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The first of these measures is most sensitive to high permeability streaks and does the best job of assessing the error in
breakthrough times. The second of these measures provides the best estimate of error in time of flight, which controls the
overall saturation distribution. It provides the best overall estimate of the error in multiphase flow resulting from layer
coarsening. Hosseini and Kelkar suggested combining the two errors to provide increased sensitivity to breakthrough time to
the slowness error measure:
S V VS
W W W = . Now, lets consider a sequential calculation beginning with a high resolution
geologic model. The initial error vanishes since the coarsened properties are identical to the initial properties. If we now
consider all possible pairwise layer coarsenings, then we can calculate the coarsened values for porosity and permeability for
each layer pair, and the corresponding error measure. Select the layer coarsening which minimizes the increase in the error.
Repeat until a single layer is obtained. The shape of the curve will exhibit a bias-variance cross over. The optimal layering
scheme is obtained from this curve by identification of the number of layers beyond which the error increases rapidly. The
sequence of layering schemes, and the identification of a specific optimal choice, is dependent upon the choice of error
measure. In the current study we have shown that the combined Velocity+Slowness error works better than either of the other
individual errors in the simulation layering design and prediction of the optimal number of layers.