Norma RFC 2544

Net wor k Wor ki ng Gr oup S.
Br adner
Request f or Comment s: 2544 Har var d Uni ver si t y
Obsol et es: 1944 J . McQuai d
Cat egor y: I nf or mat i onal Net Scout Syst ems
Mar ch 1999

Benchmar ki ng Met hodol ogy f or Net wor k I nt er connect Devi ces

St at us of t hi s Memo

Thi s memo pr ovi des i nf or mat i on f or t he I nt er net communi t y. I t does
not speci f y an I nt er net st andar d of any ki nd. Di st r i but i on of t hi s
memo i s unl i mi t ed.

Copyr i ght Not i ce

Copyr i ght ( C) The I nt er net Soci et y ( 1999) . Al l Ri ght s Reser ved.

I ESG Not e

Thi s document i s a r epubl i cat i on of RFC 1944 cor r ect i ng t he val ues
f or t he I P addr esses whi ch wer e assi gned t o be used as t he def aul t
addr esses f or net wor ki ng t est equi pment . ( See sect i on C. 2. 2 ) . Thi s
RFC r epl aces and obsol et es RFC 1944.

Abst r act

Thi s document di scusses and def i nes a number of t est s t hat may be
used t o descr i be t he per f or mance char act er i st i cs of a net wor k
i nt er connect i ng devi ce. I n addi t i on t o def i ni ng t he t est s t hi s
document al so descr i bes speci f i c f or mat s f or r epor t i ng t he r esul t s of
t he t est s. Appendi x A l i st s t he t est s and condi t i ons t hat we bel i eve
shoul d be i ncl uded f or speci f i c cases and gi ves addi t i onal
i nf or mat i on about t est i ng pr act i ces. Appendi x B i s a r ef er ence
l i st i ng of maxi mumf r ame r at es t o be used wi t h speci f i c f r ame si zes
on var i ous medi a and Appendi x C gi ves some exampl es of f r ame f or mat s
t o be used i n t est i ng.

1. I nt r oduct i on

Vendor s of t en engage i n "specsmanshi p" i n an at t empt t o gi ve t hei r
pr oduct s a bet t er posi t i on i n t he mar ket pl ace. Thi s of t en i nvol ves
"smoke & mi r r or s" t o conf use t he pot ent i al user s of t he pr oduct s.

Br adner & McQuai d I nf or mat i onal [ Page 1]

RFC 2544 Benchmar ki ng Met hodol ogy Mar ch 1999

Thi s document def i nes a speci f i c set of t est s t hat vendor s can use t o
measur e and r epor t t he per f or mance char act er i st i cs of net wor k
devi ces. The r esul t s of t hese t est s wi l l pr ovi de t he user compar abl e
dat a f r omdi f f er ent vendor s wi t h whi ch t o eval uat e t hese devi ces.

A pr evi ous document , "Benchmar ki ng Ter mi nol ogy f or Net wor k
I nt er connect Devi ces" ( RFC 1242) , def i ned many of t he t er ms t hat ar e
used i n t hi s document . The t er mi nol ogy document shoul d be consul t ed
bef or e at t empt i ng t o make use of t hi s document .

2. Real wor l d

I n pr oduci ng t hi s document t he aut hor s at t empt ed t o keep i n mi nd t he
r equi r ement t hat appar at us t o per f or mt he descr i bed t est s must
act ual l y be bui l t . We do not know of "of f t he shel f " equi pment
avai l abl e t o i mpl ement al l of t he t est s but i t i s our opi ni on t hat
such equi pment can be const r uct ed.

3. Test s t o be r un

Ther e ar e a number of t est s descr i bed i n t hi s document . Not al l of
t he t est s appl y t o al l t ypes of devi ces under t est ( DUTs) . Vendor s
shoul d per f or mal l of t he t est s t hat can be suppor t ed by a speci f i c
t ype of pr oduct . The aut hor s under st and t hat i t wi l l t ake a
consi der abl e per i od of t i me t o per f or mal l of t he r ecommended t est s
nder al l of t he r ecommended condi t i ons. We bel i eve t hat t he r esul t s
ar e wor t h t he ef f or t . Appendi x A l i st s some of t he t est s and
condi t i ons t hat we bel i eve shoul d be i ncl uded f or speci f i c cases.

4. Eval uat i ng t he r esul t s

Per f or mi ng al l of t he r ecommended t est s wi l l r esul t i n a gr eat deal
of dat a. Much of t hi s dat a wi l l not appl y t o t he eval uat i on of t he
devi ces under each ci r cumst ance. For exampl e, t he r at e at whi ch a
r out er f or war ds I PX f r ames wi l l be of l i t t l e use i n sel ect i ng a
r out er f or an envi r onment t hat does not ( and wi l l not ) suppor t t hat
pr ot ocol . Eval uat i ng even t hat dat a whi ch i s r el evant t o a
par t i cul ar net wor k i nst al l at i on wi l l r equi r e exper i ence whi ch may not
be r eadi l y avai l abl e. Fur t her mor e, sel ect i on of t he t est s t o be r un
and eval uat i on of t he t est dat a must be done wi t h an under st andi ng of
gener al l y accept ed t est i ng pr act i ces r egar di ng r epeat abi l i t y,
var i ance and st at i st i cal si gni f i cance of smal l number s of t r i al s.



5. Requi r ement s

I n t hi s document , t he wor ds t hat ar e used t o def i ne t he si gni f i cance
of each par t i cul ar r equi r ement ar e capi t al i zed. These wor ds ar e:

* "MUST" Thi s wor d, or t he wor ds "REQUI RED" and "SHALL" mean t hat
t he i t emi s an absol ut e r equi r ement of t he speci f i cat i on.

* "SHOULD" Thi s wor d or t he adj ect i ve "RECOMMENDED" means t hat
t her e may exi st val i d r easons i n par t i cul ar ci r cumst ances t o
i gnor e t hi s i t em, but t he f ul l i mpl i cat i ons shoul d be
under st ood and t he case car ef ul l y wei ghed bef or e choosi ng a
di f f er ent cour se.

* "MAY" Thi s wor d or t he adj ect i ve "OPTI ONAL" means t hat t hi s
i t emi s t r ul y opt i onal . One vendor may choose t o i ncl ude t he
i t embecause a par t i cul ar mar ket pl ace r equi r es i t or because i t
enhances t he pr oduct , f or exampl e; anot her vendor may omi t t he
same i t em.

An i mpl ement at i on i s not compl i ant i f i t f ai l s t o sat i sf y one or mor e
of t he MUST r equi r ement s f or t he pr ot ocol s i t i mpl ement s. An
i mpl ement at i on t hat sat i sf i es al l t he MUST and al l t he SHOULD
r equi r ement s f or i t s pr ot ocol s i s sai d t o be "uncondi t i onal l y
compl i ant "; one t hat sat i sf i es al l t he MUST r equi r ement s but not al l
t he SHOULD r equi r ement s f or i t s pr ot ocol s i s sai d t o be
"condi t i onal l y compl i ant ".

6. Test set up

The i deal way t o i mpl ement t hi s ser i es of t est s i s t o use a t est er
wi t h bot h t r ansmi t t i ng and r ecei vi ng por t s. Connect i ons ar e made
f r omt he sendi ng por t s of t he t est er t o t he r ecei vi ng por t s of t he
DUT and f r omt he sendi ng por t s of t he DUT back t o t he t est er . ( see
Fi gur e 1) Si nce t he t est er bot h sends t he t est t r af f i c and r ecei ves
i t back, af t er t he t r af f i c has been f or war ded but t he DUT, t he t est er
can easi l y det er mi ne i f al l of t he t r ansmi t t ed packet s wer e r ecei ved
and ver i f y t hat t he cor r ect packet s wer e r ecei ved. The same
f unct i onal i t y can be obt ai ned wi t h separ at e t r ansmi t t i ng and
r ecei vi ng devi ces ( see Fi gur e 2) but unl ess t hey ar e r emot el y
cont r ol l ed by some comput er i n a way t hat si mul at es t he si ngl e
t est er , t he l abor r equi r ed t o accur at el y per f or msome of t he t est s
( par t i cul ar l y t he t hr oughput t est ) can be pr ohi bi t i ve.



+- - - - - - - - - - - - +
| |
+- - - - - - - - - - - - | t est er | <- - - - - - - - - - - - - +
| | | |
| +- - - - - - - - - - - - + |
| |
| +- - - - - - - - - - - - + |
| | | |
+- - - - - - - - - - - >| DUT | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
| |
+- - - - - - - - - - - - +
Fi gur e 1

+- - - - - - - - + +- - - - - - - - - - - - + +- - - - - - - - - - +
| | | | | |
| sender | - - - - - - - - >| DUT | - - - - - - - - - >| r ecei ver |
| | | | | |
+- - - - - - - - + +- - - - - - - - - - - - + +- - - - - - - - - - +
Fi gur e 2

6. 1 Test set up f or mul t i pl e medi a t ypes

Two di f f er ent set ups coul d be used t o t est a DUT whi ch i s used i n
r eal - wor l d net wor ks t o connect net wor ks of di f f er i ng medi a t ype,
l ocal Et her net t o a backbone FDDI r i ng f or exampl e. The t est er coul d
suppor t bot h medi a t ypes i n whi ch case t he set up shown i n Fi gur e 1
woul d be used.

Two i dent i cal DUTs ar e used i n t he ot her t est set up. ( see Fi gur e 3)
I n many cases t hi s set up may mor e accur at el y si mul at e t he r eal
wor l d. For exampl e, connect i ng t wo LANs t oget her wi t h a WAN l i nk or
hi gh speed backbone. Thi s set up woul d not be as good at si mul at i ng
a syst emwher e cl i ent s on a Et her net LAN wer e i nt er act i ng wi t h a
ser ver on an FDDI backbone.

+- - - - - - - - - - - +
| |
+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | t est er | <- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
| | | |
| +- - - - - - - - - - - + |
| |
| +- - - - - - - - - - + +- - - - - - - - - - + |
| | | | | |
+- - - - - - - >| DUT 1 | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >| DUT 2 | - - - - - - - - - +
| | | |
+- - - - - - - - - - + +- - - - - - - - - - +

Fi gur e 3



7. DUT set up

Bef or e st ar t i ng t o per f or mt he t est s, t he DUT t o be t est ed MUST be
conf i gur ed f ol l owi ng t he i nst r uct i ons pr ovi ded t o t he user .
Speci f i cal l y, i t i s expect ed t hat al l of t he suppor t ed pr ot ocol s wi l l
be conf i gur ed and enabl ed dur i ng t hi s set up ( See Appendi x A) . I t i s
expect ed t hat al l of t he t est s wi l l be r un wi t hout changi ng t he
conf i gur at i on or set up of t he DUT i n any way ot her t han t hat r equi r ed
t o do t he speci f i c t est . For exampl e, i t i s not accept abl e t o change
t he si ze of f r ame handl i ng buf f er s bet ween t est s of f r ame handl i ng
r at es or t o di sabl e al l but one t r anspor t pr ot ocol when t est i ng t he
t hr oughput of t hat pr ot ocol . I t i s necessar y t o modi f y t he
conf i gur at i on when st ar t i ng a t est t o det er mi ne t he ef f ect of f i l t er s
on t hr oughput , but t he onl y change MUST be t o enabl e t he speci f i c
f i l t er . The DUT set up SHOULD i ncl ude t he nor mal l y r ecommended
r out i ng updat e i nt er val s and keep al i ve f r equency. The speci f i c
ver si on of t he sof t war e and t he exact DUT conf i gur at i on, i ncl udi ng
what f unct i ons ar e di sabl ed, used dur i ng t he t est s MUST be i ncl uded
as par t of t he r epor t of t he r esul t s.

8. Fr ame f or mat s

The f or mat s of t he t est f r ames t o use f or TCP/ I P over Et her net ar e
shown i n Appendi x C: Test Fr ame For mat s. These exact f r ame f or mat s
SHOULD be used i n t he t est s descr i bed i n t hi s document f or t hi s
pr ot ocol / medi a combi nat i on and t hat t hese f r ames wi l l be used as a
t empl at e f or t est i ng ot her pr ot ocol / medi a combi nat i ons. The speci f i c
f or mat s t hat ar e used t o def i ne t he t est f r ames f or a par t i cul ar t est
ser i es MUST be i ncl uded i n t he r epor t of t he r esul t s.

9. Fr ame si zes

Al l of t he descr i bed t est s SHOULD be per f or med at a number of f r ame
si zes. Speci f i cal l y, t he si zes SHOULD i ncl ude t he maxi mumand mi ni mum
l egi t i mat e si zes f or t he pr ot ocol under t est on t he medi a under t est
and enough si zes i n bet ween t o be abl e t o get a f ul l char act er i zat i on
of t he DUT per f or mance. Except wher e not ed, at l east f i ve f r ame
si zes SHOULD be t est ed f or each t est condi t i on.

Theor et i cal l y t he mi ni mumsi ze UDP Echo r equest f r ame woul d consi st
of an I P header ( mi ni muml engt h 20 oct et s) , a UDP header ( 8 oct et s)
and what ever MAC l evel header i s r equi r ed by t he medi a i n use. The
t heor et i cal maxi mumf r ame si ze i s det er mi ned by t he si ze of t he
l engt h f i el d i n t he I P header . I n al most al l cases t he act ual
maxi mumand mi ni mumsi zes ar e det er mi ned by t he l i mi t at i ons of t he
medi a.



I n t heor y i t woul d be i deal t o di st r i but e t he f r ame si zes i n a way
t hat woul d evenl y di st r i but e t he t heor et i cal f r ame r at es. These
r ecommendat i ons i ncor por at e t hi s t heor y but speci f y f r ame si zes whi ch
ar e easy t o under st and and r emember . I n addi t i on, many of t he same
f r ame si zes ar e speci f i ed on each of t he medi a t ypes t o al l ow f or
easy per f or mance compar i sons.

Not e: The i ncl usi on of an unr eal i st i cal l y smal l f r ame si ze on some of
t he medi a t ypes ( i . e. wi t h l i t t l e or no space f or dat a) i s t o hel p
char act er i ze t he per - f r ame pr ocessi ng over head of t he DUT.

9. 1 Fr ame si zes t o be used on Et her net

64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280, 1518

These si zes i ncl ude t he maxi mumand mi ni mumf r ame si zes per mi t t ed by
t he Et her net st andar d and a sel ect i on of si zes bet ween t hese ext r emes
wi t h a f i ner gr anul ar i t y f or t he smal l er f r ame si zes and hi gher f r ame
r at es.

9. 2 Fr ame si zes t o be used on 4Mb and 16Mb t oken r i ng

54, 64, 128, 256, 1024, 1518, 2048, 4472

The f r ame si ze r ecommendat i ons f or t oken r i ng assume t hat t her e i s no
RI F f i el d i n t he f r ames of r out ed pr ot ocol s. A RI F f i el d woul d be
pr esent i n any di r ect sour ce r out e br i dge per f or mance t est . The
mi ni mumsi ze f r ame f or UDP on t oken r i ng i s 54 oct et s. The maxi mum
si ze of 4472 oct et s i s r ecommended f or 16Mb t oken r i ng i nst ead of t he
t heor et i cal si ze of 17. 9Kb because of t he si ze l i mi t at i ons i mposed by
many t oken r i ng i nt er f aces. The r emi nder of t he si zes ar e sel ect ed
t o per mi t di r ect compar i sons wi t h ot her t ypes of medi a. An I P ( i . e.
not UDP) f r ame may be used i n addi t i on i f a hi gher dat a r at e i s
desi r ed, i n whi ch case t he mi ni mumf r ame si ze i s 46 oct et s.

9. 3 Fr ame si zes t o be used on FDDI

54, 64, 128, 256, 1024, 1518, 2048, 4472

The mi ni mumsi ze f r ame f or UDP on FDDI i s 53 oct et s, t he mi ni mumsi ze
of 54 i s r ecommended t o al l ow di r ect compar i son t o t oken r i ng
per f or mance. The maxi mumsi ze of 4472 i s r ecommended i nst ead of t he
t heor et i cal maxi mumsi ze of 4500 oct et s t o per mi t t he same t ype of
compar i son. An I P ( i . e. not UDP) f r ame may be used i n addi t i on i f a
hi gher dat a r at e i s desi r ed, i n whi ch case t he mi ni mumf r ame si ze i s
45 oct et s.



9. 4 Fr ame si zes i n t he pr esence of di spar at e MTUs

When t he i nt er connect DUT suppor t s connect i ng l i nks wi t h di spar at e
MTUs, t he f r ame si zes f or t he l i nk wi t h t he *l ar ger * MTU SHOULD be
used, up t o t he l i mi t of t he pr ot ocol bei ng t est ed. I f t he
i nt er connect DUT does not suppor t t he f r agment i ng of f r ames i n t he
pr esence of MTU mi smat ch, t he f or war di ng r at e f or t hat f r ame si ze
shal l be r epor t ed as zer o.

For exampl e, t he t est of I P f or war di ng wi t h a br i dge or r out er t hat
j oi ns FDDI and Et her net shoul d use t he f r ame si zes of FDDI when goi ng
f r omt he FDDI t o t he Et her net l i nk. I f t he br i dge does not suppor t I P
f r agment at i on, t he f or war di ng r at e f or t hose f r ames t oo l ar ge f or
Et her net shoul d be r epor t ed as zer o.

10. Ver i f yi ng r ecei ved f r ames

The t est equi pment SHOULD di scar d any f r ames r ecei ved dur i ng a t est
r un t hat ar e not act ual f or war ded t est f r ames. For exampl e, keep-
al i ve and r out i ng updat e f r ames SHOULD NOT be i ncl uded i n t he count
of r ecei ved f r ames. I n any case, t he t est equi pment SHOULD ver i f y
t he l engt h of t he r ecei ved f r ames and check t hat t hey mat ch t he
expect ed l engt h.

Pr ef er abl y, t he t est equi pment SHOULD i ncl ude sequence number s i n t he
t r ansmi t t ed f r ames and check f or t hese number s on t he r ecei ved
f r ames. I f t hi s i s done, t he r epor t ed r esul t s SHOULD i ncl ude i n
addi t i on t o t he number of f r ames dr opped, t he number of f r ames t hat
wer e r ecei ved out of or der , t he number of dupl i cat e f r ames r ecei ved
and t he number of gaps i n t he r ecei ved f r ame number i ng sequence.
Thi s f unct i onal i t y i s r equi r ed f or some of t he descr i bed t est s.

11. Modi f i er s

I t mi ght be usef ul t o know t he DUT per f or mance under a number of
condi t i ons; some of t hese condi t i ons ar e not ed bel ow. The r epor t ed
r esul t s SHOULD i ncl ude as many of t hese condi t i ons as t he t est
equi pment i s abl e t o gener at e. The sui t e of t est s SHOULD be f i r st
r un wi t hout any modi f yi ng condi t i ons and t hen r epeat ed under each of
t he condi t i ons separ at el y. To pr eser ve t he abi l i t y t o compar e t he
r esul t s of t hese t est s any f r ames t hat ar e r equi r ed t o gener at e t he
modi f yi ng condi t i ons ( management quer i es f or exampl e) wi l l be
i ncl uded i n t he same dat a st r eamas t he nor mal t est f r ames i n pl ace
of one of t he t est f r ames and not be suppl i ed t o t he DUT on a
separ at e net wor k por t .



11. 1 Br oadcast f r ames

I n most r out er desi gns speci al pr ocessi ng i s r equi r ed when f r ames
addr essed t o t he har dwar e br oadcast addr ess ar e r ecei ved. I n br i dges
( or i n br i dge mode on r out er s) t hese br oadcast f r ames must be f l ooded
t o a number of por t s. The st r eamof t est f r ames SHOULD be augment ed
wi t h 1%f r ames addr essed t o t he har dwar e br oadcast addr ess. The
f r ames sent t o t he br oadcast addr ess shoul d be of a t ype t hat t he
r out er wi l l not need t o pr ocess. The ai mof t hi s t est i s t o
det er mi ne i f t her e i s any ef f ect on t he f or war di ng r at e of t he ot her
dat a i n t he st r eam. The speci f i c f r ames t hat shoul d be used ar e
i ncl uded i n t he t est f r ame f or mat document . The br oadcast f r ames
SHOULD be evenl y di st r i but ed t hr oughout t he dat a st r eam, f or exampl e,
ever y 100t h f r ame.

The same t est SHOULD be per f or med on br i dge- l i ke DUTs but i n t hi s
case t he br oadcast packet s wi l l be pr ocessed and f l ooded t o al l
out put s.

I t i s under st ood t hat a l evel of br oadcast f r ames of 1%i s much
hi gher t han many net wor ks exper i ence but , as i n dr ug t oxi ci t y
eval uat i ons, t he hi gher l evel i s r equi r ed t o be abl e t o gage t he
ef f ect whi ch woul d ot her wi se of t en f al l wi t hi n t he nor mal var i abi l i t y
of t he syst emper f or mance. Due t o desi gn f act or s some t est equi pment
wi l l not be abl e t o gener at e a l evel of al t er nat e f r ames t hi s l ow.
I n t hese cases t he per cent age SHOULD be as smal l as t he equi pment can
pr ovi de and t hat t he act ual l evel be descr i bed i n t he r epor t of t he
t est r esul t s.

11. 2 Management f r ames

Most dat a net wor ks now make use of management pr ot ocol s such as SNMP.
I n many envi r onment s t her e can be a number of management st at i ons
sendi ng quer i es t o t he same DUT at t he same t i me.

The st r eamof t est f r ames SHOULD be augment ed wi t h one management
quer y as t he f i r st f r ame sent each second dur i ng t he dur at i on of t he
t r i al . The r esul t of t he quer y must f i t i nt o one r esponse f r ame. The
r esponse f r ame SHOULD be ver i f i ed by t he t est equi pment . One exampl e
of t he speci f i c quer y f r ame t hat shoul d be used i s shown i n Appendi x
C.

11. 3 Rout i ng updat e f r ames

The pr ocessi ng of dynami c r out i ng pr ot ocol updat es coul d have a
si gni f i cant i mpact on t he abi l i t y of a r out er t o f or war d dat a f r ames.
The st r eamof t est f r ames SHOULD be augment ed wi t h one r out i ng updat e
f r ame t r ansmi t t ed as t he f i r st f r ame t r ansmi t t ed dur i ng t he t r i al .



Rout i ng updat e f r ames SHOULD be sent at t he r at e speci f i ed i n
Appendi x C f or t he speci f i c r out i ng pr ot ocol bei ng used i n t he t est .
Two r out i ng updat e f r ames ar e def i ned i n Appendi x C f or t he TCP/ I P
over Et her net exampl e. The r out i ng f r ames ar e desi gned t o change t he
r out i ng t o a number of net wor ks t hat ar e not i nvol ved i n t he
f or war di ng of t he t est dat a. The f i r st f r ame set s t he r out i ng t abl e
st at e t o "A", t he second one changes t he st at e t o "B". The f r ames
MUST be al t er nat ed dur i ng t he t r i al .

The t est SHOULD ver i f y t hat t he r out i ng updat e was pr ocessed by t he
DUT.

11. 4 Fi l t er s

Fi l t er s ar e added t o r out er s and br i dges t o sel ect i vel y i nhi bi t t he
f or war di ng of f r ames t hat woul d nor mal l y be f or war ded. Thi s i s
usual l y done t o i mpl ement secur i t y cont r ol s on t he dat a t hat i s
accept ed bet ween one ar ea and anot her . Di f f er ent pr oduct s have
di f f er ent capabi l i t i es t o i mpl ement f i l t er s.

The DUT SHOULD be f i r st conf i gur ed t o add one f i l t er condi t i on and
t he t est s per f or med. Thi s f i l t er SHOULD per mi t t he f or war di ng of t he
t est dat a st r eam. I n r out er s t hi s f i l t er SHOULD be of t he f or m:

f or war d i nput _pr ot ocol _addr ess t o out put _pr ot ocol _addr ess

I n br i dges t he f i l t er SHOULD be of t he f or m:

f or war d dest i nat i on_har dwar e_addr ess

The DUT SHOULD be t hen r econf i gur ed t o i mpl ement a t ot al of 25
f i l t er s. The f i r st 24 of t hese f i l t er s SHOULD be of t he f or m:

bl ock i nput _pr ot ocol _addr ess t o out put _pr ot ocol _addr ess

The 24 i nput and out put pr ot ocol addr esses SHOULD not be any t hat ar e
r epr esent ed i n t he t est dat a st r eam. The l ast f i l t er SHOULD per mi t
t he f or war di ng of t he t est dat a st r eam. By "f i r st " and "l ast " we
mean t o ensur e t hat i n t he second case, 25 condi t i ons must be checked
bef or e t he dat a f r ames wi l l mat ch t he condi t i ons t hat per mi t t he
f or war di ng of t he f r ame. Of cour se, i f t he DUT r eor der s t he f i l t er s
or does not use a l i near scan of t he f i l t er r ul es t he ef f ect of t he
sequence i n whi ch t he f i l t er s ar e i nput i s pr oper l y l ost .

The exact f i l t er s conf i gur at i on command l i nes used SHOULD be i ncl uded
wi t h t he r epor t of t he r esul t s.



11. 4. 1 Fi l t er Addr esses

Two set s of f i l t er addr esses ar e r equi r ed, one f or t he si ngl e f i l t er
case and one f or t he 25 f i l t er case.

The si ngl e f i l t er case shoul d per mi t t r af f i c f r omI P addr ess
198. 18. 1. 2 t o I P addr ess 198. 19. 65. 2 and deny al l ot her t r af f i c.

The 25 f i l t er case shoul d f ol l ow t he f ol l owi ng sequence.

deny aa. ba. 1. 1 t o aa. ba. 100. 1
deny aa. ba. 2. 2 t o aa. ba. 101. 2
deny aa. ba. 3. 3 t o aa. ba. 103. 3
. . .
deny aa. ba. 12. 12 t o aa. ba. 112. 12
al l ow aa. bc. 1. 2 t o aa. bc. 65. 1
deny aa. ba. 13. 13 t o aa. ba. 113. 13
deny aa. ba. 14. 14 t o aa. ba. 114. 14
. . .
deny aa. ba. 24. 24 t o aa. ba. 124. 24
deny al l el se

Al l pr evi ous f i l t er condi t i ons shoul d be cl ear ed f r omt he r out er
bef or e t hi s sequence i s ent er ed. The sequence i s sel ect ed t o t est t o
see i f t he r out er sor t s t he f i l t er condi t i ons or accept s t hemi n t he
or der t hat t hey wer e ent er ed. Bot h of t hese pr ocedur es wi l l r esul t
i n a gr eat er i mpact on per f or mance t han wi l l some f or mof hash
codi ng.

12. Pr ot ocol addr esses

I t i s easi er t o i mpl ement t hese t est s usi ng a si ngl e l ogi cal st r eam
of dat a, wi t h one sour ce pr ot ocol addr ess and one dest i nat i on
pr ot ocol addr ess, and f or some condi t i ons l i ke t he f i l t er s descr i bed
above, a pr act i cal r equi r ement . Net wor ks i n t he r eal wor l d ar e not
l i mi t ed t o si ngl e st r eams of dat a. The t est sui t e SHOULD be f i r st r un
wi t h a si ngl e pr ot ocol ( or har dwar e f or br i dge t est s) sour ce and
dest i nat i on addr ess pai r . The t est s SHOULD t hen be r epeat ed wi t h
usi ng a r andomdest i nat i on addr ess. Whi l e t est i ng r out er s t he
addr esses SHOULD be r andomand uni f or ml y di st r i but ed over a r ange of
256 net wor ks and r andomand uni f or ml y di st r i but ed over t he f ul l MAC
r ange f or br i dges. The speci f i c addr ess r anges t o use f or I P ar e
shown i n Appendi x C.



13. Rout e Set Up

I t i s not r easonabl e t hat al l of t he r out i ng i nf or mat i on necessar y t o
f or war d t he t est st r eam, especi al l y i n t he mul t i pl e addr ess case,
wi l l be manual l y set up. At t he st ar t of each t r i al a r out i ng updat e
MUST be sent t o t he DUT. Thi s r out i ng updat e MUST i ncl ude al l of t he
net wor k addr esses t hat wi l l be r equi r ed f or t he t r i al . Al l of t he
addr esses SHOULD r esol ve t o t he same "next - hop". Nor mal l y t hi s wi l l
be t he addr ess of t he r ecei vi ng si de of t he t est equi pment . Thi s
r out i ng updat e wi l l have t o be r epeat ed at t he i nt er val r equi r ed by
t he r out i ng pr ot ocol bei ng used. An exampl e of t he f or mat and
r epet i t i on i nt er val of t he updat e f r ames i s gi ven i n Appendi x C.

14. Bi di r ect i onal t r af f i c

Nor mal net wor k act i vi t y i s not al l i n a si ngl e di r ect i on. To t est
t he bi di r ect i onal per f or mance of a DUT, t he t est ser i es SHOULD be r un
wi t h t he same dat a r at e bei ng of f er ed f r omeach di r ect i on. The sumof
t he dat a r at es shoul d not exceed t he t heor et i cal l i mi t f or t he medi a.

15. Si ngl e st r eampat h

The f ul l sui t e of t est s SHOULD be r un al ong wi t h what ever modi f i er
condi t i ons t hat ar e r el evant usi ng a si ngl e i nput and out put net wor k
por t on t he DUT. I f t he i nt er nal desi gn of t he DUT has mul t i pl e
di st i nct pat hways, f or exampl e, mul t i pl e i nt er f ace car ds each wi t h
mul t i pl e net wor k por t s, t hen al l possi bl e t ypes of pat hways SHOULD be
t est ed separ at el y.

16. Mul t i - por t

Many cur r ent r out er and br i dge pr oduct s pr ovi de many net wor k por t s i n
t he same modul e. I n per f or mi ng t hese t est s f i r st hal f of t he por t s
ar e desi gnat ed as "i nput por t s" and hal f ar e desi gnat ed as "out put
por t s". These por t s SHOULD be evenl y di st r i but ed acr oss t he DUT
ar chi t ect ur e. For exampl e i f a DUT has t wo i nt er f ace car ds each of
whi ch has f our por t s, t wo por t s on each i nt er f ace car d ar e desi gnat ed
as i nput and t wo ar e desi gnat ed as out put . The speci f i ed t est s ar e
r un usi ng t he same dat a r at e bei ng of f er ed t o each of t he i nput
por t s. The addr esses i n t he i nput dat a st r eams SHOULD be set so t hat
a f r ame wi l l be di r ect ed t o each of t he out put por t s i n sequence so
t hat al l "out put " por t s wi l l get an even di st r i but i on of packet s f r om
t hi s i nput . The same conf i gur at i on MAY be used t o per f or ma
bi di r ect i onal mul t i - st r eamt est . I n t hi s case al l of t he por t s ar e
consi der ed bot h i nput and out put por t s and each dat a st r eamMUST
consi st of f r ames addr essed t o al l of t he ot her por t s.



Consi der t he f ol l owi ng 6 por t DUT:

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - | i n A out X| - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - | i n B out Y| - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - | i n C out Z| - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

The addr essi ng of t he dat a st r eams f or each of t he i nput s SHOULD be:

st r eamsent t o i nput A:
packet t o out X, packet t o out Y, packet t o out Z
st r eamsent t o i nput B:
st r eamsent t o i nput C

Not e t hat t hese st r eams each f ol l ow t he same sequence so t hat 3
packet s wi l l ar r i ve at out put X at t he same t i me, t hen 3 packet s at
Y, t hen 3 packet s at Z. Thi s pr ocedur e ensur es t hat , as i n t he r eal
wor l d, t he DUT wi l l have t o deal wi t h mul t i pl e packet s addr essed t o
t he same out put at t he same t i me.

17. Mul t i pl e pr ot ocol s

Thi s document does not addr ess t he i ssue of t est i ng t he ef f ect s of a
mi xed pr ot ocol envi r onment ot her t han t o suggest t hat i f such t est s
ar e want ed t hen f r ames SHOULD be di st r i but ed bet ween al l of t he t est
pr ot ocol s. The di st r i but i on MAY appr oxi mat e t he condi t i ons on t he
net wor k i n whi ch t he DUT woul d be used.

18. Mul t i pl e f r ame si zes

Thi s document does not addr ess t he i ssue of t est i ng t he ef f ect s of a
mi xed f r ame si ze envi r onment ot her t han t o suggest t hat i f such t est s
ar e want ed t hen f r ames SHOULD be di st r i but ed bet ween al l of t he
l i st ed si zes f or t he pr ot ocol under t est . The di st r i but i on MAY
appr oxi mat e t he condi t i ons on t he net wor k i n whi ch t he DUT woul d be
used. The aut hor s do not have any i dea how t he r esul t s of such a t est
woul d be i nt er pr et ed ot her t han t o di r ect l y compar e mul t i pl e DUTs i n
some ver y speci f i c si mul at ed net wor k.

19. Test i ng per f or mance beyond a si ngl e DUT.

I n t he per f or mance t est i ng of a si ngl e DUT, t he par adi gmcan be
descr i bed as appl yi ng some i nput t o a DUT and moni t or i ng t he out put .
The r esul t s of whi ch can be used t o f or ma basi s of char act er i zat i on
of t hat devi ce under t hose t est condi t i ons.



Thi s model i s usef ul when t he t est i nput and out put ar e homogenous
( e. g. , 64- byt e I P, 802. 3 f r ames i nt o t he DUT; 64 byt e I P, 802. 3
f r ames out ) , or t he met hod of t est can di st i ngui sh bet ween di ssi mi l ar
i nput / out put . ( E. g. , 1518 byt e I P, 802. 3 f r ames i n; 576 byt e,
f r agment ed I P, X. 25 f r ames out . )

By ext endi ng t he si ngl e DUT t est model , r easonabl e benchmar ks
r egar di ng mul t i pl e DUTs or het er ogeneous envi r onment s may be
col l ect ed. I n t hi s ext ensi on, t he si ngl e DUT i s r epl aced by a syst em
of i nt er connect ed net wor k DUTs. Thi s t est met hodol ogy woul d suppor t
t he benchmar ki ng of a var i et y of devi ce/ medi a/ ser vi ce/ pr ot ocol
combi nat i ons. For exampl e, a conf i gur at i on f or a LAN- t o- WAN- t o- LAN
t est mi ght be:

( 1) 802. 3- > DUT 1 - > X. 25 @64kbps - > DUT 2 - > 802. 3

Or a mi xed LAN conf i gur at i on mi ght be:

( 2) 802. 3 - > DUT 1 - > FDDI - > DUT 2 - > FDDI - > DUT 3 - > 802. 3

I n bot h exampl es 1 and 2, end- t o- end benchmar ks of each syst emcoul d
be empi r i cal l y ascer t ai ned. Ot her behavi or may be char act er i zed
t hr ough t he use of i nt er medi at e devi ces. I n exampl e 2, t he
conf i gur at i on may be used t o gi ve an i ndi cat i on of t he FDDI t o FDDI
capabi l i t y exhi bi t ed by DUT 2.

Because mul t i pl e DUTs ar e t r eat ed as a si ngl e syst em, t her e ar e
l i mi t at i ons t o t hi s met hodol ogy. For i nst ance, t hi s met hodol ogy may
yi el d an aggr egat e benchmar k f or a t est ed syst em. That benchmar k
al one, however , may not necessar i l y r ef l ect asymmet r i es i n behavi or
bet ween t he DUTs, l at enci es i nt r oduce by ot her appar at us ( e. g. ,
CSUs/ DSUs, swi t ches) , et c.

Fur t her , car e must be used when compar i ng benchmar ks of di f f er ent
syst ems by ensur i ng t hat t he DUTs' f eat ur es/ conf i gur at i on of t he
t est ed syst ems have t he appr opr i at e common denomi nat or s t o al l ow
compar i son.

20. Maxi mumf r ame r at e

The maxi mumf r ame r at es t hat shoul d be used when t est i ng LAN
connect i ons SHOULD be t he l i st ed t heor et i cal maxi mumr at e f or t he
f r ame si ze on t he medi a.



The maxi mumf r ame r at e t hat shoul d be used when t est i ng WAN
connect i ons SHOULD be gr eat er t han t he l i st ed t heor et i cal maxi mum
r at e f or t he f r ame si ze on t hat speed connect i on. The hi gher r at e
f or WAN t est s i s t o compensat e f or t he f act t hat some vendor s empl oy
var i ous f or ms of header compr essi on.

A l i st of maxi mumf r ame r at es f or LAN connect i ons i s i ncl uded i n
Appendi x B.

21. Bur st y t r af f i c

I t i s conveni ent t o measur e t he DUT per f or mance under st eady st at e
l oad but t hi s i s an unr eal i st i c way t o gauge t he f unct i oni ng of a DUT
si nce act ual net wor k t r af f i c nor mal l y consi st s of bur st s of f r ames.
Some of t he t est s descr i bed bel ow SHOULD be per f or med wi t h bot h
st eady st at e t r af f i c and wi t h t r af f i c consi st i ng of r epeat ed bur st s
of f r ames. The f r ames wi t hi n a bur st ar e t r ansmi t t ed wi t h t he
mi ni muml egi t i mat e i nt er - f r ame gap.

The obj ect i ve of t he t est i s t o det er mi ne t he mi ni mumi nt er val
bet ween bur st s whi ch t he DUT can pr ocess wi t h no f r ame l oss. Dur i ng
each t est t he number of f r ames i n each bur st i s hel d const ant and t he
i nt er - bur st i nt er val var i ed. Test s SHOULD be r un wi t h bur st si zes of
16, 64, 256 and 1024 f r ames.

22. Fr ames per t oken

Al t hough i t i s possi bl e t o conf i gur e some t oken r i ng and FDDI
i nt er f aces t o t r ansmi t mor e t han one f r ame each t i me t hat t he t oken
i s r ecei ved, most of t he net wor k devi ces cur r ent l y avai l abl e t r ansmi t
onl y one f r ame per t oken. These t est s SHOULD f i r st be per f or med
whi l e t r ansmi t t i ng onl y one f r ame per t oken.

Some cur r ent hi gh- per f or mance wor kst at i on ser ver s do t r ansmi t mor e
t han one f r ame per t oken on FDDI t o maxi mi ze t hr oughput . Si nce t hi s
may be a common f eat ur e i n f ut ur e wor kst at i ons and ser ver s,
i nt er connect devi ces wi t h FDDI i nt er f aces SHOULD be t est ed wi t h 1, 4,
8, and 16 f r ames per t oken. The r epor t ed f r ame r at e SHOULD be t he
aver age r at e of f r ame t r ansmi ssi on over t he t ot al t r i al per i od.

23. Tr i al descr i pt i on

A par t i cul ar t est consi st s of mul t i pl e t r i al s. Each t r i al r et ur ns
one pi ece of i nf or mat i on, f or exampl e t he l oss r at e at a par t i cul ar
i nput f r ame r at e. Each t r i al consi st s of a number of phases:

a) I f t he DUT i s a r out er , send t he r out i ng updat e t o t he "i nput "
por t and pause t wo seconds t o be sur e t hat t he r out i ng has set t l ed.



b) Send t he "l ear ni ng f r ames" t o t he "out put " por t and wai t 2
seconds t o be sur e t hat t he l ear ni ng has set t l ed. Br i dge l ear ni ng
f r ames ar e f r ames wi t h sour ce addr esses t hat ar e t he same as t he
dest i nat i on addr esses used by t he t est f r ames. Lear ni ng f r ames f or
ot her pr ot ocol s ar e used t o pr i me t he addr ess r esol ut i on t abl es i n
t he DUT. The f or mat s of t he l ear ni ng f r ame t hat shoul d be used ar e
shown i n t he Test Fr ame For mat s document .

c) Run t he t est t r i al .

d) Wai t f or t wo seconds f or any r esi dual f r ames t o be r ecei ved.

e) Wai t f or at l east f i ve seconds f or t he DUT t o r est abi l i ze.

24. Tr i al dur at i on

The ai mof t hese t est s i s t o det er mi ne t he r at e cont i nuousl y
suppor t abl e by t he DUT. The act ual dur at i on of t he t est t r i al s must
be a compr omi se bet ween t hi s ai mand t he dur at i on of t he benchmar ki ng
t est sui t e. The dur at i on of t he t est por t i on of each t r i al SHOULD be
at l east 60 seconds. The t est s t hat i nvol ve some f or mof "bi nar y
sear ch", f or exampl e t he t hr oughput t est , t o det er mi ne t he exact
r esul t MAY use a shor t er t r i al dur at i on t o mi ni mi ze t he l engt h of t he
sear ch pr ocedur e, but t he f i nal det er mi nat i on SHOULD be made wi t h
f ul l l engt h t r i al s.

25. Addr ess r esol ut i on

The DUT SHOULD be abl e t o r espond t o addr ess r esol ut i on r equest s sent
by t he DUT wher ever t he pr ot ocol r equi r es such a pr ocess.

26. Benchmar ki ng t est s:

Not e: The not at i on "t ype of dat a st r eam" r ef er s t o t he above
modi f i cat i ons t o a f r ame st r eamwi t h a const ant i nt er - f r ame gap, f or
exampl e, t he addi t i on of t r af f i c f i l t er s t o t he conf i gur at i on of t he
DUT.

26. 1 Thr oughput

Obj ect i ve: To det er mi ne t he DUT t hr oughput as def i ned i n RFC 1242.

Pr ocedur e: Send a speci f i c number of f r ames at a speci f i c r at e
t hr ough t he DUT and t hen count t he f r ames t hat ar e t r ansmi t t ed by t he
DUT. I f t he count of of f er ed f r ames i s equal t o t he count of r ecei ved
f r ames, t he f ewer f r ames ar e r ecei ved t han wer e t r ansmi t t ed, t he r at e
of t he of f er ed st r eami s r educed and t he t est i s r er un.



The t hr oughput i s t he f ast est r at e at whi ch t he count of t est f r ames
t r ansmi t t ed by t he DUT i s equal t o t he number of t est f r ames sent t o
i t by t he t est equi pment .

Repor t i ng f or mat : The r esul t s of t he t hr oughput t est SHOULD be
r epor t ed i n t he f or mof a gr aph. I f i t i s, t he x coor di nat e SHOULD be
t he f r ame si ze, t he y coor di nat e SHOULD be t he f r ame r at e. Ther e
SHOULD be at l east t wo l i nes on t he gr aph. Ther e SHOULD be one l i ne
showi ng t he t heor et i cal f r ame r at e f or t he medi a at t he var i ous f r ame
si zes. The second l i ne SHOULD be t he pl ot of t he t est r esul t s.
Addi t i onal l i nes MAY be used on t he gr aph t o r epor t t he r esul t s f or
each t ype of dat a st r eamt est ed. Text accompanyi ng t he gr aph SHOULD
i ndi cat e t he pr ot ocol , dat a st r eamf or mat , and t ype of medi a used i n
t he t est s.

We assume t hat i f a si ngl e val ue i s desi r ed f or adver t i si ng pur poses
t he vendor wi l l sel ect t he r at e f or t he mi ni mumf r ame si ze f or t he
medi a. I f t hi s i s done t hen t he f i gur e MUST be expr essed i n f r ames
per second. The r at e MAY al so be expr essed i n bi t s ( or byt es) per
second i f t he vendor so desi r es. The st at ement of per f or mance MUST
i ncl ude a/ t he measur ed maxi mumf r ame r at e, b/ t he si ze of t he f r ame
used, c/ t he t heor et i cal l i mi t of t he medi a f or t hat f r ame si ze, and
d/ t he t ype of pr ot ocol used i n t he t est . Even i f a si ngl e val ue i s
used as par t of t he adver t i si ng copy, t he f ul l t abl e of r esul t s
SHOULD be i ncl uded i n t he pr oduct dat a sheet .

26. 2 Lat ency

Obj ect i ve: To det er mi ne t he l at ency as def i ned i n RFC 1242.

Pr ocedur e: Fi r st det er mi ne t he t hr oughput f or DUT at each of t he
l i st ed f r ame si zes. Send a st r eamof f r ames at a par t i cul ar f r ame
si ze t hr ough t he DUT at t he det er mi ned t hr oughput r at e t o a speci f i c
dest i nat i on. The st r eamSHOULD be at l east 120 seconds i n dur at i on.
An i dent i f yi ng t ag SHOULD be i ncl uded i n one f r ame af t er 60 seconds
wi t h t he t ype of t ag bei ng i mpl ement at i on dependent . The t i me at
whi ch t hi s f r ame i s f ul l y t r ansmi t t ed i s r ecor ded ( t i mest amp A) . The
r ecei ver l ogi c i n t he t est equi pment MUST r ecogni ze t he t ag
i nf or mat i on i n t he f r ame st r eamand r ecor d t he t i me at whi ch t he
t agged f r ame was r ecei ved ( t i mest amp B) .

The l at ency i s t i mest amp B mi nus t i mest amp A as per t he r el evant
def i ni t i on f r mRFC 1242, namel y l at ency as def i ned f or st or e and
f or war d devi ces or l at ency as def i ned f or bi t f or war di ng devi ces.

The t est MUST be r epeat ed at l east 20 t i mes wi t h t he r epor t ed val ue
bei ng t he aver age of t he r ecor ded val ues.



Thi s t est SHOULD be per f or med wi t h t he t est f r ame addr essed t o t he
same dest i nat i on as t he r est of t he dat a st r eamand al so wi t h each of
t he t est f r ames addr essed t o a new dest i nat i on net wor k.

Repor t i ng f or mat : The r epor t MUST st at e whi ch def i ni t i on of l at ency
( f r omRFC 1242) was used f or t hi s t est . The l at ency r esul t s SHOULD
be r epor t ed i n t he f or mat of a t abl e wi t h a r ow f or each of t he
t est ed f r ame si zes. Ther e SHOULD be col umns f or t he f r ame si ze, t he
r at e at whi ch t he l at ency t est was r un f or t hat f r ame si ze, f or t he
medi a t ypes t est ed, and f or t he r esul t ant l at ency val ues f or each
t ype of dat a st r eamt est ed.

26. 3 Fr ame l oss r at e

Obj ect i ve: To det er mi ne t he f r ame l oss r at e, as def i ned i n RFC 1242,
of a DUT t hr oughout t he ent i r e r ange of i nput dat a r at es and f r ame
si zes.

Pr ocedur e: Send a speci f i c number of f r ames at a speci f i c r at e
t hr ough t he DUT t o be t est ed and count t he f r ames t hat ar e
t r ansmi t t ed by t he DUT. The f r ame l oss r at e at each poi nt i s
cal cul at ed usi ng t he f ol l owi ng equat i on:

( ( i nput _count - out put _count ) * 100 ) / i nput _count

The f i r st t r i al SHOULD be r un f or t he f r ame r at e t hat cor r esponds t o
100%of t he maxi mumr at e f or t he f r ame si ze on t he i nput medi a.
Repeat t he pr ocedur e f or t he r at e t hat cor r esponds t o 90%of t he
maxi mumr at e used and t hen f or 80%of t hi s r at e. Thi s sequence
SHOULD be cont i nued ( at r educi ng 10%i nt er val s) unt i l t her e ar e t wo
successi ve t r i al s i n whi ch no f r ames ar e l ost . The maxi mum
gr anul ar i t y of t he t r i al s MUST be 10%of t he maxi mumr at e, a f i ner
gr anul ar i t y i s encour aged.

Repor t i ng f or mat : The r esul t s of t he f r ame l oss r at e t est SHOULD be
pl ot t ed as a gr aph. I f t hi s i s done t hen t he X axi s MUST be t he
i nput f r ame r at e as a per cent of t he t heor et i cal r at e f or t he medi a
at t he speci f i c f r ame si ze. The Y axi s MUST be t he per cent l oss at
t he par t i cul ar i nput r at e. The l ef t end of t he X axi s and t he bot t om
of t he Y axi s MUST be 0 per cent ; t he r i ght end of t he X axi s and t he
t op of t he Y axi s MUST be 100 per cent . Mul t i pl e l i nes on t he gr aph
MAY used t o r epor t t he f r ame l oss r at e f or di f f er ent f r ame si zes,
pr ot ocol s, and t ypes of dat a st r eams.

Not e: See sect i on 18 f or t he maxi mumf r ame r at es t hat SHOULD be used.



26. 4 Back- t o- back f r ames

Obj ect i ve: To char act er i ze t he abi l i t y of a DUT t o pr ocess back- t o-
back f r ames as def i ned i n RFC 1242.

Pr ocedur e: Send a bur st of f r ames wi t h mi ni mumi nt er - f r ame gaps t o
t he DUT and count t he number of f r ames f or war ded by t he DUT. I f t he
count of t r ansmi t t ed f r ames i s equal t o t he number of f r ames
f or war ded t he l engt h of t he bur st i s i ncr eased and t he t est i s r er un.
I f t he number of f or war ded f r ames i s l ess t han t he number
t r ansmi t t ed, t he l engt h of t he bur st i s r educed and t he t est i s
r er un.

The back- t o- back val ue i s t he number of f r ames i n t he l ongest bur st
t hat t he DUT wi l l handl e wi t hout t he l oss of any f r ames. The t r i al
l engt h MUST be at l east 2 seconds and SHOULD be r epeat ed at l east 50
t i mes wi t h t he aver age of t he r ecor ded val ues bei ng r epor t ed.

Repor t i ng f or mat : The back- t o- back r esul t s SHOULD be r epor t ed i n t he
f or mat of a t abl e wi t h a r ow f or each of t he t est ed f r ame si zes.
Ther e SHOULD be col umns f or t he f r ame si ze and f or t he r esul t ant
aver age f r ame count f or each t ype of dat a st r eamt est ed. The
st andar d devi at i on f or each measur ement MAY al so be r epor t ed.

26. 5 Syst emr ecover y

Obj ect i ve: To char act er i ze t he speed at whi ch a DUT r ecover s f r oman
over l oad condi t i on.

Pr ocedur e: Fi r st det er mi ne t he t hr oughput f or a DUT at each of t he
l i st ed f r ame si zes.

Send a st r eamof f r ames at a r at e 110%of t he r ecor ded t hr oughput
r at e or t he maxi mumr at e f or t he medi a, whi chever i s l ower , f or at
l east 60 seconds. At Ti mest amp A r educe t he f r ame r at e t o 50%of t he
above r at e and r ecor d t he t i me of t he l ast f r ame l ost ( Ti mest amp B) .
The syst emr ecover y t i me i s det er mi ned by subt r act i ng Ti mest amp B
f r omTi mest amp A. The t est SHOULD be r epeat ed a number of t i mes and
t he aver age of t he r ecor ded val ues bei ng r epor t ed.

Repor t i ng f or mat : The syst emr ecover y r esul t s SHOULD be r epor t ed i n
t he f or mat of a t abl e wi t h a r ow f or each of t he t est ed f r ame si zes.
Ther e SHOULD be col umns f or t he f r ame si ze, t he f r ame r at e used as
t he t hr oughput r at e f or each t ype of dat a st r eamt est ed, and f or t he
measur ed r ecover y t i me f or each t ype of dat a st r eamt est ed.



26. 6 Reset

Obj ect i ve: To char act er i ze t he speed at whi ch a DUT r ecover s f r oma
devi ce or sof t war e r eset .

Pr ocedur e: Fi r st det er mi ne t he t hr oughput f or t he DUT f or t he
mi ni mumf r ame si ze on t he medi a used i n t he t est i ng.

Send a cont i nuous st r eamof f r ames at t he det er mi ned t hr oughput r at e
f or t he mi ni mumsi zed f r ames. Cause a r eset i n t he DUT. Moni t or t he
out put unt i l f r ames begi n t o be f or war ded and r ecor d t he t i me t hat
t he l ast f r ame ( Ti mest amp A) of t he i ni t i al st r eamand t he f i r st
f r ame of t he new st r eam( Ti mest amp B) ar e r ecei ved. A power
i nt er r upt i on r eset t est i s per f or med as above except t hat t he power
t o t he DUT shoul d be i nt er r upt ed f or 10 seconds i n pl ace of causi ng a
r eset .

Thi s t est SHOULD onl y be r un usi ng f r ames addr essed t o net wor ks
di r ect l y connect ed t o t he DUT so t hat t her e i s no r equi r ement t o
del ay unt i l a r out i ng updat e i s r ecei ved.

The r eset val ue i s obt ai ned by subt r act i ng Ti mest amp A f r omTi mest amp
B.

Har dwar e and sof t war e r eset s, as wel l as a power i nt er r upt i on SHOULD
be t est ed.

Repor t i ng f or mat : The r eset val ue SHOULD be r epor t ed i n a si mpl e set
of st at ement s, one f or each r eset t ype.

27. Secur i t y Consi der at i ons

Secur i t y i ssues ar e not addr essed i n t hi s document .



28. Edi t or s' Addr esses

Scot t Br adner
Har var d Uni ver si t y
1350 Mass. Ave, r oom813
Cambr i dge, MA 02138

Phone: +1 617 495- 3864
Fax: +1 617 496- 8500
EMai l : sob@har var d. edu

J i mMcQuai d
Net Scout Syst ems
4 West f or d Tech Par k Dr i ve
West f or d, MA 01886

Phone: +1 978 614- 4116
Fax: +1 978 614- 4004
EMai l : mcquai dj @net scout . com



Appendi x A: Test i ng Consi der at i ons

A. 1 Scope Of Thi s Appendi x

Thi s appendi x di scusses cer t ai n i ssues i n t he benchmar ki ng
met hodol ogy wher e exper i ence or j udgment may pl ay a r ol e i n t he t est s
sel ect ed t o be r un or i n t he appr oach t o const r uct i ng t he t est wi t h a
par t i cul ar DUT. As such, t hi s appendi x MUST not be r ead as an
amendment t o t he met hodol ogy descr i bed i n t he body of t hi s document
but as a gui de t o t est i ng pr act i ce.

1. Typi cal t est i ng pr act i ce has been t o enabl e al l pr ot ocol s t o be
t est ed and conduct al l t est i ng wi t h no f ur t her conf i gur at i on of
pr ot ocol s, even t hough a gi ven set of t r i al s may exer ci se onl y one
pr ot ocol at a t i me. Thi s mi ni mi zes t he oppor t uni t i es t o "t une" a
DUT f or a si ngl e pr ot ocol .

2. The l east common denomi nat or of t he avai l abl e f i l t er f unct i ons
shoul d be used t o ensur e t hat t her e i s a basi s f or compar i son
bet ween vendor s. Because of pr oduct di f f er ences, t hose conduct i ng
and eval uat i ng t est s must make a j udgment about t hi s i ssue.

3. Ar chi t ect ur al consi der at i ons may need t o be consi der ed. For
exampl e, f i r st per f or mt he t est s wi t h t he st r eamgoi ng bet ween
por t s on t he same i nt er f ace car d and t he r epeat t he t est s wi t h t he
st r eamgoi ng i nt o a por t on one i nt er f ace car d and out of a por t
on a second i nt er f ace car d. Ther e wi l l al most al ways be a best
case and wor st case conf i gur at i on f or a gi ven DUT ar chi t ect ur e.

4. Test i ng done usi ng t r af f i c st r eams consi st i ng of mi xed pr ot ocol s
has not shown much di f f er ence bet ween t est i ng wi t h i ndi vi dual
pr ot ocol s. That i s, i f pr ot ocol A t est i ng and pr ot ocol B t est i ng
gi ve t wo di f f er ent per f or mance r esul t s, mi xed pr ot ocol t est i ng
appear s t o gi ve a r esul t whi ch i s t he aver age of t he t wo.

5. Wi de Ar ea Net wor k ( WAN) per f or mance may be t est ed by set t i ng up
t wo i dent i cal devi ces connect ed by t he appr opr i at e shor t - haul
ver si ons of t he WAN modems. Per f or mance i s t hen measur ed bet ween
a LAN i nt er f ace on one DUT t o a LAN i nt er f ace on t he ot her DUT.

The maxi mumf r ame r at e t o be used f or LAN- WAN- LAN conf i gur at i ons i s a
j udgment t hat can be based on known char act er i st i cs of t he over al l
syst emi ncl udi ng compr essi on ef f ect s, f r agment at i on, and gr oss l i nk
speeds. Pr act i ce suggest s t hat t he r at e shoul d be at l east 110%of
t he sl owest l i nk speed. Subst ant i ve i ssues of t est i ng compr essi on
i t sel f ar e beyond t he scope of t hi s document .



Appendi x B: Maxi mumf r ame r at es r ef er ence

( Pr ovi ded by Roger Beeman, Ci sco Syst ems)

Si ze Et her net 16Mb Token Ri ng FDDI
( byt es) ( pps) ( pps) ( pps)

64 14880 24691 152439
128 8445 13793 85616
256 4528 7326 45620
512 2349 3780 23585
768 1586 2547 15903
1024 1197 1921 11996
1280 961 1542 9630
1518 812 1302 8138

Et her net si ze
Pr eambl e 64 bi t s
Fr ame 8 x N bi t s
Gap 96 bi t s

16Mb Token Ri ng si ze
SD 8 bi t s
AC 8 bi t s
FC 8 bi t s
DA 48 bi t s
SA 48 bi t s
RI 48 bi t s ( 06 30 00 12 00 30 )
SNAP
DSAP 8 bi t s
SSAP 8 bi t s
Cont r ol 8 bi t s
Vendor 24 bi t s
Type 16 bi t s
Dat a 8 x ( N - 18) bi t s
FCS 32 bi t s
ED 8 bi t s
FS 8 bi t s

Tokens or i dl es bet ween packet s ar e not i ncl uded

FDDI si ze
Pr eambl e 64 bi t s
SD 8 bi t s
FC 8 bi t s
DA 48 bi t s
SA 48 bi t s
SNAP



DSAP 8 bi t s
SSAP 8 bi t s
Cont r ol 8 bi t s
Vendor 24 bi t s
Type 16 bi t s
Dat a 8 x ( N - 18) bi t s
FCS 32 bi t s
ED 4 bi t s
FS 12 bi t s



Appendi x C: Test Fr ame For mat s

Thi s appendi x def i nes t he f r ame f or mat s t hat may be used wi t h t hese
t est s. I t al so i ncl udes pr ot ocol speci f i c par amet er s f or TCP/ I P over
Et her net t o be used wi t h t he t est s as an exampl e.

C. 1. I nt r oduct i on

The gener al l ogi c used i n t he sel ect i on of t he par amet er s and t he
desi gn of t he f r ame f or mat s i s expl ai ned f or each case wi t hi n t he
TCP/ I P sect i on. The same l ogi c has been used i n t he ot her sect i ons.
Comment s ar e used i n t hese sect i ons onl y i f t her e i s a pr ot ocol
speci f i c f eat ur e t o be expl ai ned. Par amet er s and f r ame f or mat s f or
addi t i onal pr ot ocol s can be def i ned by t he r eader by usi ng t he same
l ogi c.

C. 2. TCP/ I P I nf or mat i on

The f ol l owi ng sect i on deal s wi t h t he TCP/ I P pr ot ocol sui t e.

C. 2. 1 Fr ame Type.

An appl i cat i on l evel dat agr amecho r equest i s used f or t he t est dat a
f r ame i n t he pr ot ocol s t hat suppor t such a f unct i on. A dat agr am
pr ot ocol i s used t o mi ni mi ze t he chance t hat a r out er mi ght expect a
speci f i c sessi on i ni t i al i zat i on sequence, as mi ght be t he case f or a
r el i abl e st r eampr ot ocol . A speci f i c def i ned pr ot ocol i s used because
some r out er s ver i f y t he pr ot ocol f i el d and r ef use t o f or war d unknown
pr ot ocol s.

For TCP/ I P a UDP Echo Request i s used.

C. 2. 2 Pr ot ocol Addr esses

Two set s of addr esses must be def i ned: f i r st t he addr esses assi gned
t o t he r out er por t s, and second t he addr ess t hat ar e t o be used i n
t he f r ames t hemsel ves and i n t he r out i ng updat es.

The net wor k addr esses 192. 18. 0. 0 t hr ough 198. 19. 255. 255 ar e have been
assi gned t o t he BMWG by t he I ANA f or t hi s pur pose. Thi s assi gnment
was made t o mi ni mi ze t he chance of conf l i ct i n case a t est i ng devi ce
wer e t o be acci dent al l y connect ed t o par t of t he I nt er net . The
speci f i c use of t he addr esses i s det ai l ed bel ow.



C. 2. 2. 1 Rout er por t pr ot ocol addr esses

Hal f of t he por t s on a mul t i - por t r out er ar e r ef er r ed t o as "i nput "
por t s and t he ot her hal f as "out put " por t s even t hough some of t he
t est s use al l por t s bot h as i nput and out put . A cont i guous ser i es of
I P Cl ass C net wor k addr esses f r om198. 18. 1. 0 t o 198. 18. 64. 0 have been
assi gned f or use on t he "i nput " por t s. A second ser i es f r om
198. 19. 1. 0 t o 198. 19. 64. 0 have been assi gned f or use on t he "out put "
por t s. I n al l cases t he r out er por t i s node 1 on t he appr opr i at e
net wor k. For exampl e, a t wo por t DUT woul d have an I P addr ess of
198. 18. 1. 1 on one por t and 198. 19. 1. 1 on t he ot her por t .

Some of t he t est s descr i bed i n t he met hodol ogy memo make use of an
SNMP management connect i on t o t he DUT. The management access addr ess
f or t he DUT i s assumed t o be t he f i r st of t he "i nput " por t s
( 198. 18. 1. 1) .

C. 2. 2. 2 Fr ame addr esses

Some of t he descr i bed t est s assume adj acent net wor k r out i ng ( t he
r eboot t i me t est f or exampl e) . The I P addr ess used i n t he t est f r ame
i s t hat of node 2 on t he appr opr i at e Cl ass C net wor k. ( 198. 19. 1. 2 f or
exampl e)

I f t he t est i nvol ves non- adj acent net wor k r out i ng t he phant omr out er s
ar e l ocat ed at node 10 of each of t he appr opr i at e Cl ass C net wor ks.
A ser i es of Cl ass C net wor k addr esses f r om198. 18. 65. 0 t o
198. 18. 254. 0 has been assi gned f or use as t he net wor ks accessi bl e
t hr ough t he phant omr out er s on t he "i nput " si de of DUT. The ser i es
of Cl ass C net wor ks f r om198. 19. 65. 0 t o 198. 19. 254. 0 have been
assi gned t o be used as t he net wor ks vi si bl e t hr ough t he phant om
r out er s on t he "out put " si de of t he DUT.

C. 2. 3 Rout i ng Updat e Fr equency

The updat e i nt er val f or each r out i ng pr ot ocol i s may have t o be
det er mi ned by t he speci f i cat i ons of t he i ndi vi dual pr ot ocol . For I P
RI P, Ci sco I GRP and f or OSPF a r out i ng updat e f r ame or f r ames shoul d
pr ecede each st r eamof t est f r ames by 5 seconds. Thi s f r equency i s
suf f i ci ent f or t r i al dur at i ons of up t o 60 seconds. Rout i ng updat es
must be mi xed wi t h t he st r eamof t est f r ames i f l onger t r i al per i ods
ar e sel ect ed. The f r equency of updat es shoul d be t aken f r omt he
f ol l owi ng t abl e.

I P- RI P 30 sec
I GRP 90 sec
OSPF 90 sec



C. 2. 4 Fr ame For mat s - det ai l ed di scussi on

C. 2. 4. 1 Lear ni ng Fr ame

I n most pr ot ocol s a pr ocedur e i s used t o det er mi ne t he mappi ng
bet ween t he pr ot ocol node addr ess and t he MAC addr ess. The Addr ess
Resol ut i on Pr ot ocol ( ARP) i s used t o per f or mt hi s f unct i on i n TCP/ I P.
No such pr ocedur e i s r equi r ed i n XNS or I PX because t he MAC addr ess
i s used as t he pr ot ocol node addr ess.

I n t he i deal case t he t est er woul d be abl e t o r espond t o ARP r equest s
f r omt he DUT. I n cases wher e t hi s i s not possi bl e an ARP r equest
shoul d be sent t o t he r out er ' s "out put " por t . Thi s r equest shoul d be
seen as comi ng f r omt he i mmedi at e dest i nat i on of t he t est f r ame
st r eam. ( i . e. t he phant omr out er ( Fi gur e 2) or t he end node i f
adj acent net wor k r out i ng i s bei ng used. ) I t i s assumed t hat t he
r out er wi l l cache t he MAC addr ess of t he r equest i ng devi ce. The ARP
r equest shoul d be sent 5 seconds bef or e t he t est f r ame st r eamst ar t s
i n each t r i al . Tr i al l engt hs of l onger t han 50 seconds may r equi r e
t hat t he r out er be conf i gur ed f or an ext ended ARP t i meout .

+- - - - - - - - + +- - - - - - - - - - - - +
| | | phant om | - - - - - - P LAN
A
I N A- - - - - - | DUT | - - - - - - - - - - - - | | - - - - - - P LAN
B
| | OUT A | r out er | - - - - - - P LAN
C
+- - - - - - - - + +- - - - - - - - - - - - +

Fi gur e 2

I n t he case wher e f ul l r out i ng i s bei ng used

C. 2. 4. 2 Rout i ng Updat e Fr ame

I f t he t est does not i nvol ve adj acent net r out i ng t he t est er must
suppl y pr oper r out i ng i nf or mat i on usi ng a r out i ng updat e. A si ngl e
r out i ng updat e i s used bef or e each t r i al on each "dest i nat i on" por t
( see sect i on C. 24) . Thi s updat e i ncl udes t he net wor k addr esses t hat
ar e r eachabl e t hr ough a phant omr out er on t he net wor k at t ached t o t he
por t . For a f ul l mesh t est , one dest i nat i on net wor k addr ess i s
pr esent i n t he r out i ng updat e f or each of t he "i nput " por t s. The
t est st r eamon each "i nput " por t consi st s of a r epeat i ng sequence of
f r ames, one t o each of t he "out put " por t s.



C. 2. 4. 3 Management Quer y Fr ame

The management over head t est uses SNMP t o quer y a set of var i abl es
t hat shoul d be pr esent i n al l DUTs t hat suppor t SNMP. The var i abl es
f or a si ngl e i nt er f ace onl y ar e r ead by an NMS at t he appr opr i at e
i nt er val s. The l i st of var i abl es t o r et r i eve f ol l ow:

sysUpTi me
i f I nOct et s
i f Out Oct et s
i f I nUcast Pkt s
i f Out Ucast Pkt s

C. 2. 4. 4 Test Fr ames

The t est f r ame i s an UDP Echo Request wi t h enough dat a t o f i l l out
t he r equi r ed f r ame si ze. The dat a shoul d not be al l bi t s of f or al l
bi t s on si nce t hese pat t er s can cause a "bi t st uf f i ng" pr ocess t o be
used t o mai nt ai n cl ock synchr oni zat i on on WAN l i nks. Thi s pr ocess
wi l l r esul t i n a l onger f r ame t han was i nt ended.

C. 2. 4. 5 Fr ame For mat s - TCP/ I P on Et her net

Each of t he f r ames bel ow ar e descr i bed f or t he 1st pai r of DUT por t s,
i . e. "i nput " por t #1 and "out put " por t #1. Addr esses must be changed
i f t he f r ame i s t o be used f or ot her por t s.

C. 2. 6. 1 Lear ni ng Fr ame

ARP Request on Et her net

- - DATAGRAM HEADER
of f set dat a ( hex) descr i pt i on
00 FF FF FF FF FF FF dest MAC addr ess send t o
br oadcast addr ess
06 xx xx xx xx xx xx set t o sour ce MAC addr ess
12 08 06 ARP t ype
14 00 01 har dwar e t ype Et her net = 1
16 08 00 pr ot ocol t ype I P = 800
18 06 har dwar e addr ess l engt h 48 bi t s
on Et her net
19 04 pr ot ocol addr ess l engt h 4 oct et s
f or I P
20 00 01 opcode r equest = 1
22 xx xx xx xx xx xx sour ce MAC addr ess
28 xx xx xx xx sour ce I P addr ess
32 FF FF FF FF FF FF r equest i ng DUT' s MAC addr ess
38 xx xx xx xx DUT' s I P addr ess



C. 2. 6. 2 Rout i ng Updat e Fr ame

- - DATAGRAM HEADER
00 FF FF FF FF FF FF dest MAC addr ess i s br oadcast
06 xx xx xx xx xx xx sour ce har dwar e addr ess
12 08 00 t ype

- - I P HEADER
14 45 I P ver si on - 4, header l engt h ( 4
byt e uni t s) - 5
15 00 ser vi ce f i el d
16 00 EE t ot al l engt h
18 00 00 I D
20 40 00 f l ags ( 3 bi t s) 4 ( do not
f r agment ) ,
f r agment of f set - 0
22 0A TTL
23 11 pr ot ocol - 17 ( UDP)
24 C4 8D header checksum
26 xx xx xx xx sour ce I P addr ess
30 xx xx xx dest i nat i on I P addr ess
33 FF host par t = FF f or br oadcast

- - UDP HEADER
34 02 08 sour ce por t 208 = RI P
36 02 08 dest i nat i on por t 208 = RI P
38 00 DA UDP message l engt h
40 00 00 UDP checksum

- - RI P packet
42 02 command = r esponse
43 01 ver si on = 1
44 00 00 0

- - net 1
46 00 02 f ami l y = I P
48 00 00 0
50 xx xx xx net 1 I P addr ess
53 00 net not node
54 00 00 00 00 0
58 00 00 00 00 0
62 00 00 00 07 met r i c 7

- - net 2
66 00 02 f ami l y = I P
68 00 00 0



73 00 net not node
74 00 00 00 00 0
78 00 00 00 00 0
82 00 00 00 07 met r i c 7

- - net 3
86 00 02 f ami l y = I P
88 00 00 0
93 00 net not node
94 00 00 00 00 0
98 00 00 00 00 0
102 00 00 00 07 met r i c 7

- - net 4
106 00 02 f ami l y = I P
108 00 00 0
113 00 net not node
114 00 00 00 00 0
118 00 00 00 00 0
122 00 00 00 07 met r i c 7

- - net 5
126 00 02 f ami l y = I P
128 00 00 0
130 00 net 5 I P addr ess
133 00 net not node
134 00 00 00 00 0
138 00 00 00 00 0
142 00 00 00 07 met r i c 7

- - net 6
146 00 02 f ami l y = I P
148 00 00 0
153 00 net not node
154 00 00 00 00 0
158 00 00 00 00 0
162 00 00 00 07 met r i c 7

C. 2. 4. 6 Management Quer y Fr ame

To be def i ned.

C. 2. 6. 4 Test Fr ames

UDP echo r equest on Et her net



- - DATAGRAM HEADER
00 xx xx xx xx xx xx set t o dest MAC addr ess
06 xx xx xx xx xx xx set t o sour ce MAC addr ess
12 08 00 t ype

- - I P HEADER
14 45 I P ver si on - 4 header l engt h 5 4
byt e uni t s
15 00 TOS
16 00 2E t ot al l engt h*
18 00 00 I D
20 00 00 f l ags ( 3 bi t s) - 0 f r agment
of f set - 0
22 0A TTL
23 11 pr ot ocol - 17 ( UDP)
24 C4 8D header checksum*
26 xx xx xx xx set t o sour ce I P addr ess**
30 xx xx xx xx set t o dest i nat i on I P addr ess**

- - UDP HEADER
34 C0 20 sour ce por t
36 00 07 dest i nat i on por t 07 = Echo
38 00 1A UDP message l engt h*
40 00 00 UDP checksum

- - UDP DATA
42 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 some dat a***
50 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F

* - change f or di f f er ent l engt h f r ames

** - change f or di f f er ent l ogi cal st r eams

*** - f i l l r emai nder of f r ame wi t h i ncr ement i ng oct et s,
r epeat ed i f r equi r ed by f r ame l engt h

Val ues t o be used i n Tot al Lengt h and UDP message l engt h f i el ds:

f r ame si ze t ot al l engt h UDP message l engt h
64 00 2E 00 1A
128 00 6E 00 5A
256 00 EE 00 9A
512 01 EE 01 9A
768 02 EE 02 9A
1024 03 EE 03 9A
1280 04 EE 04 9A
1518 05 DC 05 C8



Ful l Copyr i ght St at ement

Copyr i ght ( C) The I nt er net Soci et y ( 1999) . Al l Ri ght s Reser ved.

Thi s document and t r ansl at i ons of i t may be copi ed and f ur ni shed t o
ot her s, and der i vat i ve wor ks t hat comment on or ot her wi se expl ai n i t
or assi st i n i t s i mpl ement at i on may be pr epar ed, copi ed, publ i shed
and di st r i but ed, i n whol e or i n par t , wi t hout r est r i ct i on of any
ki nd, pr ovi ded t hat t he above copyr i ght not i ce and t hi s par agr aph ar e
i ncl uded on al l such copi es and der i vat i ve wor ks. However , t hi s
document i t sel f may not be modi f i ed i n any way, such as by r emovi ng
t he copyr i ght not i ce or r ef er ences t o t he I nt er net Soci et y or ot her
I nt er net or gani zat i ons, except as needed f or t he pur pose of
devel opi ng I nt er net st andar ds i n whi ch case t he pr ocedur es f or
copyr i ght s def i ned i n t he I nt er net St andar ds pr ocess must be
f ol l owed, or as r equi r ed t o t r ansl at e i t i nt o l anguages ot her t han
Engl i sh.

The l i mi t ed per mi ssi ons gr ant ed above ar e per pet ual and wi l l not be
r evoked by t he I nt er net Soci et y or i t s successor s or assi gns.

Thi s document and t he i nf or mat i on cont ai ned her ei n i s pr ovi ded on an
"AS I S" basi s and THE I NTERNET SOCI ETY AND THE I NTERNET ENGI NEERI NG
TASK FORCE DI SCLAI MS ALL WARRANTI ES, EXPRESS OR I MPLI ED, I NCLUDI NG
BUT NOT LI MI TED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE I NFORMATI ON
HEREI N WI LL NOT I NFRI NGE ANY RI GHTS OR ANY I MPLI ED WARRANTI ES OF
MERCHANTABI LI TY OR FI TNESS FOR A PARTI CULAR PURPOSE.


Norma RFC 2544

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Norma RFC 2544

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Net wor k Wor ki ng Gr oup S.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi