Dr.

Yuri Khersonsky
New IEEE Power Electronics Standards for Ships

Abstract

This paper provides update on the latest
active and in-development IEEE Power
Electronics standards for ships and ships
applicable new IEC standards. It emphases
that by combining established industrial
practices with the latest innovations and
modern analytical tools standards provide
safe and cost effective transfer of new
technologies into Navy ships.
Keywords: I EEE Standards, Power Electronics,
Electric Ship Technologies, ESRDC, ONR, PEBB,
Open Systems, Zonal Electrical Delivery Systems,
Marine I ndustries, I EC Standards.

Introduction

Almost simultaneously at the beginning of this
century Office of Naval Research (ONR) and
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) focused on Electric Ship Technologies
which have been identified as one of the 10
emerging technological challenges of 21th
Century. IEEE started its Electrical Ships
Technologies Initiative and ONR created and
funded Electrical Ships Research Consortium
ESRDC. Concurrence of these events created
unique opportunity to bring together resources
of leading electric power research institutions to
advance near to mid-term electric ship concepts
and IEEE Standards collective practical
experience of many generations of professional
electrical engineers. IEEE established bi-annual
Electric Ship Technologies Symposium ESTS
and formed IEEE standards working groups to
accelerate revision of existing and development
of the new IEEE standards applicable to Electric
Ship Technologies. ONR decided to support
these working groups and funded ESRDC
research in many standards related issues such
as stability analyses, MVDC grounding, fault
detection, arc mitigation, etc. Supporting
combined efforts of IEEE and ESRDC ONR
gained a perfect tool for safe and cost effective
transfer of new technologies into Navy ships.
According to P.L. 104-113 "The National
Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of
1995" Federal agencies must use voluntary
consensus standards and participate in the
development of such standards. The IEEE
develops technical standards through an open
process that brings diverse industries and
academia together. These standards establish a
baseline for customers selection and acceptance
of products as well as the technical base for
codes, rules and regulations by different
enforcing and regulating authorities.

New IEEE Power Electronics
Standards for Ships

IEEE Std. 1662-2008

IEEE Std. 1662-2008 Guide for the design
and application of Power Electronics in
Electrical Power Systems on Ships states that
Power Electronics equipment should:
Take self-protection actions regardless
of the status of communications by
reflexive actions to maintain continuity
of power.
Respond to internal and downstream
faults.
Sustain communications and ability to
perform control actions following a loss
of input voltage to permit detection,
isolation, and system reconfiguration
following a casualty condition.
Latch parameter values at the time of the
fault and communicate status to higher
level controllers.
Interact with other power electronics
equipment for power flow management
and fault handling.
High Resistance Grounding preferable
on the source side of isolated and
otherwise ungrounded three-wire, three-
phase distribution systems with voltages
over 1000 V and aggregated power
above 1.5 MW.
PE should have a minimum efficiency
of 95% (5% total losses) at rated load
condition.PE should be provided with a
overload rating of 150% for 1 min.

Table 1 Voltage and frequency variations
for ac distribution systems
Quantity in
operation
Permanent
variation
Transient
variation
(recovery
time)
Frequency 5% 10% (5 s)
Voltage +6%, 10% 20% (1.5 s)
Table 2 Voltage variations for dc distribution
systems
Parameters Variations
Voltage tolerance (continuous) 10%
Voltage cyclic variation
deviation
5%
Voltage ripple (ac root-mean-
square over steady dc voltage)
10%

Three sets of tests are generally required to be
conducted on power electronics equipment:
1) Type test: Test of one or more
devices made to a certain design to
demonstrate that the design meets
certain specifications.
2) Production test: A test conducted on
every unit of equipment prior to
shipment
3) Commissioning test conducted
when the equipment is installed to verify
correct operation (also called installation
testing, dock trials, or sea trials).

Type tests should include the Insulation Test,
Light Load & Function Test, Rated Current Test,
Power Loss, Temperature Rise Test, as well as
checking the Auxiliary Devices, Properties of
the Control Equipment, and Protective Devices.
Dielectric withstand-voltage tests should be
performed at higher than nominal voltage over a
short time interval (e.g., 1 min).
Medium-voltage PE equipment may be subject
to additional testing prior to installation. Special
tests should be conducted in accordance with an
approved standard, such as IEEE Std. 1585
TM
-
2002.A test plan should be submitted to the
cognizant authority for review and acceptance.
Medium-voltage PE equipment should be fully
tested
IEEE Std. 1709-2010

The new IEEE Std. 1709-2010 "Recommended
Practice for 1 to 35 KV Medium Voltage DC
Power Systems on Ships" has been approved by
IEEE Standards Board on its June 2010 meeting.
This standard recommends functional MVDC
block diagram on Figure 1. It assumes that all
electrical power sources and loads are connected
to the dc bus via power electronics.
Such an approach allows limiting fault currents,
relative ease of connection of different size
generators, storage and loads.
The functional blocks are defined as follows:
Power Generation is primarily a
power source which converts prime
energy from fuel into MVDC (e.g. gas
turbine + PM generator + rectifier)
Shore Power Interface is primarily a
power source which adapts electric
energy from the utility system on shore
to MVDC
Pulse Load is a stand-alone load
center which draws intermittent pulses
of power from the system
Energy Storage is a stand-alone power
source which primarily provides power
to the system when needed but also
draws power from the system to
recharge.
Propulsion is a load center that
primarily draws power from the system
for propulsion of the vessel. It may also
provide power during certain maneuvers
such as crash back
Ship service is a load center that
primarily draws power from the system
to power ship services within zones
(e.g., dc/dc converter for in-zone
distribution of LVDC, dc/ac inverter for
in-zone distribution of LVAC).
Dedicated High Power Load is a
stand-alone load center which draws 1
MW or more of power in steady-state
operation.
MVDC bus is functional block which
allows interrupting and isolating
sections of the MVDC system (e.g.,
mechanical disconnect, solid-state DC
breaker).



Figure 1 Functional MVDC block diagram


Table 3 Recommended MVDC voltage classes
MVDC
Class kV
Nominal MVDC Class
Rated Voltage (kV)
Maximum MVDC Class
Rated Voltage (kV)
Already
established
Classes
1.5 1.5 or 0.75 2 or 1
3 3 or 1.5 5 or 2.5

Future
Design
Classes
6 6 or 3 10 or 5
12 12 or 6 16 or 8
18 18 or 9 22 or 11
24 24 or 12 28 or 14
30 30 or 15 34 or 17

10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
+0
10
+1
Time (seconds)
1.0
PU
2.0
3.0
0.0
2.6
0.75
Tf = Fault Clearing Time
Tf


Figure 2 MVDC Voltage Tolerances Worst Case Envelope


Table 4 Rated withstand voltages for MVDC voltage classes

MVDC class

Rated short-duration
withstand voltage to ground
U
d
kV for 1 min
Rated lightning impulse
withstand voltage to ground
U
p
kV (peak value)
1.5 10 45
3 20 60
6 27 75
12 35 95
18 50 110
24 70 150
30 95 200


Recommended MVDC voltage classes are
shown in Table 3. Steady state (continuous) DC
voltage tolerances limits should be 10%.
Tolerance envelope for MVDC voltages
includes consideration of load requirements.
Figure 2 represents an example of the
performance of the DC bus. The time associated
with zero voltage of the low voltage line is
determined by how long it takes to clear a fault
on the DC bus or a fault in the power source and
restore the voltage to the required level.
Rated withstand voltages for MVDC voltage
classes are in Table 4. The intervals of time for
which the system can carry a current equal to its
rated short-time withstand current is defined by
the time delays in the system protection
coordination. For MVDC systems with
traditional switchgear, values of 0.5 s, 1 s, 2 s, &
3 s should be used. For the new designs with fast
power electronics, duration values.0001 s, .001
s, .01 s, 0.05 s, 0.1 s, and 0.2 s should be used.
Mitigation of stray DC ground currents is an
important issue for the MVDC power system.
The primary mitigation method is to construct
the system with low impedance and isolate it
from all other ground references. For human
safety, touch voltages should be limited to
accepted standards.
Loads should be categorized into one of four
QOS categories:
1. Uninterruptable: The equipment requires
continuous uninterruptable power.
2. Short-term interrupt: The equipment can
tolerate interruptions of less than 2 s.
3. Long-term interrupt: The equipment can
tolerate interruptions of up to 5 min.
4. Exempt: The equipment can tolerate
long-term interruptions or the
application permits complete loss of
power.
The acceptable RMS values of ripple and noise
should not exceed 5% per unit.
It is recommended that in MVDC systems,
power electronics should be based on
commercially available power electronics
building blocks (PEBBs) [6] with each PEBB
having its own intelligence that is programmable
and self-protecting to the appropriate extent.
Automatic control should provide for smooth
insertion and removal of power sources and
sharing of loads as desired.
IEEE Std. 1826-2012
New "IEEE Standard for Power Electronics
Open System Interfaces in Zonal Electrical
Distribution Systems rated above 100 kW"
standard applies in cases where power
electronics are the interface between the zones
and extends the application of IEEE Standards
1662 and 1676.
The required Power, Monitoring, Information
Exchange, Control, and Protection Interfaces are
based on technological maturity, accepted
practices and allowances for future technology
insertions. The standard also defines how
Openness of System should be verified and
validated through rigorous assessment
mechanism, interface control management and
proactive conformance testing to enable plug-
and-play operability independently of
components origin.
For a zonal power system to be Open, each
device attached to the power bus shall meet
these criteria:
A. Each device shall implement certain
functionality that lets it play well with
the other system components, including
implementation of power control and
safety features
B. Each device shall conform to standard
control and information interfaces
C. Each device shall conform to standard
power interfaces
Figure 3 shows the elements of a zonal power
system and their power interfaces. The systems
interfaces in zonal distribution systems are based
on the architectural principles in Table 5 derived
from the IEEE Std 2030
TM
, Guide for Smart
Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and
Information Technology Operation With the
Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use
Applications and Loads.
This standard Verification and Validation
(V&V) processes are adapted from IEEE Std
1012-2012 Standard for System and Software
Verification and Validation as well as the entire
family of IEEE system engineering standards.
They include assessment, analysis, evaluation,
review, inspection, and conformance testing.
Maintenance of Open Systems Interfaces shall
comply with IEEE 3007.2-2011 IEEE
Recommended Practice for the Maintenance of
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

Figure 3 Zonal Electrical Distribution System (ZEDS) block diagram

Table 5 Open Zonal Architectures Principles
Principle Description
Standardization The elements of the zone and the ways in which they interrelate shall be clearly defined,
published, useful, open, and stable over time.
Openness The zones shall be based on technology that is available on a nondiscriminatory basis.
Interoperability The standardization of interfaces within the power system shall be organized such
that
The system can be easily customized for particular geographical, application-
specific, or business circumstances, but
Customization does not prevent necessary interactions among elements of the
zone to maximize stability and acceptable system behavior.
Security The zone shall be protected against unauthorized access and interference with
normal operation. It shall consistently implement information privacy and other
security policies.
Extensibility The zone shall not be designed with built-in constraints to extending its capabilities
as new applications are discovered and developed. Toward this goal,
Its data shall be defined and structured according to a common information
model.
It shall separate the definition of data from the methods used to deliver it.
Its components shall announce and describe themselves to other components.
Scalability The use of zones shall be expandable throughout the power system with no
inherent limitations on the power system size.
Manageability The components of the zone shall have their configuration assessed and managed,
faults shall be identified and isolated, and the components shall be otherwise
remotely manageable.
Upgradeability The configuration, software, algorithms, and security credentials of the zone shall be
capable of being upgraded safely and securely with minimal remote site visits.
Integrity The zone shall operate at a high level of availability, performance, and reliability. It
shall re-route communications automatically, operate during power outages, and
store data for intervals sufficient to recover from failure events.

IEC/ISO/IEEE 80005-1
The new IEC/ISO/IEEE 80005-1 Ed.1: Cold
Ironing Part 1: High Voltage Shore Connection
(HVSC) Systems General requirements
(Previously referred to as IEC/ISO/IEEE 60092-
510 Ed.1: Electrical installations in ships
Special features High Voltage Shore
Connection Systems (HVSC Systems) has been
developed as a joint work of IEC TC18, ISO
TC8 SC 3 and IEEE, PCIC Marine Industry
Subcommittee.
This international standard applies to HVSC
systems on board the ship and on shore and
addresses:
high-voltage shore distribution system,
shore-to-ship connection,
transformers/reactors,
semiconductor / rotating convertors,
ship distribution system,
control, monitoring, interlocking and
power management system.
The specific requirements for system control and
monitoring are:
Load transfer shall be provided via
blackout or synchronization
Interlocking means shall be provided to
ensure that the shore supply can only be
connected to a dead switchboard. The
interlocking means shall be arranged to
prevent connection to a live switchboard
Load shall be automatically
synchronized and transferred between
the HV shore supply and ship source(s)
of electrical power following their
connection in parallel,
The load transfer shall be completed in
as short a time as practicable without
causing machinery or equipment failure
or operation of protective devices and
shall be used as the basis for defining
the transfer time limit
Any system or function used for
paralleling or controlling the shore
connection shall have no influence on
the ships electrical system, when there
is no shore connection.
Industry is anxious for standards in this area
especially in California where new restrictions
have been placed on the operation of auxiliary
diesel engines on ocean-going vessels at-berth in
California ports (Section 2299.3, title 13, chapter
5.1, California Code of Regulations).
Ship applicable IEEE Standards
Following IEEE standards could be applied on
ships:
Std 1409-2012, IEEE Guide for Application of
Power Electronics for Power Quality
Improvement on Distribution Systems Rated 1
kV through 38 kV
Std 1031-2011, IEEE Guide for the Functional
Specification of Transmission Static Var
Compensators
Std 1303-2011, IEEE Guide for Static VAR
Compensator Field Tests
Std 1676-2010 IEEE Guide for Control
Architecture for High Power Electronics (1 MW
and Greater) used in Electric Power
Transmission and Distribution Systems
Std 1534-2009, IEEE Recommended Practice
for Specifying Thyristor-Controlled Series
Capacitors
Std C57.21-2008, IEEE Standard Requirements,
Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors
Rated over 500 kVA
1585-2007, IEEE Guide for the Functional
Specification of Medium Voltage (1- 35kV)
Electronic Series Devices for Compensation of
Voltage Fluctuations
Std 1623-2005, IEEE Guide for the Functional
Specification of Medium Voltage (1 kV - 35 kV)
Electronic Shunt Devices for Dynamic Voltage
Compensation
Std 1566- 2005, IEEE Standard for Performance
of Adjustable Speed AC Drives Rated 375 kW
and Larger
Std 958-2003, IEEE Guide for Application of
AC Adjustable-Speed Drives on 2400 to 13,800
Volt Auxiliary Systems in Electric Power
Generating Stations
Std 1573-2003, IEEE Recommended Practice
for Electronic Power Subsystems: Parameters,
Interfaces, Elements, and Performance
Std. 1515 -2000, IEEE Recommended Practice
for Electronic Power Subsystems: Parameter
Definitions, Test Conditions, and Test Methods

IEEE Std. 1676-2010
To encourage development of PEBB concept
ONR started in 2000 support Working Group i8
"Power Electronics Building Block Concepts"
under Substation Committee of Power
Engineering Society PES. The i8 working group
developed IEEE Std1676-2010 Guide for
Control Architecture for High Power Electronics
(1 MW and Greater) used in Electric Power
Transmission and Distribution Systems.
The standard recommends using the concept of
system layers shown on Figure 4.
Highlights of this standard are:
The interface between layers should be
designed to enable layer modularity such that
replacement of any layer should not induce
modifications in other layers.
The communication speed requirements at
the lowest or hardware layer are the greatest
and decline with each higher control layer.
In order to preserve the hierarchical
architecture horizontal communication
between layers should be avoided.
It is also recommended that each converter
have its own independent switch control to
serve its hardware control.
When a system is partitioned, the partition
interface should be designed to meet
performance requirements of different layers,
including requirements on data volume and
transmission rates. The proposed architecture
further suggests that there may be a common
converter control to serve multiple switching
controls. Also, one application control may
serve more than one converter control.
The function of protection is to take the
necessary action as fast as required;
therefore, the function of protection may go
to any of the layers.



Figure 4 Control &Protection Architecture for Power Electronics
IEEE Std. 1303-2011

The IEEE Std 1303-2011, IEEE Guide for Static
Var Compensator Field Tests is a guide for field
testing and commissioning of static Var
compensators (SVCs). It establishes guidelines
and criteria for field testing to verify the specified
performance of SVC systems. Many clauses are
useful for compensator systems using gate turn-
off (GTO) Thyristor technology or other
semiconductor devices such IGCT.

The purpose of this guide is to help users of SVCs
carry out a field test program prior to placing an
SVC into service. The major elements of a
commissioning program are identified so that
users can formulate a specific plan that is suited to
their own SVC. Such a test program shall cover
the following:

A. Equipment tests within the SVC system
B. Tests of the various subsystems that
comprise the SVC system
C. Commissioning tests for the complete
SVC system
D. Acceptance testing of the complete SVC
system

A comprehensive field test program includes the
following major phases:
a) Overall test planning and organization,
including the definition and line of
authority for performing the tests.
b) Survey of documents and data, including
contract, system study, factory test
review, drawings, users manual
availability, and definition of ac system
requirements or limitations.
c) Preparation of ITPs for equipment,
subsystem, commissioning, and
acceptance tests of the SVC System.
d) Review and approval of, or concurrence
with, test program by user.
e) Preparation of schedule, including
coordination of installation/test schedule
and coordination with
f) system operation.
g) Dissemination and approval of field test
results.
h) Dissemination of information, including
as-built drawings.


IEC Ship Standards
The International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) is a worldwide organization for
standardization comprising all national
Electrotechnical committees (IEC National
Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions
concerning standardization in the electrical and
electronic fields. IEC publishes International
Standards, and Guides (IEC Publication(s)). IEC
technical committee TC 18 maintains the IEC
60092 family of standards under common title
Electrical Installations in Ships.
IEC 60092 is a series of international standards
for electrical installations in sea-going ships,
incorporating good practice and coordinating, as
far as possible, existing rules. These standards
form a code of practical interpretation and
amplification of the requirements of the
International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea,
a guide for future regulations which may be
prepared and a statement of practice for use by
ship owners, shipbuilders and appropriate
organizations. The most important parts of IEC
60092 are:

IEC 60092-101: 2002, Electrical installations in
ships Part 101: Definitions and general
requirements.
IEC 60092-201: 1994, Electrical installations in
ships Part 201: System design General
IEC 60092-202: Electrical installations in ships.
Part 202: System design Protection
IEC 60092-204, Electrical installations in ships
Part 204: System design Electric and
electrohydraulic steering gear.
IEC 60092-350: 2008, Ed. 3.0, Electrical
installations in ships - Part 350: General
construction and test methods of power, control
and instrumentation cables for shipboard and
offshore applications.
IEC 60092-501:2001, Electrical installations in
ships Part 501: Special features Electric
propulsion plant.
IEC 60092-503: 2007 Ed. 2.0 Electrical
installations in ships - Part 503: Special features -
AC supply systems with voltages in the range of
above 1 kV up to and including 15 kV
IEC 60092-504:2001, Electrical installations in
ships Part 504: Special features Control and
instrumentation.

CONCLUSIONS
Standards provide safe and cost
effective transfer of new technologies
into Navy ships
IEEE standards are making possible
significant risk reduction in applying
new technologies by combining
established industrial practices with the
latest innovations and modern
analytical tools
IEEE standards are collective practical
experience of many generations of
engineers to do things right from the
first attempt.
Standards establish baseline for
customers selection and acceptance of
products.
The best justifications for IEEE
standards are famous sayings:
Engineers are not superhuman. That
they make mistakes is forgivable; that
they catch them is imperative Thus it is
the essence of modern engineering not
only to be able to check ones own work
but also to have ones work checked and
to be able to check the work of others.
You have to learn from the mistakes of
others. You won't live long enough to
make them all yourself.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author gratefully acknowledge over 20 years
support from ONR & Mr. Terry Ericsen as well as
from all members of IEEE P1662, P1676, P1709,
P1713, P1826 and i8 Working Groups.

REFERENCES
1. 1826-2012 "IEEE Standard for Power Electronics
Open System Interfaces in Zonal Electrical Distribution
Systems rated above 100 kW"
2. 1303-2011 IEEE Guide for Static Var Compensator
Field Tests
3. 1709-2010 IEEE Recommended Practice for 1 to 35
KV Medium Voltage DC Power Systems on Ships"
4. 1676-2010 IEEE Guide for Control Architecture for
High Power Electronics (1 MW and Greater) used in
Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Systems
5. 1662-2008 IEEE Guide for the design and
application of Power Electronics in Electrical Power
Systems on Ships
6. Y. Khersonsky IEEE Electric Ship Technologies
Initiative, ASNE Electric Machines Technology
Symposium EMTS 2008, Philadelphia, PA, August 12-
13, 2008
7. T. Ericsen, Y. Khersonsky and N. Hingorani Power
Electronics and Future Marine Electrical Systems,
IEEE Industry Applications Society 2004 Petroleum &
Chemical Industry Conference, San Francisco CA,
September 13-16, 2004.
8. IEEE Power Engineering Society, "Power Electronics
Building Block (PEBB) Concepts", IEEE publication
04TP170, 2004

VITA
Dr. Yuri Khersonsky (ykhersonsky@ieee.org) has diverse experience in research,
development, production, marketing and application of power electronics, electric
drives, motion controls and ship power distribution systems. Among his achievements
are Solid-State power converters and circuit breakers for the U.S. Navy, Power
Conditioning systems for stationary Fuel Cell Power Plants, Servo-drives for CAT
Scanners, Machine Tools & Robots, industrial drives, DC and AC PM Motors. He is a
Life Senior Member of the IEEE Standards Association, IEEE Industrial Applications,
Power Electronics and Power Engineering Societies and is a member of IAS Industrial
Power Conversion, Industrial Drives and Marine Industries Committees. He is the chair of IEEE Working
Groups 1662 IEEE Guide for the Design and Application of Power Electronics in Electrical Power Systems
on Ships, 1709 IEEE Recommended Practice for 1 to 35 KV Medium Voltage DC Power Systems on
Ships and 1826-"IEEE Standard for Power Electronics Open System Interfaces in Zonal Electrical
Distribution Systems Rated Above 100kW", co-chair of 519 IEEE Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems. Dr. Khersonsky is a co-founder of the IEEE
Electrical Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS) and served as Technical Chair of the ESTS in 2005, 2007
and 2009. He is a Life Member of the Naval League & Surface Navy Association, Member of the American
Society of Naval Engineers, the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology and the Naval
Submarine League. He holds 5 patents and has published over 80 papers and 2 books. He received his
Engineer's Diploma in Electro-Mechanical Engineering and his Ph.D. in Technical Sciences from Odessa
Polytechnic Institute.