 3 0
t
3x 2 7 x 2 a; 2 x 3 b a 0; b 0 thu c
a 2 4ab 5b 2 0 a b a 5b 0 a b
3x 2 7 x 2 2 x 3 3x 2 9 x 5 0 x
9 21
9 21
x
6
6
9 21
Kt hp iu kin ta c tp hp nghim S
; .
6
x 8 x 15 4 x 2 5 x 1 2 x 2
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 2 .
Nhn xt
4 x2 5 x 1 2 x 2
4x2 9x 9
4 x2 5x 1 2 x 2
Do bt phng trnh cho tng ng
0, x 2 .
8 x 2 15 x 4 x 2 5 x 1 4 x 2 4
x 1 4 x 1 x 2
4 x 2 14 x 7 4
x 1 0
4 x 1 x 2 .
4 x 2 9 x 2 4 4 x 2 9 x 2. x 1 5 x 1 0 .
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74
4 x 2 9 x 2 u; x 1 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u 2 4uv 5v 2 0 u v u 5v 0 u v
5 13
x
4
4 x 2 9 x 2 x 1 4 x 2 10 x 3 0
5 13
x
4
5 13

; .
4
Bi ton 110. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x 2 13 x 173 6 x 5 2 x 2 x 1

Li gii.
4 x 2 13x 173 0
2937 13
iu kin x 5
x
.
8
2 x 2 x 1 0
4 x 2 13 x 173 2 x 2 x 1 6 x 5

Nhn xt
2 x2 x 1 6 x 5
x .
2 x 2 37 x 179
2 x2 x 1 6 x 5
1 .
0, x thuc tp xc nh.
Do
1 4 x 2 13 x 173 2 x 2 x 1 36 x 5 12 2 x 1 x 1 x 5
2 x 2 22 x 8 12
2 x 1 x 5 .
x 1 0
2 x 2 9 x 5 12 2 x 2 9 x 5. x 1 13 x 1 0
t
2 x 2 9 x 5 a; x 1 b a 0; b 0 th
2 a 2 12ab 13b 2 0 a b a 13b 0 a b

2x2 9x 5 x 1 x2 5x 2 0 x
5 33
5 33
x
2
2
5 33
Kt hp iu kin ta c tp nghim S
; .
2
Bi ton 111. Gii bt phng trnh 3 x 4 2 3 x 2 5 x 2 27 x 2 98 x 29

Li gii.
27 x 2 98 x 29 0
iu kin 3 x 2 5 x 2 0
x 4.
x 4
x .
27 x 2 98 x 29 2 3 x 2 5 x 2 3 x 4
Nhn xt: x 4 2 3x 2 5 x 2 3 x 4
12 x 2 29 x 44
2 3x2 5 x 2 3 x 4
1 .
0 . Khi
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75
1 27 x 2 98 x 29 4 3 x2 5 x 2 9 x 36 12 3 x 2 x 1 x 4
15 x 2 87 x 57 12
3x 2 x 4 .
x 1 0
5 3x 2 14 x 8 12 3 x 2 14 x 8. x 1 17 x 1 0
t
3x 2 14 x 8 u; x 1 v u 0; v 0 th (2) tr thnh
5u 2 12uv 17v 2 0 u v 5u 17v 0 u v 3 x 2 14 x 8 x 1
3x 2 15 x 9 0 x 2 5 x 3 0 x
5 13
5 13
x
2
2
5 13
Kt hp iu kin ta c tp hp nghim S
; .
2
Bi ton 112. Gii bt phng trnh 5 x 5 3 2 x 2 x 17 4 x 2 1

Li gii.
x 5
iu kin 18 x 2 9 x 153 0 x 5
x2 1 0
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 18 x 2 9 x 153 4 x 2 1 5 x 5

Nhn xt 4 x 2 1 5 x 5
16 x 2 25 x 109
4 x2 1 5 x 5
1 .
0 x 5 . V th
1 18 x 2 9 x 153 16 x 2 16 25 x 125 20 x 1 x 1 x 5
2 x 2 34 x 12 20 x 1.
x 1 x 5 0
x 2 17 x 6 10 x 1. x 2 6 x 5 0
x 2 6 x 5 10 x 1. x 2 6 x 5 11 x 1 0
x 1 a; x 2 6 x 5 b a 0; b 0 ta c
2 b 2 10ab 11a 2 0 b a b 11a 0 b a

7 33
7 33
x
2
2
33 7
i chiu iu kin ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh ban u l x
.
2
x 1 x 2 6 x 5 x2 7 x 4 0 x
Bi ton 113. Gii bt phng trnh 6 x 2 14 x 24 x 3 x 1

Li gii.
6 x 2 14 x 24 0
7 193
iu kin
x
.
6
x
x .
6 x 2 14 x 24 x 1 x 3
1 .
Nhn xt x 1 x 3
x x4
0, x tha mn iu kin (*). Bi vy
x 1 x 3
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1 6 x2 14 x 24 x 2 2 x 1 x 3 2 x 1 x 3
5 x 2 17 x 22 2 x 1 x 3 0 x 1 5 x 22 2
76
x 3 0 2 x 3 22 5 x
22
22
22
x 5
x
5
5
22
22
22

x
x4
x
x
5

5
5
2
2
4 x 124
4
x
12
25
x
220
x
484
25
x
224
x
496
0

25
So snh vi iu kin, kt lun nghim x 4 .
Li gii.
17 79
iu kin x
(*).
10
2 x 5 10 x 2 34 x 21 2 x 2
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 10 x 2 34 x 21 2 x 2 2 x 5
1 .
4 x 2 10 x 9
0, x tha mn (*). Do
2x 2 2x 5
1 10 x 2 34 x 21 4 x 2 8 x 4 2 x 5 4 x 1 2 x 5
Nhn xt 2 x 2 2 x 5
6 x 2 28 x 22 4 x 1 2 x 5 0 3 x 2 14 x 11 2 x 1 2 x 5 0
11
11
x 3
x
11
11
x 1 3x 11 2 2 x 5 0 2 2 x 5 11 3 x
x
x3
x
3

3
2
3 x 47
8
x
20
9
x
66
x
121

9
Kt lun nghim S 3; .
Bi ton 115. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x 2 24 x 35 x 2 3 x 2 x 2 7 x 12

Li gii.
5
iu kin x D ; 4 ; 2 1; .
2

4 x 2 24 x 35 2 x 2 10 x 14 2
2 x 2 14 x 21 2
x .
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4
x 2 x 4 x 1 x 3
3 x 2 6 x 8 x 2 4 x 3 2
6 x 8 x 2 4 x 3
t x 2 6 x 8 a; x 2 4 x 3 b thu c
3a b 0
3a b 0
3a b 0
3a b 2 ab 2
2
2
2
9a 6ab b 4ab
9a 10ab b 0
a b 9a b 0
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77
Xt cc trng hp
2
3 x 2 6 x 8 x 2 4 x 3 2 x 14 x 21 0
3a b 0
7 7

x
.
5
2
2
2
a b 0
x
x 6 x 8 x 4 x 3
7 7
2
2
x
2
3
x
6
x
4
x
3a b 0
2 x 14 x 21 0
2

2
2
25 73
9a b 0
9 x 6 x 8 x 4 x 3
8 x 50 x 69 0
x
8
25 73 7 7
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim S ;
; 2 .
Bi ton 116. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x 2 21x 20 x 2 4 x 3 x 2 7 x 10

Li gii.
iu kin x 1 hoc x 5 .
4 x 2 22 x 30 2 x 2 11x 13 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 5
2 x 2 11x 17 2
x .
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 5
x 2 3 x 2 x 2 8 x 15 2 x 2 3 x 2. x 2 8 x 15 0
x 2 3 x 2 x 2 8 x 15
0 x 2 3x 2 x 2 8 x 15 x
13
5
So snh iu kin, kt lun bt phng trnh cho v nghim.

2 2 x 2 11x 12 x 2 6 x 5 x 2 5 x 6
x .
Li gii.
x 1
iu kin
x 5
2 2 x 2 11x 12 2 x 2 11x 11 2
2 x 2 11x 13 2
x 1 x 5 x 2 x 3
x 1 x 3 x 5 x 2
x 2 4 x 3 x 2 7 x 10 2 x 2 4 x 3. x 2 7 x 10
x 2 4 x 3 x 2 7 x 10
0 (Hin nhin).
Kt lun bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim S ; 5 1; .

Bi ton 118. Gii bt phng trnh x3 2 x 2 9 x 2 x 3 1 x 2
Li gii.
x3 2 x 2 9 x 2 0
x 2 x 2 4 x 1 0
iu kin x 1
x 2.
x 2
x 2
x .
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78
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2
x3 2 x 2 9 x 2 x3 1 x 2 2
2 x 2 10 x 5 2
x2 x 1
x 1 x 2 .
3 x 2 3x 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 3x 2. x 2 x 1
t
x 2 3x 2 u; x 2 x 1 v
u 0; v 0 th (1) tr thnh
3u 2 v 2 2uv u v 3u v 0 u v x 2 3 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 3 x 2 x 2 x 1 x
1
.
4
Kt hp iu kin, suy ra bt phng trnh cho v nghim.

Bi ton 119. Gii phng trnh x3 2 x 2 27 x 12 2 x 1 x 3
Li gii.
x 3 2 x 2 27 x 12 0
iu kin
x 1
x .
x3 2 x 2 27 x 12 1 x 3 2 x
x3 2 x 2 27 x 12 x 3 x 3 2
2 x 2 26 x 9 2
x 1 x 2 .
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2
x2 x 1
7 x 2 3x 2 5 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 2. x 2 x 1
x 2 3 x 2 u; x 2 x 1 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
7u 2 5v 2 2uv u v 7u 5v 0 u v x 2 3 x 2 x 2 x 1 x
1
.
4
1
Th li, kt lun nghim duy nht S .
4
Bi ton 120. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x3 4 x 2 4 x 19 2 x 3 8 x 1
Li gii.
4 x 3 4 x 2 4 x 19 0
iu kin
x 2.
x 2
4 x3 4 x 2 4 x 19 4 x 3 32 x 1 4
4 x 2 3 x 20 4
x 2 x 1.
x .
x 2 x2 2 x 4 x 1
x2 2 x 4
x 2 3x 2 3 x 2 2 x 4 4 x 2 3 x 2. x 2 2 x 4
t
x 2 3x 2 a; x 2 2 x 4 b a 0; b 0 ta c
a 2 b2 a 2 9b 2
.
0
a b a 3b
a 2 b 2 a 2 9b 2 0 5 x 2 8 x 2 21x 34 0
2
1 a 2 3b 2 4ab a b a 3b 0
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79
Nhn thy [2] nghim ng vi mi x 2 . Kt lun tp hp nghim S 2; .
x3 2 x 2 7 x 6 x x 3 1

Li gii.
x3 2 x2 7 x 6 0
iu kin
x 0
x3 2 x 2 7 x 6 x 3 1 x
x3 2 x 2 7 x 6 x 3 x 1 2
x 1 x2 x 1 x 2 x 2 8 x 5 2
x 2 x 1. x 2 x
x2 x
x2 x
5 x x 1 3 x x 2 x x 1. x x 5 3. 2
2 2
x x 1
x x 1
5
t
x2 x
1
2
2
2
t t 0 th 5 3t 2t
3 t 1 x x 1 x x x .
2
x x 1
2
t 1
2
x .
i chiu iu kin v th li ta thu c nghim x
1
.
2
Bi ton 122. Gii bt phng trnh x3 4 x 2 10 x 20 x 3 27 2 x

Li gii.
x 3 4 x 2 10 x 20 0
iu kin x 3 27
x 3.
x 0
x 3 4 x 2 10 x 20 x3 4 x 27 4
x .
x 3 x 2 3 x 9 x
4 x 2 6 x 47 4 x x 3. x 2 3x 9
x 2 3x 3 x 2 3 x 9 4 x 2 3 x . x 2 3x 9
x 2 3x
x 2 3x
4
x2 3x 9
x2 3x 9
x 2 3x
t t 0 th 1 t 2 3 4t t 1 t 3 0 1 t 3 1
2
x 3x 9
2
x 3 x 9 x 2 3 x
6 x 9 0
2
2 (H v nghim do x 3 ).
2
2
8 x 30 x 81 0
x 3x 9 x 3x 9
t
Bi ton 123. Gii bt phng trnh x 3 1 x 3 2 x 2 17 x 8 x 0

Li gii.
x 0
iu kin x 1
x 1.
x 3 2 x 2 17 x 8 0
x 2 3x
3
x2 3x 9
x .
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80

x3 1 x x 3 2 x 2 17 x 8
x3 x 1 2
x 1 x 2 x 1 x x 3 2 x 2 17 x 8 2 x x 1.
2 x 2 x . x 2 x 1 9 x 2 x 1 7 x 2 x 2
x 2 x 1 2 x 2 16 x 9
x2 x
x2 x
7.
x2 x 1
x2 x 1
x2 x
1
t t 0 th 2t 9 7t 2 t 1 7t 9 0 t 1 x 2 x x 2 x 1 x .
2
x x 1
2
t
Bi ton 124. Gii bt phng trnh 3x 2 12 x 5 x3 1 x 2 2 x

Li gii.
3 x 2 12 x 5 0
iu kin x 1
x 2.
x x 2 0

3 x 2 12 x 5 x 3 x 2 2 x 1 2
x 3 2 x 2 10 x 6 2
x .
x 1 x 2 x 1 x x 2
x 1 x 2 .
x 1 x 0
x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2 3x 2 2 x 2 3x 2. x 3 x 2 x 0
1 3.
t
x 2 3x 2
x 2 3x 2
2
0
x3 x 2 x
x3 x 2 x
x 2 3x 2
t t 0 th
x3 x 2 x
1
t 1 t 1 x 2 3x 2 x3 x 2 x x3 4 x 2 0
3
Nhn thy [1] nghim ng vi x 2 . Kt lun nghim S 2; .
1 3t 2 2t 0
Bi ton 125. Gii phng trnh x 3 5 x 2 7 x 2 x 3 x 2 2 x 1

Li gii.
x3 5x 2 7 x 2 0
x3 5 x 2 7 x 2 0
iu kin x 3 x 2 0
x 1
2 x 1 0
x .
x3 5 x 2 7 x 2 x 3 3x 3 2
x 1 x 2 x 2 2 x 1
5 x 2 10 x 1 2
x2 x 2
x 1 2 x 1.
3 2 x 2 3 x 1 x 2 x 2 2 2 x 2 3x 1. x 2 x 2
t
1 .
2 x 2 3 x 1 u; x 2 x 2 v u 0; v 0 th
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81
1 3u 2 v2 2uv u v 3u v 0 u v
x 2 5
2 x 2 3x 1 x2 x 2 x 2 4 x 1 0
x 2 5
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S 2 5 .
Bi ton 126. Gii phng trnh x3 2 x 2 32 x 17 x 3 2 x 4 x 3

Li gii.
x 3 2 x 2 32 x 17 0
3
x 3 2 x 2 32 x 17 0
iu kin x 2 x 4 0
x 3
x 3
x .
x3 2 x 2 32 x 17 x3 2 x 4 x 3
x3 2 x 2 32 x 17 x 3 2 x 4 x 3 2
2 x 2 31x 24 2
x 2 x 3.
x 2 x 2 2 x 2 x 3
x2 2 x 2
5 x 2 5 x 6 3 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 5 x 6. x 2 2 x 2
x 2 5 x 6 a; x 2 2 x 2 b a 0; b 0 ta c phng trnh
5a 2 3b 2 2ab a b 5a 3b 0 a b x 2 5 x 6 x 2 2 x 2 x
3
.
7
i chiu iu kin, kt lun phng trnh cho v nghim.

Bi ton 127. Gii bt phng trnh x3 8 x3 2 x 2 9 x 1
Li gii.
x3 8 0
x 2
iu kin x 3 2 x 2 9 0
x 3.
2
x 1 0
x 3 x x 3 0
x .
x3 8 x3 2 x2 9 x 1 2
x 3 x2 x 3 x 1
2 x2 x 2
x2 x 3
x 3 x 1.
x 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 3. x 2 x 3 x 2 x 3 0
x2 2 x 3 x 2 x 3
0 x2 2x 3 x2 x 3
x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2
i chiu iu kin, kt lun bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
x3 4 x 5 2 x 4 10
x3 4 x 2 6 x 4 10
x .
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82
Li gii 1.
x 1 x 2 x 5 0
x3 4 x 5 0
x 1
iu kin ban u x 4 x 2 6 x 4 10 x 4 x 2 8 x 26 0 x 4 x 4 .
x 4
x 4
x 4
Xt hm s f x x 3 4 x 2 6 x 4; x 4; ta c f x 3 x 2 8 x 6 0, x 4; .
Suy ra hm s lin tc, ng bin trn min 4; . Do f x Min f x f 4 100
f x 10 .
x 4;
Vi iu kin x 4 , bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi

x3 4 x 5 2 x 4 10 x 3 4 x 2 6 x 4 10
x3 4 x 5 2 x 4 x 3 4 x 2 6 x 4
x3 4 x 5 4 x 16 4
4 x 2 2 x 17 4
x 1 x2 x 5 x 4 x3 4 x 2 6 x 4
x 1 x 4 x2 x 5
3 x 2 5 x 4 x 2 x 5 4 x 2 5 x 4. x 2 x 5 3.
x2 5x 4
x 2 5x 4
4
x2 x 5
x2 x 5
x2 5 x 4
1
1
x2 5x 4
2
t
t
0
thu
c
3
t
4
t
1
3
t
x2 x 5
3
3
x2 x 5
23 297
x
2
x 2 x 5 9 x 2 5 x 4
8 x 46 x 29 0
8
2
2
23 297
6 x 1
x 5 x 4 x x 5
x
8
23 297
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c tp hp nghim S

; .
8
Li gii 2.
x 1 x 2 x 5 0
x3 4 x 5 0
x 1
2
2
iu kin ban u x 4 x 6 x 4 10 x 4 x 8 x 26 0 x 4 x 4 .
x 4
x 4
x 4
t
Khi x 3 4 x 2 6 x 4 x 4 x 2 8 x 26 x 4 26.4 4 100 x3 4 x 2 6 x 4 10 0 .

Bt phng trnh cho tr thnh
x3 4 x 5 2 x 4 10 x 3 4 x 2 6 x 4 10
x3 4 x 5 2 x 4 x 3 4 x 2 6 x 4
x3 4 x 5 4 x 16 4
4 x 2 2 x 17 4
x 1 x2 x 5 x 4 x3 4 x 2 6 x 4
x 1 x 4 x 2 x 5
3 x 2 5 x 4 x 2 x 5 4 x 2 5 x 4. x 2 x 5
x 2 5 x 4 u; x 2 x 5 v u 0; v 0 ta c
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3u 2 v 2 4uv u v 3u v 0
83
u 2 v 2 9u 2 v 2
.
0
u v 3u v
u 2 v 2 9u 2 v 2 0 6 x 1 8 x 2 46 x 29 0 x
23 297
8
23 297
Kt lun nghim S
; .
8
Nhn xt.
Bi ton 128 v hnh thc c l tr nn quen thuc, bao gm c nhn xt mu thc lun ln hn 10, da
theo iu kin xc nh (ban u). Theo tc lp lun chng minh mu thc ln hn 10 "nht c lng tin", khng
nhng gim thiu mt trng hp, ng thi y cng l hng x l iu kin xc nh mt cch cht ch (lu
bi ton l gii bt phng trnh). Vi iu kin x 4 , li gii 1 trnh by phng n x l bng cch tm gi tr
nh nht ca hm s (dnh cho cc bn sau khi hc kin thc o hm tnh n iu hm s, chng trnh
Gii tch lp 11 12 THPT); li gii 2 c hng i bng vic tch nhn t v nh gi thng thng, ph hp vi
cc bn hc sinh THCS v lp 10 THPT.
f x1 f x2
Ngoi ra cc bn c th chng minh tnh n iu theo nh ngha:
0 f x ng bin. Ty
x1 x2
theo hon cnh v kh nng ca bn thn, cc bn c th la chn cho mnh cch gii hp l nht.
Ni dung, cu trc thi tuyn sinh i hc v cao ng ca B gio dc hin hnh lun theo phng chm c
bn, bm st chng trnh sch gio khoa, theo ng chun k nng v khung kin thc, ph hp, va sc vi mi
i tng d thi ng thi phi c tnh phn loi th sinh rt cao. Hc, tm hiu, thc hnh, vn dng v nh gi
cc kin thc cp cao hn l mt iu ht sc ng qu nu cc bn c kh nng, nhng i khi iu ny s lm
chng ta mt i nhng t duy t ph ng c !
Bi ton 129. Gii phng trnh x3 5 x 2 11x 3 x 3 x 2 3x 6 2 x 3
x .
Li gii.
x 3 5 x 2 11x 3 0
x 3 x 2 8 x 13x 3 0
x3 5 x 2 11x 3 0
iu kin x 3 x 2 3 x 6 0
x 3.
x
3
x
x 3

x 3 5 x 2 11x 3 x 3 x 2 3 x 6 2 x 3
x 3 5 x 2 11x 3 x 3 x 2 3 x 6 4 x 12 4
4 x 2 12 x 21 4
x 2 x 3.
x 2 x 2 3 x 3 x 3
x 2 3x 3
3 x 2 5 x 6 x 2 3 x 3 4 x 2 5 x 6. x 2 3 x 3
x 2 5 x 6 a; x 2 3 x 3 b a 0; b 0 th [1] tr thnh
3a 2 b 2 4ab a b 3a b 0
a 2 b 2 9a 2 b 2
.
0
a b 3a b
12 42
3
x
4
8
a 2 b 2 9a 2 b 2 0 3 8 x 8 x 2 48 x 51 0
12 42
x
4
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Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim x
84
12 42
.
4

Li gii.
4 x3 8 x 2 32 x 19 2 x3 x 2 x 1 x 2
x .
4 x 2 x 2 32 x 19 0
4 x3 8 x 2 32 x 19 0
x 1 x 2 1 0
x2.
x 2
x 2
4 x 2 x 1 3 x 2
4 x 3 4 x 2 3x 2
Nhn xt 2 x3 x 2 x 1 x 2
0 x 2 .
2 x3 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x3 x 2 x 1 x 2
4 x3 8 x 2 32 x 19 2 x3 x 2 x 1 x 2
4 x3 8 x 2 32 x 19 4 x3 x 2 x 1 x 2 4
4 x 2 27 x 13 4
x 1 x 2 .
x 1 x 2 1 x 2
x2 1 0
5 x 2 1 4 x 2 3x 2. x 2 1 9 x 2 3 x 2 0
x 2 3x 2
x 2 3x 2
5 4
9.
0
x2 1
x2 1
x2 3x 2
1
t t 0 thu c 5 4t 9t 2 0 t 1 9t 5 0 t 1 x 2 3x 2 x 2 1 x .
2
x 1
3
t

Li gii.
9 x 3 6 x 2 3x 32 x 1 3 x 3 3 x 2
x .
x 1
9 x 3 6 x 2 3x 32 0
x 1
iu kin x 1

x2
x 2
2
x 2 9 x 2 13x 23 x 32 0
x 2 x 1 0
9 x 3 6 x 2 3x 32 3 x3 3x 2 x 1
3 x 3 3 x 2 x 1 0
3
2
3
9 x 6 x 3x 32 9 x 3 x 2 x 1 6
3 x 3 3 x 2 x 1
2
2
6 x 23 x 13 6 x 1 x 3 x 2 0
2
Ta c x 1 6 x 1
x 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 1
x 2 3x 2
x 2 3x 2
x 3x 2 7 x 3x 2 0 1 6
7.
0.
x 1
x 1
2
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85
t 1
1 6t 7t 0
x 3x 2
1
1
t
t t 0 quy v
t t 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 3x 2 x .
x 1
5
7
t 0
t 0
i chiu iu kin, kt lun phng trnh cho v nghim.
2
Bi ton 132. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x3 x 12 x 3 1 x 3 x 6

x
Li gii.
2 x 3 2 x 2 3 x 4 0
4 x3 x 12 0
2 x 3
iu kin x 1
x 1
x 1 x 2 .
x3 x 6 0
x 2
2
x 2 x 2 x 3 0
4 x3 x 12 x3 1 x3 x 6 2
2 x3 5 2
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 2 x 3
x 1 x 2 2 x 3. x 2 x 2 x 1
x3 x 2 x 3 2 x3 x 2 x 3. x3 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 0
x3 x 2 x 3 x3 x 2 x 2
0 x3 x2 x 3 x3 x 2 x 2
x3 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 0
1
H thc [1] nghim ng do x 2 . Kt lun bt phng trnh cho c nghim x 2 .
Li gii.
4 x3 4 x 2 8 x 9 x3 2 x 2 2 x 4 x3 x 2 x 1
x .
x 2 4 x 2 4 x 16 x 9 0
4 x3 4 x 2 8 x 9 0
iu kin x 3 2 x 2 2 x 4 0 x 2 x 2 2 0
x 2.
x3 x 2 x 1 0
x 1 x 1 0
4 x3 4 x 2 8 x 9 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 2
2 x3 x 2 5 x 4 2
x 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 1
x 2 x 2 1. x 1 x 2 2
3 x 3 x 2 2 x 2 x3 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 2. x3 x 2 2 x 2
t
x3 x 2 2 x 2 u; x 3 2 x 2 x 2 v u 0; v 0 th [*] tr thnh
3u 2 v 2 2uv u v 3u v 0 u v
x3 x 2 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 0
D thy [1] nghim ng vi mi x 2 . Kt lun bt phng trnh c nghim S 2; .

Bi ton 134. Gii bt phng trnh 16 x 3 8 x 2 15 x 43 3 x 3 1 x 3 8
x .
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86
Li gii.
x 1
iu kin x 2
x2.
16 x 3 8 x 2 15 x 43 0

16 x 3 8 x 2 15 x 43 9 x 3 1 x3 8 6
6 x3 8 x 2 15 x 26 6
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 2 x 4
x 1 x 2 2 x 4 . x 2 x 2 x 1
7 x 3 x 2 2 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 2 6 x3 x 2 2 x 4. x 3 x 2 x 2
t
x3 x 2 2 x 4 u; x 3 x 2 x 2 v u 0; v 0 ta thu c
7u 2 v 2 6uv u v 7u v 0 u v x3 x 2 2 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 2
1
x
x3 x 2 2 x 4 x3 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 3 x 2 0
2
x 2
Kt lun bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim S 2; .
x2 1
x
6
6
x 1
x .
Li gii.
2
2
2
x x 2 1
x2 x 1
x 1
x 1 x x 1

6
3
6
2
2
x x 2 1
3
x 2 4 x 1 4 x x 2 1 x 2 1 4 x x 2 1 4 x 0
x 2 3
0 x2 1 2 x x2 1 4x
x 2 3
i chiu iu kin ta thu c hai nghim x 2 3; x 2 3 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 . p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovsky cho b gm ba cp s ta c
x2 1 2 x
x2 1
x 1
2
6
6
x2 1 1
6
2
x2 1 x 2 1 x
x2 1
x

12 12 12
6
6
24
6
24
2
x2 1
x 2x2 4 x 2 x 1
x2 1
x x 1
6
6
8
2
6
6
2
Phng trnh bi c nghim khi v ch khi (*) xy ra du ng thc, ngha l

x 2 3
1 x2 1
x
x2 1 2 x x 2 1 4 x
2
6
6
x 2 3
i chiu iu kin i n tp nghim S 2 3; 2 3 .

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Bi ton 136. Gii phng trnh 3 x x 2 6 x 12 2 x 2 7 x 12
87
x .
Li gii.
2
iu kin x x 3 3 0 x 0 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x . x 2 6 x 12 2 x 2 6 x 12 x .

t
x 2 6 x 12 u; x v, u 0; v 0 thu c
3uv 2 u 2 v 2
u 2v 2u v 0
u 2v
0;
v
0;
v
x 2 6 x 12 4 x x 2 10 x 12 0 x 5 13; x 5 13
i chiu iu kin ta c nghim x 5 13; x 5 13 .

Bi ton 137. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 2 6 x 8 x x 2
Li gii.
2 x 2 6 x 8 0
iu kin
x0.
x 0
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng
t
x .
2 x 2 4 x 4 2 x x x 2 2 x 2 2 x x x 2 .
x u; x 2 v th ta c
u v 0
u v 0
2u 2 2v 2 u v 2
2
2
2
2
u v 0
2u 2v u 2uv v
x 2
u v x2 x 2
x4
x 5x 4 0
Kt lun bt phng trnh cho c duy nht nghim x 4 .

Li gii.
x8 14 x 4 1 x 4 12 x 2 1
x .
Nhn xt x8 14 x 4 1 x 4 1 4 x 2 x 4 4 x 2 1 x 4 4 x 2 1 nn ta c iu kin
4 x 2 1 x 4 4 x 2 1 0 x 4 4 x 2 1 0 .
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
4 x 2 1 x 4 4 x 2 1 x 4 12 x 2 1
x 4 4 x 2 1. x 4 4 x 2 1 2 x 4 4 x 2 1 x 4 4 x 2 1
x 4 4 x 2 1 u; x 4 4 x 2 1 v, u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u v 2u v 0
uv 2u 2 v 2
uv
0;
v
0
u
0;
v
x4 4 x 2 1 x 4 4 x 2 1 x 4 4 x2 1 x4 4 x 2 1 x 0
Kt lun phng trnh bi c duy nht nghim x 0 .
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88
Bi tp tng t.
1. 3 x 2 4 x 5 x 3 11x 2 25 x 2 .
2.
x 2 x 5 x 2 3x 2 x 3 .
3.
4 x 2 15 x 7 x 2 3x 2 x 3 .
4.
5 x 2 13 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 3x 2 .
5.
x 1 3 x 10
6.
5 x 2 15 x 3 2 x 2 4 x 3 x 2 .
7.
7 x 2 23x 13 x 2 2 x 2 4 x 3 .
8.
4 x2 7 x 1 x2 x x 2 0 .
9.
x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 6 x 3 2 x 3 .
10.
x 1 5 x 14
11.
6 x 2 x 19 x 2 x 3 x 2 .
12.
3x 2 8 x 22 3 x 2 x 2 x .
13.
6 x 2 11x 14 x 2 x 3 x 1 .
14.
x 2 x 3 x 1 3 x 2 14 x 11 0 .
15.
5 x 2 11x 12 2 x 2 x 3 x 1 .
16.
x2 x 6 3 x 1 2 x2 2 x 6 .
17.
x 4 x 13 x 5 2 x 2 x .
18.
5 x 2 17 x 5 2 x 2 2 x x 5 .
x 2 3x 2 2 x 4 .
x2 2x 2 x 3 .
19. 10 x 2 57 x 29 3 x 2 5 x x 6 .
20.
2 10 x 2 14 x 3 3 x 2 x 1 x 2 .
21.
5 x 2 8 x 42 2
x 2 x 3
x 3 .
22. 10 x 2 37 x 2 3 x x 3 x 1 .
23. 4 x 2 x 17 x 2 26 x 40 3 x 5 .
24.
9 x 2 31x 20 2 x 2 x x 2 3 x 2 .
25.
4 x 2 12 x 5 x 2 3 x 2 x 2 3 x .
26.
4 x 2 24 x 26 x 2 3x 2 x 2 3x .
27.
9 x 2 29 x 11 2 x 2 3x x 2 3 x 2 .
28.
25 x 2 55 x 12 2 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 2 4 x .
29.
x3 2 x 2 7 x 2 x 3 1 x 2 .
30.
x3 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 1 x 2 .
31.
4 x3 4 x 2 4 x 19 2 x 3 8 x 1 .
32.
72 x 3 24 x 2 36 x 4 3 8 x 3 1 2 x 3 .
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33.
4 x3 4 x 2 14 x 85 2 x 3 27 x 1 .
34.
x 3 4 x 2 2 x x3 1 2 x .
35.
9 x 3 12 x 2 14 x 4 3 x 3 1 4 x .
36.
2 x2 3x 4 x 2 3x 2 2 x .
37.
4 x3 4 x 2 3 x 7 x 3 1 x 3 2 x .
38.
4 x3 8 x 2 29 x 18 x3 x 2 x 3 4 x .
39.
4 x3 12 x 2 3 x 4 x 3 1 x x 2 1 .
89
40. x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 .
41.
x 2 1 2 3 x 3 x 2 6 x 1 .
42. 2 x 2 x 3 x 6 3 2 x 2 x 12 .
43.
x2 2 x 3 2 x 1 3 x 2 5 .
44.
x 1 x 2 7 x 12
1
5 x 2 42 x 61 .
2
45. 3 3x 4 x 1 5 x 2 36 x 51 .
46. 2 3x 5 x 2 x 3 3 x 2 7 x 13 .
47. 2 x 2 x 3x 1 3 2 x 2 x 1 .
48. 2 3x 2 x 1 4 x 3 3 6 x 2 2 x 5 .
x 2 x 2 1 .
49.
4 x3 5 x 2 11x 6 2 x 1 2
50.
4 x3 x 2 18 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 3 1 .
51.
9 x 2 17 x 24 3 x 2 7 x 6 2 x 1 .
52. 2 x 1 3 3x 2 x 1 3 x 2 x 3 .
53.
2 x 2 1 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 1 .
54.
5 x 2 x 2 3 5 x 2 8 x 2 14 x .
55.
x 2 x 3 6 x 2 x 2 7 x 3 .
56.
x3 x 1 3 x 2 1 4 x 3 3x 2 x 4 .
57. 3 2 x 2 x 2 3x 2 2 2 9 x 2 3 x 8 .
58.
x2 3x 3x 3 2 x 2 4 x 1 .
59. 2 8 x 2 6 x 1 x 1 28 x 2 8 x 3 .
60.
37 x 2 196 x 157 5 x 2 5 x 4 x 5 .
61.
x 2 5 x 3 x 6 2 x 2 8 x 18 .
62. 2 x 2 x 1 1 3x 2 3 5 x 2 2 x 3 .
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3
x2 7
x 2 x 1
90
x .
Li gii 1.
3
3
7
1
2 x 1 x x 2 7 2 1 x x
x
x
x
x
x
3
3 1 2
1 2
1
2 1 x 2 1 2 1
x
x x
x
x
x
x
2
2
1
3 1
3
3 2
1 x 1 x 2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x 0
x 1
3
x 2 2
x
x 3
x 4x 3 0
x 0
x 0
3 2
x 3
x 1.
2
x x
x 3x 4 0
x 1 x x 4 0
Kt lun phng trnh cho c nghim S 1;3 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 x 2 x 2 3 x 2 7 x .
uv 2
x 2 3 u; x v u 0; v 0 ta thu c 2v 2 2 u u 2 4 v uv 2v u 2 2v u
2v u
uv 2 x3 3 x 2 x 3 3 x 4 0 x 1 x 2 x 4 0 x 1 .
x 1
2v u x 2 3 4 x
x 3
Kt lun tp nghim S 1;3 .
Li gii 3.
3
x2 7
x 2
2
x
2 x 1
x2 4 x 3 0
x2 4 x 3
2 x 1
x 3 3x 2
x2 3 2 x
x2 4 x 3
x
1
2
x 1
x 3
1 x 1 x 3 0
2 x3 3x 4 0 x 1 x 2 x 4 0 x 1 .
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim.

Li gii 4.
iu kin x 0 .
3 x 4 14 x 2 49
x
4 x 2 3 x 2 2 x 1 x x 4 14 x 2 49
x 4 x 2 2 x 1
4 x 4 2 x 3 4 x 2 6 x 3 x5 14 x 3 49 x x 5 4 x 4 6 x 3 16 x 2 25 x 12 0
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91
x 1
2
x 2 4 x 3 x3 3 x 4 0 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 4 0
x 3
Kt lun phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim S 1;3 .
x2 1 1
1
3x
2 x 3
x
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 3 x x 2 3 x 2 1 .
t
x a; 3 x 2 1 b a 0; b 0 th thu c
2 a a 2 2 b 2 a b ab a b a b ab 2 0
a 2 b 2 a 2b 2 4
.
0 3 x 2 x 1 3 x3 x 4 0
a b ab 2
x 1 3x 2 3x 4 0 x 1
Kt hp iu kin suy ra tp nghim S 0;1 .

Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 .
1
3 2
1
1
1 2
1 2
3 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 3 x 1 3 x 3 x 3x
3x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
3x
1
1
3x 1
x
x
3x 2 1 x
Nhn xt 3 x 2 x 1 0, x
2
1
1
1 2
3
x
0
3x 1 3 x 1
x
x
x
x x
3 x3 x 2 0
3 x 2 1 x, x
1
3 x 2 1 x , x 0 .
Do 1 3x 3 x 2 3x 3 x 4 0 x 1 3x 2 3x 4 0 x 1 . Kt lun nghim S 0;1 .

Li gii 3.
iu kin x 0 .
x2 1 1 1
1 1
3 x 2 x 1 1 3x 2 1

3x

1
2 x 3 3
x 3
3 x 2 3
x
3x 2 x 1
3x2 1 x
3x 2 x 1
x2
x2
x
2
D thy 3 x x 1 0, x
x
3x2 x 1
x
3x 2 1 x
v x 0 nn (*) tr thnh
3x 2 1 x x 2 3x 3 x x x 2 3x 3 x 2
3x 3 x 4 0 x 1 3x 2 3 x 4 0 x 1
i chiu vi iu kin i n tp nghim S 0;1 .

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3 x 2 3
2
x
x
x3
92
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
t
x u; 3 x 2 6 v, u 0; v 0 th phng trnh cho tr thnh
u v
3 u u 2 3 v v 2u u 2v 3 u v 0 u v vu 3 0
uv 3
o u v 3 x 2 x 6 0, 0 , trng hp ny v nghim.
x 0
x 0
x 0
o uv 3
x 1.
2
2
3
x 1 x x 3 0
x 3 x 6 3 x 2 x 3 0
i chiu iu kin i n nghim x 1 .
Li gii 2.
2
2
3x 2 6 3 x 3
3x 2 6 x 3 x 3
3x 2 x 6
3x 2 x 6
x3
x3
x3
x
x
x 3x 2 6 x
Nhn xt 3 x 2 x 6 0, x
1 .
x 0
x 0
Do 1 x 3 x 2 6 x x 3 3
x 1.
2
x 2x 3 0
x 1 x x 3 0
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim x 1 .
Li gii 3.
iu kin x 0 .
Vi iu kin , phng trnh cho tng ng vi
4
2
3 x 2 3
2
x2 2 3 x 6 x 9
x
x
x3
x
x2 6 x 9
x 4 6 x 3 11x 2 12 x 18 3x 5 18 x 3 27 x
3x 5 x 4 12 x3 11x 2 15 x 18 0
3x 2 x3 2 x 3 x x 3 2 x 3 6 x 3 2 x 3 0
3x 2 x 6 x 3 2 x 3 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 0 x 1
Kt lun phng trnh ban u c nghim duy nht x 1 .
2 x2 x 5
3
2x 1
2 x
x
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
t
x 2 x2 x 5 2 x 2 x2 x 3 .
x u; 2 x 2 x 3 v, u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u v
u v 2 2 v 2 2 u uv 2 v 2u 2u 2v 0 u v uv 2 0
uv 2
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93
u v x 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 3 0, 0 .
x 0
x 0
x 0
uv 2
x 1.
2
2
3
2
2 x x 3 x 4 0
x 1 2 x x 4 0
x 2 x x 3 2
Kt lun phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x 1 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 . Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 x2 x 5
2 x2 x 3
2x2 x 5
2 x2 x 3
1
1
2 x
2 x
x
x
2x2 2x 3
2 x2 x 3 x
2x2 2x 3
x2
x2
x
2 x2 2 x 3
x
2x2 x 3 x
x 0
x 0
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
x 1
2
2
2 x x 3 x 4 0
x 1 2 x x 4 0
Vy phng trnh ban u c nghim duy nht x 1 .
Li gii 3.
iu kin x 0 . Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 x2 x 5
3
2 x2 x 3
2 x 1 2 x2 x 5 x 2
2 x
x
x
2 x 2 x 5 2 2 x2 x 3
2 x2 x 3 2 2 2 x 2 x 3
1
1
x
x
x
x x
x
x
2 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 3 2 2 x2 x 3
1
1
x
x
x
2x2 x 3 x
2 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 3 2
1
0
x 2x2 x 3 2
x
x
x
1
2
1 2 x 2 2 x 3 0, 0 , trng hp ny v nghim.
x 0
x 1.
2
3
2
2 x x 3 x 4 0
x 1 2 x x 4 0
x 0
x x 2 x
x 1
x .
Li gii.
x 2 2 x x 2 x x 2 x3 3x2 3x 1
2 x x 2 x3 2 x2 1 x x 2
2x x 2 1 0 x x 2 1 0
1 5 1 5
x x 2 1 x3 2 x 2 1 0 x 1 x 2 x 1 0 x 1;
;
2
2
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So snh vi iu kin i n nghim x
94
5 1
.
2
Bi ton 144. Gii phng trnh 2 2 x 2 13 x x 5 4 x 2 21
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
x a; 4 x 2 21 b a 0; b 0 th phng trnh cho tr thnh
a b
5 a a 2 5 b a b ab 5 0
ab 5
a b 4 x 2 x 21 0 (V nghim).
ab 5 x 4 x 2 21 25 x 1 4 x 2 4 x 25 0 x 1 .
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S 1 .

Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 .
Nhn xt x 0 khng tha mn h phng trnh ban u. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2 x 2 13
2 2 x 2 13
4 x 2 21
4 x 2 21
1
1
x5
x5
x
x
4 x 2 x 21
4 x 2 x 21
x 5 4 x 3 21x x
x5
x 4 x 2 21 x
4 x3 21x 5 0 x 1 4 x 2 4 x 25 0 x 1
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c nghim S 1 .
Bi ton 145. Gii phng trnh 3 x 2 x
7
2 x 2 5
x
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 3 2 x 2 7 2 x 2 5 x .
t
u v
2 x 2 7 u; x v u 0; v 0 ta c v 2 3 u u 2 3 v u v uv 3 0
uv 3
o u v 2 x 2 x 7 0 (V nghim).
o uv 3 2 x 3 7 x 9 0 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 9 0 x 1 .
So snh iu kin ta thu c nghim S 1 .

Li gii 2.
2
2 x 2 5
2 x 2 7 2 x 5
2 x2 7
1
1
x3
x3
x
x
2 x2 x 7
x
2x2 7 x
2x2 x 7
x3
2 x 3 7 x x x 3 2 x3 7 x 9 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 9 0 x 1
i chiu iu kin ta c nghim x 1 .
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95
Li gii 3.
7
10
7 3
7 1 9 6
3
1 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 1
x
x
x x
x 4 x
x
x
1 9 6 3
1
4 x2 x x
7 1 3 3 1
7
7 3
2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 0
x 2 x 2 x 2
x
x x
7
2x 1
2 x2 x 7 0
x
3
x 1
7 3
2 x 7 x 9 0
2x
x x
i chiu iu kin ta c nghim x 1 .
x2
1
3x x2 1
3
x
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 3 x x 2 3x 2 1 .
u v
quy v v 2 2 u u 2 2 v u v uv 2 0
uv 2
u v 3 x 2 x 1 0 (V nghim).
x 0
x 0
uv 2 3
x 1.
2
3 x x 4 0
x 1 3x 3x 4 0
Kt lun phng trnh cho c nghim x 1 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 .
x u; 3 x 2 1
u 0; v 0
3x 2 3
3x 2 1
3x2 3
3x2 1
3x 2 x 1
1
1
x2
x2
x2
x
x
3x2 x 1
x
3x 2 1 x
x 2 3 x3 x x 3 x 3 x 4 0 x 1 3x 2 3 x 4 0 x 1
Li gii 3.
x 2
3x 3 x 3 x3 x 3 x3 x x 2 3x 3 x
2
2
3 x3 x 2
x2 x2
3
3x x

2 2
3 x3 x x
3
2
1 3x x 4 0 x 1 3x 3x 4 0 x 1 .
1 2
1
x 4 x 4 x2 4 x 4 2 x
4
4
1
2
Phng trnh [2] v nghim do iu kin x 0 .

Vy ta c tp nghim S 1 .
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Bi ton 147. Gii phng trnh 5 x 2 4 x 3 x x 3 5 x 2 4 x
96
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
Nhn xt x 0 l mt nghim. Vi x 0 phng trnh cho tng ng vi
5x 2 4 x 5x 2 4 x 3
5 x2 4 x
5 x2 4 x 3
1
1
x3
x3
x
x
5 x2 3x
5 x 2 3x
5 x2 3x
5 x2 3x
x3
x3
x 5 x2 4 x x
x 5x 2 4 x x
5 x 3 4 x 2 3 5 x3 4 x 2 9 0 x 1 5 x 2 9 x 9 0 x 1
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x 0 hoc x 1 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 .
x a; 5 x 2 4 x b a 0; b 0 th phng trnh cho tr thnh
a b
3 a a 2 3 b a b ab 3 0
ab 3
x 0
2
a b 5 x 4 x x x 5 x 3 0
x 3
5
ab 3 5 x3 4 x 2 3 5 x 3 4 x 2 9 0 x 1 5 x 2 9 x 9 0 x 1 .
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x 0 hoc x 1 .

Li gii 3.
iu kin x 0 .
x 0
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2
5 x 4 x 3 x 3 5 x 4
5 x 3 4 x 2 3x x 3
5x3 4 x 2

4 5 x3 4 x 2 12 x 4 x 3
5x3 4 x 2
4 5 x 3 4 x 2 4 x 3 5 x 3 4 x 2 x 2 6 x 9 x 2 6 x 9 x 3 2 5 x 3 4 x 2
x 3
5x3 4 x2 3
x 1 5 x 2 9 x 9 0
5 x3 4 x 2 9 0
x 0;1
5 x 3 4 x 2 x
x 2 5 x 3 0
x 5 x 3 0
Kt lun tp hp nghim S 0;1 .
Bi ton 148. Gii phng trnh 7 x 2 5 x 7 x 2 2 x 3
x .
Li gii 1.
iu kin x 0 .
t
x u; 7 x 2 2 v u 0; v 0 th phng trnh cho tr thnh

a b
3 a b a 2 3 a b ab 3 0
ab 3
2
a b 7 x x 2 0 (V nghim).
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97
ab 3 7 x 3 2 x 9 0 x 1 7 x 2 7 x 9 0 x 1 .
i chiu iu kin v kt lun tp nghim S 1 .
Li gii 2.
iu kin x 0 .
Nhn xt x 0 khng tha mn phng trnh cho. Do bin i
7 x2 5
7 x2 2
7 x2 5
7 x2 2
7 x2 x 2
1
1
x3
x3
x3
x
x
2
D thy 7 x x 2 0x
x 3
7 x2 x 2
x
7 x2 2 x
nn
7 x 3 2 x x 7 x 3 2 x 9 0 x 1 7 x 2 7 x 9 0 x 1 .
i chiu iu kin v kt lun tp nghim S 1 .

Li gii 3.
iu kin x 0 .
Nhn xt x 0 khng tha mn phng trnh cho. Ta bin i
2
5
3
2
5
3
2
x 3 7 x 7 x2 5 7 x 1 7 x 0 4 7 x 4 1 7 x 0
x
x x
x
x x
x
2
3
2 3
2
6 9
6 9
2 3
4 7 x 4 1 7 x 1 2 1 2 1 2 7 x 1
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
2
2
1 27 x 2 7
7x 1
2
0
7 x x 2 0
x
x
2
4
3

x 1
2 3
7 x 2 x 9 0
2
7x
x 1 7 x 7 x 9 0
x x
Bi ton 149. Gii phng trnh x 2 14 x 3 2 x x 2 8
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 0 .
t
x u; x 2 8 v, u 0; v 0 th phng trnh cho tr thnh
6 u 2u 2 3 v uv 2 2u 2v 3v 6u uv v 2u 3 v 2u
x 2 x2 8
4 x 2 x 32 0
u 2v
u 2v uv 3 0
3
2
uv 3
x x 8 3
x 8 x 9 0
Xt hai trng hp
x 1
2 x 1 x 2 x 9 0 2
3
x x 9 0
Cc phng trnh (1) v (3) u v nghim v 0 .
Kt lun phng trnh cho c duy nht nghim x 1 .
4 x2 1
x 1
x
6x 1
2 x 1
1
2
x .
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98
Li gii.
2 x2 1
0
iu kin 2 x 1
6 x 1
D thy phng trnh ban u c nghim khi 6 x 1 0 . Khi ta c bin i

2
4 x2 1
4 x2 1
2x2 1
2 x2 1
6x 1
2x 1
2x 1
6x 1
t 2 x 2 1 u; 2 x 1 v 4 x 2 1 2u 3; 6 x 1 3v 2 . Ta thu c phng trnh
2
4u 2 12u 9 u
2u 3 u
4u 2 v 12uv 9v 9v 2u 12uv 4u
3v 2
2
v
9
v
12
v
4
v
4 2 x 2 1 9 2 x 1
uv 4u 9v 4u 9v 4u 9v uv 1 0
2 x 2 1 2 x 1 1
8 x 2 18 x 5 0
8 x 2 18 x 5 0
1
9 41 9 41
3
x
;
; 0;1;
2
2
8
2
x 2 x x 1 0
4x 2x 2x 0
8
Kt hp iu kin 6 x 1 0 v
9 41 9 41
2 x2 1
1
0 suy ra tp nghim S
;
; 0; ;1 .
2x 1
8
2
8
8 x2 5
4x2 3
3
x
3x 2
x .
Li gii.
4 x2 3
0; x 0 .
3x 2
8x 2 5
Vi
0 th phng trnh cho c nghim. Lc ny phng trnh ban u bin i v
x
iu kin
8x 2 5
8x 2 5
4 x2 3
4 x2 3
9.
3x 2
3x 2
x
3x
t 4 x 2 3 a;3 x 2 b 8 x 2 5 2a 1;3 x b 2 . Khi
2a 1
a
2
2

4a 4a 1 b b 4b 4 a
b
2
b
ab 1
4a 2b 4ab 4a b ab 4a b 4a b ab 1 4a b 0
4a b
5 1
ab 1 4 x 2 3 3 x 2 1 12 x 3 8 x 2 9 x 5 0 x 1 2 x 1 6 x 5 0 x ; ;1 .
6 2
3 649
3 649
4a b 4 4 x 2 3 3x 2 16 x 2 3x 10 0 x
;x
.
32
32
3 329
3 329
i chiu vi cc iu kin ta thu c nghim x 1; x
;x
.
32
32
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6 x2 2
2x2 1
5x 1
5x 4
Li gii.
2 x2 1
1
iu kin
0; x .
5x 4
5
99
x .
6x2 2 2x2 1
6x2 2
Vi
0 , phng trnh cho tr thnh
.

5x 1
5x 4
5x 1
t 2 x 2 1 a;5 x 4 b 6 x 2 2 3a 1;5 x 1 b 3 ta thu c
2
a
9 a 2 6a 1 a
3a 1
9a 2 b 6ab b ab 2 6ab 9a
b3 b
2
b 6b 9 b
9a 2 b 9a ab 2 b 9a ab 1 b ab 1 ab 1 9a b 0
o
ab 1 2 x 2 1 5 x 4 1 10 x3 8 x 2 5 x 3 0
1 31
1 31
;x
.
10
10
5 385
5 385
o 9a b 9 2 x 2 1 5 x 4 18 x 2 5 x 5 0 x
;x
.
36
36
Kt hp iu kin ta thu c cc nghim ca bi ton.
x 1 10 x 2 2 x 3 0 x 1; x
2 x2 1 1 5 x2 4
8 3x 5 2 x
x .
Li gii.
5x 2 4
iu kin
0.
2 x
10 x 2 5
5x 2 4
.
8 3x
2 x
t 5 x 2 4 a; 2 x b 10 x 2 5 2a 3;8 3 x 3b 2 . Ta thu c
2a 3
0
2a 3
a
3b 2
3b 2
b
b 2a 3 2 a 3b 2 2

Ch rng
b 4a 2 12a 9 a 9b 2 12b 4 4a 2b 9ab 2 4a 9b
4a 9b
ab 4a 9b 4a 9b 4a 9b ab 1 0
ab 1
9 2801 9 2801
4a 9b 4 5 x 2 4 9 2 x 20 x 2 9 x 34 0 x
;
.
40
40
ab 1 5 x 2 4 2 x 1 5 x 3 10 x 2 4 x 9 0
5 205
5 205
;x
.
10
10
i chiu cc iu kin ta thu c nghim ca bi ton.
x 1 5 x 2 5 x 9 0 x 1; x
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x2 x 6
x2 x 2
2
x2
x 1
Li gii.
x2 x 2
iu kin x 1 x 1 .
x 2
100
x .
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 x 6 x 1 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 .

t
x 2 x 2 u; x 1 v, u 0; v 0 ta thu c
4 v 2 v 2 1 u u 2 v 2v 2u 2u 4v uv u 2v 2 u 2v
uv 2 u 2v 0
u 2 v 2 4 u 2 4v 2
.
0 u 2 v 2 4 u 2 4v 2 0
uv 2 u 2v
x 2 x 2 x 1 4 x 2 x 2 4 x 1 0
x3 x 2 x 2 5 x 2 0 x 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 5 x 2 0
5 33 5 33
x 1
2
2
5 33 5 33

;1
; .
2
2
x 1 x 2 5 x 2 0 x
2 x 2 1 2 x 2 13
5x 2
4x 1
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x
2
.
5

t
2 x 2 1 2 x 2 13
.
5x 2
20 x 5
2 x 2 1 u; 5 x 2 v, u 0; v 0 2 x 2 13 u 2 12;5 x 1 v 2 3 . Ta thu c
u u 2 12
2
4uv 2 3u u 2v 12v 4uv 2 u 2 v 3u 12v 0
v 4v 3
uv 3
uv 4v u 3 u 4v 0 uv 3 u 4v 0
u 4v
uv 3 2 x 2 1 5 x 2 1 10 x 3 4 x 2 5 x 3 0 x 1 10 x 2 6 x 3 0 x 1 .
10 82
10 82
;x
.
2
2
10 82
10 82
Kt lun phng trnh cho c ba nghim x 1; x
;x
.
2
2
u 4v 2 x 2 1 20 x 8 2 x 2 20 x 9 0 x
3 1 x 2
5x 2
3x 2 1
5x 3
x .
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101
Li gii.
3x 2 1
iu kin
0.
5x 3
t 3 x 2 1 u;5 x 3 v 3x 2 3 u 4;5 x 2 v 1 . Vi
u4
0 , phng trnh cho tr thnh
v 1
u4
u
2
u 2 8u 16 v 4u v 2 2v 1 u 2v 4uv 2 4u 16v
v 1
v
uv 4
uv u 4v 4 u 4v uv 4 u 4v 0
u 4v
uv 4 3x 2 1 5 x 3 4 15 x 3 9 x 2 5 x 1 0 x 1 15 x 2 6 x 1 0 x 1 .
10 67
10 67
;x
.
3
3
10 67
10 67
i chiu iu kin suy ra phng trnh cho c cc nghim x 1; x
;x
.
3
3
u 4v 3 x 2 1 4 5 x 3 3 x 2 20 x 11 0 x
x 3 14
x3 3x 4
2
3
2 x
1 x
x .
Li gii.
x 3 3x 4
0
iu kin 1 x
x 2
x 3 14
x3 3x 4
x3 3x 8
x3 3x 4
3 2
2
2 x
1 x
2 x
1 x
u4
t x 3 3 x 4 u;1 x v x3 3x 8 u 4; 2 x v 1 . Vi
0 th (*) tr thnh
v 1
u4
u
2
u 2 8u 16 v 4u v 2 2v 1 u 2v 4uv 2 4u 16v
v 1
v
uv 4
uv u 4v 4 u 4v uv 4 u 4v 0
u 4v
uv 4 x3 3x 4 1 x 4 x 4 x 3 3 x 2 x 0 .
x x 1 x 2 2 x 1 0 x 0; x 1; x 1 2; x 1 2 .
u 4v x 3 3 x 4 4 1 x x 3 7 x 0 x 0; x 7; x 7 .
Kt hp cc iu kin ta thu c tp nghim S 0;1; 1 2; 1 2; 7; 7 .
1
2
x 15
x 21
x 2 x 2 3 x 1 2 11
2
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 15 .
1
2
x 15
x 21
2
.
x 2 x 2 3 x 6 x 14
2
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102
t x 15 u; x 2 2 x 2 v x 21 u 6;3x 2 6 x 14 3v 8 .
Ch rng x 15 u 6 0;3v 8 0 . Khi ta c bin i
1 u u6
u
u 2 12u 36
2
9v 2 u 48uv 64u 4u 2v 48uv 144v
2 v 3v 8
4v 9v 48v 64
9v 2 u 4u 2 v 144v 64u uv 9v 4u 16 9v 4u uv 16 9v 4u 0
uv 16 x 15 x 2 2 x 2 16 x 3 13x 2 28 x 14 0
x 1 x 2 14 x 14 0 x 1; x 7 3 7; x 7 3 7 .
11 499
11 499
;x
.
9
9
11 499
11 499
i chiu iu kin ta thu c cc nghim x 1; x 7 3 7; x 7 3 7; x
;x
.
9
9
9v 4u 9 x 2 2 x 2 4 x 15 9 x 2 22 x 42 0 x
x 2 2 2 x 2 13
x
4x 1
8x 1
Li gii.
1
iu kin x .
4
2
x2 2 2 x 2 9
Phng trnh cho tng ng 3
.
4 x 1 2 4 x 1 1
t x 2 2 u; 4 x 1 v, u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u 2u 9
u 4u 2 36u 81
3
9.
36uv 2 36uv 9u 4u 2 v 36uv 81v
2
v 2v 1
v
4v 4v 1
2
2
36uv 4u v 81v 9u 4uv 9v u 9 9v u 4uv 9 9v u 0
4uv 9 4 x 2 2 4 x 1 9 16 x 3 4 x 2 32 x 17 0
2x 1
1
2 x 1 8 x 2 2 x 17 0
x .
2
2
2
x 1 7 x 16
9v u 9 4 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 36 x 11 0 x 18 313; x 18 313 .
Kt hp iu kin i n p s S ;18 313;18 313 .

2
2 x 2 x 4 6 x 2 3 x 22
9 4x
33 8 x
x .
Li gii.
iu kin 9 4 x 0 .
t 2 x 2 x 4 a;9 4 x b, a 0; b 0 6 x 2 3x 22 3a 10;33 8 x 2b 15 .
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
a 3a 10
a 9a 2 60a 100
2
4ab 2 60ab 225a 9a 2b 60ab 100b
b 2b 15
b 4b 60b 225
2
2
4ab 9a b 225a 100b 0 ab 4b 9a 25 9a 4b 0 ab 25 9a 4b 0
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103
ab 25 2 x 2 x 4 9 4 x 25 8 x3 22 x 2 25 x 11 0
x 1
x 1 8 x 2 14 x 11 0 2
x 1.
8 x 14 x 11 0
9a 4b 9 2 x 2 x 4 4 9 4 x 18 x 2 7 x 0 x 0; x
7
.
18
Kt hp cc iu kin i n p s S ; 0;1 .
18
2 x 2 11
12
x5
x 1
5x 3
x .
Li gii.
x 2 4 x 7 2 x 2 8 x 19
x 1
x 1
t
2
x2 4x 7 2 x 4x 7 5
.
5 x 1 2
x 1
x 2 4 x 7 u; x 1 v, u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u 2u 2 5
2
5uv 2 2u 2vu 2 5v 5uv 2 5v 2vu 2 2u
v 5v 2
5v 2u
5v uv 1 2u uv 1 5v 2u uv 1 0
uv 1
Xt cc trng hp
5v 2u 25 x 2 4 x 7 4 x 1 25 x 2 96 x 179 0 (V nghim).
3
uv 1 x 2 4 x 7 x 1 1 x 3 3 x 2 3 x 8 x 1 9 x 3 9 1 .
Kt lun phng trnh ban u c duy nht nghim x 3 9 1 .
2 x 1
2
2x 5x 5
2x 5
2 x 5x 8
2
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 1 .
2 x 1
2 x 1 3
.
2
2 x 5 x 5 2 x 2 5 x 5 3
t x 1 u; 2 x 2 5 x 5 v, u 0; v 0 ta thu c
2u 2u 3
2u v 2 6v 9 v 4u 2 12u 9 2uv 2 4vu 2 9v 18u

v
v3
v 2u
2uv v 2u 9 v 2u v 2u 2uv 9 0
2uv 9
Xt cc trng hp
1
v 2u 2 x 2 5 x 5 2 x 1 2 x 2 7 x 3 0 x ;3 .
2
2uv 9 2 2 x 2 5 x 5 x 1 9 4 x3 6 x 2 1 0
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104
1 1 3 1 3
2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 0 x ;
;
.
2
2
2
1 1 3 1 3
Kt lun phng trnh ban u c tp nghim S ;3;
;
.
2
2
2
3x 2 2 3 x 2 2 x 1 1
3
2 x 1
2 2 x 1
x .
Li gii.
2
.
3
3x 2 u; 2 x 1 v, u 0; v 0 , phng trnh cho tr thnh
iu kin x
t
u 2u 2 v 1
2u uv3 2u 2v 2 v 2u 2uv 2 v uv 3
v
2 v3
2u v
2u 1 uv 2 v 1 uv 2 2u v 1 uv 2 0 2
uv 1
Xt cc trng hp sau
7
.
10
uv 2 1 u 2 v 4 1 3x 2 4 x 2 4 x 1 1 12 x 3 20 x 2 11x 3 0
2u v 4 3x 2 2 x 1 10 x 7 x
x 1
x 1 12 x 2 8 x 3 0
x 1.
2
12 x 8 x 3 0
7
Kt lun phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit x ; x 1 .
10
1 x 2 3x 3 x 1 x 2
3
x2
x 11
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x 2 .
t
x2 3x 3
3 x2
x 2 3x 2
.
x 11
x 3x 3 u; x 2 v, u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u u 2 1
2
uv 2 9u 3u 2v 3v uv 2 3u 2v 3v 9u 0
3v v 9
uv 3
uv v 3u 3 v 3u 0 uv 3 v 3u 0
v 3u
Xt cc trng hp xy ra
uv 3 (V nghim v u 0; v 0 ).
v 3u x 2 9 x 2 3 x 3 9 x 2 28 x 29 0 (V nghim).
Kt lun phng trnh ban u v nghim.
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105
2 x 1 1 2 x 1
x
1 x 2x 1
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x
1
.
2
3
2 x 1 1 2 x 1

.
x
1 x 2x 1
t 2 x 1 u; x v, u 0; v 0 ta thu c
u u3 1
u u 2 v 2 u 3v v u v u 2 v v u 0
v 1 uv 2
u v
u v 1 u 2v 0 2
u v 1
Xt cc trng hp
u v 2 x 1 x x 1.
x 1
u 2 v 1 u 4v 2 1 4 x 2 4 x 1 x 1 x 1 4 x 2 1 0 2
x 1.
4 x 1
Kt lun phng trnh cho c duy nht nghim x 1 .
x
x x 3
4 x 3 1 3 4 x 3 x
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x
3
.
4
x
x x 3
.
4 x 3 1 3 4 x 3 x

t
x u; 4 x 3 v, u 0, v 0 ta thu c
u
u3 3
u 3u 2 v 2 u 3v 3v u 3v 3u 2v 2 u 3v 0
v 1 3v 2u
u 3v
u 3v u 2v 3v u 0 u 3v 1 u 2v 0 2
u v 1
Xt cc trng hp xy ra
u 3v x 9 4 x 3 x
27
.
35
x 1
u 2 v 1 x 4 x 3 1 x 2 4 x 3 1 x 1 4 x 2 x 1 0 2
x 1.
4
x
i chiu iu kin ta thu c nghim duy nht x 1 .
x
2
2 x 1
x x 3
x 3 2 x 2 1
x .
Li gii.
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iu kin x
106
1
.
2
x u; 2 x 2 1 v, u 0; v 0 , phng trnh cho tr thnh
u u3 3
u 2 3uv 2 u 3v 3v u 2 3v uv u 2 3v
v u 3v 2
u 2 3v
u 2 3v uv 1 0
uv 1
Xt cc trng hp xy ra
x 0
x 0
3
u 2 3v x 3 2 x 2 1 2
2
x
.
2
x
9
2
x
1
17
x
9
17
uv 1 x 2 x 2 1 1 2 x 3 x 1 0 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 0 x 1 .
i chiu iu kin ta thu c nghim x 1 .
2x 1
2 x 1 2 x 1 3
2
3x 2
2 x 1 3 3x2 2
x .
Li gii.
iu kin x
2
.
3
2 x 1 u; 3 x 2 2 v, u 0; v 0 , phng trnh cho tr thnh
u u3 3
u 2 3uv 2 u 3v 3v u 2 3v uv u 2 3v
2
v u 3v
u 2 3v
2
u 3v uv 1 0
uv 1
Xt cc trng hp xy ra
2 x 1
2 x 1
19
u 2 3v 2 x 1 3 3x 2 2 2
x
.
2
2
23
23x 4 x 19 0
4 x 4 x 1 9 3x 2
uv 1
2 x 1 3x 2 2 1 6 x 3 3 x 2 4 x 1 0
3 33 3 33
x 1 6 x 2 3 x 1 0 x 1;
;
.
12
12
19
i chiu iu kin ta thu c nghim x 1; x
.
23
2
x 2 1 4 3x 1 3 x 1
3x 1 3x 1 3x 1 3
Li gii.
1
iu kin x .
3
x .
3x 1 u, x 2 1 v, u 0; v 0 . Phng trnh cho tr thnh
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107
2v 4u 3v 2
3
2vu 3 6v 4u 2 3v 2u 2u 2 uv 2 3v uv 2
u
u 3
2u 2 3v
2u 2 3v uv 2 0
uv 2
Xt cc trng hp xy ra
3 x 1
3 x 1
12 3 31
2u 2 3v 2 3 x 1 3 x 2 1
.
2
2
2
27
36 x 24 x 4 9 x 9
27 x 24 x 5 0
uv 2
1 3 x 1 2 3x 3 x 2 3x 5 0 x 1 3 x 2 2 x 5 0 x 1 .
i chiu iu kin ta thu c nghim x 1; x
12 3 31
.
27
2x2 2 x 1
3 x2
2 2 x2
Li gii.
iu kin 2 x 2 .
2x 1
4x2 4 x 2
.
3 x2
2 x2
2x 1
x .
t 2 x 1 u; 2 x 2 v, v 0 ta thu c
u u2 1
2
uv 2 u u 2 v v uv 2 u 2v u v 0
v v 1
uv 1
uv v u u v 0 uv 1 u v 0
u v
2 x 1
2 x 1
u v 2 x 1 2 x2 2
2
x 1.
2
4 x 4 x 1 2 x
5 x 4 x 1 0
2 x 1
uv 1 2 x 1 2 x 2 1 2
2
4 x 4 x 1 x 2 1 0
1
2 x 1
x 2
4
3
2
4 x 4 x 7 x 8 x 1 0
x 1 4 x 3 7 x 1 0
Ch rng phng trnh 4 x3 7 x 1 0 c duy nht mt nghim tha mn
1
.
2
Vy phng trnh ban u c hai nghim x 1; x .

Lu : Qu trnh tm nghim trong bi ton 170 cn s dng cng thc nghim rt phc tp, n vt qua khun
kh ca bi ton nh ny, tc gi xin trnh by ti chuyn mc phng trnh i s bc cao.
3x2
6 2 x 5x
3 x
Li gii.
iu kin x 0 .
x .
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3x2
3x2
2 3 x 5x
3 x
3 x
108
5x
.
3 x
x 3 x
x
t , t 0 thu c 3t 2 5t 2 0 t 1 3t 2 0
3 x
3 x 6 2 x
1
2
x 3
x 3
7 13
.
2
x
2
7
x
0
2
x
6
x
x 2
20 2 19
2 2
.
x
9
9 x 36 x 36 4 x
20 2 19
7 13
i chiu iu kin ta c hai nghim x
;x
.
9
2
x2
8 3 x2 x
43 x
x .
Li gii.
iu kin 0 x
16
.
9
x2
x2
3x 2 4 3 x
43 x
43 x
3x
2.
43 x
x 4 3 x
x
t 1
2
t
t
ta thu c t 3t 2 t 1 t 2 0
2
x 2 4 3 x
43 x
Xt cc trng hp
0 x 4
o 1 4 x 3 x 2
x 1.
x 8 x 16 9 x
0 x 8
o 2 8 x 6 x 2
x 26 6 17 .
x 16 x 64 36 x
1
2
Kt lun phng trnh ban u c hai nghim x 1; x 26 6 17 .
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109
Bi tp tng t.
x3
x4
1.
2
.
2
x 2x 4 x 2 x 5
x
x 1
2. 2
2
.
2
2x 3 x 2
x
4x 1
3.
2
.
2
2 x 1 2x 3
1
2x 5
x3
4.
2
.
2
2 2 x 3 x 1 2 x 3x 2
2 x
4 x
5.
2
.
2
x 3x 6 x 3x 8
6.
3 2 x 2 13 8 x 2
.
2 x
6 x
7.
x
x5
2
.
x x4 x x9
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. 2
16. 3
17.
18.
19. 2
4 3x 2 17 12 x 2
.
5 4x
9 4x
x 1
x5
2
.
2
2x x 1 2x x 5
x 1
x 1
2
.
2
x 5 x 6 x 5x 8
7 x 6 35 x 18
.
7 x 2 6 21x 2 2
5 x2 9
x
.
x x4
9 5 x 2 57 25 x 2
.
9 5x
47 15 x
2
x 2 3x 4
x 3
.
x
x2
x2 7
8
1 x 1
.
2x
x 1
2x2 4 x 3 2x2 4x 6
.
x2
x3
6
2 x2
2x 1
1 .
x
x3
1
2
x 3
x2
.
x2
x3
5x 2 1 x 2 5
.
5x 1 2x 1
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110
2
1 x 3 x .
x3
x5
20.
x 1
21.
4x2 x 1 4x2 x 3
.
2x 1
2x 3
3x 2 x 1 3x 2 x 10
.
2x 1
x 1
2x 1
4x 1
23.
2
.
2
x 3 x 3 x 3x 1
5x 2
5x 7
24. 3
2
.
2
7x 4 7x 3
x 1
2x 1
25.
.
2
2 x x 2 x 2 x 1
22. 6
7 x 2 4 7 x2 5
.
7x 4
7x 3
x3
2x 5
3
2
.
2
3 x 3x 5 x x 1
5x 2
15 x 2
2
2
.
2
2x x 2 2x x 8
8 x 41
4x 3
.
2
10 x 39
2x2 5
x2
2 x 13
3
2
.
2
2x x 2 2x x 4
26. 3
27.
28.
29.
30.
5 x2 1
4
x
.
5x 1
5x
x
2x 9
32. 3
2
.
2
2x x 6 2x x 8
31. 3
x 2 5 x 3 2 x 2 10 x 3
.
2x 1
2x 3
3x 1
9 x 11
34. 2
2
.
2
3x 2 x 3 3 x 2 x 9
33. 3
x 2 4 x 1 3 x 2 12 x 5
.
5x 1
x 1
8 x 41
4x 3
36.
.
2
25 x 24
5x 2 2
3
2x 1
5x 7
37.
2
.
2
2 x 3 x 1 x 3x 4
35. 10
38.
3
4x 1
5x 1
.
2
4 3x 4 x 4 x 1 3 x 1
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111
5 x 2 x 1 25 x 2 5 x 4
39. 3
.
3x
3x 5
x 2 4 x 3 7 x 2 28 x 17
40. 2
.
x 1
x8
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
3x 2 4 x 5 21x 2 28 x 31
6
.
3x 1
x2
2
7 x 2 35 x 10
2 x 5
.
x
7x
3x 2
29 6 x
5 2
2
.
x 7 x 3 x 7 x 1
4 x
2 x 33
.
2
6 x x 2 5 x 1 6 x
6 x
2 x 37
2
0.
x x5 x x7
5x 1
15 x 17
.
2
2 x 5 x 3 10 x 2 25 x 3
7x 3
21x 11
.
2
4 x 7 x 7 20 x 2 35 x 23
7 3x
41 9 x
.
2
3x 2 x 1 15 x 2 10 x 7
4 x
35 2 x
3 2
2
.
x 10 x 8 3x 30 x 22
5 2x
4 x 37
3 2
2
.
x 8 x 6 3 x 24 x 16
3x
2x 9
.
2
2
7 x x 5 21x 3 x 13
1 4x 3
4 3x
2
.
2
4 3x 4 x 3 x 4 x 21
2
1
6x2 2x 1
1
53.
.
2
18 x 6 x 4
5x 2
5 x 23
x 2 6 3x 2 25
.
x6
x 27
54.
5 x 2 2 15 x 2 13
55. 2
.
2x 5
x 13
7 x 1
7 x 23
56. 2 2
2
.
x 6 x 1 2 x 12 x 1
57.
2
5
5x 1
x5
2
.
2
x 5 x 2 x 10 x 3
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58. 2
7x
31 x
.
2
7x
17 2 x 2
59.
5 x 2 37 5 x 2
.
5 x
35 3 x
60.
6 x x 2 42 5 x 5 x 2
.
6 2x
38 6 x
61. 3 x 29
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
x2 3
5 x 2 27 .
x3
x 2 x 2 5 x 2 5 x 22
.
3x 1
9 x 23
62.
63.
112
x 2 6 x 3 5 x 2 30 x 3
.
7x 3
21x 11
3x2 x 3 3x32xx2 1 7 12 x .
2x 9
2 x
0.
2
2
4 x 2x 3
4x 2x 1
16 x 21
5 4x
0.
2
2
3x 3x 1
3 x 3x 5
1 6 x
17 x
2
0.
2
3 6 x
7 x 57
7 2x
56 6 x
.
2
7 2x
64 14 x 2
4 x2
3 x 2 47 .
4 x
9 x 2 41
70. 2 7 x 18
.
2 3x2
3 2x
69. 7 x 43
71. 2
x2 1
3x 2 20 x 9
.
5 x 3 5 x 3 5 x 3 3
3
72.
3x 2 1
3x 2
.
2 x 2 x 3x 2 1
73.
2 x 1
2 x
.
2
2 x
2 x2 2 x 1
74.
2 x2
5x 3 1 x .
1 x
75.
4 3x 1
4 3x
.
2
4 3x
4 3x 2 4 3 x 1
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113
4x2
3 7x 3 x 1 .
1 x 1
2x2
77.
9x 7 3 x .
3 x
4x2
78.
4 2 x 5x .
42 x
2 4 3x 4 3 x 3
4 3x
79.
.
2
5 4x
3 5 4 x 2 4 3x 2
76.
6x2
80.
3 2 x 7x .
3 2 x
2
2 x2 2 x 3 2x 1
81.
.
3
3 2x
2 3 2x 1
82.
83.
84.
85.
3 2x2 3 2x
3 2x
1 2
3 2x 1
3
3 2x
5 x 2 2 x 2 10 x 2 4 x 1
.
2x 1
6x 1
3 2 2 x 2 x
2 x
.
2
7 6x
2 3 7 6 x2 7 6 x2
3x 2
3x 2 1
3x 2 3x 2
3x 2
.
3x2 2
86.
2
8 x2 2 x 1
4x 1
.
x
3x 2
87.
2 x 2 1 2 x 2 1 2 x 1
.
3
2x 1
2 x 2 1 2 x 2 1 2 x 1
2 3x 2 1
.
x 3x 1
1
1 x2 1
89.
2x
.
2
x 3x 1
88.
3x
90.
3 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 4
x2 x 1
.
2 x 2 3 x 4 4 2 x 2 3x 4 x 2 x 1 3
91.
92.
93.
3
2x2 6x 3
3
.
x
3x 2
3 3 x 2 3x 2 4
3x 2
.
2
2 x x 2 4 2 x2 x 2 3x 2 3
3 2 x 1 2 x 1 4
2x 1
.
2
3x x 3 3 4 3 x 2 x 3 2 x 1
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114
III. MT S TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bi tp nng cao v mt s chuyn ton 8.

Bi Vn Tuyn; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2004.
2. Bi tp nng cao v mt s chuyn ton 9.
Bi Vn Tuyn; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2005.
3. Nng cao v pht trin ton 8, tp 1 tp 2.
V Hu Bnh; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2004.
4. Nng cao v pht trin ton 9, tp 1 tp 2.
V Hu Bnh; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2005.
5. Ton nng cao i s 10.
Nguyn Huy oan; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 1999.
6. Bi tp nng cao v mt s chuyn i s 10.
Nguyn Huy oan; ng Hng Thng; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2006.
7. Ti liu chuyn ton: i s 10 Bi tp i s 10.
on Qunh Don Minh Cng Trn Nam Dng
ng Hng Thng; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2010.
8. Mt s chuyn i s bi dng hc sinh gii THPT.
Nguyn Vn Mu Nguyn Vn Tin v
mt s tc gi; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2009.
9. Tuyn tp cc bi ton hay v kh i s 9.
Nguyn c Tn ng c Trng Nguyn Cao Huynh
V Minh Ngha Bi Ruy Tn Lng Anh Vn; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2002.
10. Mt s phng php chn lc gii cc bi ton s cp, tp 1 tp 3.
Phan c Chnh Phm Vn iu Vn H Phm Vn Hp
Phm Vn Hng Phm ng Long Nguyn Vn Mu
Thanh Sn L nh Thnh; NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni; 1997.
11. Bi ging chuyn su Ton THPT: Gii ton i s 10.
L Hng c Nhm C Mn; NXB H Ni; 2011.
12. Phng php gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh.
Nguyn Vn Mu; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 1994.
13. Ton bi dng hc sinh ph thng trung hc quyn 1; i s.
Hn Lin Hi Phan Huy Khi o Ngc Nam Nguyn o Phng
L Tt Tn ng Quan Vin; NXB H Ni; 1991.
14. Phng trnh v h phng trnh khng mu mc.
Nguyn c Tn Phan Ngc Tho; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 1996.
15. Chuyn bi dng Ton cp ba; i s.
Nguyn Sinh Nguyn; NXB Nng; 1997.
16. Gii ton i s s cp (Dng cho hc sinh 12 chuyn, luyn thi i hc).
Trn Thnh Minh V Thin Cn V Anh Dng; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 1995.
17. Nhng dng ton in hnh trong cc k thi tuyn sinh i hc v Cao ng; Tp 3.
Bi Quang Trng; NXB H Ni; 2002.
18. n luyn thi mn Ton THPT theo ch ; Tp mt: i s v lng gic.
Cung Th Anh; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 2011.
19. Phng php gii ton trng tm.
Phan Huy Khi; NXB i hc S phm; 2011.
20. Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Ton; Tp 2.
Phan c Chnh V Dng Thy o Tam L Thng Nht; NXB Gio dc Vit Nam; 1993.
21. H phng trnh v phng trnh cha cn thc.
Nguyn V Lng Phm Vn Hng Nguyn Ngc Thng; NXB HQG H Ni; 2006.
www.MATHVN.com

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115
22. thi tuyn sinh vo lp 10 h THPT Chuyn trc thuc i hc v THPT Chuyn cc tnh thnh.
23. thi tuyn sinh vo lp 10 h THPT h i tr cc a phng trn ton quc.
24. thi hc sinh gii mn ton khi 8 n khi 12 cc cp.
25. thi tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ton (chnh thc d b) qua cc thi k.
26. thi Olympic 30 thng 4 Ton hc khi 10, khi 11 cc tnh min Trung v Nam b (1995 2013).
27. Cc tp ch ton hc: Tp ch Ton hc v tui tr; Tp ch Ton tui th 2 THCS; Tp ch Kvant...
28. Cc din n ton hc: Boxmath.vn; Math.net.vn; Mathscope.org; Onluyentoan.vn; Diendantoanhoc.net;
Math.net.vn; K2pi.net; Mathlink.ro;...
29. Mt s trang mng hc tp thng qua facebook; twiter;...

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TI LIU THAM KHO TON HC PH THNG

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

CREATED BY GIANG SN (FACEBOOK); XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM (GMAIL)

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

CHUYN PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

II. MT S BI TON IN HNH V KINH NGHIM THAO TC

Bi ton 1. Gii phng trnh x 2 6 x 3 4 x 2 x 1

i chiu iu kin thu c nghim S 9 6 2;1;9 6 2 .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

S d nh vy v y l dng phng trnh hai n ng bc hai x 2 4 xy 3 y 2 0 . Ngoi cch gii trn,

Bi ton 2. Gii phng trnh 3 x 2 1 4 x 4 x 4 x 3

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Bi ton 3. Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 2 3x 2 x 3 x 2

Vy bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim S 1; 2 .

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Vy bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim S 1; 2 .

Vy bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim S 1; 2 .

Bi ton 4. Gii bt phng trnh 4 x 2 3 x 3 8 x x 1

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Bi ton 6. Gii bt phng trnh 3 x 2 2 x 7 3 x 1 x 2 3

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 1 3 x 1 x 2 3 2 x 2 3 0 .

b 0 . Phng trnh trn tr thnh

. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Bi ton 7. Gii phng trnh 7 x

x 2 x 2 t t 0 , phng trnh (1) tr thnh

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Bi ton 8. Gii phng trnh

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Bi ton 10. Gii bt phng trnh 5 x 2 2 x 2 5 x x 2 x 1

Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 5 x x 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 0 .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Bi ton 11. Gii phng trnh x 2 5 x 7 7 x3 1

Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 x 1 7 x 1. x 2 x 1 6 x 6 0 .

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim S 0; 2;

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim S 0; 2;

Bi ton 12. Gii bt phng trnh x 1 3 2 x 3 1

Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 2 x 4 2 x3 1 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1. x 1 3 x 1 0 .

. Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 x 3 3 x 1. x 2 x 3 10 x 1 0

Xt x 2 9 x 13 0 , bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x 2 2 x 5 6 x 2 7 x 2 2 x 5. x 2

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM

L THUYT S DNG N PH CN THC (PHN 4)

Ta c x 2 7 x 23 0x ;9 x 2 14 x 53 0x nn (1) nghim ng vi mi gi tr x thuc tp xc nh.

Nhn xt x 2 khng l nghim ca bt phng trnh ban u.

Li gii 1 ngn gn, sc tch da trn quan st x3 x 10 x 2. x 2 2 x 5 . C th thy pha ngoi

Bi ton 15. Gii phng trnh 5 x 2 x 5 5 x 4 x 2 1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATED BY GIANG SN; XYZ1431988@GMAIL.COM