Chp133 BBP Ms

ABB
Technology and Solutions

Protection and Substation Automation
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Topic:
Busbar
Protection
Measurement
System
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Busbar Protection Measurement System
r Introduction
r BBP Requirement
r BBP Basics
r Special Condition for the BBP ( LP, TP, GP .)
r The problem on CT Saturation
r High Impedance Measurement Principle
r Low Impedance Measurement Principle
q Example and Features of different Methods / Algorithms
q INX-2
q INX-5
q REB500
q REB670
r Calculation examples: Differential & Restraining Current /
Differential Voltage
r Open CT / Differential current Supervision
r Additional Release / Tripping Criterias
r Intertripping
Objectives / Overview
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Introduction
q It is extremely important for Busbar Protection
applications to have good security since an unwanted
operation might have severe consequences
q The unwanted operation of the Busbar Protection will
have the similar effect as simultaneous faults on all
power system elements connected to the bus
q On the other hand, the BBP has to be dependable as
well. Failure to operate or even slow operation in case of
a busbar fault can have fatal consequences. Human
injuries, power system blackout, transient instability or
considerable damage to the surrounding substation
equipment and the close- by generators are some of the
possible outcomes
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Introduction
q A fault on a busbar in the network is relatively
seldom: Statistically once in every 20 30 years per
switchgear
q A fault on an overhead line in the network is
statistically more than factor 100 higher
q The life time of busbar protection systems could be
more than 30 40 years
q According to studies all costs to integrate a BBP
system will be covered in case of ONE successful trip in
its life time
q Remember: maloperating / unwanted operating as
well as non operating BBP system can and have caused
blackouts
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BBP Requirements
Number the requirements depending on the importance
___ STABILITY in case of external faults
(even with extreme CT saturation)
___ RELIABILITY (extensive selfsupervision)
___ TRIPPING SPEED
___ easily EXTENDABLE
___ extensive SELFSUPERVISION
___ SIMPLE OPERATION (Maintenance & Commissioning)
___ low CT REQUIREMENTS
___ SELEKTIVITY (only the fault
affected busbar is allowed to trip)
___ MALOPERATION extremely unacceptable
___ matching to all switchgear CONFIGURATIONS
___ integration of BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION
(additional protection & monitoring functions)
___ SENSITIVITY
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Who knows
Mr. Kirchhoff ?
BBP Basics
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Kirchhoffs 1st Law: Node Rule
I1 + I2 + I3 = I = 0
The sum of all
currents must be zero
BBP Basics
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Kirchhoffs 1st Law: Node Rule
I1 + I2 + I3 = I
0
Fault on the busbar
Trip circuit breaker
If
BBP Basics
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Differential current measurement
I = I1 + I2 + I3
If
I > differential current setting
Trip Busbar Protection
BBP Basics
the measurement (system) has to be phase segregated
3 (4) measurement systems: R; S; T (& special: N)
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External Fault
BBP Basics
I
1
I
2
I
No Differential Current
No Trip
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Internal Fault
BBP Basics
High Differential Current
Trip
I
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I
2
I
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External Fault with DC component
BBP Basics
I
1
I
2
I
No Differential Current
No Trip
A DC component will be super-
imposed if the short circuit
does not occur at the voltage
peak
The DC component will decade
with the network time constant
! = L / R
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Internal Fault with DC component
BBP Basics
High Differential Current
Trip
I
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I
2
I
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Protection Zones
Special Condition for the BBP ( LP, TP, GP .)
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Busbar
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All protection system (excl. BBP):
The current in the current transformer (CT) due to a fault inside the
protection zone is usually higher than the current in the CT due to a
fault outside the protection zone. The reason for this is:
In case on a feeder fault (near the busbar) the current in the feeders
CT is equal to the sum of all feeder currents connected to the busbar.
In case on a busbar fault the currents in the CTs are limited by the
line or transformer reactance.
I
external fault
< I
internal fault
Stability condition: on relatively low currents - CT saturation
unlikely
Tripping condition: on extremely high currents - CT saturation very
likely
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Busbar protection system:
The current in the current transformer (CT) due to a fault outside the
protection zone is usually higher than the current in the CT due to a
fault inside the protection zone. The reason for this is:
In case on a feeder fault (near the busbar) the current in the feeders
CT is equal to the sum of all feeder currents connected to the busbar.
In case on a busbar fault the currents in the CTs are limited by the
line or transformer reactance.
I
external fault
> I
internal fault
Stability condition: on extremely high currents - CT saturation very
likely
Tripping condition: on relatively low currents - CT saturation
unlikely
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External Fault
CT Saturation
I
1
I
2
I
the CT saturation will produce a differential
current which could result in a MALOPERATION
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External Fault with DC component
CT Saturation
I
1
I
2
I
The DC component will
increase the saturation
the CT saturation will produce a differential
current which could result in a MALOPERATION
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High Impedance Measurement Principle
q The only BBP system which can handle CT
saturation without any other quantity than I
diff
( I ) is the High Impedance Protection System.
q The High Impedance Measurement Principle
uses the physical behaviour of the CT
saturation to prevent (mal-) operation in case
of external fault with (high) CT saturation.
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CT2
feeder 1 feeder 2
RR
BB 1
CT1 U1
UR
RL1 RL2
UR > 0
U2
Im
Im
Principle / Components
CT secondary reactance
Line resistance from CT to relay
High impedance (input)
I2 I1
I
diff
= I
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CT refresher course:
I
m
[A]
10000
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
U

[
V
]
2
Excitation or magnetizing current
Magnetizing Curve
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I
m
[A]
10000
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
U

[
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]
2
Excitation or magnetizing current
Magnetizing Curve
Knee point voltage
(when saturation starts)
Dynamical resistant:
du/di = r <<<<<<
Dynamical resistant:
du/di = r >>>>>>
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CT2
feeder 1 feeder 2
RR
BB 1
CT1 U1
UR
RL1 RL2
UR > 0
U2
Im
Im
Internal Fault
Principle:
An internal fault will immediately result in a differential current and
therefore a (high) voltage on the high impedance. The overvoltage
relay which is measuring at the high impedance will pick up instantly.
The pick up voltage level must be set depending on the lowest
possible fault current and the maximum load.
I2 I1
I
diff
= I
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CT2
feeder 1 feeder 2
RR
BB 1
CT1 U1
UR
RL1 RL2
UR > 0
U2
Im
Im
Internal Fault
General setting rule:
(since U
R max
= U
k
)
R
R
= High Impedance (e.g. 2000)
U
R
= Voltage at the high impedance
U
k
= CT knee point voltage (e.g. 400V)
N = CT ratio (e.g. 4000A/1A)
U
set
= overvoltage pick up setting
I2 I1
I
diff
= I
U
set
" 400V
U
set
" U
k
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feeder 1 feeder 2
RR
BB 1
CT1 U1
UR
RL1 RL2
UR > 0
U2
Im
Im
External Fault (without CT saturation)
I2 I1
I
diff
= I
CT2
Principle:
An external fault (without CT saturation) will practically produce a very
low differential current and therefore no voltage on the high
impedance. The overvoltage relay which is measuring at the high
impedance will not pick up.
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B

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feeder 1 feeder 2
RR
BB 1
CT1 U1
UR
RL1 RL2
UR > 0
U2
Im
Im
External Fault (with CT saturation)
I2 I1
I
diff
= I
CT2
Principle:
In case of CT saturation the secondary reactance of the saturated
CT will practically come to zero. Only the secondary resistant R
CT
(winding resistant) will result (du/di = r <<<<<<).
The High impedance will be bypassed by the relatively small sum
of R
W
+ 2R
L2
. Therefore the voltage U
R
will not reach the pick up
level.
R
CT
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CT2
feeder 1
feeder 2
RR
BB 1
CT1 U1
UR
RL1 RL2
UR > 0
U2
Im
Im
Setting rules for stability:
U
R
= Voltage at the high impedance
I
kmax
= maximum possible ext. fault current (e.g. 45kA)
U
set
R
CT
= CT winding resistant (e.g. 6)
R
L2
= lead resistant (e.g. 2)
2.5 = safety margin
I2 I1
I
diff
= I
U
set
# 2.5 / 4000 * 45kA * (6$ + 2 * 2$)
# 281V
External Fault (with CT saturation)
U
set
# 2.5 / N * I
kmax
* (R
CT
+ 2 * R
L2
)
R
CT
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R
R
= High Impedance (e.g. 2000)
I
kmin
= minimum possible fault current (e.g. 1kA)
U
set
I
M
= magnetising current at UK/2 (e.g. 0.3mA)
x = number of CTs (e.g. 2)
Actual value of primary pick-up current
Requirements:
U
set
" 400V
U
set
# 281V
Minimum pick up value for the detection of the minimum primary fault
current
U
set
" (I
kmin
/ N x * I
M
) * R
R
U
set
" (1000A / 4000 2 * 3mA) * 2K$
U
set
" 488 V
Minimum primary fault current detection with actual setting of U
set
= 300 V:
I
kmin
= N * (U
set
/ R
R
+ x * I
M
)
I
kmin
= 2000 * (300V / 2000$ + 2 * 3mA)
I
kmin
= 624 A
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If necessary,
q an additional parallel resistor R
P
can be connected to change / adapt
the sensitivity
q an additional VDR can be connected to limit the voltage on the high
impedance (to prevent damage)
q an additional time delayed low stage overvoltage unit / function can be
connected to detect open / missing CT inputs during load condition
Alternatives (1)
Alarm
Block
UR
U>>
Trip
R
P
VDR
U>
t
ABB
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There is also the possibility to insert a current instead
of voltage measurement.
Advantage: the I
kmin
can be set directly in a current
value: I
kmin
= I
set
* N
Alternatives (2)
Alarm
Block
UR R
P
VDR
I>>
Trip
I>
t
ABB
A
B
B

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q simple, sensitive and extremely stable measurement system CT could
theoretically be saturated / pre- magnetised 100%
q tripping time around one halfcycle
q easily extendable, if the correct CT is available!
q CT class TPS (old class X or BS) required the TPS class defines
q the knee point voltage
q the magnetising current at half of the knee point voltage
q the winding resistance (at 75C)
q inexpensive protection system expensive CTs
q all CTs have to be the same type incl. ratio
q no other protection devices are allowed in the same CT circuit
q therefore no integration of CB Failure Protection etc. is possible
Features
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q in case multiple busbar configuration the current switching must be
realised mechanically (risk of maloperation during switching; burned /
damaged contacts / CTs !). A check zone and therefore a second CT core is
strictly required (see following page)
q good testing facility of the measurement system but NOT of the current
switching logic (which is the sensitive / week part)
q the principal is a mix of physical behaviour of the CT and numerical (or
mechanical / analogue) current and voltage measurement it is not possible
to realize it 100% numerically (with a low impedance scheme)
q the possibility to record the CT currents is not given therefore fault
evaluation is not possible
The state of the art:
Usually the High Impedance Protection Principle will only be installed in
single busbar or 1 CB configuration
Features
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n
d

L
t
d
.
-
3
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Multiple Busbar with CT Switching and Check Zone
I
XX
X
II
+
I
II
Checkzone
Discriminating
Zone
ABB
A
B
B

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a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
3
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

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7
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9

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R
W
Low Impedance Measurement Principle
Additional Quantity (s) to keep the Stability in case of
External Fault with CT Saturation
q as described in the previous slides the quantity Idiff ( I ) is
NOT sufficient in a Low Impedance Measurement System to
guarantee Stability in case of External Fault with CT Saturation
q this additional quantity varies between the products and relay
generations
q some examples of clever solutions are shown SIMPLIFIED in
the following slides
ABB
A
B
B

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e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
3
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

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7
0
9

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R
W
Low Impedance Measurement Principle BBP Type INX-2
electronic relay generation
I
diff set
< | % I |
differential current measurement
with instantaneous values
Phase Comparison
phase angle supervision = current
direction supervision with
instantaneous values
&
t
t =
integration
time
TRIP CBs
Setting:
- Maximum load < I
kmin
< minimum short circuit current
to prevent false operation in case of shorted CT and to detect lowest
possible fault current
ABB
A
B
B

S
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t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
3
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

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7
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9

/

R
W
Typical INX-2 Feature:
q centralised protection system, location in a centralised panel
q automatic test cycle which supervises around 50 60 % of all HW components
in the protection system and will block the system automatically in case of a HW
fault
q sometimes it is tricky to find faulty components since the fault indication of
the automatic test is not very detailed and a lot of modules / electronic cards are
available
q differential current and phase comparison (phase angle) measurement system
which evaluates instantaneous current values. The system includes no special
CT saturation detection facility
q low CT requirements: 2-3 ms of current signal must be available. This
represents 5 times saturation on symmetrical fault currents (see following page)
q tripping time around 12ms
q integration of CB failure and End fault Protection is possible
q installation from around year 1968 1985
q at present, the systems are still being extended (relatively seldom)
q around 1200 systems are / were installed
electronic relay generation
ABB
A
B
B

S
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i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
3
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

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/

R
W
Low Impedance Measurement Principle
T
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 5 10 15 20 ms
A1
A2 A3
The areas are equal
t
A1 A2 A3
= = =
i(t) dt
10ms
Saturation at symmetrical current due to over-
burdening or to high primary current
I
al
= 1: current on
which the CT starts to
saturates
5 times saturation
means
5 times I
al
ABB
A
B
B

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a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
3
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

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9

/

R
W
I
kmin
< | % I |
with instantaneous values
k
set
< |% I | / % | I |
stabilising / restraining measure-
ment with quantity I
res
= % | I | with
&
t
t =
integration
time
TRIP CBs
CT saturation
detection
CT saturation detection with
static relay generation
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
3
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
i
f
f
=

|

I

|
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I |
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t
no fault
I
kmin
k= 0,8
k= 1
0
Stabilised / Restraint Characteristic
Setting:
- Maximum load < I
kmin
< minimum
short circuit current
to prevent false operation in case of
shorted CT and to detect lowest
- K typically to 0.8
ABB
A
B
B

S
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t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
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7
0
9

/

R
W
Internal Fault
ABB
A
B
B

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e
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l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
External Fault without CT saturation
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
External Fault with CT saturation
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
External Fault
with CT saturation
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
External Fault
with CT saturation
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Depending on the saturation degree; the k factor is reached for a longer or
shorter time. Maloperation is still possible.
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Depending on the saturation degree; the k factor is reached for a longer or
shorter time. Maloperation is still possible.
ABB
A
B
B

S
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t
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e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
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7
0
9

/

R
W
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
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7
0
9

/

R
W
Electronic circuit to generate Blocking Signals:
e.g. Negative Blocking Signal
ABB
A
B
B

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l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
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7
0
9

/

R
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The CT saturation detection will send blocking signals:
Positive CT saturation blocking signal will block the trip on negative differential current
Negative CT saturation blocking signal will block the trip on positive differential current
POS
BLOCKING
SIGNAL (B+)
(B+)
Neg
BLOCKING
SIGNAL (B+)
(B-)
ABB
A
B
B

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a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
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9

/

R
W
(B+)
neg
I diff
neg
I diff
pos
I diff
pos
I diff
(B+)
(B-) (B-)
ABB
A
B
B

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e
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l
a
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d

L
t
d
.
-
5
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
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7
0
9

/

R
W
Positive CT saturation blocking signal will block the trip on negative differential
current
Negative CT saturation blocking signal will block the trip on positive differential
current
&
t
t =
integration
time
TRIP CBs
B-
Idiff pos
&
t
B+
Idiff neg
!1
ABB
A
B
B

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e
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l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
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9

/

R
W
The Stability is maintained
(B+)
neg
I diff
neg
I diff
pos
I diff
pos
I diff
(B+)
(B-) (B-)
ABB
A
B
B

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a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
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7
0
9

/

R
W
External Fault with CT saturation & full DC offset
The Stability is maintained
(Idiff -)
(B+)
(B+) (B+)
(B+)
(Idiff -) (Idiff -)
(Idiff -)
BLOCKING METHOD: tripping in case of external fault with
CT saturation will be blocked till the next zero crossing is
reached
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Internal Fault with CT saturation & full DC offset
TRIP (no blocking)
(Idiff +)
(B+) (B+) (B+)
(Idiff +) (Idiff +)
Positive CT saturation blocking signal will block the trip on negative differential current
Negative CT saturation blocking signal will block the trip on positive differential current
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
q automatic test cycle which supervises around 75 85 % of all HW
components in the protection system and will block the system
automatically in case of a HW fault
q easy to find faulty components since the fault indication of the
automatic test is very detailed and a small number of modules /
electronic cards are available
q restrained differential current measurement characteristic which
evaluates instantaneous current values. The system includes a CT
saturation detection facility: BLOCKING METHOD. A blocking time
which is too long delays the tripping command in case of evolving
faults (fault evolves from external to internal)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
q low CT requirements: 2 ms of current signal must be available.
This represents 5 times saturation on symmetrical fault currents
q tripping time around 12ms
q integration of CB failure and End fault Protection is possible
q installation from around year 1980 2003
q at present, the systems are still being extended frequently
q around 800 systems are / were installed
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
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Low Impedance Measurement Principle - BBP Type REB500
numerical relay generation
I
kmin
< | % I |
with fundamental current values
k
set
< |% I | / % | I |
res
= % | I | with
fundamental current values
&
TRIP CBs
Phase Comparison
fundamental current values
F
i
r
s
t

h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c

(
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)

f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g

b
y

F
o
u
r
i
e
r

f
i
l
t
e
r
The REB500 BBP system will evaluate only the fundamental
frequency current signal. This increases accuracy in the case of
relatively small, offset differential currents
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
2
I
2
I
2
I
2
0 0
t
I
2
t
Primary current
Restrained differential current and phase comparison algorithms which
evaluates only the fundamental wave of the current signal:
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
5
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
2
I
2
I
2
I
2
0 0
t
I
1
I
2
t
Secondary
current
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
2
I
2
I
2
I
2
0 0
t
I
1
I
2
t
Fundamental
frequency
component
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
The result is a huge amplitude change (& a) and a
big phase shift (& ') between the two current signals
which could result in a maloperation in condition of
extreme CT saturation
0
t
I
" a
" #
Fundamental
frequency
component
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Result with extreme CT saturation
t
ms
50 I
N
I

/

I
n
Ires / In
Restrained differential current algorithm
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
t
ms
50 I
N
I

/

I
n
t
k
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
t
ms
50 I
N
I

/

I
n
t
Phase comparison algorithm
k
P
h
a
s
e

s
h
i
f
t

&
'
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Restrained differential current and phase comparison
algorithms which evaluate the fundamental wave of the
reconstructed current signal:
q The REB500 system will evaluate reconstructed
fundamental current values (Fourier filtered values).
The system will approximate the saturated current
values to its origin
q This is realized with the from ABB patented so
called Maximum Prolongation Algorithm. With this it
can be obtained that the system is never blocked due
to CT saturation: UNBLOCKING METHOD
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Maximum Prolongation Algorithm
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Restrained differential current and phase comparison algorithms
which uses the Maximum Prolongation Algorithm followed by
the fundamental wave filter (Fourier filter)
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
2
I
2
I
2
I
2
0 0
t
I
1
I
2
t
Reconstructed
current signal
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
The result is a relatively small amplitude
change (& a) and more important a very
small phase shift (& ') between the two
current signals
0
t
I
" a
" #
Fundamental frequency
Component of the
Maximum Prolongation
signal
Restrained differential current and phase comparison algorithms
which uses the Maximum Prolongation Algorithm followed by
the fundamental wave filter (Fourier filter)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
6
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Result using the Maximum Prolongation Algorithm
with extreme CT saturation
t
ms
50 I
N
I

/

I
n
Ires / In
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
t
ms
50 I
N
I

/

I
n
t
k
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
t
ms
50 I
N
I

/

I
n
t
Phase comparison algorithm
k
P
h
a
s
e

s
h
i
f
t

&
'
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Conclusion:
By prolonging the maximum value, the signal
is compensated such that the best possible
approximation of the PHASE ANGLE and
AMPLITUDE of the origin primary signal is
achieved
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
I
kmin
< | % I |
with reconstructed fundamental
current values
k
set
< |% I | / % | I |
res
= % | I | with
reconstructed fundamental current
values
&
TRIP CBs
Phase Comparison
reconstructed fundamental current
values
F
i
r
s
t

h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c

(
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)

f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g

b
y

F
o
u
r
i
e
r

f
i
l
t
e
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m

p
r
o
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n

o
n

a
l
l

C
T

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Measurement Algorithm: Stabilized differential current
Restraint Current I
Rest
Differential current
I
Diff
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

F
a
u
l
t
No Fault
I
kmin
k= 0,85
k= 1
0
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Measurement Algorithm: Phase comparison
Im
Re
Case 1: external fault 74
12
=139
I
2
I
1
Im
Re
12
=40
Case 2: internal fault < 74
I
1
I
2
I
2
I
1
Tripping area
P
h
a
s
e

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

No Fault
Internal Fault
Fall 1 2
min
= 74 74
180
0
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Typical REB500 Feature:
q decentralised protection system, location might be in a a
centralised panel or distributed (e.g. in the feeder protection panels)
q continuous selfsupervision which supervises around 90 95 %
of all HW components and SW tasks in the protection system and
will block the system automatically in case of a HW / SW fault
q very easy to find faulty components since the fault indication of
the continuous selfsupervision is very detailed and a very small
number of modules / electronic cards are available
q restrained differential current measurement (INX-5) and phase
comparison (phase angle) (INX-2) algorithm which evaluates
reconstructed fundamental current values (Fourier filtered values).
The system will approximate the saturated current values to its
origin with a from ABB patented (so called maximum prolongation)
algorithm: UNBLOCKING METHOD (the system is never blocked due
to CT saturation). No problem in case of evolving faults (fault
evolves from external to internal)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
q the restrained differential current measurement; phase
comparison (phase angle) measurement and the maximum
prolongation algorithm could be activated individually for special
application
q typical tripping time around 25ms
q integration of CB failure and End fault Protection as well as Line &
Transformer Protection Functions is possible. Additional
measurement functions as event- & disturbance recorder as well as
additional release functions like I> or U< are available
q low CT requirements: 2 ms of current signal must be available.
This represents 5 times saturation on symmetrical fault currents
q state of the art: installation from year 1994 future
q over 1500 systems are in service (so far)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
I
kmin
< | % I |
differential current measurement with RMS current values
s
set
< |% I | / % | I
in
|
stabilising / restraining measurement with quantity I
res
= % | I
in
|
with RMS current values
&
TRIP CBs
external fault detection
(decision 1.2 ms after zero crossing)
detection internal / external fault with instantaneous / sampled
current values
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
7
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Representation of the protection zone:
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Calculation of the instantaneous value of the differential current:
Calculation of the instantaneous sum of positive currents:
Calculation of the instantaneous sum of negative currents:
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Calculation of the incoming and outgoing currents:
Calculation of the RMS value of e.g. I
in
(same for I
out
and I
diff
)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Condition at Internal Fault:
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Condition at Internal Fault:
sudden split between of RMS I
in
and RMS I
out
will indicate an internal fault
if & (I
kmin
& s) is fulfilled the protection will trip
since will not see an external fault
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Condition at External Fault with CT Saturation:
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Condition at External Fault with CT Saturation:
will detect an external fault within 1.2ms after the Iin zero crossing (before the
CT gets into saturation) and will block till the next zero crossing is reached
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Test assembly:
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Test values & result:
The CT TX war pre- magnetised
with a DC current in order to get
maximum remanence. Therefore
the CT saturates within 1.2 ms!
The primary test current level
was 26kA RMS with the full DC
offset
The BBP system REB670 remains fully stable !!!
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
8
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Setting:
- Maximum load < I
kmin
(Diff Oper Level) < minimum short circuit current
to prevent false operation in case of shorted CT and to detect lowest
The sensitive (non restraint) operational level is designed to be
able to detect internal busbar faults in low impedance earthed
power systems: Limited earth fault current to certain level (300
2000A)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
q continuous selfsupervision which supervises the most of the HW
components and SW tasks in the protection system and will block
the system automatically in case of a HW / SW fault
q very easy to find faulty components since a very small number of
modules / electronic cards are available
q restrained differential current measurement algorithm which
evaluates RMS current values. The system can decides within 1.2ms
after the zero crossing of the current if the fault is external or
internal. In case of external fault the measurement will be blocked till
the next zero crossing: BLOCKING METHOD. A blocking time which
is too long delays the tripping command in case of evolving faults
(fault evolves from external to internal)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
q very low (almost no) CT requirements: the system was
successfully tested with just 1.2 ms of current signal. This
represents >> 5 times saturation on symmetrical fault currents
q tripping time around one halfcycle
q integration of CB Failure, OC protection as well as event- &
disturbance recorder, monitoring function is possible
q state of the art: installation from year 2005 future
q the system is a consequently further development / improvement
of the well proven BBP systems RADSS, REB103, RED521
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Busbar fault condition
I1 =
1000A
single injection
Calculation examples
Internal fault condition
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
U = I
sec
* R
R
= 0.5A * 2000$
= 1 kV (spike)
TRIP
I
in
= + + I1
= + 1 kA
= 1 kA
I = + + I1
= + 1 kA
= 1 kA
I
sec
= I1/N
= 1 kA / 2000
= 0.5 A
I = + I1
= + 1 kA
= 1 kA
I = + I1
= + 1 kA
= 1 kA
High Impedance
System
(with CT ratio: N = 2000A / 1A;
Impedance: R
R
= 2000 $;
Knee Point V: UK = 400V)
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB670
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB500
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
i
f
f
=

|

I

|
(trip measurement system !!!
( if I > I
kmin
)
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I |
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I
in
|
no fault
I
kmin
k
REB500
= 0,85
k= 1
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
5
0
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
6
7
0
k
REB670
= 0,53
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Busbar fault condition
I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 =
1000A 2500A 1500A 2000A
multiple injection
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
U = I
sec
* R
R
= 3.5A * 2000$
= 7 kV (spike)
TRIP
I
in
= ++ I1++ I2+
+ I3++ I4
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA
I = ++ I1++ I2+
+ I3+ + I4
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA
I
sec
= I1/N
= 7 kA / 2000
= 3.5 A
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA
High Impedance
System
Impedance: R
R
= 2000 $;
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB670
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB500
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
i
f
f
=

|

I

|
(trip measurement system !!!
( if I > I
kmin
)
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I |
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I
in
|
no fault
I
kmin
k
REB500
= 0,85
k= 1
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
5
0
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
6
7
0
k
REB670
= 0,53
load depending tripping value!!!
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
e.g. line fault
External fault condition
I2 = I3 = I4 =
2500A 1500A 2000A
I1 =
6000A
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
9
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
U = I
sec
* R
R
= 0A * 2000$
= 0 kV
NO TRIP
I
in
= + I2+ +I3++
I4
= 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2
kA
= 6 kA
I = ++ I1++ I2+
+I3++ I4
= + 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 12 kA
I
sec
= I1/N
= 0 kA / 2000
= 0 A
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= - 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 0 kA
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= - 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 0 kA
High Impedance
System
Impedance: R
R
= 2000 $;
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB670
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB500
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
i
f
f
=

|

I

|
(no trip
(stable !!!
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I |
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I
in
|
no fault
I
kmin
k
REB500
= 0,85
k= 1
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
5
0
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
6
7
0
k
REB670
= 0,53
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
during fault condition ()
Current transformer failure ()
I2 = I3 = I4 =
2500A 1500A 2000A
I1 =
6000A
CT shorted !!!
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
U = I
sec
* R
R
= 1A * 2000$
= 2 kV (spike)
TRIP !!!
I
in
= + + I1
= + 6 kA
= 6 kA
I = + + I1+ + I2 +
+ I3 + + I4
= + 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 0 kA
= 10 kA
I
sec
= I1/N
= 2 kA / 2000
= 1 A
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= - 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 0 kA
= 2 kA
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= - 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 0 kA
= 2 kA
High Impedance
System
Impedance: R
R
= 2000 $;
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB670
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB500
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
i
f
f
=

|

I

|
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I |
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I
in
|
no fault
I
kmin
k
REB500
= 0,85
k= 1
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
5
0
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
6
7
0
k
REB670
= 0,53
REB500: no trip (stable
REB670: no trip (stable
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
during fault condition ()
I2 = I3 = I4 =
2500A 1500A 2000A
I1 =
6000A
CT shorted !!!
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
U = I
sec
* R
R
= 3A * 2000$
= 6 kV (spike)
TRIP !!!
I
in
= + + I2 + + I3
+ + I4
= + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2
kA
= 6 kA
I = + + I1+ + I2 +
+ I3 + + I4
= + 0 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 6 kA
I
sec
= I1/N
= 6 kA / 2000
= 3 A
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 0 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 6 kA
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 0 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5
kA + 2 kA
= 6 kA
High Impedance
System
Impedance: R
R
= 2000 $;
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB670
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB500
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
i
f
f
=

|

I

|
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I |
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I
in
|
no fault
I
kmin
k
REB500
= 0,85
k= 1
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
5
0
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
6
7
0
k
REB670
= 0,53
trip measurement system !!!
(worst case condition)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
during load condition
I2 = I3 = I4 =
250A 150A 200A
I1 =
600A
CT shorted !!!
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
U = I
sec
* R
R
= 1.2A * 2000$
= 2.4kV (spike)
possible TRIP !!!
I
in
= + + I1+ + I2 +
+ I3 + + I4
= + 250 A + 150 A +
200 A
= 600 A
l = + + I1+ + I2 +
+ I3 + + I4
= + 0 kA + 250 A + 150
A + 200 A
= 600 A
I
sec
= I1/N
= 0.6 kA / 2000
= 1.2 A
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 0 kA + 250 A + 150
A + 200 A
= 600 A
I = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 0 kA + 250 A + 150
A + 200 A
= 600 A
High Impedance
System
Impedance: R
R
= 2000 $;
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB670
Low Impedance
Measurement System
REB500
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
0
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
i
f
f
=

|

I

|
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I |
Restraint current I
Rest
= | I
in
|
no fault
I
kmin
k
REB500
= 0,85
k= 1
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
5
0
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
6
7
0
k
REB670
= 0,53
measurement system stable !!!
differential current alarm !!!
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Open CT / Differential Current Alarm
With a Differential Current Supervision it is possible to
detect open / missing CTs during load condition
The Differential Current Supervision sends a TIME
DELAYED ALARMand there is a setting option to BLOCK
the Protection system zone selectively (REB670: also
Phase selectively)
The Supervision is able to detect
q a missing CT input (e.g. CT circuit not connected to the system)
q a wrong CT ratio
q a wrong current direction
Therefore the PICK UP VALUE of the Differential Current
Supervision should be set lower than the lowest possible
load current. The time delay 25 seconds)
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
the differential current / Open CT alarm is
able to detect a missing / wrong CT input
therefore the differential current alarm is
very important and must not be ignored by the
operating personal
If not, there is a risk of maloperation !!!
Open CT / Differential Current Alarm
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Additional Tripping / Release Criterias
Additional Tripping / Release Criterias are used
to get
q Additional SECURITY
or
q Additional FAULT LOCATION
The usage is depending on the
CUSTOMERS PHILISOPIE
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Release for
SECURITY
&
TRIP CBs
Tripping for
FAULT LOCATION
Measurement
System
!1
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Release for
SECURITY
&
TRIP CBs
Neutral Differential Current
Measurement
Measurement
System
!1
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Neutral Differential Current Measurement
is designed to be able to detect internal busbar faults in low impedance
earthed power systems: Limited earth fault current to certain level (300
2000A)
No Trip for Phase
Differential
Measurement !!!
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Neutral Differential Current Measurement
& I = )%I
N
)
I
Rest
= %)I
N
)
(IN = Neutral Current)
and therefore:
K = )%I
N
) / %)I
N
) = I
K
/ I
K
= 1
(TRIP
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Check
Zone
&
TRIP CBs
Measurement
Measurement
System
!1
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Check Zone
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
1
9
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
i
f
f
=

|

I

|
Restraint current IRest = | I |
no fault
I
kmin
k= 1
0
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

f
a
u
l
t

R
E
B
5
0
0
k
fault
Check Zone
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
0
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Check Zone
q The stability factor k must be calculated very carefully !
q The Phase Comparison Algorithm is not used in the REB500
system
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
1
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Over
Current
&
TRIP CBs
Measurement
Measurement
System
!1
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
2
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Over Current Release
Only that feeders on
which a settable over
current value is reached
will be tripped in case of
a trip of the busbar
protection
I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 =
300A 250A 50A 100A
I>
I> I> I>
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
3
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Over Current Release
Only that feeders on
which a settable over
current value is reached
will be tripped in case of
a trip of the busbar
protection
I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 =
1000A 2500A 1500A 2000A
I>
I> I> I>
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
4
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
U<
Under Voltage
&
TRIP CBs
Measurement
Measurement
System
!1
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
5
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Under Voltage Release
The busbar zone which should be tripped must fulfil a
settable under voltage value
U
U U
U
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
6
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Under Voltage Release
The busbar zone which should be tripped must fulfil a
settable under voltage value
U
U <U
U
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
7
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W
Intertripping
Tripping flow chart
trip all CBs
connected
to zone x
TRIP BBP
zone x
TRIP CB
TRIP CB
TRIP CB
Measurement
system
Intertripping
system
just the Intertripping system can send a tripping signal to the CB because
it knows which CB to trip (the measurement systems are only
responsible for measuring !)
Detailed information in a separate presentation !
ABB
A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
1
2
8
C
H
P
1
3
3
_
B
B
P
_
M
S

/

2
0
0
7
0
9

/

R
W

Chp133 BBP Ms

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