UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

CENTRO PERUANO JAPONES DE INVESTIGACIONES
SISMICAS Y MITIGACION DE DESASTRES


Investigations of Shear Walls
Matthias Schmalzbauer




May 2011
General

In structural engineering, a shear wall is a wall composed of braced panels to counter
the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind and earthquake loads are the
most common loads braced wall lines are designed to counteract.
A fast way analyzing a concrete wall for large eccentricities is the Interaction
Diagram. The Diagram is a curve plot of points, where each point hast two ordinates.
The first ordinate is the bending moment strength and the second one is the
corresponding axial force. Both ordinates are linked with eccentricity. The shape of the
curve can be defined by finding the ordinates of major points.

General calculation of P and M



















c
d
n

c

su
+
( )
c

c

su
+
( )
d
n

f
si
f
y

su

si
4200
kgf
cm
2
4200
kgf
cm
2

si
c d
i

( )
c

c

0.85
f
c
200
( )
70
0.05
F
si
f
si
A
si

C
c
0.85 f
c
B a
a c
P C
c
1
n
i
F
si

=
+
M C
c
H
2
a
2

\
|
|

1
n
i
F
si
H
2
d
i

\
|
|

(
(

=
+
Boundary conditions:
0.85
0.65



f
c



kgf
cm
2
|

\
|
|
280 560
Diagram for finding

Section

Deformation at the
Balanced condition
Forces at the
Balanced Condition

Finding c at Balanced Condition:
Note: Balanced Condition:
Tension failure =
Compression failure

Deformation:

Forces:

Resulting Force:

(Balance of Forces)
q
(Moments around q)

Main points Interaction Diagram



Point 1: Axial compression at zero moment.
Point 2: Maximum axial compression load permitted by code at zero eccentricity.
Point 3: Maximum moment strength at the maximum axial compression load permitted
by code.
Point 4: Compression and moment strength at balanced conditions.
Point 5: Moment strength at zero axial force.








-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
A
x
i
a
l

C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

P

[
t
]
Bending Moment M [t*m]
1
2
3
4
5
comp.
control
tension
control
balanced
Strain distribution corresponding to points on the "Interaction Diagram"
Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure



Strain distribution corresponding to points on the "Interaction Diagram"




Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure
Concrete failure
Steel failure
Strain distribution corresponding to points on the "Interaction Diagram"


Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure
Calculation

Shear-Wall Type A: Rectangular shape
(Calculation - Excel)








Material Definition: (Entered Data)
Geometric Data: (Entered Data)
Illustrated shape Actual arrangement
( changes with change of f`c)

(Yield strength)

(Compressive strength)

(Strain concrete)

(Yield strain steel)

















A
si
H B ( )
A
si

i
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

c
B

c

su
+
( )
d
n

a
B
c
B

f
si
f
y

su

si

F
si
f
si
A
si

M
si
F
si
H
2
d
|

\
|
|

M C
c
H
2
a
2

\
|
|

1
n
i
F
si
H
2
d
i

\
|
|

(
(

=
+ P C
c
1
n
i
F
si

=
+
C
c
0.85 f
c
B a
B

si
c
B
d
i

( )
c
B

Reinforcement:
Calculation Balanced-Point: (Point 4)
Note: Getting more points by changing
c
B








Interaction Diagram Shear-Wall Type A: (Rectangular shape)


-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
A
x
i
a
l

F
o
r
c
e

P

[
t
]
Bending Moment M [t*m]
P
max
0.85 f'
c
B H
1
n
i
A
si

\
|
|
|

1
n
i
A
si

=
f
y
+
Further Results with changed c: (Axial Force P and Bending Moment M)
Calculation: (Point 1) - Axial compression at zero moment
(Point 1)
(Point 4)
Shear-Wall Type B: Wall with two columns
(Calculation - Excel)












Material Definition: (Entered Data)
Geometric Data: (Entered Data)
Illustrated shape Actual arrangement
( changes with change of f`c)
(Yield strain steel)
(Strain concrete)
(Yield strength)
(Compressive strength)

















A
si
H B ( )
A
si

i
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

P
max
0.85 f'
c
B H
1
n
i
A
si

\
|
|
|

1
n
i
A
si

=
f
y
+
Reinforcement:
Calculation: (Point 1) - Axial compression at zero moment























c
B

c

su
+
( )
d
n

a
B
c
B

f
si
f
y

su

si

F
si
f
si
A
si

M
si
F
si
2 H
2
H
1
+
( )
2
d

(
(

C
c
0.85 f
c
B
2
a
P C
c
1
n
i
F
si

=
+

si
c
B
d
i

( )
c
B

M C
c
H
1
2 H
2
+
( )
2
a
2

(
(

1
n
i
F
si
2 H
2
H
1
+
( )
2
d
i

(
(

=
+
Calculation Balanced-Point: (Point 4)
Note: Getting more points by changing c
B




Interaction Diagram Shear-Wall Type B: (Wall with two columns)





-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
A
x
i
a
l

F
o
r
c
e

P

[
t
]
Bending Moment M [t*m]
Further Results with changed c: (Axial Force P and Bending Moment M)
(Point 1)
(Point 4)

Calculation

Shear-Wall Type A: Rectangular shape
(Mathcad)

Material definitions
E-Module Concrete - (Kent and Park)
Concrete under multiaxial compressive stress state exhibits significant nonlinearity,
which can be successfully represented by nonlinear constitutive models and is
characterized by parabolic stress-strain relationship. Elastic limit strain and strain at
cracking are limited to 0.2%.
Entered data:





f
c
0.85 280
kgf
cm
2
:=
f
c
238
kgf
cm
2
=
f c ( ) f
c
2
c
0.002

c
0.002
|

\
|
|

(
(

c 0.002 if
f
c
1 100 c 0.002 ( ) [ ] c 0.002 > if
:=

0 1 10
3
2 10
3
3 10
3
4 10
3

0
1 10
7

2 10
7

3 10
7

f c ( )
c
Stress-strain graphic for concrete (Kent and Park)
(Maximum stress of concrete)
0.85: Standarts

E-Module Steel - (Bilinear diagram with parable Park and Paulay)

Steel is isotropic and homogeneous material exhibiting stress-strain relationship. While
the ultimate limit strain in tension and that of compression are taken as 1% and 0.35%,
respectively, elastic strain in steel in tension and compression are considered the
same.
Entered data:




















Definition:
steel: Creep Deformation
sh: Deformation hardening steel
su: Ultimate strain of steel
Es: E-Module steel.
fy: Yield stress steel.
fu: Steel final effort





fy 4200
kgf
cm
2
:= fu 6300
kgf
cm
2
:= Es 29000 1000
lbf
in
2
:= Es 1.999 10
11
Pa =
t
fu
fy
|

\
|
|

30 q 1 + ( )
2
60 q 1
15 q
2

:=
fs s ( ) fy
t s sh ( ) 2 +
60 s sh ( ) 2 +
s sh ( ) 60 t ( )
2 30 q 1 + ( )
2

(
(

s sh < if
fy sh s steel < if
Es s steel s steel if
fy steel s sh if
fy
t s sh ( ) 2 +
60 s sh ( ) 2 +
s sh ( ) 60 t ( )
2 30 q 1 + ( )
2

(
(

s sh > if
:=
steel
fy
Es
:=
steel 2.06 10
3
=
su sh 0.14 + :=
sh 16 steel
sh 0.033 =
su 0.173 =
q su sh :=
q 0.14 =
t 105.986 =
Deformation in flow:
General formula for steel:
Deformation at the hardening:
Last Deformation steel:
Calculations for hardening steel:












0.1 0 0.1
1 10
9

5 10
8

0
5 10
8

1 10
9

fs s ( )
s



c ( )
2 250 c ( )
2 3 500 c ( )
c .002 if
1
56
12 10
7

\
|
|

6
10
|

\
|
|

c
2
+
100
3
c
3

(
(

c
26
3 10
4

\
|
|

12
10
|

\
|
|

c + 50 c
2

(
(

c 0.002 > if
:=
c ( )
10
3
6
|

\
|
|

3 c 500 c
2

( )
c .002 if
26
3 10000 c
50 c
12
10
+ c 0.002 > if
:=
Stress-strain graphic for steel (Park and Paulay)

Geometric data
Entered data:


















d11
d12
d21
d22








dn




h 200 cm :=
f
c
280
kgf
cm
2
:=
b 10 cm :=
f
y
4200
kgf
cm
2
:=

c
0.003 :=

su
0.002 :=
d
194cm
194cm
170cm
150cm
130cm
110cm
90cm
70cm
50cm
30cm
6cm
6cm
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

:=

1
4 :=

2
4 :=

3
3 :=

4
3 :=

5
3 :=

6
3 :=

7
3 :=

8
3 :=

9
3 :=

10
3 :=

11
4 :=

12
4 :=
d
max
max d ( ) 194 cm = :=
(Compressive strength)
(Yield strain steel)
(Strain concrete)
(Strain steel)
(Number diameter steel)

Calculation Steel-Areas:



























Asi

1
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

2
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

3
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

4
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

5
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

6
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

7
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

8
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

9
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

10
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

11
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

12
8
|

\
|
|

2.54 cm

(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

:= Asi
1.267
1.267
0.713
0.713
0.713
0.713
0.713
0.713
0.713
0.713
1.267
1.267
cm
2
=

Calculation: (Point 1) - Axial compression at zero moment



















Balanced point: (Point 4)



P
max
0.85 f
c
b h
0
11
i
Asi
i

\
|
|
|

0
11
i
Asi
i

=
f
y
+

(
(
(

:=
P
max
518.661 tonnef =

si
c
B
d
0

c
B

c
B
d
1

c
B

c
B
d
2

c
B

c
B
d
3

c
B

c
B
d
4

c
B

c
B
d
5

c
B

c
B
d
6

c
B

c
B
d
7

c
B

c
B
d
8

c
B

c
B
d
9

c
B

c
B
d
10

c
B

c
B
d
11

c
B

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

:=
c
B
d
max

c

su
+

\
|
|
|

116.4 cm = :=
f
si
fs
si
0
|
\
|

fs
si
1
|
\
|

fs
si
2
|
\
|

fs
si
3
|
\
|

fs
si
4
|
\
|

fs
si
5
|
\
|

fs
si
6
|
\
|

fs
si
7
|
\
|

fs
si
8
|
\
|

fs
si
9
|
\
|

fs
si
10
|
\
|

fs
si
11
|
\
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

3
-4.07810
3
-4.07810
3
-2.81710
3
-1.76610
-714.667
336.314
3
1.38710
3
2.43810
3
3.48910
3
4.210
3
4.210
3
4.210
kgf
cm
2
= :=
si
-3
-210
-3
-210
-3
-1.38110
-4
-8.6610
-4
-3.50510
-4
1.64910
-4
6.80410
-3
1.19610
-3
1.71110
-3
2.22710
-3
2.84510
-3
2.84510
=

Note: Getting more points by changing
c
B



















Interaction Diagram Mathcad Type A: (Rectangular shape)

0 50 100 150
200
0
200
400
600
P
i
M
i





P
0

c
( )
f
c
b c
B

0
11
i
f
si
i
Asi
i

|
\
|

=
+ :=
P
0
210.852 tonnef =
M
0

c
( )
f
c
b c
B

h
2

c
( )
c
B

|

\
|
|

0
11
i
f
si
i
Asi
i

h
2
|

\
|
|

d
i

(
(

(
(

=
+ :=
M
0
109.933 tonnef m =
P
518.661
253.023
210.852
168.682
105.426
63.255
42.17
12.09
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

:= M
0
107.698
109.933
104.093
80.196
54.173
38.134
0
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

:=
Further Results with changed c: (Axial Force P and Bending Moment M)
BP
tonnef tonnef m
(Balanced condition)
(Balanced condition)

Comparison of the two calculations:








The area of Type B is twice as big as from Type A. But the wall with two columns
can absorb about three to four times larger moments and Axial Forces. Partly because
more steel is installed in the wall (Type B)

Results Shear Wall Type A: Rectangular shape (Excel)
Results Shear Wall Type B: Wall with two columns (Excel)







Pmax: Same value because of the same area in both cases
Points (Fragile-, Ductile-Condition and Balanced Point): Different values with Kent and
Park and Paulay because of a more strict method of calculation including by using the
functions of the E-Modules.




References:

Reinforced Concrete (A Fundamental Approach) - Edward G. Nawy 5
th
Edition
Reinforced concrete structures R.Park and T.Paulay
Seismic design aids for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures
ACI-318
NTE E.060
Results Shear Wall Type A: Rectangular shape (Excel)
Results Shear Wall Type A: Rectangular shape (Mathcad)
(Pmax)
(Pmax)