0 évaluation0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)
126 vues10 pages
This document discusses very toxic materials and how to safely handle them. It begins by defining very toxic materials as substances that can cause harm or death with even small exposures and lists some common routes of exposure like inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. Some examples of very toxic materials are then provided like carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine and sodium cyanide. The document also lists potential health effects of some toxic materials and outlines protective equipment needed like gloves, eye protection and respirators to safely work with very toxic substances. It emphasizes choosing the right personal protective equipment according to the material safety data sheet and avoiding skin contact, eye exposures and inhalation of toxic dusts, mists or vapors.
This document discusses very toxic materials and how to safely handle them. It begins by defining very toxic materials as substances that can cause harm or death with even small exposures and lists some common routes of exposure like inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. Some examples of very toxic materials are then provided like carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine and sodium cyanide. The document also lists potential health effects of some toxic materials and outlines protective equipment needed like gloves, eye protection and respirators to safely work with very toxic substances. It emphasizes choosing the right personal protective equipment according to the material safety data sheet and avoiding skin contact, eye exposures and inhalation of toxic dusts, mists or vapors.
This document discusses very toxic materials and how to safely handle them. It begins by defining very toxic materials as substances that can cause harm or death with even small exposures and lists some common routes of exposure like inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. Some examples of very toxic materials are then provided like carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine and sodium cyanide. The document also lists potential health effects of some toxic materials and outlines protective equipment needed like gloves, eye protection and respirators to safely work with very toxic substances. It emphasizes choosing the right personal protective equipment according to the material safety data sheet and avoiding skin contact, eye exposures and inhalation of toxic dusts, mists or vapors.
I. BACKGROUND Hazardous materials are materials whose manufacture, processing, transportation, storage and its use raises or liberate dust, mists, vapors, gases, or radiation that can cause irritation, flammable, explosion, corrosion, poisoned and other hazards in an amount that allows health problems for people who deal directly with the material or led to damage to the goods . Hazardous materials are easy to find in the industry. In the work environment, many chemical substances are in use every day so that workers exposed to the dangers of chemical ingredients. It was sometimes increased in certain circumstances given the nature of the chemicals, such as flammable and toxic. So that, it is clear that working with chemical substances containing the risk of harm, both in process, storage, transportation, distribution, and use. However, no matter how much danger these chemicals, proper treatment will be able to reduce or eliminate the risk of harm.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION 1. What are very toxic materials? 2. What are the examples of the toxic materials? 3. How are very toxic materials hazardous to my health? 4. How do handle very toxic materials safely?
III. PURPOSE This papers aims to increase knowledge students about hazard materials, especially toxic materials
P a g e | 2
Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya | E n g l i s h 3
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
Very toxic materials are substances that may cause significant harm or even death to an individual if even very small amounts enter the body. These materials may enter the body in different ways (called the route of exposure). The most common route of exposure is through inhalation (breathing it into the lungs). Other routes include skin contact where some materials can easily pass through the skin and enter the body. Ingestion is another, less common, route of exposure in the workplace. Ingestion often occurs accidentally through poor hygiene practices (e.g. eating food or smoking a cigarette using contaminated hands). Toxic Symbol
Toxic Very Toxic There are a number of very toxic materials that may be used in workplaces. Some examples include carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine and sodium cyanide. Extreme care and caution must be used if there is potential for any form of exposure to very toxic materials. The table below lists some workplace materials that meet one or more of the criteria to be considered "very toxic" as well as some potential health effects associated with that toxicity.
P a g e | 3
Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya | E n g l i s h 3
Table 1. Some examples of the toxic materials Chemical Names Potential Health Effects/Symptoms Associated with Toxicity of Very Toxic Material Formaldehyde solutions May be fatal if inhaled, absorbed through the skin or swallowed. Gas is severely irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. May damage the lining of the nasal cavity and the upper respiratory tract. Causes lung injury-effects may be delayed. Can cause cancer. May cause genetic damage, based on animal information. Toluene-2,6- diisocyanate Irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory tract. May cause lung injury. These effects may be delayed. May cause severe allergic respiratory reaction. May cause cancer. Acrylonitrile May be fatal if inhaled, absorbed through the skin or swallowed. Vapour is irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. High vapour concentrations may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination and confusion. More severe exposures can cause bluish discolouration of the skin, collapse and death. Causes severe skin and eye irritation. Potential cancer hazard - causes cancer based on animal information. P a g e | 4
Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya | E n g l i s h 3
Hydrogen sulfide May be fatal if inhaled. Gas may be severely irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Causes lung injury-effects may be delayed. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause respiratory paralysis, irregular heartbeat, collapse and death. Ethylene oxide May be fatal if inhaled. Irritating to the respiratory tract. Central nervous system depressant. High concentrations may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, and incoordination. Can cause cancer, based on human information. May harm reproductive capability, based on animal information. May cause inheritable genetic damage.
The degree of hazard associated with any toxic material is related to the concentration of the substance, the route into the body and the amount absorbed by the body (the dose). Individual susceptibility of the user also plays a role. Very toxic materials are capable of causing serious and significant health effects in an exposed individual, including death. With very toxic materials, only a very small amount is required to enter the body for it to cause these adverse health effects. Very toxic materials cause serious health effects by damaging critical body systems. This damage is often irreversible. The health effects may occur immediately or the effects may be delayed. Health effects that occur immediately after a single exposure are called acute effects. In other cases, health effects occur at some point after the exposure. This is called a chronic effect. A chronic effect P a g e | 5
Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya | E n g l i s h 3
may occur hours, days, months or even years after exposure. Generally, acute effects are caused by a single, relatively high exposure. Chronic effects tend to occur over a longer period of time and involve lower exposures (e.g. exposure to a smaller amount over time). Some very toxic materials can cause both acute and chronic health effects. It is important to remember that very toxic materials can have other hazards associated with it. For example, a very toxic material may also have properties that make it an oxidizer as well as a corrosive. Always read the Material Safety Data Sheet and labels to be sure you understand what is in the product and how to protect yourself. If you do not understand or if you are not sure, check with your supervisor.
Protective Equipment to Avoid Toxic Control measures such as ventilation, enclosure and work practices are examples of the preferred methods of protecting workers. If these measures are not feasible or unable to provide appropriate worker protection, then personal protective equipment may be required. Choosing the right PPE for a particular job is essential. MSDSs should provide general guidance. Also obtain help from a qualified professional who knows how to evaluate the hazards of a specific job, especially those related to very toxic materials, and how to select the proper PPE. Before a very toxic material is brought into the building and used: The appropriate PPE should be selected and be available. Workers should know where the PPE is and be trained to use it for emergencies as well as for normal operations. It is important to understand the limits of PPE, not just its capabilities. P a g e | 6
Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya | E n g l i s h 3
The Personal Protective Equipment Section of OSH Answers has several question-and-answer documents on PPE programs including the selection, use and maintenance of various kinds of PPE. It is crucial that any required PPE be worn when specified for a job. PPE can be very effective but not if you don't wear it. 1) Avoiding Skin Contact with Very Toxic Materials Some very toxic materials can be harmful through skin contact. In these instances, it may be necessary to wear protective equipment such as gloves, aprons, boots, hoods or other clothing, depending on the risk of skin contact. Choose clothing made of materials that resist permeation, penetration or damage by the chemical. The Chemical Protective Clothing OSH Answers has general information on selecting gloves and other chemical protective clothing. The MSDS should recommend appropriate materials. If it does not, contact the chemical supplier for specific information. 2) Protecting The Eyes and Face from Very Toxic Materials Eye protection is important when working with very toxic materials. Selection of the most appropriate type depends on factors such as how the material is used, physical characteristics (e.g. fine powder, liquid, vapour, etc.) and potential health effects (e.g. eye irritant, skin irritant, toxicity through skin absorption, etc.). In some cases, it may be necessary to wear a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) to protect the face from splashes. The Safety Glasses OSH Answers has information on selecting PPE for protecting the eyes and face. The current CSA Standard Z94.3 "Industrial Eye and Face Protectors," provides additional advice on selection and use of eye and face protectors.
P a g e | 7
Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya | E n g l i s h 3
3) Avoid Breathing Very Toxic Dusts, Mists or Vapours Proper selection and fitting of respiratory protection can be quite complex and any time it is used in a workplace, it must be carefully monitored and controlled to ensure worker safety. If respiratory protection is required in the workplace, a respiratory protection program must be developed, written and maintained as described in the Respirator Selection OSH Answers. Further guidance for developing a program can be found in the current CSA Standard Z94.4 "Selection, Care, and Use of Respirators." Follow all legal requirements for respirator use and approvals. These may vary between jurisdictions in Canada. Careful selection of the appropriate respirator style and cartridges is an important component of any respiratory protection program. Respiratory equipment must be properly sized and the user must know how to fit-test, clean, maintain and store the equipment. Users must also know how often to change the cartridges. NEVER assume that "smelling" the very toxic material will indicate when to change the cartridge.
Handle The Materials Safely Safe handling and work procedures are crucial for workplaces where individuals use very toxic materials. It is vital that people working with hazardous materials such as very toxics are properly trained regarding the potential hazards. Remember, if, at any time an individual is unsure or has questions about working with a very toxic material, they should always talk with the supervisor. This section refers to general safe handling practices for very toxic materials. Instructions and training for the specific handling of a particular very toxic material used a workplace is the responsibility of the supervisor (employer). P a g e | 8
Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya | E n g l i s h 3
In general, when handling very toxic materials: Before handling, it is extremely important that engineering controls are operating properly and that required protective equipment requirements and personal hygiene measures are being followed. Consider using a closed handling system for processes involving a very toxic material. If a closed handling system is not possible, use the smallest possible amounts in a well-ventilated area separate from the storage area. Prevent the release of very toxic vapours, dusts, mists or gases into the workplace air. Maintenance and emergency personnel need to be advised of potential hazards. Immediately report any leaks, spills or failures of the engineering controls. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment to avoid exposure (eye, respiratory or skin) or contact with contaminated equipment/surfaces. Never work alone with very toxic materials. Another person must be in view at all times and must be equipped and trained to rescue. Alternatively, precautions such as regular visual checks made by another person or a telephone call-in procedure should be set up to ensure the continued safety of lone workers or workers in remote locations. Be alert to the typical symptoms of poisoning and first aid procedures. Report any signs of illness or overexposure immediately to the supervisor. Depending on the material, medical attention for an exposure may be required even if the exposure did not seem excessive. With some materials, symptoms of a severe exposure can be delayed. Do not return contaminated or unused material to the original container. Ensure containers are clearly labeled and inspect containers for leaks or damage before handling. Keep containers tightly closed when not in use. To prevent spillage, use proper tools to open containers and to transfer material. P a g e | 9
Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya | E n g l i s h 3
Pour very toxic liquids carefully from the container to avoid splashing and spurting. Maintain good housekeeping (e.g. clean surfaces, no accumulation of dust). Avoid any welding, cutting, soldering or other hot work on an empty container or piping until all very toxic liquid and vapours have been cleared. For large-scale storage of this material consider the installation of a leak detection system with an alarm. Ensure suitable emergency equipment for fires, spills and leaks are readily available. In the event of a spill or leak of a very toxic material, evacuate the work space. Ensure emergency eyewash/shower stations are readily available and are tested regularly.
Safety Critical Systems Handbook: A Straight forward Guide to Functional Safety, IEC 61508 (2010 EDITION) and Related Standards, Including Process IEC 61511 and Machinery IEC 62061 and ISO 13849